Description
Environmental pollution is the major problem associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards of people. Efforts has to be made for controlling pollution arising out of the disposal of wastes by conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw materials for various beneficial uses. The problems relating to disposal of industrial solid wastes are associated with lack of infrastructural facilities and negligence of industries to take proper safeguards. The solid waste management practices among medium scale and small scale industries located in South India are compared in this paper.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
762
Industrial Solid Waste Management Practices in Medium
and Small Scale Industries located in TamilNadu
S. Kanchana
1
, R. Kathiravan
2
, RM. Jenifer Priyanka
3
, K. Neetha Delphin Mary
4
1
Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Civil Engineering, RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore.
2,3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore.
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahendra college of Engineering, Salem.
Abstract— Environmental pollution is the major problem
associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise
in living standards of people. Efforts has to be made for
controlling pollution arising out of the disposal of wastes by
conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw
materials for various beneficial uses. The problems relating to
disposal of industrial solid wastes are associated with lack of
infrastructural facilities and negligence of industries to take
proper safeguards. The solid waste management practices
among medium scale and small scale industries located in
South India are compared in this paper. The data on various
solid waste management elements from the concerned
industries were collected and analyzed to identify the type of
industries adopting satisfactory solid waste management
practices.
Keywords— Industrial Solid Waste, Environmental
Impact, Medium and small scale industries, Sampling,
Management practices.
I. INTRODUCTION
The unwanted or useless solid material generated from
combined residential, industrial and commercial activities
is termed as solid waste
1
. Effective management of solid
waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the
environment and human health and supports economic
development and improved quality of life. Therefore, it
becomes necessary that the local bodies along with State
Pollution Control Board work out requisite strategy for
organizing proper collection and disposal of industrial solid
waste. Industries generating solid waste have to manage
such waste by themselves and are required to seek
authorizations from respective State Pollution Control
Boards under relevant rules. Some of the industries
generating solid waste include steel industry, leather
industry, sugar industry, textile industry and dyeing
industry. Integrated steel plants usually consist of five main
units, viz., coal washer, coke oven, blast furnace, steel
melting, and rolling mills (hot and cold). In addition to the
above the plants may have auxiliary units like oxygen plant
and power plant for their own uses.
The major solid wastes generated in steel plants are,
blast furnace slag, steel making slag, fly ash from the
captive power plants, blast furnace clarifier sludges, blast
furnace flue dusts, steel making dust, mill scales, waste
refractories, coke breeze etc. Generation of such products
fully depends on the quality and quantity of raw materials
used in the process. Leather industry has been categorized
as one of the highly polluting industries and there are
concerns that leather making activity can have adverse
impact on the environment
2
. So many chemicals are used in
leather processing. The tannery effluents are characterized
by high contents of dissolved suspended organic and
inorganic solids giving rise to high oxygen demand and
potential toxic metal salts and chromium metal ion
3
. The
odor emitted from decomposition of waste material and the
presence of sulphide, ammonia and other volatile organic
compounds are also associated with tanning activities.
Solid waste generated in leather industries contribute
mainly skin trimming, fleshing waste and buffing wastes. It
constitutes protein as the main component and other
chemicals. It will pose hazardous pollution problem to the
environment. Sugar is produced from sugarcane. While in
many other places beetroot are used as the raw material for
the sugar production. In India most of the sugar mills are
situated in the country side and operated for about 4 to 8
months just after the harvesting of the sugarcane. A large
volume of waste of organic nature is produce during the
period of productions. The solid waste of sugar industry
includes Bagasse, Molasses and Waste fiber. Textile
manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the
conversion of three types of fiber into yarn, then fabric, and
then textiles. These are then fabricated into clothes or other
artifacts. Cotton remains the most important natural fiber,
so is treated in depth. There are many variable processes
available at the spinning and fabric-forming stages coupled
with the complexities of the finishing and coloration
processes to the production of wide ranges of products. The
solid waste of textile industry is fabric waste. With
increases in demand for milk products, many dairies of
different sizes have come up in different places.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
763
These dairies collect the milk from the producers, and
then either simply bottle it for marketing, or produce
different milk products according to their capacities. The
solid waste of Dairy industry is Fat, Plastics. The most
satisfactory approaches to manage solid wastes are those
which help to minimize the quantity of waste requiring
disposal. These methods are beginning to be more widely
used. By modifying production processes, the volumes of
wastes generated can often be reduced. Many wastes
contain useful materials which can be reclaimed and
reused. In certain cases, the amount of hazardous wastes for
disposal can be reduced by transferring some to another
industry which can use them as raw materials. However,
opportunities for this approach may be limited as a result of
mismatches between waste stream composition and process
specifications. These approaches can be justified because
of savings in raw materials and energy inputs, as well as
reductions in the costs of disposal
4
. The paper identifies the
present scenario of solid waste management methods in
small and medium scale industries by conducting studies
on industrial solid waste management elements in order to
properly manage and control waste productions in
industries.
II. IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE
The infiltration of rainfall into landfill, together with the
biochemical and chemical breakdown of the wastes,
produces a leachate which is high in suspended solids and
of varying organic and inorganic content. All household
and most industrial wastes will produce leachate. If the
leachate enters surface or groundwater before sufficient
dilution has occurred, serious pollution incidents can occur.
In surface waters, leachate high in organic material and
reduced metals will cause severe oxygen depletion and
result in fish-kills. Leachate high in non biodegradable
synthetic organic compounds is a particular threat, through
bioaccumulation, concentrations of these substances may
increase to toxic levels and endanger animal and human
life. The decomposition of solid wastes in landfill results in
the production of carbon dioxide and methane (landfill
gas), both important greenhouse gases
5
. Seven % of
methane generated by man's activities is estimated to be
coming from landfill. Operation of incinerators can cause
nuisance and atmospheric pollution from the emission of
particulates, acidic gases, unburnt waste material, heavy
metals, and trace quantities of organic compounds.
Air pollution control measures have previously been
aimed at reducing particulate emissions, but stricter
emission controls requiring reductions in the emissions of
acidic gases and heavy metals have been introduced in
most developed countries. A much publicised problem of
waste incineration has been the formation of dioxins as a
by-product of the incineration process. They are emitted in
the flue gases. Their environmental impact is still a matter
of controversy. In many developed countries, public
awareness of this problem has led to strong opposition to
the sitting of new incinerators near major population
centres and increased the amount of waste incinerated at
sea.
III. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY
A. Hypotheses of the Study
The following are the hypotheses of the present study.
? Engineering industries would not have adequate Solid
Waste Management systems.
? Small scale engineering industries have poor Solid
Waste Management systems compared to medium
scale engineering industries.
B. Assumptions of the Study
The following are the assumptions of the present study.
? Engineering industries have implemented Solid Waste
management elements.
? It is possible to measure the level of implementation
in Solid Waste management elements.
? Solid Waste management elements in engineering
industries can be compared and evaluated.
? By identifying the weak links in Solid Waste
management elements in industries can be enhanced.
C. Samples for the Study
Location: The present investigation was carried out in
Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Chennai, Kancheepuram,
Theni, Dindugul and Madurai districts of Tamilnadu. Small
scale and medium scale engineering industries of the above
districts were considered for the study.
Sampling Methods: Mouton (2001) mentioned that
random sampling is the preferred method to be used in the
case of survey questionnaires
6
. Before the researcher decided
on sampling method that was best suited to this research,
various other methods were also considered.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
764
Bless (2004) distinguishes between two main types of
sampling, namely probability/random and non probability
sampling
7
. The first type namely probability sampling,
represents approaches that randomly select elements from the
population. The second type of sampling namely non
probability sampling is where the probability of selecting a
single element is not known. It is concluded from the above
discussion that the most appropriate sampling method for
this research is random sampling, which is within the
probability category sampling technique.
Sample Size: This study has taken into account ten
major elements and each major element has five sub
elements thus consisting of 50 sub elements of solid waste
management elements. The data have been collected from
25 industries each from small scale and medium scale
engineering industries.
