working capital management

CONTENTS

1. Company Profile:2. Objective of the Project:3. Introduction to Financial analysis:4. Significance of the Working Capital:5. Analysis of Working Capital:6. Conclusion and Suggestions:References Glossary

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments Preface Abstract Chapterisation 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview- Amuthasurabee Dairy................. 1.2 Brief History..................................................... 1.3 Objectives......................................................... 1.4 Organization Structure .................................... 2. Objective of the Project (Methodology) 2.1 Research Methodology.................................. 2.2 Type of Research............................................ 2.3 Sample of design ........................................... 3. Introduction to Financial Analysis(work done so for) 3.1 Prelude........................................................ 3.2 Concept of Financial Statement ................ 3.3 Types of Financial Statement .................... 3.4 Parties Interest............................................ 3.5 Financial Appraisal.................................... 31-32 32-33 33-36 36-37 37-40 25-28 28-29 29-30 12-24 15-18 18-20 21-24

4. Significance of the Working Capital(work to be done) 4.1 Introduction of Working Capital................ 4.2 Concept of Working Capital....................... 4.3 Importance of Working Capital analysis .. 41-42 42-45 45-47

4.4 Operating and cash conversion cycle......... 4.5 Methods and ratios .................................... 5. Analysis of Working Capital 5.1 Working capital analysis......................... 5.2 Working capital trend analysis............... 5.2 Ratio analysis.......................................... 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 6.1 Profitability…………………………… 6.2 Working Capital………………………. References Glossary

47-50 50-56

57-58 58-60 60-68

69-71 71-72

ABSTRACT

The summer internship program is under taken after the completion of the second semester of the program and faculty supervised. The summer internship program will equip the students with practical application skills relevant to various situations. The summer internship program is an attempt to bridge the gap between the professional world and the academic institutions. It is a simulation of the real work environment and enables students to experience the rigors of a professional organization. I have completed my 6th week project in Amuthasurabee Dairy. I got different type of knowledge in Amuthasurabee Dairy. And met different type of workers in Amuthasurabee Dairy they gave me lot of knowledge day to day about financial system of Amuthasurabee Dairy reported in Amuthasurabee dairy day to day when I did not go to Amuthasurabee Dairy such condition I reported to my faculty guide he have information about my day to day performance in Amuthasurabee dairy. Now I am mentioning report which I learned there till now. I started my project in Amuthasurabee dairy on 20th April on Monday and met Mr.G.Kumar who is a Dy. Manager (F&A) .He gave me a project title “A Study Of Working Capital Management” and he gave me annual report. Logistic of procuring milk from various rural areas. And I learned about various types of milk collection centers. And they collect the milk from different societies in Thiruvarur distt. in base of (1) Taking Sample (2) Testing Fat and (3) SNF (Solid Note Fat) and they told me that Society members and Amuthasurabee Dairy follow this system. They take two types of milk, Cow and Buffalo. Also got an opportunity to learn the Tally system and its advantages in accounting system.

There are two types of suppliers of the milk regular and non regular suppliers called POURER and non regular suppler called NON POURER. .Per day milk collection is 5.75 lac/ltr in non session and in session 7.80 lac/ltr.which one Pourer who supply daily then he can take Bonus. EMT it is Fat Testing Machine, MCC:- Milk Collection Center, Cow milk fat measurement point is 3.0% to 5.2% and buffalo 5.3% to10%.secratry have available purchase register to note day to day Transaction of Milk. And pourer has pass books. Society collects the milk two time morning and evening. After receiving milk by Amuthasurabee dairy it decides three qualities sweet sour and curdle and according to this payment to society is done. Women empowerment is given a due weight age. The corporate guide briefed about some systems of milk collection in Amuthasurabee Dairy1) Reception dock (2) Lock Sheet (3)Online programmed (4) Variety of milk (5) Plunger of milk (6) EMT System There are nine Chilling center under Amuthasurabee dairy. Standard SNF is 8.7% . The Amuthasurabee Dairy milk rates will be very important. The new rates would be affected from 21-4-12. Internal Audit is an important part of this system. Mr.D.Jayaram (Designation Cashier).briefed about the transaction e.g. telephone, mobiles, medical claim bills, of the employees and staffs. It is not more than 20,000 and about deposits, about employee?s salary. How it is made.

INTRODUCTION
Getting Acquainted With The Dairy Industry In India

Indian Dairy Scenario:-

Lot of Indian people start day with tea & milk. Milk is an essential factor of our daily life. In Indian milk business is very old business. Dairy business adopt modern concept in 1970 with the help of national dairy develop board through operation flood plan. in first section of this plane, ten state selected. Our country is on first position in production of milk. But in field per capita availability of milk we are very behind. In America per capita availability of milk is almost 900gm while in India it is almost 200 gm. The ideal average per capita availability of milk should be at least 250gm. General review:? India dairy emerging as sunrise industry and contributes significantly in generating small and marginal farmers of rural India, beside s providing food security. ? India is blessed with huge bovine population of 196million cattle and 80 million buffaloes accounting for 51% if Asia and 19% of world bovine population – the largest in the world. ? Milk production in India has increased from 20 million tones to during 1970 to 77 million in 1999 which account for 20% of the world?s milk production and stood in the world?s milk production and registering an annual growth rate of 5% per year.

? India?s dairy industry generates an annual business of nearly Rs. 88000 crore. ? Dairy sector provides regular employment to 9.8 million people in principal status and 8.6 million people in subsidiary status, which together constitute 5% of total work force. ? Dairy development owes much to the an and pattern of cooperative. ? The dairy infrastructure now comprises 26 states federation, 170 district milk unions and around 100000 village cooperative societies, through which rural milk production and procurement system have been effectively linked to urban markets consumption centers. ? Of every 100 litters of milk produced, 44 liters were retained by the rural fold and 56 liters were the marketable surplus for the urban area. Of which only 10 liters was handled by the organized sector cooperative and remaining by traditional sector. ? Operation flood brought milk revolution in the country by transforming dairying into a core economic activity. The main challenges before the Indian dairy sector to improving quality, developing international accepted products and stepping up global marketing strategy. ? The future of Indian dairy industry is promising, since its de-licensing in 1992,the interest of multinationals and Indian corporate in the industry has been growing, and the industry?s growth potential is high as there is sufficient domestic demand and good scope for exports of milk and milk products. ? India is emerging as one of the largest and fastest growing consumers market in the world with high income elasticity of demand of dairy

product. Indian dairying is energy –efficient, labor intensive and ecological sound. ? Over 80% of milk sold in urban & semi urban areas is non –pasteurized from unorganized sector. The overall market for liquid milk is growing 4% per anum. Similarly in Tamilnadu, there is a co-operative federation, known as the Tamilnadu Milk Co-operative Society which provides the milk to whole Tamilnadu with the help of the dairy unions, established in the different parts of the state.

