Description
PRME Gender Equality Working Group Global Repository Entrepreneurship
!"#$ &'()'* $+,-./01 23*4/(5 &*3,6
&.37-. "'638/03*1
9$(0*'6*'(',*8:/6;
1 updaLed 13 !une 2012
MaLerlals gaLhered by:
!"#$$% '()*+%, M8A Þrogram, 8abson College, Wellesley, uSA (coordlnaLor), Lsarson1[babson.edu
,$**( -. /"*"(*0$1, MÞP, AssoclaLe Þrofessor of ÞracLlce, LnLrepreneurshlp, Slmmons College, 8osLon,
uSA, Lmlslaszek[gmall.com
$? @(%A :'6$2 (n?1), nlcholas krlsLof and hls wlfe, Sheryl Wuuunn, a
former n?1 reporLer, Lell a compelllng sLory of Lhe oppresslon women face around Lhe world.
1hey wrlLe, ºWhen women galn conLrol over spendlng, less famlly money ls devoLed Lo lnsLanL
graLlflcaLlon and more for educaLlng and sLarLlng small buslnesses." 1he mosL dlfflculL Loplcs are
hlghllghLed and dlscussed as seen Lhrough Lhe eyes of a slngle woman. Þubllsher's Weekly
wrlLes LhaL Lhe auLhors ºmake a brllllanLly argued case for lnvesLlng ln Lhe healLh and auLonomy
of women worldwlde. More glrls have been kllled ln Lhe lasL flfLy years, preclsely because Lhey
were glrls, Lhan men were kllled ln all Lhe wars of Lhe LwenLleLh cenLury, Lhey wrlLe, deLalllng
Lhe rampanL genderclde ln Lhe developlng world, parLlcularly ln lndla and ÞaklsLan. lar from
merely maklng moral appeals, Lhe auLhors poslL LhaL lL ls lmposslble for counLrles Lo cllmb ouL of
poverLy lf only a fracLlon of women (9° ln ÞaklsLan, for example) parLlclpaLe ln Lhe labor force.
Chlna's meLeorlc rlse was due Lo women's economlc empowermenL: 80° of Lhe facLory workers
ln Lhe Cuangdong provlnce are female, slx of Lhe 10 rlchesL self-made women ln Lhe world are
Chlnese. 1he auLhors reveal local women Lo be Lhe mosL effecLlve change agenLs. 1he book
appendlx hlghllghLs organlzaLlons allgned wlLh Lhelr mlsslon. 1he webslLe Palf 1he Sky
MovemenL (hLLp://www.halfLheskymovemenL.org/) hlghllghLs lssues, evenLs, upcomlng
offerlngs of games and educaLlonal maLerlals, medla menLlons, celebrlLles and advocaLes when
Laken LogeLher and acLed upon uslng concreLe sLeps, provlde Lhe lmpeLus for a powerful force
for change worldwlde.
• F()N()@ B:*"%$** !**$%8"(#*; ,+)@ -)(@
8$ '5 B:*"%$**
CenLer for LnLrepreneurlal SLudles - cases
K=> !"AM$EE=A?DH D T/( 6*'88U> 923V'( -() $(0*'6*'(',*8:/6W
M'V-.' B,*-7/./01P !'*8/80'(X' -() =(0,/0/3( -0 23*4P; E,**'1P CYW &3Z'*
!,7./8:/(5>
hLLp://www.ashgaLe.com/lsbn/9781409466183
This book focuses on what is happening in newly ueveloping economies anu in paiticulai on
iuial entiepieneuiship, viitual entiepieneuiship, anu on pioject-baseu anu home-baseu
fiims. The authois' finuings ieveal that incieaseu paiticipation of women in business
leaueiship has biought about completely new ways of business communication; new
business stiategies anu company uevelopment mouels; anu is imposing a new behaviouial
style on businesses.
What is paiticulaily encouiaging is the eviuence that paiticulaily female kinus of uuiability,
peisistence anu intuition aie piouucing business auvantage. This means that the authois
can cleaily iuentify success factois anu piopose guiuelines foi the benefit of female
entiepieneuis, female-leu businesses, anu business in geneial.
This book will seive the neeus of an acauemic auuience of ieseaicheis in the giowing fielu
of stuuies into entiepieneuiship; as well as those teaching oi stuuying business oi women's
stuuies topics. It will of couise appeal to piacticing business leaueis anu paiticulaily to
women owning anu iunning businesses, oi aspiiing to uo so.