D. Research tool
M.L. Casares et al., (2005)
8
in his paper used
questionnaires to collect data in order to properly manage
and control waste production in industry. The quantity,
type, and composition of industrial wastes, as well as the
management practices of the companies must be taken in to
consideration. M. Zamorano et al., (2011)
9
presented the
characterization of industrial waste production and
management in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain),
and analyzed its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats.
Guray Salihoglu (2009)
10
attempted to critically evaluate
and report current Turkish industrial hazardous waste
practices and discussed the primary challenges to be
addressed based on an analysis of industrial hazardous
waste generation in Turkey. Ajero, C.M.U et al.,
11
studied
the approaches of industries towards some aspects of waste
management by administering Interviews, observation and
questionnaires industry executives and waste managers to
generate data for the study.
Research tool has been prepared based on the solid
waste management elements. Solid waste management
elements covered under the research tool are Collection of
solid waste from various units, Classification of waste in to
groups that can be treated similarly, Waste volume
reduction, Recycling of generated solid waste, Power
generation from waste, Safe storage, Land fill facilities,
Concern about safety and health of workers, Environmental
regulations, governmental and legislative mandates,
Economics of solid waste management process.
The sub-elements are prepared such as to reflect the
availability of the solid waste management elements and
solid waste technical elements in engineering industries.
Section 1: general information about the engineering
industries such as company name, type of industry,
registered capital and years of experience in solid waste
related activities. This section is in the form of check list.
Section 2: Information regarding the assessment of solid
waste management elements. This section is in the form of
an evaluation and inquires about the level of arrangement.
Levels are split into a rating scale consisting of three
variables good, satisfactory and poor. We assign each
variable the following values.
Good 1point
Satisfactory 1 point
Poor 1 point
E. Data Analysis
Data analysis is the process of arranging the raw data.
The relevant data obtained from the administered research
tool have been analysed. The collected data on safety
management elements from engineering industries was
used for descriptive analysis. It provides information about
the nature of a particular group of individuals. In the
present study the Standard deviation were calculated to
determine the central tendencies and dispersion of variables
by comparing the research tool elements. Table I and II
shows the condition of solid waste management elements
in small and medium scale industries. Figure 1, 2 and 3
shows the comparison of solid waste management elements
in small and medium scale industries under good,
satisfactory and poor scale respectively. From Fig 1, Fig 2
and Fig 3 it was inferred that medium scale industries
ensue good solid waste management practices compared to
small scale industries. Fig.1 shows that 68% of medium
scale industries ensured safe storage element which was
higher among all 10 solid waste management elements.
Fig.2 shows that 56% of medium scale industries ensured
waste volume reduction element which was higher among
all 10 solid waste management elements. Fig.3 shows that
56% of medium scale industries ensured waste volume
reduction element which was higher among all 10 solid
waste management elements.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
765
TABLE I
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
Small Scale
Industries
Good Satisfactory Poor
Number % Number % Number %
Collection of
solid waste
from various
units
2 8 10 40 13 52
Classification
of waste in to
groups that
can be treated
similarly
4 16 10 40 11 44
Waste volume
reduction
2 8 11 44 12 48
Recycling of
generated
solid waste
1 4 13 52 11 44
Power
generation
from waste
3 12 8 32 14 56
Safe storage 2 8 12 48 11 44
Land fill
facilities
3 12 7 28 15 60
Concern
about safety
and health of
workers
1 4 14 56 10 40
Environmenta
l regulations,
Governmental
and
legislative
mandates
5 20 6 24 14 56
Economics of
solid waste
management
3 12 10 40 12 48
TABLE III
INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS IN MEDIUM
SCALE INDUSTRIES
Medium Scale
Industries
Good Satisfactory Poor
Number % Number % Number %
Collection of
solid waste
from various
units
12 48 9 36 4 16
Classification
of waste in to
groups that can
be treated
similarly
14 56 6 24 5 20
Waste volume
reduction
10 40 14 56 1 4
Recycling of
generated solid
waste
15 60 7 28 3 12
Power
generation
from waste
11 44 12 48 2 8
Safe storage 17 68 5 20 3 12
Land fill
facilities
11 44 13 52 1 4
Concern about
safety and
health of
workers
16 64 7 28 2 8
Environmental
regulations,
Governmental
and legislative
mandates
11 44 10 40 4 16
Economics of
solid waste
management
13 52 9 36 3 12
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
766
Fig 1. Comparison of solid waste management element valued for “good” scale
Fig 2. Comparison of solid waste management element valued for “satisfactory” scale
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
767
Fig 3. Comparison of solid waste management element valued for “poor” scale
IV. CONCLUSION
Solid Waste Management plays a vital role in
environmental pollution prevention. Industries in this
aspect, takes huge responsibility in managing the solid
waste generated at site, satisfying reuse, recycle and reduce
policy. The study considered the solid waste management
practices in small and medium scale industries located in
TamilNadu. The analysis was carried out by questionnaire
which covered 10 important solid waste management
elements. Based on the results, it was concluded that the
medium scale industries follow good solid waste
management practices compared to small scale industries.