BRIEF HISTORY
Towards fulfillment of the national objective of making India self sufficient in milk production, a small step was taken in March 1975 and Amuthasurabee Dairy Ltd., Amuthasurabee (popularly known as Amuthasurabee Dairy) was registered under Cooperative Act 1965 to work in the Thiruvarur District. Initially this union did not have the processing facilities. It started with a modest beginning of procuring 250 liters of milk per day. In june1981, Amuthasurabee Dairy ltd. Amuthasurabee for processing and manufacturing milk products. The initial handling capacity of the dairy plant was 1.5 Lakh Lt. per day with a powder plant of 10 MT capacities. Processing facilities of the dairy plant presently include multidimensional activities like chilling, Pasteurization, standardization, sterilization, production of Ghee, Butter (Salted / Unsalted), Skimmed Milk Powder(SMP), Indigenous fresh Milk Products (Paneer, Shrikhand, Chhach (Plain / Salted), Lassi, Mawa (Khoa)& Dahi (Plain / Mishit) and Aseptic Milk (which was handed over to Amuthasurabee Dairy only in 1997-98). The Dairy procures milk through its strong network of over 120 Village level Dairy Co-operative spread in Thiruvarur & Thanjavur district. Dairy arranges transportation of milk from doorsteps of milk producers to the receiving point at dairy plant and its chilling centers. Payments of milk are disbursed to the milk producers on ten-day basis. Procurement and input activities include Farmer's Organization, Input Services like Animal Health Coverage, and Supply of balanced cattle feed and improved fodder seeds to the members, Cooperative program, Training etc.

IN 1992, the Amuthasurabee dairy ltd. Plant was handed over to Amuthasurabee Dairy Ltd., Amuthasurabee. With the multiple increases in marketing of milk and milk products and also in milk procurement, the capacity of the plant was increased to 2.5 Lakh Lt. per day in 1998-99. To improve the quality of raw milk, the Dairy has commissioned three chilling centers at Kottai, Kottur &Chettiyamoolai apart from enhancing the capacity milk –chilling center. Over the years, there has not been looking back for Amuthasurabee Dairy and the significant growth has been achieved during the year 19981998,monthaly sale has been 143000 liter./day with peak milk procurements. For processing during peak flush season. To Amuthasurabee dairy ltd.Provides liquid milk of four types name as:? Toned ? Double toned ? Standard ? Gold full cream and ? Various product like Ghee, Butter(Salted/Unsalted),Paneer,Chhach (Plain / Salted/ podina), Lassi, Mawa (Khoa)& Dahi (Plain / Mishti) and Aseptic Milk (which was handed over to Amuthasurabee Dairy only in 1997-98). Shrikhand in the district of Amuthasurabee & Dausa and also contributes to the national grid.it sales tetra pack milk through the country.

The plant is managed and operated by well-qualified, competent and experienced managerial cadre and highly motivated work force to provide highest quality of products and best of the services to our esteemed customers. To further improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the plant performance, Amuthasurabee Dairy (Amuthasurabee Dairy Ltd., Amuthasurabee) has embarked on the implementation of ISO-9002 Quality Management Systems and hazard, analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system in the plant operation to eventually get international certificate.

OBJECTIVES

The primary concern of Amuthasurabee dairy is to provide best quality and safe products and services. To achieve this quality objective of Amuthasurabee Dairy ltd.are designed to. ? Meet a well defined needs use and purpose of customer. ? Satisfy customer?s satisfaction for good and safe milk and milk products. ? Comply with applicable national and international slandered. ? Make available milk and milk product at competitive price. ? Ensuring implementation of ISO9002 quality management system. ? Application and adherence of HACCP principles for food safety. ? Motivates employees for professional excellence and participation.

QUALITY POLICY
The dairy believes the delighted customer is the only key for overall development of the organization and their families. This is achieved by: ? Education milk producers for clean production. ? Manufacturing and supplying milk and milk products and services of consistent quality at comparative price. ? Adopting innovative and modern technologies and system. ? Developing committed work force. ? Adoption of safety and environment friendly standards with help of application of HACCP Principles.

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Amuthasurabee dairy is a registered under Tamilnadu cooperative act and is owned by thousands of its milk producers members. It works on world famous Amul pattern. As all other cooperative dairies, Amuthasurabee dairy is a part of three tier structure i.e. dairy cooperative society at village level which form district level milk producer union which are further federated in state level federation. All three entities are autonomous and linked to each other by provisions of their byelaws.

The dairy co-operative movement operates on three tier system wherein farmer members own dairy co-operative societies (DCS) which own district milk producer's union. The unions collectively own the Tamilnadu Milk Cooperative Society . It is a vertically integrated structure that establishes a direct linkage between those who produce the milk and those who consume it.
Federation - Provides service & support to unions. Marketing within &

outside state, Liaison with government and NGO agencies, mobilization of resources & coordinating & planning programmers / projects.
Union - Develops village milk cooperative network, procures milk from DCS,

processes & markets. Sale of cattle feed and related inputs, promotion of cross breeding through AI and NS, promotion of fodder development and general support & supervision to DCS.
DCS - Provides input services (AH, AI) to its members and procurement of

milk.

The dairy co-operatives depict the following institutional FORMULATION OF DCCS AND INTERRELATION WITH AMUTHASURABEE DAIRY Milk producers of villages

Management committee of dcs (9 members, out of which two from weaker section and one for woman) Chairman of DCSS Board of directors of Amuthasurabee Dairy (total 14 member, including 9 elected members amongst chairmen of DCSS, out of which 6 from general category, two form weaker section (bpl, sc/ st etc.) And one from women chairpersons. Rest are nominated) Chairman of bod of Amuthasurabee Dairy (out of elected members)

OBJECTIVES
CONCEPTUAL :-( Financial Technique: Working Capital Ratios)

To prepare a report after analysis and interpretation of finding from balance sheet as well as profit and loss account by applying various mathematical and financial tools and techniques.

FACTUAL :-( Analysis of facts (results) derived from the financial technique ? The present earning capacity or profitability of the Amuthasurabee Dairy Ltd ? The short-term liquidity and long-term solvency. ? The financial stability of a business. ? To analyze different ratios so to judge the availability and effective usage of working capital.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

? Research Methodology is a systematically solve the research problem. It has many dimensions and research methods constitute a part of the research methodology. ? Thus when we talk about research methodology, we do not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods. We use in context of our research study, so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by researcher himself or by others. ? To effectively carry out in research, I would use the following research process, which consists of series of actions or steps.

Research comprises of the following steps:1. Formulating the research Problem. 2. Research design & Sample Design. 3. Analysis of data gathered 4. Data analysis comparison 5. Graphics and interpret

1 FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
This is the first step under which the problem is stated in general way and then ambiguities i.e. understanding and rephrasing the problem thoroughly and rephrasing the same into a meaningful terms from an analysis point of view. The research problem under the present project was to study data of various funds. For this research process was to be formulated and the execution of which would result in the desired data.

2. PREPARING THE RESEARCH DESIGN
The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidences with minimal expenditure of efforts, time and money.

Research Design
? Type of research ? Sample design

TYPE OF RESEARCH
? The type of research under present is an analytical research. In analytical research; we use tact's or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. Hence the same would be done. ? In this project I had collected facts, data, and information.

SAMPLE DESIGN
A sample design is a definite plan determined before any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample. Researcher must select a sample design, which should be reliable and appropriate for his report.

3. OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN (COLLECTION OF DATA)
Observational design relates to the condition under which the observations are to be made. Observational design in respect to research. There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data, which differ considerably in context of money, time cost and other resources at the disposal of the researcher.