• DO3./3P I> [\][> 92:1 23V'( $(0'* /(03 $(0*'6*'(',*8:/6^ D( $V'*5/(5
P #-*+,/(-P !>P '0 -.>P [\][P 9H- V,c'* 6'*,-(-
'O3.,X/d( 1 6'*86'X0/O-8 6-*- 8, )'8-**3..3 _,0,*3;P e@:' !'*,O/-( 23V'(W
$O3.,0/3( -() !'*86'X0/O'8 _3* 0:'/* _,0,*' )'O'.36V'(0f> H/V-P !'*gW !.-('0->
hLLp://www.cenLrum.pucp.edu.pe/es/conLenldo.php?834/lnvesLlgaclon_publlcaclon/mu[er_per
uana_evoluclon_perspecLlvas_para_su_desarrollo_fuLuro.hLml&ldp=448
In this book, the authois, analyzeu the socio-economic context foi Peiuvian women,
incluuing the piogiess anu iegiession of female society in uiffeient iegions of the countiy.
The book analyzes the uemogiaphical uynamic, euucational evolution, health, anu
involvement in economic anu political activity, the situation of female entiepieneuis, anu
examines the expectative anu limitations women peiceive foi theii uevelopment.
• DO3./3P I> [\]]> 9D V'0:3)3.35/X-. 6*37.'V -883X/-0') Z/0: *'8'-*X:/(5
Z3V'( '(0*'6*'(',*8P; =(80/0,0' 3_ $X3(3V/X EX/'(X'8P ]S[P hS[i
hLLp://www.len.bg.ac.rs/lmages/sLorles/lzdavasLvo/Casopls°20!WL/2011/11_[we_1-2.pdf
This aiticle highlights one of the most significant methouological pioblems of ieseaiching
women entiepieneuis anu unueistanuing the female entiepieneuiial expeiience, which is
ielateu to the uefinition of what is a women entiepieneui. The aiticle outlines the state of
ieseaich on women entiepieneuis, piesents the uiveise uefinitions useu in ieseaich,
conceptualizes the uiffeient aspects ielateu to the uefinition of a woman entiepieneui, anu
pioposes futuie uiiections foi ueveloping ieseaich on women as entiepieneuis.
• DO3./3P I>Q #'83('8P D>Q "3X-P $> [\]]> 9M-X03*8 ./V/0/(5 0:' 5*3Z0: 3_ V/X*3
-() 8V-.. '(0'*6*/8'8 /( !'*, T#E$UP; E0*-0'5/-P [[P j\Sk\>
hLLp://www.k-dreams.cl/revlsLas/sLraLegla/edlclon-22-[unlo-2011/lllpk.hLml
This stuuy useu a qualitative appioach to iuentify factois-auministiative, opeiational,
stiategic, exteinal anu peisonal-that have contiibuteu to oi limiteu the giowth anu
consoliuation of micio anu small enteipiises (NSE) in Peiu. The ieseaich was conuucteu in
Lima, about 11 case stuuies of NSE, fiom the expeiience of the entiepieneuis themselves.
The stuuy uiaws on the theoietical fiamewoik of Ansoff (196S), useu anu auapteu by
0kpaia anu Wynn (2uu7). 0kpaia anu Wynn (2uu7) piopose a classification of the types of
uecisions iequiieu to stait anu maintain a successful business, anu analyze the common
pioblems faceu by entiepieneuis in small businesses, ianking them: opeiational, stiategic,
auministiative anu exteinal, involving access to technology, low uemanu, coiiuption anu
infiastiuctuie. The stuuy auus a fifth categoiy: peisonal factois. The factois weie valiuateu
anu iuentifieu new ones in the case of Peiu.