REFERENCES
[1] Sharma, P., Dhanwantri K. and Mehta, S. 2014. Solid Waste
Management, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49-54.
[2] Kanakaraj, J., Velappan, K.C., Chandra Babu N.K. and Sadulla S.
2006 Solid wastes generation in the leather industry and its
utilization for cleaner environment – A review. Journal of Scientific
and Industrial research, Vol. 65, pp. 541-548.
[3] Subha Ganguly 2013. Increasing Incidences of Water Pollution
Imposing Hazardous Influence on Aquatic Fauna and Flora: A
Grievous Environmental Concern, The Science Observer, Vol.1,
pp. 7.
[4] Vaishali Sahu and Niragi Dave. 2013. Approaches towards industrial
by product utilization: A review towards environmentally safe
future. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, No.7, pp. 2847-2855.
[5] Dinesh Surroop and Romeela Mohee 2011. Power Generation from
Landfill Gas. 2nd International Conference on Environmental
Engineering and Applications. IPCBEE Vol.17, IACSIT Press,
Singapore.
[6] Mouton. 1990. Basic concepts in the methodology of social sciences.
Pretoria. Human Sciences Research Council.
[7] Bless, C. & Higson-Smith, C. 2000. Fundamentals of social research
methods an african perspective. Lansdowne: Juta Education Pty
(Ltd).
[8] Casares, M.L., Ulietre, N., Mataran, A., Ramos, A. and Zamorano
M. 2005. Solid Industrial wastes and their management in Asegra
(Granada, Spain). Waste Management, EPub. Vol. 25, No. 10, pp.
1075-1082.
[9] Zamoranoa, M., Grindlay, A., Molero, E. and Rodriguez, M.I. 2011.
Diagnosis and proposals for waste management in industrial areas in
the service sector: case study in the metropolitan area of Granada
(Spain), Journal of Cleaner Production, pp. 1 -10.
[10] Guray Salihoglu 2009. Industrial Hazardous waste management in
Turkey: Current State of the field and primary challenges. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, Vol. 177, No. 1-3, pp. 42 – 56.
[11] Ajero, C.M.U. 2012. A Study on the Evaluation of Industrial Solid
Waste Management Approaches in Some Industries in Aba, South
Eastern Nigeria, West African Journal of Industrial and Academic
Research, Vol. 4, No. 1.
doc_727093312.pdf
Environmental pollution is the major problem associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards of people. Efforts has to be made for controlling pollution arising out of the disposal of wastes by conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw materials for various beneficial uses. The problems relating to disposal of industrial solid wastes are associated with lack of infrastructural facilities and negligence of industries to take proper safeguards. The solid waste management practices among medium scale and small scale industries located in South India are compared in this paper.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
762
Industrial Solid Waste Management Practices in Medium
and Small Scale Industries located in TamilNadu
S. Kanchana
1
, R. Kathiravan
2
, RM. Jenifer Priyanka
3
, K. Neetha Delphin Mary
4
1
Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Civil Engineering, RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore.
2,3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore.
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahendra college of Engineering, Salem.