Data can be obtained from two important sources:

? Primary data ? Secondary Data

Primary data
Primary data are the data that are collected afresh and for the first time. Thus happens to be in character. Primary data are collected by the following ways:a) b) c) d) Observation Interview Schedule Questionnaire

Secondary Data
Secondary data are the data that are already collected and are only analyzed by different sources these sources are as follows:? Corporate magazine ? Manuals of various companies ? Books, journals, newspaper ? Employment exchange The secondary data would be collected from financial statement, journal of national repute, books of national and international author as well as the annual report of the company. In addition to this internet access will make the study more effective and meaningful.

Introduction to financial analysis
FININACIAL ANALYSIS

PRELUDE:Financial accounting involves recording transaction and preparing report and financial statement that can be used by management, owners, creditor, government agencies and other to understand what is happening in the business or nonprofit organization. “Accounting” is the process of

identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgment and decision by users of the information.

CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial statement are major means employed by firm to present their financial situation to stock holders creditors and the public a financial statement is a collection of data organized accounting to logical and consistent accounting procedure. Its purpose is to convey an understanding of some financial aspects of a business firm. The and product of financial accounting is financial statement consisting of the balance sheet, profit and loss accounting and statement changes in financial position.

Financial statements are major means employed by a firm to present their financial situation to stock holders, creditors and the general public. Accounting reports on the result of operation and the current status of a business enterprise by a financial statement. The balance sheet and income and statement. Since the balance sheet and income statement are of limited interest the annual report of the company are supplemented by a third statement the change in financial position and by foot notes which explain and amplify the reported numerical data.

TYPES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A) The Balance Sheet:The balance sheet is called a fundamental accounting report. It provides information about the financial standing or position of affirm at given instant. The balance sheet can be visualized, as a snapshot of the financial status of company is a valid for only one day the reference day. The position of the firm on a preceding day is bound to be different.

“The balance sheet of a company indicates to management the financial status of a company as on a given moment. From an analyst point of view a balance sheet is written representation of the resources and liabilities of an individual partnership firm an association of a corporation.”

The contents of balance sheet can be divided into three divisions
*Assets: Assets are valuable resources owned by a business, which are acquired at a measurable money cost these are economic resources of a firm which provide economic benefits to the company. Liabilities:Liabilities are claim of creditors against the enterprises arising out of past activities that are to be satisfied by the disbursement of utilization of corporate resources. They are economic obligation of the firm. *Owner’s equity:The owner?s equity is the owner?s current investment in the assets of company. The entire system of recording business transaction is based on accounting equation. The accounting equation is an accounting formula expressing equivalence of the two expressions of assets and liabilities.

ACCOUNTING EQUATION

ASSETS

= OR

LIABILITIES + OWNER?S EQUITY

OWNERS EQUITY

= OR

ASSETS - LIBILITIES

LIBILITIES

=

ASSETS - OWNER?S EQUITY

(B) The Income Statement:The balance sheet, as discussed above, is considered a very significant statement from the view point of bankers, and other lenders, because it indicates the firm?s financial position and strength, as measured by its recourses and obligations, however, editors and financial analysis have recently started paying more attention to the firm?s capacity as a measure of its financial strength. Its income statement revels the firm?s capacity as a measure of its financial strength. Its income statement revels the earning potential of the firm.

An income statement is a financial statement summarizing the result of a company?s income (profit) making activities for a specific time period. It summarizes revenues and expenses in a manner that discloses whether a company?s activates in a particular fiscal period have resulted in profit or a loss. The income statement is a scoreboard of the firm?s performance during a particular period of time. “The profit and loss account is the condensed an d classified record of the gains losses posing change in the owner?s interest in the business for a period of time.” The income statement or the profit and loss account presents the summary of revenues, expenses and net income (or net loss) of a firm for a period of time.

Thus, it serves as measure of the firm?s profit ability. It?s systematic array of the data of the revenues, revenues deduction (expenses, revenues, revenue deductions, expenses, losses, taxes etc.) Net income and distribution or assignment of the net income to creditors and property investors of a particular period.

(C)STATEMENT OF CHANGE IN FINANCIAL POSITION
Until 1960, the income statement and the balance sheet constituted the major financial statement. However, management traditionally made use of a wide variety of statement and reports in apprising internal company performance. One popular report for management?s internal use was called the statement of changes in final position. From such a report, management could extract valuable information about where working capital and cash come from and how they were used. If these past events could be projected in future, management would have a useful tool for budgeting. Today, the statement of changes of financial position represents third financial position represents a third financial statement.

PARTIES INTERESTED
According to the American institute of certified public accountants, financial statement reflects, a combination a recorded facts, accounting convention and personal judgments and the judgments and conventions applied, affect them materially. Following are interested in financial statement:? Credit, suppliers and others are having business with the company.

? Debenture holders. ? Credit institutions and banks. ? Potential lenders and investors. ? Trade unions and employees. ? Important customers wishing to make a long standing with the company. ? Economist and analyst. ? Members of parliament, the public committee in respect in government companies. ? Taxation authorities. ? Other departments dealing with the industry in which the company engaged cooperative. ? The company law board.

FINANCIAL APPRAISAL
A company?s financial statement are intended to summarize the results of its operation and its ending financial condition. The information in the statement is studied and related to other information by external users for several reasons. Current shareholders, for example, are concerned about there invested income, as well as the company?s overall profitability and stability. Some potential investors are

invested in “solid” companies that are companies whose financial statement indicate stable earnings and dividends with little growth in operations. Other prefers companies whose financial statement indicate rend for rapid growth in a company?s short run solvency, its ability to pay current obligation as they become due. Long-term creditors are concerned about the safety of their interest; income and company?s ability to continue earning cash flow to meet its financial commitments and these are only few of the users, and uses of financial statements. But the numerical data in the financial statement are quit calm. They cannot speak. Analytical data are not ending in themselves, but they are meant to an end. Financial appraisal is an attempt to determine the significance, and meaning of the financial statement data so that forecast may be made of the prospects for future earnings, ability to pay interest, debt maturities both current as well as long term profitability of a sound dividend policy. Financial appraisal involves the assessment of firm?s past, present and anticipated future financial condition. Financial appraisal is a scientific evaluation if the profitability and financial strength of a business concern. In fact financial appraisal and analysis of financial statement have nearly the same meaning. Financial statement analysis is used for the purpose of financial appraisal. Financial appraisal is the process of making a scientific proper, critical and comparative evaluation of the profitability and financial health of given concern through the application of financial statement analysis. Financial statement analysis is a preliminary step towards the evaluation of result dawn by the analysis or management accountant. Appraisal or evaluation of such results is made thereafter. Financial appraisal begins where financial analysis ends, and financial analysis starts where the summarization of financial data in the form of profit and loss account and balance sheet ends, in the words of Kenney and mecmillan, “financial statement analysis attempts to unveil the meaning and significance of the items composed in profit and loss account and balance sheet so as to assist the management in the formation of sound operating

financial policies. The appraisal or analysis of financial statement spotlights the significant facts and relationship concerning managerial performance, corporate efficiency, financial strength or weakness and credit worthiness, that would have otherwise been buries in the maze of details.” The technique of financial appraisals frequently applied to the study of accounting data with a view to determining continuity or discontinuity of the operating policies and investment value of business. Everybody interested in the affairs of the company is interested in finding answer to the following searching question:A. Does the company earn adequate profit? B. Does the company process enough funds to meet its obligation as and when they mature? C. Is investment in the company safe? Appraisal of financial statement alone can answer such queries. Its true that statement analysis merely reveals what has taken place in the past, but past events given some indication of what may be expected in future unless some drastic changes take place in business it. Will continue to move in the same direction in the past. Roy .A. Faulke is very correct to say “if a train is moving forward at a known rate of speed, it is reasonable to assume that it will continue to move at approximately the same rate unless some obstacle interrupts its progress abruptly or the motive power is increased or decreased.” Similarly it is a reasonable to assume that unless some realistic change take places in the places in the business, it will continue to move in the same general direction as indicated by its comparative trends.

