netrashetty
Netra Shetty
The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, United States. As of 2007, it is the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue (after BASF)[2] and as of February 2009, the third-largest chemical company in the world by market capitalization (after BASF and DuPont).
Dow Chemical is a provider of plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products with presence in more than 175 countries and employing 46,000 people worldwide. Its stated mission under the current CEO, Andrew N. Liveris, is: "To passionately innovate what is essential to human progress by providing sustainable solutions to our customers" with the vision: "To be the most profitable and respected science-driven chemical company in the world".[3] Annual R&D spending exceeds $1 billion.
The company was founded in 1897 by Canadian-born chemist Herbert Henry Dow, who had invented a new method of extracting the bromine that was trapped underground in brine at Midland, Michigan.[4] While at first the company sold only bleach and potassium bromide, Dow today has seven major operating segments, with a wide variety of products offered by each.[5] The company's 2005 sales totaled $46.3 billion, with a net income of $4.5 billion. Dow has been called the "Chemical companies' Chemical company"[6] in that most sales are to other manufacturers rather than to end users. Dow has sold directly to customers, primarily in the Human and Animal Health and Consumer Products markets.
Dow Chemical is a member of the American Chemistry Council.
One of the limitations in discrete choice modeling is what is called the independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) assumption. This assumption is one of the properties underlying the multinomial logic models (Moshe Ben-Akiva and Steven R. Lerman, 1985). IIA assumption means that the ratio of the probabilities of choosing one alternative over another is unaffected by the presence or absence of any additional alternatives in the choice set. This is also called the “red bus/blue bus” problem. The IIA assumption means that the probability of choosing the red bus over the train is unchanged whether there is a blue bus in the choice set or not. On presenting a set of alternatives to physicians (e.g., Drug A, Drug B and Drug C), the IIA assumption means that physicians’ choice of an individual drug (e.g., Drug A) over another drug (e.g., Drug B) is independent of any other alternatives in the set (e.g., Drug C). In some situations, the products in a choice set are related. For example, generics and the original brand name drugs have the same chemical molecule and have similar characteristics. Choice of the brand name drug over other brand name drugs may be affected by the presence or absence of generics in the choice set. In such situations, IIA assumption is violated and some of the products in the choice set are related. Nested logit models, also referred to as hierarchical logit models, are used to accommodate the violation of the IIA property by allowing some of the alternatives to be related to each other. For more discussions on nested logit, please refer to the book Stated Choice Methods, Analysis and Applications (Louviere, Hensher, and Swait, 2000).
When situational variables are included in the choice task, we often have physicians repeatedly make prescribing choices for each of the situations. Therefore we have multiple responses from the same respondent. The choices made by same respondent are correlated. Mixed logit models (Revelt and Train, 1998, Brownstone and Train, 1999) are a way to explicitly account for correlations in unobserved utility over repeated choices by each respondent.
Because a discrete choice study uses multinomial logit models to estimate the attribute levels’ impact on product choices, it is traditionally estimated at the group or aggregate level. Conjoint, on the other hand, is estimated on an individual level so that the respondents can be classified based on individual utilities (e.g., through cluster analysis).
Individual utilities are critical for segmentation of respondents, which is an important component of product marketing. Recent developments in mixed logit (Revelt and Train, 1999) and hierarchical Bayes (Sawtooth Software, 1999) provide ways to estimate individual level utilities using very different approaches. Huber and Train (Huber and Train, 2000) found that the two approaches result in virtually equivalent conditional estimates for individual utilities.
III Aims and objectives
Research aims
The core aim of this research is to have a founding knowledge, understanding as well as some certain example applications of Weber’s ideal type from wherein this research places weight on methodology, deemed in focus to social science inquiry. Thus, there will be ample need to provide and present such ideal type analysis from wherein example concepts are to analyzed and be a part of the researcher’s basis of judgment as emphasis are to be placed on the fundamental methods which deemed effective in allowing social science to function in support of ideal type as proposed by Max Weber, the methods conceptualization thus underlie decisions to be made in the research process allowing spontaneity and conformity to happen rather than on the techniques inquired into the social research domains. There has to be right amount of examples of social methods from which there supports to the process of ideal type by Weber for instance, surveys as well as questionnaires that assume proper systematic notion of social research evidence and ideas for methodology use as one essential factor for every success of research studies and reports, be it qualitatively or quantitatively motivated by certain principles found in research cycle.
Research objectives
For the objectives, there has to be comprehensive analysis of ideal type, in its structure, organization and overall formation from wherein analytical basis are determined in theory, validity as well as objectivity from the stature of social science philosophies and such appropriate series of social research insights. Thus, to be able to assess Weber’s ideal type found into modern and present assumptions and to be able to create methods and understand them from empirical sense of research, the socially driven context. Also, the need to integrate as well as imply good resources of ideal types and such approach to the notion of idealization reality and acquire good means of methodology and data analysis for this particular study to be useful and reliable in every account possible, knowing the usefulness of ideal type into research methodology and its connectivity to social research objectivity stature.
IV Statement of the design and methodology
Research methods can be classified as either quantitative or qualitative. The motivation for qualitative method is opposed to that of quantitative method. Qualitative method is designed to help researchers understand people and the social and cultural contexts which they live. Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) argue that the goal of understanding of phenomenon from viewpoints of participants and its particular social context is largely lost when conceptual knowledge are to be known in research approach. The methodology to be used for the study is case study, multiple sources of qualitative and quantitative data, the study endeavours to provide examples of social science from within Weber’s ideal type formation among certain HK social science teachers from University of HK in particular. The participants in the study will consists of 10 social sciences teachers, the case approach will determine an interview session for about 20-25 minutes aside, to make sense of respondents’ perceptions towards Weber’s ideal type and how it is useful into the research practice.