• DO3./3P I> [\\k> D( 'l6.3*-03*1 80,)1 23V'( $(0*'6*'(',*8 6*3_/.' /( !'*,>
H/V-W `[ (3> [W [ahS[bb>
http:¡¡ux.uoi.oig¡1u.1111¡j.1S4u-6S2u.2uu7.uu22S.x
While iecent inventoiies anu assessments of the entiepieneuiship fielu examine the focus,
puipose, anu methous, one aiea ieceiving less attention is the outcome oi uepenuent
vaiiable. The outcome vaiiable is of ciitical impoitance in scholaiship, as it is a leauing
inuicatoi of the cumulative natuie of the scholaiship in oui fielu. This papei ieviews S89
aiticles publisheu ovei the past S yeais in foui top entiepieneuiship jouinals; two
publisheu in the 0niteu States anu two publisheu in Euiope. It classifies the scholaiship by
theoietical unueipinnings, inuepenuent vaiiables, uepenuent vaiiables, anu then looks at
the vaiiation in these by oiigin of the jouinal. Results inuicate that entiepieneuiship
ieseaicheis aie using a wiue vaiiety of uepenuent vaiiables, that the most populai unit of
analysis is the fiim, anu that peifoimance, bioauly uefineu, is the most populai uepenuent
vaiiable. Implications foi futuie ieseaich aie uiscusseu.
!"#$ &'()'* $+,-./01 23*4/(5 &*3,6
&.37-. "'638/03*1
9$(0*'6*'(',*8:/6;
24 updaLed 13 !une 2012
• a =88,'W [>
http:¡¡www.emeialuinsight.com¡jouinals.htm.issn=17S6-
6266&volume=4&issue=2&aiticleiu=17u264SS&show=abstiact
Puipose - Although the climate foi entiepieneuiship in Iielanu is positive with female
entiepieneuis making significant economic contiibutions, a significant weakness of female-
owneu businesses iemaining small is continuously iepoiteu (Fitzsimons & 0' uoiman,
2uu6; Repoit of the Small Business Foium, 2uu6). Achieving giowth is cential to how a
business is iun anu shoulu be vieweu fiom a business-ownei peispective iathei than a
scholaily peispective, wheieby the concept of giowth is poitiayeu so fiequently in a
fiagmenteu mannei. Noieovei, acauemic ieseaich on entiepieneuiial fiim giowth has
centieu on giowth fiom a non-genuei specific peispective. Reseaich (Aienius & Kovalainen,
2uu6; Fleck, 2uu8) suggests female entiepieneuis aie uistinctly uiffeient fiom males anu
uue to uiscuisive piactices in ieseaich, cuiient theoiies of entiepieneuiial giowth aie not
applicable to them. Female entiepieneuis aie a complicateu anu vaiieu population with
multiple chaiacteiistics anu motivations, anu may not follow noimal expecteu behavioui in
teims of giowth (Still & Timms 2uuu; Saiii & Tiihopoulou, 2uuS). Thus, it is impeiative to
examine female giowth tiajectoiies as a subset of entiepieneuiial giowth. This stuuy
investigates the piocess of giowth (i.e. uefining giowth, giowth intention, objectives,
planning, anu stiategy) anu the measuiement) of giowth in female-owneu businesses fiom
a meaningful, piactical anu ielevant mannei.
Besign¡methouology¡appioach - A quantitative ieseaich methou has been auopteu i.e. an
online suivey, to investigate all ciitical issues peitaining to giowth amongst female
entiepieneuis opeiating a business foi moie than S yeais.
Finuings - Baseu on the finuings of the stuuy, iesults inuicate the piocess of giowth in
female-owneu businesses uiffeis fiom that which is fiequently iepoiteu. Biffeiences exist
between chaiacteiistics of female entiepieneuis which in tuin impacts not only how they
iun theii business but moie impoitantly how they puisue giowth. Fuitheimoie, ieseaich
uemonstiates significant uiffeiences in female-owneu businesses with iegaiu to all facets
that encompass giowth- uefinition, intention, objectives, planning, stiategies employeu anu
the measuiement of giowth applieu.
Piactical implications - This stuuy seeks to fill the gap of limiteu infoimation peitaining to
the piofile of giowth-oiientateu female entiepieneuis fiom a piactical iathei than scholaily
appioach. The finuings anu suggestions foi fuithei ieseaich will seive to piogiess ieseaich
still in its infancy not only in Iielanu but on an inteinational scale, thus being of ciitical
impoitance to acauemia, goveinment suppoit agencies, piactitioneis, policy makeis anu
female entiepieneuis alike in ueveloping ielevant anu piactical suppoits to assist in
piomoting giowth-oiientateu businesses.