NEED OF FINANCIAL APPRAISAL

The need of financial appraisal varies accounting to type of users. For management is servers as mean s of “self evaluation as it is like a report of its managerial skill and competence a banker can judge the liquidity position a creditor can plan buying and selling of hares of concern on the basis of safety of principal and its capital appearances as wanted by the past record of earning. A debenture holder of a concern can ascertain whether income is generates sufficient margin to pay the interest / answers to different question are provided by financial appraisal. By using this technique an economist can study the extent of “concentration of economic power” and pitfalls in the financial policies pursued, while a planner can ascertain if the patter of investment reveals the company?s position in relation to labor and its welfare, legislation concerning licensing desirable in the socio economic interested may be based on statement analysis.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WORKIG CAPITAL

Introduction:The management of current assets is similar to that of fixed assets in the sense that in both case that a firm analyses their effects on its return and risk. The management of fixed and current assets, however, differs in three important ways: first, in managing fixed assets, time is a very important factor; consequently, discounting and compounding techniques play a significant role in capital budgeting and a minor one in the management of current assets. Second, the large holding of current assets, especially cash, strengthens the firm?s liquidity position (and reduces riskiness), but also reduces the overall profitability. Thus a risk-return trade off is involved in holding current assets. Third, levels of fixed as well as current assets depend upon expected sales, but it is only current assets which

can be adjusted with sales fluctuations in the short run. Thus, the firm has a greater degree of flexibility in managing currents.

CONCEPTS OF WORKING CAPITAL ? Gross working capital:Gross working capital refers to the firm?s investment in current assets are the assets which can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash, short-term securities, debtors,(accounts receivable or book debts) bills receivable and stock (inventory).

? Net Working Capital:It?s refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are those claims of outsiders which are expected to mature for payments within an accounting year and include creditors (account payable), bills payable, and outstanding expenses. Net Working Capital can be positive or negative. A positive net working capital will arise when current assets exceed current

liabilities .a negative net working capital occurs when current liabilities are in excess of current assets.

? PERMANENT WORKING CAPITAL:We know that the need of current assets arises because of the operating cycle. The operating cycle is a continuous process and, there for, the need for current assets is felt constantly. But the magnitude of current assets needed is not always the same; it increases and decreases over time. However there is always a minimum level of current Assets which is continuously required by a firm to carry on its business operations. Permanent or fixed, working capital is the minimum level of current assets. It is permanent in the same way as the firm?s fixed assets are. Depending upon the changes in production and sales, the need for working capital, over and above permanent working capital, will fluctuate. For example extra inventory of finished goods will have to be minted to support the peak period of sale, and investment in debtors (receivable) may also increase during such periods. On the other hand, investment in raw material, work in process and finished goods will fall if the market is slack.

Amount of working capital (Rs)

Temporary or Fluctuating

Time

? VARIABLE OR FLUCTUATING WORKING CAPITAL:Variable or fluctuating working capital the extra working capital needed to support the changing production and sales activities of the firm. Both kinds of working capital –permanent or fluctuating (temporary)-are necessary-to facilitate production and sales through the operating cycle. But the firm to meet liquidity requirements that will last only temporary working capital. In figure illustrates differences between permanent and temporary working capital. It is shown that permanent working capital is stable over time, while temporary working capital is fluctuating – sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing. However, the permanent working capital need not be horizontal if the firm?s requirement for permanent capital is increasing (or decreasing) over a period

Temporary or Fluctuating Amount of working capital (Rs) Permanent

Time

FOCUSING ON MANAGEMENT OF CURRENT ASSETS
The gross working capital concept focuses attention on two aspects of current assets management: 1. How to optimize investment in current assets? 2. How should current assets be financed? The consideration of the level of investment in current assets should avoid two danger points- excessive or inadequate investment in current assets. Investment in current assets should be just adequate to the needs of the business firm. Excessive investment in current assets should be avoided because it impairs the firm?s profitability, as idle investment earns nothing. On the other hand, inadequate amount of working capital can threaten solvency of the firms because of its inability to meet its current obligations. It should be released that the working capital needs of the firm may be fluctuating with changing business activity. This may cause excess or shortage of working capital frequently. The management should be prompt to initiate an action and correct imbalances. Another aspect of the gross working capital point to the need of arranging funds to finance current assets. Whenever a need for working capital funds arises due to the increasing level of business activity or for any

other reason. Financing arrangement should be made quickly. Similarly, if suddenly, some surplus funds arise they should not be allowed to remain idle, but should be invested in short- term securities. Thus, the financial manager should have knowledge of the sources of working capital funds as well as investment avenues where idle funds may be temporarily invested.

FOCUSING ON LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT
Net working capital is a qualitative concept. it indicates the liquidity position of the firm and suggests the extent to which working capital needs may be financed by permanent sources of funds. Current assets should be sufficiently in excess of current liabilities to constitute a margin or buffer for maturing obligations within the ordinary operating cycle of a business. In order to protect their interests, short term creditors always like a company to maintain current assets at a higher level than current liabilities. It is a conventional rule to maintain the level of current assets twice the level of current liabilities. However, the quality of current assets should be considered in determining the level of current assets vis – a – vis current liabilities. A weak liquidity position poses a threat to the solvency of the company and makes it unsafe and unsound. A negative working capital means a negative liquidity, and may prove to be harmful for the company?s reputation excessive liquidity is also bad. it may be due to mismanagement of current assets. There for, prompt and timely action should be taken by management to improve and correct the imbalances in the liquidity position of the firm. Networking capital concept also covers the equation of judicious mix of long term and short term funds for financing current assets. For every firm, there is a minimum amount of net working capital which is permanent. Therefore, a portion of the working capital should be financed with the permanent sources of funds such as equity share capital, debentures, long term debt, performance share capital or retained earnings. Management must, therefore,

decide the extent to which current assets should be financed with equity capital and/or borrowed capital. In summary, it may be emphasized that both gross and net concepts of working capital are equally important for the efficient management of working capital. There is no precise way to determine the exact amount of gross or net working capital for any firm. The data and problems of each company should be analyzed to determine the amount of working capital. There is no specific rule as to how current assets should be financed. It is not feasible in practice to finance current assets by short – term sources only. Keeping in view the constraints of the individual company, a judicious mix of long and short term finances should be invested in current assets. Since current assets involve cost of funds, they should be put to productive use.

OPERATING AND CASH CONVERSION CYCLE
The need for working capital to run the day-to-day business activities cannot be overemphasized. We will hardily find a business firm which does not require any amount of working capital. Indeed, firms differ in their requirement of the working capital. We know that a firm should aim at maximizing the wealth of its shareholders. In its Endeavour to do so, a firm should earn sufficient return from its operations. Earning a steady amount of profit requires successful sells activities. The firm has to invest enough funds in current assets for generating sales. Currents assets are needed because sales do not convert into cash instantaneously. There is always an operating cycle involved in the conversion of sales into case.