Dow Chemical is a provider of plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products with presence in more than 175 countries and employing 46,000 people worldwide. Its stated mission under the current CEO, Andrew N. Liveris, is: "To passionately innovate what is essential to human progress by providing sustainable solutions to our customers" with the vision: "To be the most profitable and respected science-driven chemical company in the world".[3] Annual R&D spending exceeds $1 billion.
The company was founded in 1897 by Canadian-born chemist Herbert Henry Dow, who had invented a new method of extracting the bromine that was trapped underground in brine at Midland, Michigan.[4] While at first the company sold only bleach and potassium bromide, Dow today has seven major operating segments, with a wide variety of products offered by each.[5] The company's 2005 sales totaled $46.3 billion, with a net income of $4.5 billion. Dow has been called the "Chemical companies' Chemical company"[6] in that most sales are to other manufacturers rather than to end users. Dow has sold directly to customers, primarily in the Human and Animal Health and Consumer Products markets.
Dow Chemical is a member of the American Chemistry Council.
One of the limitations in discrete choice modeling is what is called the independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) assumption. This assumption is one of the properties underlying the multinomial logic models (Moshe Ben-Akiva and Steven R. Lerman, 1985). IIA assumption means that the ratio of the probabilities of choosing one alternative over another is unaffected by the presence or absence of any additional alternatives in the choice set. This is also called the “red bus/blue bus” problem. The IIA assumption means that the probability of choosing the red bus over the train is unchanged whether there is a blue bus in the choice set or not. On presenting a set of alternatives to physicians (e.g., Drug A, Drug B and Drug C), the IIA assumption means that physicians’ choice of an individual drug (e.g., Drug A) over another drug (e.g., Drug B) is independent of any other alternatives in the set (e.g., Drug C). In some situations, the products in a choice set are related. For example, generics and the original brand name drugs have the same chemical molecule and have similar characteristics. Choice of the brand name drug over other brand name drugs may be affected by the presence or absence of generics in the choice set. In such situations, IIA assumption is violated and some of the products in the choice set are related. Nested logit models, also referred to as hierarchical logit models, are used to accommodate the violation of the IIA property by allowing some of the alternatives to be related to each other. For more discussions on nested logit, please refer to the book Stated Choice Methods, Analysis and Applications (Louviere, Hensher, and Swait, 2000).
When situational variables are included in the choice task, we often have physicians repeatedly make prescribing choices for each of the situations. Therefore we have multiple responses from the same respondent. The choices made by same respondent are correlated. Mixed logit models (Revelt and Train, 1998, Brownstone and Train, 1999) are a way to explicitly account for correlations in unobserved utility over repeated choices by each respondent.
Because a discrete choice study uses multinomial logit models to estimate the attribute levels’ impact on product choices, it is traditionally estimated at the group or aggregate level. Conjoint, on the other hand, is estimated on an individual level so that the respondents can be classified based on individual utilities (e.g., through cluster analysis).
Individual utilities are critical for segmentation of respondents, which is an important component of product marketing. Recent developments in mixed logit (Revelt and Train, 1999) and hierarchical Bayes (Sawtooth Software, 1999) provide ways to estimate individual level utilities using very different approaches. Huber and Train (Huber and Train, 2000) found that the two approaches result in virtually equivalent conditional estimates for individual utilities.
III Aims and objectives
Research aims
The core aim of this research is to have a founding knowledge, understanding as well as some certain example applications of Weber’s ideal type from wherein this research places weight on methodology, deemed in focus to social science inquiry. Thus, there will be ample need to provide and present such ideal type analysis from wherein example concepts are to analyzed and be a part of the researcher’s basis of judgment as emphasis are to be placed on the fundamental methods which deemed effective in allowing social science to function in support of ideal type as proposed by Max Weber, the methods conceptualization thus underlie decisions to be made in the research process allowing spontaneity and conformity to happen rather than on the techniques inquired into the social research domains. There has to be right amount of examples of social methods from which there supports to the process of ideal type by Weber for instance, surveys as well as questionnaires that assume proper systematic notion of social research evidence and ideas for methodology use as one essential factor for every success of research studies and reports, be it qualitatively or quantitatively motivated by certain principles found in research cycle.
Research objectives
For the objectives, there has to be comprehensive analysis of ideal type, in its structure, organization and overall formation from wherein analytical basis are determined in theory, validity as well as objectivity from the stature of social science philosophies and such appropriate series of social research insights. Thus, to be able to assess Weber’s ideal type found into modern and present assumptions and to be able to create methods and understand them from empirical sense of research, the socially driven context. Also, the need to integrate as well as imply good resources of ideal types and such approach to the notion of idealization reality and acquire good means of methodology and data analysis for this particular study to be useful and reliable in every account possible, knowing the usefulness of ideal type into research methodology and its connectivity to social research objectivity stature.
IV Statement of the design and methodology
Research methods can be classified as either quantitative or qualitative. The motivation for qualitative method is opposed to that of quantitative method. Qualitative method is designed to help researchers understand people and the social and cultural contexts which they live. Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) argue that the goal of understanding of phenomenon from viewpoints of participants and its particular social context is largely lost when conceptual knowledge are to be known in research approach. The methodology to be used for the study is case study, multiple sources of qualitative and quantitative data, the study endeavours to provide examples of social science from within Weber’s ideal type formation among certain HK social science teachers from University of HK in particular. The participants in the study will consists of 10 social sciences teachers, the case approach will determine an interview session for about 20-25 minutes aside, to make sense of respondents’ perceptions towards Weber’s ideal type and how it is useful into the research practice.
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