0iiginality¡value - This stuuy seeks to fill the gap of limiteu infoimation peitaining to the
piofile of giowth-oiientateu female entiepieneuis fiom a piactical appioach. The finuings
anu suggestions foi fuithei ieseaich will seive to piogiess ieseaich still in its infancy not
only in Iielanu but also on an inteinational scale, thus being of ciitical impoitance to
!"#$ &'()'* $+,-./01 23*4/(5 &*3,6
&.37-. "'638/03*1
9$(0*'6*'(',*8:/6;
23 updaLed 13 !une 2012
acauemia, goveinment suppoit agencies, piactitioneis, policy makeis anu female
entiepieneuis alike in ueveloping ielevant anu piactical suppoits to assist in piomoting
giowth-oiientateu businesses.
• L-**/83(P !'5*-VP [\]\P 9I':/() 0:' O'/.W Z3V'(S3(.1 '(0*'6*'(',*8:/6
0*-/(/(5 /( !-4/80-(P; !"#$%"&#'("&) +(,%"&) (- .$"/$% &"/ 0"#%$1%$"$,%23'14 [
T[U> 66> ]i\S]j[>
http:¡¡www.emeialuinsight.com¡jouinals.htm.aiticleiu=186481S&show=abstiact
This papei was uesigneu to unueistanu the genuei-ielateu challenges of women
entiepieneuis in Pakistan, to exploie the capacity-builuing neeus of these women, anu to
assess the impact of capacity-builuing piogiams on the establishment anu peifoimance of
the women's enteipiises. Foi women entiepieneuis living in an Islamic society, this
analysis has implications foi unueistanuing the impoitance anu effectiveness of
entiepieneuiial tiaining especially in a women-only setting. Foi policy makeis, it tuins the
spotlight on the neeu foi cieating an enviionment conuucive to female entiepieneuiship
consistent with socio-cultuial stiuctuies anu genuei asymmetiies.
J> A@L$" "$EAC" K+3$%c* B:*"%$** OC%$)*+) I$(5$
hLLp://bpeace.org/
8peace ls a non-proflL neLwork of buslness professlonals. 1hey volunLeer skllls Lo enLrepreneurs
ln confllcL-affecLed counLrles Lo help Lhem creaLe slgnlflcanL employmenL for all, and expand Lhe
economlc power of women.
• ,$@$)(8"+% +> K+3$% !%8)$9)$%$
* RQOK!S
hLLp://co-we.com/
Slnce 2004, Lhe ConfederaLlon of Women LnLrepreneurs, a non-governmenL agency (nCC/soclal
organlzaLlon) ln lndla engaged ln upllfLlng women soclally and economlcally, Lhrough
enLrepreneurshlp. 1hey hope Lo achleve LhaL mlsslon by creaLlng a resource base of Lechnlcal
knowhow, managemenL, markeLlng skllls, flnance, lnfrasLrucLure and equlpmenL Lo promoLe
enLrepreneurshlp, and worklng Lowards Lhelr goal of llberaLlng women by maklng Lhem
flnanclally lndependenL and vlbranL.
1hey have been worklng Lowards provldlng opporLunlLles for women ln lndusLry, 1rade, 8eLall,
lranchlslng and Servlce secLors. 1radlLlonal professlons are also encouraged and hand holdlng
supporL ls glven wherever requlred. 1he experLlse and experlence of senlors ln Lhe fleld ls
soughL and passed on Lo Lhe members. lrom lnlLlal 20 members, Lhe organlzaLlon has grown Lo
over 300. CCWL has achleved recognlLlon wlLh CovernmenL, 8ankers and lndusLrlal
AssoclaLlons.
• !3$)(#@ U%*"6>3(% Q$%8$) >+) !%8)$9)$%$"(# V$(@$)* !$$" ?$@2A"Y=?& E=@$E
used for lnformaLlon sharlng. 8uslness people connecL wlLh each oLher onllne and ln person, aL no-cosL,
or for a fee, Lo share Lhelr knowledge and experlences, worklng LogeLher Lo explore ldeas LhaL wlll allow
Lhem Lo brlng beLLer resulLs for Lhelr buslness.
• !%8)$9)$%$*W O)6(%"0(8"+%
1he LnLrepreneurs' CrganlzaLlon (LC) ls a global buslness neLwork of 8,000• buslness owners
ln 121 chapLers and 40 counLrles, whlch was founded ln 1987 by a group of young
enLrepreneurs. LC enables small and large buslness owners Lo learn from each oLher, leadlng Lo
greaLer buslness success and an enrlched personal llfe.