There is a difference between current and fixed assets in terms of their liquidity. A firm requires many years to recover the initial investment in fixed assets such as plant and machinery or land and building. On the contrary, investment in current assets such as inventories and debtors [account receivable] is realized during the firm?s operating cycle that is usually less than a year. What is an operating cycle?

Operating cycle is the time duration required to convert sales, after the conversion of resources into inventories, into cash. The operating cycle of a manufacturing company involve three phases: ? Acquisition of resources such as raw material, labor, power and fuel etc. ? Manufacture of the product which includes conversion of raw material into work-in-progress into finished goods. ? Sales of the products either for cash or on credit. Credit sales create account receivable for collection. These phases affect cash flows, which most of the time, are neither synchronized because cash outflows usually occur before cash inflows. Cash inflows are not certain because sales and collections which give rise to cash inflows are difficult to forecast accurately. Cash outflows, on the other hand, are relatively certain. The firm is, therefore, required to invest in current assets for a smooth, uninterrupted functioning. It needs to maintain liquidity to purchase raw materials and pay expenses such as wages and salaries, other manufacturing, administrative and selling expenses and taxes are there is hardly a matching between cash inflows and outflow. Cash is also held to meet to any future exigencies. Stocks of raw material and work –in- process are kept to ensure smooth production and to guard against non-availability of raw materials of other components. The firms hold stock of finished goods to meet the demand of customers on continuous basis and sudden demand from some customers. Debtors (Accounts Receivable) are created because goods are sold on credit for marketing and competitive reasons.

Purchase
RMCP+WIPCP+FGCP

Payment

Credit Sale

Collection

Inventory convention period

Receivable conversion price

Gross operation cycle Payable Net operating cycle

Operating Cycle of a manufacturing firm

Thus, a firm makes adequate investment in inventories, and debtors, for smooth, uninterrupted production and sale. How is the length of operating cycle determined? The length operating cycle of a manufacturing firm is the sum of (i) inventory conversion period (ICP) and (ii) debtors (Receivable) conversion period (DCP). The inventory conversion period is the total time needed for producing and selling the product. Typically, it includes: (a) raw material conversion period (rmcp), (b) work-in-process conversion period (WIPCP), and (c) finished goods conversion period (FGCP). The debtors? conversion period is the time required to collect the outstanding amount from the customers. The total of inventory conversion period and debtor?s conversion period is referred to as gross operating cycle (GOC). In practice, a firm may acquire resources (such as raw material) on credit and temporarily postpone payment of certain expenses. Payables, which the firm can defer, are spontaneous sources of capital to finance investment in current assets,. The creditors (Payables) deferral period (CDP) is the length of time the firm is able to defer payments on various resource purchases. The difference between (gross) operating cycle and payables deferral period is net operating cycle (NOC). if depreciation is excluded from expenses in the computation of operating cycle, the net operating cycle also represents the cash conversion cycle(CCC).it is net time interval between cash collections sale of the product and cash payments fore resources acquired by the firm. It also represents the time interval over which additional funds, called working capital, should be obtained in order to carry out firm?s operations. The firm has to negotiate working capital from sources such as commercial banks. The negotiated sources of working capital financing are called non-spontaneous sources. If net operating cycle of a firm increases, it means further need for negotiated working capital. Let us illustrate the computation of the length of operating cycle. Consider the statement of cost of sales for a firm given in belowStatement of Cost of Sales ( Rs in lakh) ITEM 1 Purchase of raw material
ACTUAL 20X1 PROJECTED 20X2

X1

X.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Opening raw material inventory Closeing raw material inventory Raw material consumed (1+2-3) Direct labour Depriciation Other mfg. expences Total cost (4+5+6+7) Opening work-in-process inventory Closing work-in-process inventory Cost of production (8+9-10) Opening finished goods inventory Closing finished goods inventory Cost of goods sold (11+12-13) Selling administrtive and gen expences cost of sales (14+15)

X2 X3 X4 X5 X.. X… .. X.. … .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X.

The firm's data for sales and debtors and creditors are given below Sales and Debtors (Rs in lakh) ITEM Sales (Credit) Opening balance of debtors Closing balance of debtors opening balance of creditors closing balance of creditors ACTUAL 20X1 X X. .. .. X.
PROJECTED 20X2

Y Y. .. .. ..

Gross operating cycle (GOC) The firm?s gross operating cycle (GOC) can be determined as inventory conversion period (ICP) plus debtors conversion period (DCP).Thus, GOC is given as follows: Gross operating =
Inventory Conversion period

+

Debtors
Conversion period

GOC = ICP + DCP

…….. (1)

Inventory conversion period What determines the inventory conversion period? The inventory conversion (ICP) is the sum of raw material conversion period (RMCP), work-in-process conversion period (WIPCP) and finished goods conversion period (FGCP):
ICP = RMCP +WIPCP +FGCP ……(2)

? Raw material conversion period (RMCP):- The raw material conversion period (RMCP) is the average time period taken to convert material in to work-in-process. RMCP depends pm: (a) raw material consumption per day, and (b) raw material inventory. Raw material consumption per day is given by the number of days in the year (say, 360). The raw material conversion period is obtained when raw material inventory is divided by raw material consumption per day. Similar calculations can be made for other inventories, debtors and creditors. The following formula can be used: Raw material Inventory = [ Rawmaterial consumption]/360
RMC RMCP = RMI ÷ 360 = RMC RMC*360 ……(3)

Raw material Conversion Period

? Work-in-process conversion period (WIPCP):- Work-in-process conversion period (WIPCP) is the average time taken to complete the semi-finished or work-in-process. It is given by the following formula: Work-in-process Inventory = [Cost of production]/360

Work-in-process Conversion Period

COP
WIPCP = WIPI ÷ =

WIPI *360
……..(4)

360

COP

? Finished goods conversion period (FGCP):Finished goods conversion period (FGCP) is the average time taken to sell the finished goods. FGCP can be calculated as follows: Finished goods Inventory

Finished goods Conversion = Period [Cost of goods sold]/360
CGI FGCP = FGI ÷ 360 = CGS FGI*360 ……..(5)

Debtors (receivable) conversion period (DCP)

Debtors conversion period (DCP) is the average time taken to convert debtors into cash. DCP represent the average collection period. It is calculated as follows:

Debtors Debtor Conversion = Period (DCP) Creditor sales/360

Debtors*360 = Creditor sales …(6)

Creditors (payables) deferral period (CDP) Creditors (payables) deferral period (CDP) is the average time taken by the firm in paying its suppliers (creditors). CDP is given as follows: Creditors Creditors Deferral = Period Credit purchases/360 Credit*360 = Credit purchases …(7)