Abstract— Environmental pollution is the major problem
associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise
in living standards of people. Efforts has to be made for
controlling pollution arising out of the disposal of wastes by
conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw
materials for various beneficial uses. The problems relating to
disposal of industrial solid wastes are associated with lack of
infrastructural facilities and negligence of industries to take
proper safeguards. The solid waste management practices
among medium scale and small scale industries located in
South India are compared in this paper. The data on various
solid waste management elements from the concerned
industries were collected and analyzed to identify the type of
industries adopting satisfactory solid waste management
practices.
Keywords— Industrial Solid Waste, Environmental
Impact, Medium and small scale industries, Sampling,
Management practices.
I. INTRODUCTION
The unwanted or useless solid material generated from
combined residential, industrial and commercial activities
is termed as solid waste
1
. Effective management of solid
waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the
environment and human health and supports economic
development and improved quality of life. Therefore, it
becomes necessary that the local bodies along with State
Pollution Control Board work out requisite strategy for
organizing proper collection and disposal of industrial solid
waste. Industries generating solid waste have to manage
such waste by themselves and are required to seek
authorizations from respective State Pollution Control
Boards under relevant rules. Some of the industries
generating solid waste include steel industry, leather
industry, sugar industry, textile industry and dyeing
industry. Integrated steel plants usually consist of five main
units, viz., coal washer, coke oven, blast furnace, steel
melting, and rolling mills (hot and cold). In addition to the
above the plants may have auxiliary units like oxygen plant
and power plant for their own uses.
The major solid wastes generated in steel plants are,
blast furnace slag, steel making slag, fly ash from the
captive power plants, blast furnace clarifier sludges, blast
furnace flue dusts, steel making dust, mill scales, waste
refractories, coke breeze etc. Generation of such products
fully depends on the quality and quantity of raw materials
used in the process. Leather industry has been categorized
as one of the highly polluting industries and there are
concerns that leather making activity can have adverse
impact on the environment
2
. So many chemicals are used in
leather processing. The tannery effluents are characterized
by high contents of dissolved suspended organic and
inorganic solids giving rise to high oxygen demand and
potential toxic metal salts and chromium metal ion
3
. The
odor emitted from decomposition of waste material and the
presence of sulphide, ammonia and other volatile organic
compounds are also associated with tanning activities.
Solid waste generated in leather industries contribute
mainly skin trimming, fleshing waste and buffing wastes. It
constitutes protein as the main component and other
chemicals. It will pose hazardous pollution problem to the
environment. Sugar is produced from sugarcane. While in
many other places beetroot are used as the raw material for
the sugar production. In India most of the sugar mills are
situated in the country side and operated for about 4 to 8
months just after the harvesting of the sugarcane. A large
volume of waste of organic nature is produce during the
period of productions. The solid waste of sugar industry
includes Bagasse, Molasses and Waste fiber. Textile
manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the
conversion of three types of fiber into yarn, then fabric, and
then textiles. These are then fabricated into clothes or other
artifacts. Cotton remains the most important natural fiber,
so is treated in depth. There are many variable processes
available at the spinning and fabric-forming stages coupled
with the complexities of the finishing and coloration
processes to the production of wide ranges of products. The
solid waste of textile industry is fabric waste. With
increases in demand for milk products, many dairies of
different sizes have come up in different places.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
763
These dairies collect the milk from the producers, and
then either simply bottle it for marketing, or produce
different milk products according to their capacities. The
solid waste of Dairy industry is Fat, Plastics. The most
satisfactory approaches to manage solid wastes are those
which help to minimize the quantity of waste requiring
disposal. These methods are beginning to be more widely
used. By modifying production processes, the volumes of
wastes generated can often be reduced. Many wastes
contain useful materials which can be reclaimed and
reused. In certain cases, the amount of hazardous wastes for
disposal can be reduced by transferring some to another
industry which can use them as raw materials. However,
opportunities for this approach may be limited as a result of
mismatches between waste stream composition and process
specifications. These approaches can be justified because
of savings in raw materials and energy inputs, as well as
reductions in the costs of disposal
4
. The paper identifies the
present scenario of solid waste management methods in
small and medium scale industries by conducting studies
on industrial solid waste management elements in order to
properly manage and control waste productions in
industries.
II. IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE
The infiltration of rainfall into landfill, together with the
biochemical and chemical breakdown of the wastes,
produces a leachate which is high in suspended solids and
of varying organic and inorganic content. All household
and most industrial wastes will produce leachate. If the
leachate enters surface or groundwater before sufficient
dilution has occurred, serious pollution incidents can occur.
In surface waters, leachate high in organic material and
reduced metals will cause severe oxygen depletion and
result in fish-kills. Leachate high in non biodegradable
synthetic organic compounds is a particular threat, through
bioaccumulation, concentrations of these substances may
increase to toxic levels and endanger animal and human
life. The decomposition of solid wastes in landfill results in
the production of carbon dioxide and methane (landfill
gas), both important greenhouse gases
5
. Seven % of
methane generated by man's activities is estimated to be
coming from landfill. Operation of incinerators can cause
nuisance and atmospheric pollution from the emission of
particulates, acidic gases, unburnt waste material, heavy
metals, and trace quantities of organic compounds.
Air pollution control measures have previously been
aimed at reducing particulate emissions, but stricter
emission controls requiring reductions in the emissions of
acidic gases and heavy metals have been introduced in
most developed countries. A much publicised problem of
waste incineration has been the formation of dioxins as a
by-product of the incineration process. They are emitted in
the flue gases. Their environmental impact is still a matter
of controversy. In many developed countries, public
awareness of this problem has led to strong opposition to
the sitting of new incinerators near major population
centres and increased the amount of waste incinerated at
sea.
III. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY
A. Hypotheses of the Study
The following are the hypotheses of the present study.
? Engineering industries would not have adequate Solid
Waste Management systems.
? Small scale engineering industries have poor Solid
Waste Management systems compared to medium
scale engineering industries.
B. Assumptions of the Study
The following are the assumptions of the present study.
? Engineering industries have implemented Solid Waste
management elements.
? It is possible to measure the level of implementation
in Solid Waste management elements.
? Solid Waste management elements in engineering
industries can be compared and evaluated.
? By identifying the weak links in Solid Waste
management elements in industries can be enhanced.
C. Samples for the Study
Location: The present investigation was carried out in
Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Chennai, Kancheepuram,
Theni, Dindugul and Madurai districts of Tamilnadu. Small
scale and medium scale engineering industries of the above
districts were considered for the study.
Sampling Methods: Mouton (2001) mentioned that
random sampling is the preferred method to be used in the
case of survey questionnaires
6
. Before the researcher decided
on sampling method that was best suited to this research,
various other methods were also considered.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
764
Bless (2004) distinguishes between two main types of
sampling, namely probability/random and non probability
sampling
7
. The first type namely probability sampling,
represents approaches that randomly select elements from the
population. The second type of sampling namely non
probability sampling is where the probability of selecting a
single element is not known. It is concluded from the above
discussion that the most appropriate sampling method for
this research is random sampling, which is within the
probability category sampling technique.
Sample Size: This study has taken into account ten
major elements and each major element has five sub
elements thus consisting of 50 sub elements of solid waste
management elements. The data have been collected from
25 industries each from small scale and medium scale
engineering industries.
D. Research tool
M.L. Casares et al., (2005)
8
in his paper used
questionnaires to collect data in order to properly manage
and control waste production in industry. The quantity,
type, and composition of industrial wastes, as well as the
management practices of the companies must be taken in to
consideration. M. Zamorano et al., (2011)
9
presented the
characterization of industrial waste production and
management in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain),
and analyzed its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats.
Guray Salihoglu (2009)
10
attempted to critically evaluate
and report current Turkish industrial hazardous waste
practices and discussed the primary challenges to be
addressed based on an analysis of industrial hazardous
waste generation in Turkey. Ajero, C.M.U et al.,
11
studied
the approaches of industries towards some aspects of waste
management by administering Interviews, observation and
questionnaires industry executives and waste managers to
generate data for the study.
Research tool has been prepared based on the solid
waste management elements. Solid waste management
elements covered under the research tool are Collection of
solid waste from various units, Classification of waste in to
groups that can be treated similarly, Waste volume
reduction, Recycling of generated solid waste, Power
generation from waste, Safe storage, Land fill facilities,
Concern about safety and health of workers, Environmental
regulations, governmental and legislative mandates,
Economics of solid waste management process.