1hls year, LC ls celebraLlng lLs 23Lh Annlversary wlLh evenLs around Lhe world, whlch wlll
hlghllghL Lhe growLh of our enLrepreneur neLwork and lLs role ln Lhe llves of members
everywhere. 1hey offer resources ln Lhe form of evenLs, leadershlp-developmenL programs, an
onllne enLrepreneur forum, and buslness owner educaLlon opporLunlLles, among oLher
resources deslgned for buslness growLh.
• L(5$4++1
hLLps://www.facebook.com/logln.php
1here ls a lacebook for buslness page now and many enLrepreneurs are uslng lL Lo run a
buslness page on Lhe world's largesL soclal neLwork. 1he besL explanaLlon for how Lo do Lhls ls
here aL hubspoL.com hLLp://blog.hubspoL.com/blog/Labld/6307/bld/3492/Pow-Lo-CreaLe-a-
lacebook-8uslness-Þage-ln-3-Slmple-SLeps-WlLh-vldeo.aspx
• -!/d-#+4(# !%8)$9)$%$*
PRME Gender Equality Working Group Global Repository Entrepreneurship
!"#$ &'()'* $+,-./01 23*4/(5 &*3,6
&.37-. "'638/03*1
9$(0*'6*'(',*8:/6;
1 updaLed 13 !une 2012
MaLerlals gaLhered by:
!"#$$% '()*+%, M8A Þrogram, 8abson College, Wellesley, uSA (coordlnaLor), Lsarson1[babson.edu
,$**( -. /"*"(*0$1, MÞP, AssoclaLe Þrofessor of ÞracLlce, LnLrepreneurshlp, Slmmons College, 8osLon,
uSA, Lmlslaszek[gmall.com
$? @(%A :'6$2 (n?1), nlcholas krlsLof and hls wlfe, Sheryl Wuuunn, a
former n?1 reporLer, Lell a compelllng sLory of Lhe oppresslon women face around Lhe world.
1hey wrlLe, ºWhen women galn conLrol over spendlng, less famlly money ls devoLed Lo lnsLanL
graLlflcaLlon and more for educaLlng and sLarLlng small buslnesses." 1he mosL dlfflculL Loplcs are
hlghllghLed and dlscussed as seen Lhrough Lhe eyes of a slngle woman. Þubllsher's Weekly
wrlLes LhaL Lhe auLhors ºmake a brllllanLly argued case for lnvesLlng ln Lhe healLh and auLonomy
of women worldwlde. More glrls have been kllled ln Lhe lasL flfLy years, preclsely because Lhey
were glrls, Lhan men were kllled ln all Lhe wars of Lhe LwenLleLh cenLury, Lhey wrlLe, deLalllng
Lhe rampanL genderclde ln Lhe developlng world, parLlcularly ln lndla and ÞaklsLan. lar from
merely maklng moral appeals, Lhe auLhors poslL LhaL lL ls lmposslble for counLrles Lo cllmb ouL of
poverLy lf only a fracLlon of women (9° ln ÞaklsLan, for example) parLlclpaLe ln Lhe labor force.
Chlna's meLeorlc rlse was due Lo women's economlc empowermenL: 80° of Lhe facLory workers
ln Lhe Cuangdong provlnce are female, slx of Lhe 10 rlchesL self-made women ln Lhe world are
Chlnese. 1he auLhors reveal local women Lo be Lhe mosL effecLlve change agenLs. 1he book
appendlx hlghllghLs organlzaLlons allgned wlLh Lhelr mlsslon. 1he webslLe Palf 1he Sky
MovemenL (hLLp://www.halfLheskymovemenL.org/) hlghllghLs lssues, evenLs, upcomlng
offerlngs of games and educaLlonal maLerlals, medla menLlons, celebrlLles and advocaLes when
Laken LogeLher and acLed upon uslng concreLe sLeps, provlde Lhe lmpeLus for a powerful force
for change worldwlde.
• F()N()@ B:*"%$** !**$%8"(#*; ,+)@ -)(@
8$ '5 B:*"%$**CenLer for LnLrepreneurlal SLudles - cases
K=> !"AM$EE=A?DH D T/( 6*'88U> 923V'( -() $(0*'6*'(',*8:/6W
M'V-.' B,*-7/./01P !'*8/80'(X' -() =(0,/0/3( -0 23*4P; E,**'1P CYW &3Z'*
!,7./8:/(5>
hLLp://www.ashgaLe.com/lsbn/9781409466183
This book focuses on what is happening in newly ueveloping economies anu in paiticulai on
iuial entiepieneuiship, viitual entiepieneuiship, anu on pioject-baseu anu home-baseu
fiims. The authois' finuings ieveal that incieaseu paiticipation of women in business
leaueiship has biought about completely new ways of business communication; new
business stiategies anu company uevelopment mouels; anu is imposing a new behaviouial
style on businesses.
