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Another basic characteristic of the Indian economy is the existence of capital deficiency which is reflected in two ways— first, the amount of capital per head available is low; and secondly, the current rate of capital formation is also low. Following table reveals that gross capital...

Since the international trade implies returns and payments in a variety of currencies whose relative values may fluctuate it involves taking foreign exchange risk. The players mentioned above are facing this risk. A key question facing the players then is whether these exchange risks are...

A Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) is a financial contract between two parties exchanging or swapping a stream of interest payments for a notional principal amount on settlement date, for a specified period from start date to maturity date. Accordingly, on the settlement date, cash...

Rate Swaps The Indian scene Objective • To further deepen the money markets • To enable banks, primary dealers and all India financial institutions to hedge interest rate risks. These guidelines are intended to form the basis for development of Rupee derivative products such as...

the value of the Indian rupee has been under pressure in the financial markets. After having been stable for more than a year, it began its downward march in May 2000, destabilizing the economy and raising the spectre of another balance of payments crisis and rising interest rates. In order...

VAT Rates and Classification of Commodities Under the VAT system covering about 550 goods, there will be only two basic VAT rates of 4% and 12.5%, plus a specific category of tax-exempted goods and a special VAT rate of 1% only for gold and silver ornaments, etc. Thus the multiplicity of...

Rate of Tax: - The declared goods are those goods considered to be for special importance under the provision of CST act. The rate of tax is governed by CST act. Accordingly it would be 4%. It can be taxed at more than one point of sale. This is permitted, pursuant to the amendment in CST...

Fixed exchange rate As the name suggests, under fixed exchange rate system, the value of a currency in terms of another is fixed. These rates are determined by governments or central banks of the respective countries. The fixed exchange rates result from pegging their currencies to either...

 Interest rate Options: A less conservative hedging device for interest rate exposure is interest rate options. A call option on interest rate gives the holder the right to borrow funds for a specified duration at a specified interest rate, without an obligation to do so. A put option on...

 Interest Rate Swaps: A standard fixed-to-floating interest rate swap, known in the market jargon as a plain vanilla coupon swap (also referred to as “exchange of borrowings”) is an agreement between two parties in which each contracts to make payments to the other on particular dates in the...

 Interest rate futures: Interest rate futures are one of the most successful financial innovations in recent years. The underlying asset is a debt instrument such as a treasury bill, a bond, and a time deposit in a bank and so on. For e.g. the International Monetary Market (a part of...

 Forward rate Agreements: A FRA is an Agreement between two parties in which one of them (The seller of FRA), contracts to lend to other (Buyer), a specified amount of funds, in a specific currency, for a specific period starting at a specified future date, at an interest rate fixed at the...

Exchange Rates Foreign Exchange includes all currencies and special instruments that are used to make payments abroad Exchange rate is the # of units of a currency that is given in exchange for one unit of another currency Types of Exchange Rates Spot Rate - is the exchange rate quoted...

EXCHANGE RATE INDICES NEER TWER REER FEER LERMS MLERMS NEER Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) NEER index is based on ‘nominal’, i.e. actual, unadjusted exchange rates Index does not take account of inflation TWER Trade-Weighted Exchange Rates (TWER) The index is an...

Flexible Exchange Rate System an exchange rate system in which the values of participating currencies are free to change in relation to one another according to market demand and supply for each currency Prices of currency determined by forces of demand and supply Clean Float No official...

Women empowerment stands for empowering women with the legal and social rights , education , awareness about self and the world. The increased divorce rate can be attributed in part to women empowerment since women being more aware of their legal rights would not mind walking out of a violent...

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THIS PROJECT REPORT IS REALLY HELPFUL TO THE PORTFOLIO MANAGERS AND MANAGERS

hi friends ihere i m uploading the project for exchange rate of currencies and their risk estimation in the business...much much helpful for the students who prepare project on currency exchanges and foreign exchanges