Cash Conversion or Net Operating Cycle Net operating cycle (NOC) is difference between gross operating cycle and payables deferral period. Gross Creditors Net operating = Operating = deferral Cycle Cycle period

the

NOC = GOC - CDP

…… (8) Net operating cycle is also referred to as cash conversion cycle. Some people argue that depreciation and profit should be excluded in the computation of cash conversion cycle since the firm?s concern is with cash flow associated

with conversion at contrary view is that a firm has to ultimately recover total costs should include depreciation, and even the profits. Also, in using the above-mentioned formulae, average figures for the period may be used. For example, Table shows detained calculations of the components of a firm?s operating cycle. Table provides the summary of calculations. During 20X1 the daily raw material consumption was Rs 12.1 lakh and the company held an ending raw material inventory of Rs827 lakh. If we assume that this is the average inventory held by the company, the raw material consumption the projected raw material conversion period is 60 days. This has happened because both consumption (Rs 16.5 lakh per day) and level of inventory (Rs 986 lakh) have increased, but the consumption rate has increased) by 36.4 percent). Thus, the raw material conversion period has declined by 8 days. Raw materials are the result of daily raw material consumption and total raw material consumption and total raw material consumption and total raw material consumption during a period given the company?s production targets. Thus, raw material inventory is controlled through control over purchases and production. We can similarly interpret other calculations in table below

Table:-Operating Cycle Calculation (Hypothetical Example) ( Rs. In lakh) Item 1 Raw Materials Conversion Period (a) Raw material consumption (b) Raw material consumption per day (c) raw material inventory Actual 19X1 4,349 12.1 827 Projected 19X2 5,932 16.5 986 60d 7,051 19.6 498

(d) Raw material inventory holding days 68d 2 Work-in-process Conversion Period (a)cost of production* 5,212 (b)cost of production per day 14.5 (c)work-in-process inventory 325

(d) Work-in-process inventory holding days 3 Finished Goods Conversion Period (a) Cost of goods sold* (b) Cost of goods sold per day (c) Finished goods inventory (d)Finished goods inventory holding days 4 Collection period (a) Credit sales (at cost)** (b) sales per day (c) debtor (d) debtors outstanding days 5 Creditors Deferral Period (a) Credit purchases (b) purchase per day (c) creditors

22d 5,003 13.9 526 38d 6,087 16.9 735 43d 4,653 12.9 454

25d 6,582 18.3 995 54d 8,006 22.2 1,040 47d 6,091 16.9 642 38d

(d) Creditors outstanding day 35d *Depreciation is including. **All sales are assumed on credit.
Table :-Summery of Operating Cycle Calculations (Number of Days) Actual
1

Projected

2 3 4

GROSS OPERATING CYCLE Inventory Conversion Period (i) Raw material (ii) Work- in- process (iii) Finished goods Debtors Conversion Period Gross operating cycle (1 + 2) Payment Deferral period NET OPERAING CYCLE (3-4)

68 22 38 128 43 171 35 136

60 25 54

139 47 186 38 148

We note a significant change in the company?s policy for 20X2 with regard to finished goods inventory. It is expected to increase to 54 days holding from 38 days in the previous year. One reason could be a conscious policy decision to avoid stock out situations and carry more finished goods inventory to expand sales. But this policy has a cost; the company, in the absence of a significant increase in payables (creditors) deferral period, will have to negotiate higher working capital funds, In the case of the firm in our example, its net operating cycle is expected to increase from 136 days to 148 days How does a company manage its inventories, debtors and suppliers? credit? How can it reduce its operating cycle? The operating cycle concept as shown in Figure relates to a manufacturing firm. Non-manufacturing firms such as wholesalers and retailers will not have the manufacturing phase. They will acquire stock of finished goods and convert them into debtors (receivable) and debtors into cash. Further, service and financial enterprises will not have inventory of goods (cash will be their inventory). Their operating cycles will be the shortest. They need to acquire cash, then lend (create debtors) and again convert lending into cash.

ANALYSIS OF WORKING CAPITAL

Analysis of working capital is an essential part of financial management. If there is an adequate amount of working capital and it is utilized in the right manner, it is a great achievement for the business. The excess of working capital causes financial stringency and brings the business to a standstill.

Realizing the impotence of working capital in financial management the analysis of working capital becomes an essential phenomenon. It facilitates the adequacy and management of working capital. The management of working capital provides a careful inquiry into its components so as to control the working capital and to conserve it properly. It helps in determining the optimum level of working capital in the firm. The process of measurement and analysis of working capital is performed on the basis of financial statements of the business enterprise for past few years.

In the present study the analysis of working capital of Amuthasurabee dairy ltd. Has been made by two techniques vis., trend analysis and ratio analysis.

WORKING CAPITAL TREND ANALYSIS
The working capital trend analysis represents a picture of variation in current assets, current liabilities and working capital over a period of time. Such an analysis enables us to study upward and downward trend in current liabilities and its effect on the working capital position. The trend analysis is a tool of financial appraisal where the changes in the factors are compared with the base year assuming the base year as 100. In the present study a statement – showing trend of working capital as well as its structure has been made. It is it scientific and important study because each component of working capital has got the relationship of causes and effects. Following table below shows the structure and trend of working capital of Amuthasurabee dairy ltd.during the period under review.

STRUCTURE AND TREND OF WORKING CAPITAL OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRY DURING 2005 TO2008 PERTICULAR 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 CURRENT ASSETS CASH 322389.24 855819.51 836439.2 BANK 18632795.88 35936348.16 27218462.16 LOAN AND ADVANCES 71220809.88 84836477.65 77115112.92 DEBTORS 300805197.7 311027760.6 356580000.4 STOCK 377580243.7 427327384.8 465048573.5 768561436.4 859983790.7 926798588.2 TOTAL (A) CURRENT LIABILITIES CURRENT LIABILITIES 526439722 512950750.7 442009648.8 AND PROVISIONS 526439722 512950750.7 442009648.8 TOTAL (B) NET WORKING CAPITAL 242121714.4 347033040 484788939.4 (A-B) STRUCTURE AND TREND OF WORKING CAPITAL OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRY DURING 2005 TO2008

Inference ? Current Assets increase to 20.59% in the year of 2007-2008 as Compare to in the year 2005-2006. ? Current Liabilities in the year 2007-2008 got decreased by 16.04% As compared to the year 2005-2006. ? In the year 2006-2007 the growth in working capital was 43.33% As compare to the year 2005-2006 similarly working capital in the year 2007-2008 has grown to 100.03% as compared to the working capital in the year 2005-2006 The analysis shows the effective and efficient management of working capital by the Amuthasurabee Dairy. RATIO ANALYSIS OF WORKING CAPITAL Trend analysis shows the trend of current assets, current liabilities and working capital only. It do not interpret the contribution of each item of working capital in the trend, whereas, it can be done easily by ratio analysis. The ratio analysis of working capital can be used by management as a means of checking upon the efficiency in working capital

management of the company. Following ratio haven used to analysis and interpret working capital of Amuthasurabee dairy ltd. ? Current ratio ? Quick ratio ? Absolute ratio ? Stock or inventory ratio ? Working capital turnover ratio

CURRENTRATIO
Current ratio is one of the important ratios used in testing liquidity of a concern. this is a good measure of the ability of company to maintain solvency over a short run. This is computed by dividing the total current assets by the total current liabilities and is expressed as:

The current assets of a firm represent those assets, which can be in the ordinary course of business, converted into cash within one accounting year. The current liabilities are defines as obligation maturing within a short period (usually one accounting year). Excess of current assets over current liabilities is known as working capital and since these two (current assets and current liabilities) are used in current ratio therefore, this ratio is also known as working capital ratio. With the help of this ratio the analyst can review the extent to which the company can covert such liabilities with current assets. The current ratio

gives the analyst a general picture of the adequacy of the working capital of a company and ability of the company to meet its day-to-day payment obligation. “it likewise measures the margin of safety provided for paying current debts in the event of a reduction in the values of current assets.” The current ratio is very useful as a measure of short terms debt prying ability but it is tricky to interpret this ratio. Experts are of the view that the value of current assets should be at least double the amount if current liabilities. Walker and Bough have the same view when they ay “a good curren t ratio may mean a good umbrella for creditors against the rainy days.”But to the management it reflects bad financial planning or presence of idle assets or over capitalization”

IDLE CURRENT RATIO: 2:1 If this ratio is higher than standards than it is assumed ? Very good short –term liquidity/solvency. ? Excess stocks, bad debts and idle cash. ? Under trading If this ratio is lower than standards than it is assumed ? Unsatisfactory short-term liquidity. ? Shortage of stocks, less credit sales, shortage of cash. ? Over trading

CURRENT RATIO OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRY LTD.DURING 2005 TO 2008 CURRENT CURRENT YEAR CURRENT RATIO ASSETS LIABILITIES (A) (B) (C) (B)/(C) 2005-2006 2006-2007 768561436.4 859983790.7 526439722 512950750.7 1.46 1.68

2007-2008 INFERENCE:-

926798588.2

442009648.8

2.01

This table reveals that current ratio has increased that is making improvements in its short term solvency. It is because of increase in current assets as compared to current liabilities. Still this is lower than standard current assets ratio that shows a little bit unsatisfactory liquidity position of the company. The Current Ratio for the year 2007-2008 has taken the Value of 2.01:1, which is very satisfactory and as per the standard required (2:1).The current ratio of 2.01:1 indicates, that for every Rs 1 of current liability the company Rs 2 of current assets, which indicates more liquidity and hence more amount of working capital.

QUICK RATIO
The solvency of a company is batter indicated by quick Rato.the fundamental this Ratio is to enable the financial management of a company to ascertain that would happen If current creditors press for immediate payment and either not Possible to push up the sales of closing or it id sold, a heavy loss is likely to be suffered. This problem arises because closing stock is two steps away from the cash and their price more or less uncertain according to market demand. The term quick assets include all current assets except inventories and prepaid expenses. It shows the relationship of quick assets and current liabilities. The Ratio is calculated as following:

An indicator of a company's short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid

assets. The higher the quick ratio, the better the position of the company. Also known as the "acid-test ratio" or the "quick assets ratio".

IDLE QUICK RATIO 1:1 QUICK RATIO OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRYLTD. DURING 2005 TO 2008 QUICK CURRENT YEAR ASSETS LIABILITIES QUICK RATIO (A) (B) (C) (B)/(C) 2005-2006 390981192.7 526439722 0.74 2006-2007 432656405.9 512950750.7 0.84 2007-2008 461750014.7 442009648.8 1.04

INFERENCE:Although it is less idle ratio still it has increasing trend that shows dairy?s improving condition of short term solvency of Amuthasurabee dairy. Quick ratio for the year 2007-08 is above the ideal standard. It is 1.04:1, which indicates that for every Re1 of current liability the company has Rs 1.04 of current assets, hence the company is in sound position in terms of working capital position.

ABSOLUTE LIQUDITY RATIO
The absolute liquid ratio between absolute liquid assets and current liabilities is calculated by dividing the liquid assets and current liabilities. Expressed in formula, the ratio is:

Cash + Marketable Securities = Absolute Liquidity Ratio Current Liabilities

The term liquid assets include cash bank balance and marketable securities, if current liabilities are to pay at once, only balance of Cash and marketable securities will be utilized. Therefore, to measure the absolute liquidity of a business, this ratio is calculated.

IDLE RATIO: 0.5: 1
The idea behind the norm id that if all creditors for demand for payment, at least 50% of their claim should be satisfied at once. The table shown on the next page reflects the absolute liquidity ratio Amuthasurabee Dairy Ltd.

ABSOLUTE LIQUIDITY RATIO OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRYLTD. DURING 2005 TO 2008 ABSOLUTE CURRENT ABSOLUTE YEAR LIQUID ASSETS LIABILITIES RATIO (A) (B) (C) (B)/(C) 2005-2006 18955185.12 526439722 0.04 2006-2007 36792167.67 512950750.7 0.07 2007-2008 28054901.36 442009648.8 0.06

INFERENCE This ratio is very below from idle ratio. It is making insecure creditors claim but it is getting increasing trend. It is needed to maintain this trend. Ratios for all the above mentioned years right from 2005 up to 2008 are close to the standard. For year 2007-08, the ratio is well above the standard, which

indicates the healthy picture of the company in terms of availability of working capital (quick assets) in order to meet current liabilities.

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO
Every firm has to maintain a certain level of inventory of finished good so as to be able to meet the requirements of the business. But the level of inventory should neither to be high not to be low. It to high inventory means higher carrying cost and higher risk of stocks becoming obsolete whereas to low inventory may mean the loss of business opportunities. it is very essential to keep sufficient stock in business . it is express in number of time . Stock turnover ratio or inventory turn over ratio indicates the no. of times the stock has been turned over during the period and evaluates the efficiency with which a firm a able to manage its inventory. This ratio indicates whether investment in stock is with in proper limit or not.

HIGHER RATIO INDICATES:? Stock is sold out fast. ? Same volume of sales from less stock or more sales from
Same stock ? Too high ratio shows stock outs or over trading. ? Less working capital requirement.

LOWER RATIO REVEALS:? Stock a sold out at a slow speed. ? Same volume of sale for more stock or less sale from same stock. ? More working capital requirement. ? Too low ratio show obsolete stock or under trading.

Formula of stock turn over ratio:The ration is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the amount of average stock at cost.

Inventory turnover Ratio =

Inventory turn over ratio measures the velocity of conversion of stock in to sales. Usually a high inventory turnover / stock velocity indicates efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stock are sold, the lesser amount of money is required to finance the inventory. Low inventory turn over ration indicate inefficient management of inventory. in low inventory turn over implies over investment in inventories, the business, poor quality of goods, stock accumulation, accumulation of absolute and slow moving good and low profit as compared to total investment the inventory turn over ratio is also an index profitability where a high ratio signifies more profit „a low ratio signifies low profit some time a high inventories.

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRY LTD. DURING 2005TO 2008 COST OF AVERAGE INVENTORY INVENTORY YEAR GOOD SOLD INVENTORY TURNOVER(TIMES) TURNOVER(DAYS) (A) (B) (C) (D) = (B)/(C) (E)= 365/D 2005-2006 2955076031 377580243.7 7.83 46.64 2006-2007 3501014350 427327384.8 8.19 44.55 2007-2008 3995104641 465048573.5 8.59 42.49

INFERENCE:-

As compared to year 2005-2006, in the year 200607, the inventory turnover increased to 8.19 times. Similarly, in the year 2007-08 it increased to 8.59 times, which indicates that the times taken in converting raw material into finished product and finally selling it got reduced considerably and hence indicates quick release of working capital

WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER
A measurement comparing the depletion of working capital to the generation of sales over a given period. This provides some useful information as to how effectively a company is using its working capital to generate sales.