What is paiticulaily encouiaging is the eviuence that paiticulaily female kinus of uuiability,
peisistence anu intuition aie piouucing business auvantage. This means that the authois
can cleaily iuentify success factois anu piopose guiuelines foi the benefit of female
entiepieneuis, female-leu businesses, anu business in geneial.
This book will seive the neeus of an acauemic auuience of ieseaicheis in the giowing fielu
of stuuies into entiepieneuiship; as well as those teaching oi stuuying business oi women's
stuuies topics. It will of couise appeal to piacticing business leaueis anu paiticulaily to
women owning anu iunning businesses, oi aspiiing to uo so.
• DO3./3P I> [\][> 92:1 23V'( $(0'* /(03 $(0*'6*'(',*8:/6^ D( $V'*5/(5
P #-*+,/(-P !>P '0 -.>P [\][P 9H- V,c'* 6'*,-(-
'O3.,X/d( 1 6'*86'X0/O-8 6-*- 8, )'8-**3..3 _,0,*3;P e@:' !'*,O/-( 23V'(W
$O3.,0/3( -() !'*86'X0/O'8 _3* 0:'/* _,0,*' )'O'.36V'(0f> H/V-P !'*gW !.-('0->
hLLp://www.cenLrum.pucp.edu.pe/es/conLenldo.php?834/lnvesLlgaclon_publlcaclon/mu[er_per
uana_evoluclon_perspecLlvas_para_su_desarrollo_fuLuro.hLml&ldp=448
In this book, the authois, analyzeu the socio-economic context foi Peiuvian women,
incluuing the piogiess anu iegiession of female society in uiffeient iegions of the countiy.
The book analyzes the uemogiaphical uynamic, euucational evolution, health, anu
involvement in economic anu political activity, the situation of female entiepieneuis, anu
examines the expectative anu limitations women peiceive foi theii uevelopment.
• DO3./3P I> [\]]> 9D V'0:3)3.35/X-. 6*37.'V -883X/-0') Z/0: *'8'-*X:/(5
Z3V'( '(0*'6*'(',*8P; =(80/0,0' 3_ $X3(3V/X EX/'(X'8P ]S[P hS[i
hLLp://www.len.bg.ac.rs/lmages/sLorles/lzdavasLvo/Casopls°20!WL/2011/11_[we_1-2.pdf
This aiticle highlights one of the most significant methouological pioblems of ieseaiching
women entiepieneuis anu unueistanuing the female entiepieneuiial expeiience, which is
ielateu to the uefinition of what is a women entiepieneui. The aiticle outlines the state of
ieseaich on women entiepieneuis, piesents the uiveise uefinitions useu in ieseaich,
conceptualizes the uiffeient aspects ielateu to the uefinition of a woman entiepieneui, anu
pioposes futuie uiiections foi ueveloping ieseaich on women as entiepieneuis.
• DO3./3P I>Q #'83('8P D>Q "3X-P $> [\]]> 9M-X03*8 ./V/0/(5 0:' 5*3Z0: 3_ V/X*3
-() 8V-.. '(0'*6*/8'8 /( !'*, T#E$UP; E0*-0'5/-P [[P j\Sk\>
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This stuuy useu a qualitative appioach to iuentify factois-auministiative, opeiational,
stiategic, exteinal anu peisonal-that have contiibuteu to oi limiteu the giowth anu
consoliuation of micio anu small enteipiises (NSE) in Peiu. The ieseaich was conuucteu in
Lima, about 11 case stuuies of NSE, fiom the expeiience of the entiepieneuis themselves.
The stuuy uiaws on the theoietical fiamewoik of Ansoff (196S), useu anu auapteu by
0kpaia anu Wynn (2uu7). 0kpaia anu Wynn (2uu7) piopose a classification of the types of
uecisions iequiieu to stait anu maintain a successful business, anu analyze the common
pioblems faceu by entiepieneuis in small businesses, ianking them: opeiational, stiategic,
auministiative anu exteinal, involving access to technology, low uemanu, coiiuption anu
infiastiuctuie. The stuuy auus a fifth categoiy: peisonal factois. The factois weie valiuateu
anu iuentifieu new ones in the case of Peiu.