The sub-elements are prepared such as to reflect the
availability of the solid waste management elements and
solid waste technical elements in engineering industries.
Section 1: general information about the engineering
industries such as company name, type of industry,
registered capital and years of experience in solid waste
related activities. This section is in the form of check list.
Section 2: Information regarding the assessment of solid
waste management elements. This section is in the form of
an evaluation and inquires about the level of arrangement.
Levels are split into a rating scale consisting of three
variables good, satisfactory and poor. We assign each
variable the following values.
Good 1point
Satisfactory 1 point
Poor 1 point
E. Data Analysis
Data analysis is the process of arranging the raw data.
The relevant data obtained from the administered research
tool have been analysed. The collected data on safety
management elements from engineering industries was
used for descriptive analysis. It provides information about
the nature of a particular group of individuals. In the
present study the Standard deviation were calculated to
determine the central tendencies and dispersion of variables
by comparing the research tool elements. Table I and II
shows the condition of solid waste management elements
in small and medium scale industries. Figure 1, 2 and 3
shows the comparison of solid waste management elements
in small and medium scale industries under good,
satisfactory and poor scale respectively. From Fig 1, Fig 2
and Fig 3 it was inferred that medium scale industries
ensue good solid waste management practices compared to
small scale industries. Fig.1 shows that 68% of medium
scale industries ensured safe storage element which was
higher among all 10 solid waste management elements.
Fig.2 shows that 56% of medium scale industries ensured
waste volume reduction element which was higher among
all 10 solid waste management elements. Fig.3 shows that
56% of medium scale industries ensured waste volume
reduction element which was higher among all 10 solid
waste management elements.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
765
TABLE I
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
Small Scale
Industries
Good Satisfactory Poor
Number % Number % Number %
Collection of
solid waste
from various
units
2 8 10 40 13 52
Classification
of waste in to
groups that
can be treated
similarly
4 16 10 40 11 44
Waste volume
reduction
2 8 11 44 12 48
Recycling of
generated
solid waste
1 4 13 52 11 44
Power
generation
from waste
3 12 8 32 14 56
Safe storage 2 8 12 48 11 44
Land fill
facilities
3 12 7 28 15 60
Concern
about safety
and health of
workers
1 4 14 56 10 40
Environmenta
l regulations,
Governmental
and
legislative
mandates
5 20 6 24 14 56
Economics of
solid waste
management
3 12 10 40 12 48
TABLE III
INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS IN MEDIUM
SCALE INDUSTRIES
Medium Scale
Industries
Good Satisfactory Poor
Number % Number % Number %
Collection of
solid waste
from various
units
12 48 9 36 4 16
Classification
of waste in to
groups that can
be treated
similarly
14 56 6 24 5 20
Waste volume
reduction
10 40 14 56 1 4
Recycling of
generated solid
waste
15 60 7 28 3 12
Power
generation
from waste
11 44 12 48 2 8
Safe storage 17 68 5 20 3 12
Land fill
facilities
11 44 13 52 1 4
Concern about
safety and
health of
workers
16 64 7 28 2 8
Environmental
regulations,
Governmental
and legislative
mandates
11 44 10 40 4 16
Economics of
solid waste
management
13 52 9 36 3 12
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
766
Fig 1. Comparison of solid waste management element valued for “good” scale
Fig 2. Comparison of solid waste management element valued for “satisfactory” scale
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
767
Fig 3. Comparison of solid waste management element valued for “poor” scale
IV. CONCLUSION
Solid Waste Management plays a vital role in
environmental pollution prevention. Industries in this
aspect, takes huge responsibility in managing the solid
waste generated at site, satisfying reuse, recycle and reduce
policy. The study considered the solid waste management
practices in small and medium scale industries located in
TamilNadu. The analysis was carried out by questionnaire
which covered 10 important solid waste management
elements. Based on the results, it was concluded that the
medium scale industries follow good solid waste
management practices compared to small scale industries.
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