A company uses working capital (current assets - current liabilities) to fund operations and purchase inventory. These operations and inventory are then converted into sales revenue for the company. The working capital turnover ratio is used to analyze the relationship between the money used to fund operations and the sales generated from these operations. In a general sense, the higher the working capital turnover, the better because it means that the company is generating a lot of sales compared to the money it uses to fund the sales.

WORKING CAPITAL RATIO OF AMUTHASURABEE DAIRYLTD. DURING 2005 TO 2008 NET WORKING CURRENT YEAR SALES CAPITAL RATIO (A) (B) (C) (B)/(C) 2005-2006 3207510314 242121714.4 13.24 2006-2007 3747805031 347033040 10.8 2007-2008 4266143965 484788939.4 8.8

INFERENCE:
In spite of an increase in Net Working Capital, the Working capital turnover ratio of Amuthasurabee Dairy got reduced to 10.8 times in the year 2006- 2007, as compared to the year 2005-07. Similarly, in the year 2007-08, the working capital turnover ratio further reduced to 8.8 times as compared to 13.24 times in the year 2005-06. The reduction in working

capital turnover ratio is on account of massive growth in net working capital as compared to a slight growth in the sales of the company.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Financial analysis is analysis of financial statements of and enterprise. Financial statement reorganized collection of data according to logical and constituent accounting procedures. However financial statements in their traditional from giving historical data and information are of little us to these who use them to draw certain conclusion.

Financial

appraisal

is

scientific

evaluation

of

profitability and financial strength of any business concern. Financial appraisal techniques include ration analysis common size analysis trend analysis, fund flow analysis etc. these techniques may be applied in the financial appraisal of any entity and Amuthasurabee Dairy ltd. Is no exception to it.

PROFITABILITY

The measurement of profitability is a tool of overall measurement of efficiency an overall study profitability of Amuthasurabee dairy has been Dade in relation to sales operating assets capital employed and its net worth. By analysis the working result i.e. Profit and loss account of Amuthasurabee dairy ltd. It was found that the net profit before interest and tax of the Amuthasurabee dairy is showing increasing trends. This is very good for Amuthasurabee dairy ltd. The increase in the profits is nearly 24% more then previous year the reason is good sales growth between years. For this following suggestion should be considered. ? Proper cost control is required and cost control technique should be adopted for it. ? Operating expenses, admn. Expenses should be specially considered to be reduced. ? Inventory is the biggest items of balance sheet that must have demanded a large amount of maintaining cost. So efficient inventory management should be done. Inventory should be reduced extent that would help to recover blocking money in inventory. ? The service staff should be given proper training and better environment for work. ? Proper advertisement and sales promotion is required. ? Dairy has to pay large fix interest charged. Hence long term borrowing should be reduced so that the earning are satisfactorily earmarked with them.

Working capital

? In the year 2006-2007 the growth in working capital was

43.33%as

compare to the year 2005-2006 similarly working capital in the year 2007-2008 has grown to 100.03% as compared to the working capital in the year 2005-2006. The management should follow the same trend in near future too so to have considerable appreciation in working capital every year. ? The Current Ratio for the year 2007-2008 has taken the Value of 2.01:1, which is very satisfactory and as per the standard required (2:1).The current ratio of 2.01:1 indicates, that for every Rs 1 of current liability the company Rs 2 of current assets, which indicates more liquidity and hence more amount of working capital. The company needs to further enhance the value of ratio.

•

Quick ratio for the year 2008-09 is above the ideal standard (1:1). It is 1.04:1, which indicates that for every Re1 of current liability the company has Rs 1.04 of current assets, hence the company is in sound position in terms of working capital position. It would be better for the company if in near future it could further enhance the value of the ratio

•

Absolute quick ratio for the years right from 2005 up to 2008 is close to the standard. For year 2007-08, the ratio is well above the standard

(0.5:1), which indicates the healthy picture of the company in terms of availability of working capital (quick assets) in order to meet current liabilities. The same position should be sustained in near future too.

• As compared to year 2005-2006, in the year 2006-07, the inventory turnover increased to 8.19 times. Similarly, in the year 2007-08 it increased to 8.59 times, which indicates that the times taken in converting raw material into finished product and finally selling it got reduced considerably and hence indicates quick release of working capital. In near future it would be more profitable for the company, if the value of ratio gets increased to 11- 14%. • In spite of an increase in Net Working Capital, the Working capital turnover ratio of Amuthasurabee Dairy got reduced to 10.8 times in the year 2006- 2007, as compared to the year 2005-07. Similarly, in the year 2007-08, the working capital turnover ratio further reduced to 8.8 times as compared to 13.24 times in the year 2005-06. The reduction in working capital turnover ratio is on account of massive growth in net working capital as compared to a slight growth in the sales of the company. The value of ratio could be better in near future , if the growth in sales matches with the growth in net working capital.

REFRENCES
? I.M.Pandey, (1978), financial management, Ninth addition, UBS
Publication New Delhi.

? Van Horn,(2002),Financial Management and Policy,12 th edition,
Publisher Dorling Kindersley India ltd.

? Horne Wwachonicz, J.R.Bhaduri (2005), Fundamentals and Financial
management, 12th edition, Pearson publisher.

? MY Khan, P.K.Jain (1981), Financial Management,5th edition,
Publisher Mc graw hill companies.

? Financial statement for the year ended 2007-08 as obtained from
Amuthasurabee Dairy

? Annual-Report 2006-07 of Amuthasurabee Dairy. ? Study module on financial management by ICFAI HYDRABAD INDIA. ? Financial dailies.
? Economic Times ? Business Standard

? Business Magazines
? Business India
? Business World

? Internet Portals: ? www.Amuthasurabeedairy.com ? www.dairyindia.com ? www.scribd.com

GLOSSARY
1) HACCP: HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points. HACCP is an industry-wide effort approved by the scientific community as well as regulatory and industry practitioners. This effort is designed to focus specifically on food safety, including food safety in retail establishments. HACCP, or the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system, is a process control system that identifies where hazards might occur in the food production process and puts into place stringent actions to take to prevent the hazards from occurring. By strictly monitoring and controlling each step of the process, there is less chance for hazards to occur. HACCP is important because it prioritizes and controls potential hazards in food production. By controlling major food risks, such as microbiological, chemical and physical contaminants, the industry can better assure consumers that its products are as safe as good science and technology allows. By reducing food borne hazards, public health protection is strengthened.
2) ISO:

ISO is the International Standard Organization. It is essentially a federation of national standards bodies from around 150 different countries. Within ISO there are constantly new standards and upgrades being worked upon. Established in 1947, ISO is a non-government organization, with a mission broadly to promote the development of standardization with the objective of facilitating international trade. ISO standards are prefixed with 'ISO'. ISO contribute to making life simpler, and to increase the reliability and effectiveness of the goods and services we use.

3) PASTEURIZATION: Pasteurization is the process of heating liquids for the purpose of destroying viruses and harmful organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. The process was named after its inventor, French scientist Louis Pasteur. The first pasteurization test was completed by Pasteur and Claude Bernard on April 20, 1862. The food is heated enough to destroy the most heat-resistant pathogenic or disease-causing microorganism known to be associated with that food. In this process a large quantity of milk is held in a heated vat at 63 °C (145 °F) for 30 minutes, followed by quick cooling to about 4 °C (39 °F).



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