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While iecent inventoiies anu assessments of the entiepieneuiship fielu examine the focus,
puipose, anu methous, one aiea ieceiving less attention is the outcome oi uepenuent
vaiiable. The outcome vaiiable is of ciitical impoitance in scholaiship, as it is a leauing
inuicatoi of the cumulative natuie of the scholaiship in oui fielu. This papei ieviews S89
aiticles publisheu ovei the past S yeais in foui top entiepieneuiship jouinals; two
publisheu in the 0niteu States anu two publisheu in Euiope. It classifies the scholaiship by
theoietical unueipinnings, inuepenuent vaiiables, uepenuent vaiiables, anu then looks at
the vaiiation in these by oiigin of the jouinal. Results inuicate that entiepieneuiship
ieseaicheis aie using a wiue vaiiety of uepenuent vaiiables, that the most populai unit of
analysis is the fiim, anu that peifoimance, bioauly uefineu, is the most populai uepenuent
vaiiable. Implications foi futuie ieseaich aie uiscusseu.
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6266&volume=4&issue=2&aiticleiu=17u264SS&show=abstiact
Puipose - Although the climate foi entiepieneuiship in Iielanu is positive with female
entiepieneuis making significant economic contiibutions, a significant weakness of female-
owneu businesses iemaining small is continuously iepoiteu (Fitzsimons & 0' uoiman,
2uu6; Repoit of the Small Business Foium, 2uu6). Achieving giowth is cential to how a
business is iun anu shoulu be vieweu fiom a business-ownei peispective iathei than a
scholaily peispective, wheieby the concept of giowth is poitiayeu so fiequently in a
fiagmenteu mannei. Noieovei, acauemic ieseaich on entiepieneuiial fiim giowth has
centieu on giowth fiom a non-genuei specific peispective. Reseaich (Aienius & Kovalainen,
2uu6; Fleck, 2uu8) suggests female entiepieneuis aie uistinctly uiffeient fiom males anu
uue to uiscuisive piactices in ieseaich, cuiient theoiies of entiepieneuiial giowth aie not
applicable to them. Female entiepieneuis aie a complicateu anu vaiieu population with
multiple chaiacteiistics anu motivations, anu may not follow noimal expecteu behavioui in
teims of giowth (Still & Timms 2uuu; Saiii & Tiihopoulou, 2uuS). Thus, it is impeiative to
examine female giowth tiajectoiies as a subset of entiepieneuiial giowth. This stuuy
investigates the piocess of giowth (i.e. uefining giowth, giowth intention, objectives,
planning, anu stiategy) anu the measuiement) of giowth in female-owneu businesses fiom
a meaningful, piactical anu ielevant mannei.
Besign¡methouology¡appioach - A quantitative ieseaich methou has been auopteu i.e. an
online suivey, to investigate all ciitical issues peitaining to giowth amongst female
entiepieneuis opeiating a business foi moie than S yeais.
Finuings - Baseu on the finuings of the stuuy, iesults inuicate the piocess of giowth in
female-owneu businesses uiffeis fiom that which is fiequently iepoiteu. Biffeiences exist
between chaiacteiistics of female entiepieneuis which in tuin impacts not only how they
iun theii business but moie impoitantly how they puisue giowth. Fuitheimoie, ieseaich
uemonstiates significant uiffeiences in female-owneu businesses with iegaiu to all facets
that encompass giowth- uefinition, intention, objectives, planning, stiategies employeu anu
the measuiement of giowth applieu.
Piactical implications - This stuuy seeks to fill the gap of limiteu infoimation peitaining to
the piofile of giowth-oiientateu female entiepieneuis fiom a piactical iathei than scholaily
appioach. The finuings anu suggestions foi fuithei ieseaich will seive to piogiess ieseaich
still in its infancy not only in Iielanu but on an inteinational scale, thus being of ciitical
impoitance to acauemia, goveinment suppoit agencies, piactitioneis, policy makeis anu
female entiepieneuis alike in ueveloping ielevant anu piactical suppoits to assist in
piomoting giowth-oiientateu businesses.
0iiginality¡value - This stuuy seeks to fill the gap of limiteu infoimation peitaining to the
piofile of giowth-oiientateu female entiepieneuis fiom a piactical appioach. The finuings
anu suggestions foi fuithei ieseaich will seive to piogiess ieseaich still in its infancy not
only in Iielanu but also on an inteinational scale, thus being of ciitical impoitance to
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acauemia, goveinment suppoit agencies, piactitioneis, policy makeis anu female
entiepieneuis alike in ueveloping ielevant anu piactical suppoits to assist in piomoting
giowth-oiientateu businesses.
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This papei was uesigneu to unueistanu the genuei-ielateu challenges of women
entiepieneuis in Pakistan, to exploie the capacity-builuing neeus of these women, anu to
assess the impact of capacity-builuing piogiams on the establishment anu peifoimance of
the women's enteipiises. Foi women entiepieneuis living in an Islamic society, this
analysis has implications foi unueistanuing the impoitance anu effectiveness of
entiepieneuiial tiaining especially in a women-only setting. Foi policy makeis, it tuins the
spotlight on the neeu foi cieating an enviionment conuucive to female entiepieneuiship
consistent with socio-cultuial stiuctuies anu genuei asymmetiies.
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hLLp://bpeace.org/
8peace ls a non-proflL neLwork of buslness professlonals. 1hey volunLeer skllls Lo enLrepreneurs
ln confllcL-affecLed counLrles Lo help Lhem creaLe slgnlflcanL employmenL for all, and expand Lhe
economlc power of women.
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Slnce 2004, Lhe ConfederaLlon of Women LnLrepreneurs, a non-governmenL agency (nCC/soclal
organlzaLlon) ln lndla engaged ln upllfLlng women soclally and economlcally, Lhrough
enLrepreneurshlp. 1hey hope Lo achleve LhaL mlsslon by creaLlng a resource base of Lechnlcal
knowhow, managemenL, markeLlng skllls, flnance, lnfrasLrucLure and equlpmenL Lo promoLe
enLrepreneurshlp, and worklng Lowards Lhelr goal of llberaLlng women by maklng Lhem
flnanclally lndependenL and vlbranL.
1hey have been worklng Lowards provldlng opporLunlLles for women ln lndusLry, 1rade, 8eLall,
lranchlslng and Servlce secLors. 1radlLlonal professlons are also encouraged and hand holdlng
supporL ls glven wherever requlred. 1he experLlse and experlence of senlors ln Lhe fleld ls
soughL and passed on Lo Lhe members. lrom lnlLlal 20 members, Lhe organlzaLlon has grown Lo
over 300. CCWL has achleved recognlLlon wlLh CovernmenL, 8ankers and lndusLrlal
AssoclaLlons.
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"(# V$(@$)* !$$" ?$@2A"Y=?& E=@$Eused for lnformaLlon sharlng. 8uslness people connecL wlLh each oLher onllne and ln person, aL no-cosL,
or for a fee, Lo share Lhelr knowledge and experlences, worklng LogeLher Lo explore ldeas LhaL wlll allow
Lhem Lo brlng beLLer resulLs for Lhelr buslness.
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*W O)6(%"0(8"+%1he LnLrepreneurs' CrganlzaLlon (LC) ls a global buslness neLwork of 8,000• buslness owners
ln 121 chapLers and 40 counLrles, whlch was founded ln 1987 by a group of young
enLrepreneurs. LC enables small and large buslness owners Lo learn from each oLher, leadlng Lo
greaLer buslness success and an enrlched personal llfe.
1hls year, LC ls celebraLlng lLs 23Lh Annlversary wlLh evenLs around Lhe world, whlch wlll
hlghllghL Lhe growLh of our enLrepreneur neLwork and lLs role ln Lhe llves of members
everywhere. 1hey offer resources ln Lhe form of evenLs, leadershlp-developmenL programs, an
onllne enLrepreneur forum, and buslness owner educaLlon opporLunlLles, among oLher
resources deslgned for buslness growLh.
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hLLps://www.facebook.com/logln.php
1here ls a lacebook for buslness page now and many enLrepreneurs are uslng lL Lo run a
buslness page on Lhe world's largesL soclal neLwork. 1he besL explanaLlon for how Lo do Lhls ls
here aL hubspoL.com hLLp://blog.hubspoL.com/blog/Labld/6307/bld/3492/Pow-Lo-CreaLe-a-
lacebook-8uslness-Þage-ln-3-Slmple-SLeps-WlLh-vldeo.aspx
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