Description
The presentation describes about various tools and techniques for work measurement ans sampling.
INTRODUCTION TO WORK MEASUREMENT & WORK SAMPLING
Productivity
Ratio between output and input. Output : desired Input : Man, machine, material, etc.
Productivity
Productivity of man –
Basic Work Content of product and / or process
Total Work Content Total time of operation under existing conditions Total Ineffective Time
Work Content added by defects in design of product or process Work Content added by inefficient methods of operations
Ineffective Time due to management problems
Ineffective Time within control of workers
Productivity
Productivity of man –
Bad design of product Work Content added by defects in design of product or process
Lack of standardization
Incorrect Quality Standards
Excess Material Wrong Machine Work Content added by inefficient methods of operations Bad Layout Wrong Working method Incorrect Processes operation
Wrong Tools
Productivity
Productivity of man –
Excessive Product Variety Lack of Standardization Design Changes Wrong / Lack of Planning Ineffective Time due to management problems Unavailability of Raw Material Plant Breakdown Bad Plant Condition Bad Working Condition Accidents Absence, Late coming and / or Idleness Careless Workmanship Accidents
Ineffective Time within control of workers
Management approach to deal with Productivity
• To eliminate the excess work content • To reduce the ineffective time The technique is known as Work Study.
Work Study
Work Study is a generic term for those techniques, particularly Method Study and Work Measurement, which are used in the examination of human work systematically to the investigation of all the factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to effect improvement. (British Standard Glossary of Terms in Work Study)
Method Study
Method Study is the systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and reducing costs. (British
Standard Glossary of Terms in Work Study)
Steps in Method Study
Select – the work to be studied Record – all the relevant facts about the present method by
direct observation
Examine – those facts critically and in ordered sequence,
using the techniques best suited to the purpose
Develop – the most practical, economic and effective method,
having due regard to all contingent circumstances
Define – the new method so that it can always be identified
Install – that method as standard practice
Maintain – that standard practice by regular routine checks.
Considerations for selection of job for Method Study
Economic Considerations –
Is it worth taking up a job ? Look for bottlenecks which hold up production, movement of material and repetitive work involving labour and long time of operations.
Technical Considerations –
Is adequate technical knowledge available to the person(s) concerned to conduct the study ?
Human Reactions –
Are the people involved on whom the study is to be conducted willing to cooperate ?
Work Measurement
• Work measurement is a process of analyzing jobs
for the purpose of setting time standards (by a qualified worker).
• Why use it ?
– – – – – Schedule work and allocate capacity Motivate and measure work performance Evaluate performance of the unit Provide benchmarks Cost estimation
Work Measurement
Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance. (British Standard
Glossary of Terms in Work Study)
Qualified Worker is one who is accepted as having the necessary physical attributes, who possesses the required intelligence and education, and has acquired the necessary skill and knowledge to carry out the work in hand to satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and quality.
Steps in Work Measurement
Select – the work to be studied Record – all the relevant data relating to the circumstances in which the work is being done, the method and the elements of activity in them Examine – the recorded data and the detailed breakdown critically to ensure that the most effective method and motions are being used and that unproductive and foreign elements are separated from productive elements Measure – the quantity of work involved in each element, in terms of time, using the appropriate work measurement techniques Compile – the standard time for the operation which will include time allowances to cover relaxation, personal needs, contingencies, etc. Define – precisely the series of activities and methods of operations for which the time has been compiled and issue the time as standard for the activities and methods specified.
Time Study
• Breaking into the work elements • Time for each work element • Rate of performance (avoid using machine speed which is under operator’s control) • Time of similar work elements should be compared to keep the standard time constant • Study a number of cycles instead of one or two • Extreme values to be discarded
Allowances in Time Study
• Constant Allowance
Personal & Basic Fatigue
• Variable Allowances
Standing Allowance Abnormal Position Allowance Using force or muscular energy Bad Light Atmospheric Conditions Close Attention Noise Level Mental Strain Monotony.
WORK SAMPLING
Work Sampling
Work Sampling is a technique in which a large number of instantaneous observations are made over a period of time of a group of machine, processes or people. Each observation records what is happening at that instant and the percentage of observations recorded for a particular activity or delay is a measure of the percentage of time during which that activity or delay occurs. (Also known as Activity Sampling, Ratio – Delay
Study, Observation – Ratio Study, Snap – Reading Method and Random Observation Method)
Number of observations in Work Sampling
For 95 % accuracy (confidence level) –
Sp = 2 ? { p (1 – p) / N }
Sp is significance level, p is extent of the phenomenon (problem) being observed in a pilot study – expressed as decimals, and N is total number of observations.
N is then divided into number of machines, days, operators, etc.
Using Work Sampling
Make tours of observations on representative of normal working days Tours should be carried out in random intervals, random numbers could be generated to decide on the order Familiarity of the observer with the process is not critical, though beneficial.
SESSION ENDS
doc_317827647.ppt
The presentation describes about various tools and techniques for work measurement ans sampling.
INTRODUCTION TO WORK MEASUREMENT & WORK SAMPLING
Productivity
Ratio between output and input. Output : desired Input : Man, machine, material, etc.
Productivity
Productivity of man –
Basic Work Content of product and / or process
Total Work Content Total time of operation under existing conditions Total Ineffective Time
Work Content added by defects in design of product or process Work Content added by inefficient methods of operations
Ineffective Time due to management problems
Ineffective Time within control of workers
Productivity
Productivity of man –
Bad design of product Work Content added by defects in design of product or process
Lack of standardization
Incorrect Quality Standards
Excess Material Wrong Machine Work Content added by inefficient methods of operations Bad Layout Wrong Working method Incorrect Processes operation
Wrong Tools
Productivity
Productivity of man –
Excessive Product Variety Lack of Standardization Design Changes Wrong / Lack of Planning Ineffective Time due to management problems Unavailability of Raw Material Plant Breakdown Bad Plant Condition Bad Working Condition Accidents Absence, Late coming and / or Idleness Careless Workmanship Accidents
Ineffective Time within control of workers
Management approach to deal with Productivity
• To eliminate the excess work content • To reduce the ineffective time The technique is known as Work Study.
Work Study
Work Study is a generic term for those techniques, particularly Method Study and Work Measurement, which are used in the examination of human work systematically to the investigation of all the factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to effect improvement. (British Standard Glossary of Terms in Work Study)
Method Study
Method Study is the systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and reducing costs. (British
Standard Glossary of Terms in Work Study)
Steps in Method Study
Select – the work to be studied Record – all the relevant facts about the present method by
direct observation
Examine – those facts critically and in ordered sequence,
using the techniques best suited to the purpose
Develop – the most practical, economic and effective method,
having due regard to all contingent circumstances
Define – the new method so that it can always be identified
Install – that method as standard practice
Maintain – that standard practice by regular routine checks.
Considerations for selection of job for Method Study
Economic Considerations –
Is it worth taking up a job ? Look for bottlenecks which hold up production, movement of material and repetitive work involving labour and long time of operations.
Technical Considerations –
Is adequate technical knowledge available to the person(s) concerned to conduct the study ?
Human Reactions –
Are the people involved on whom the study is to be conducted willing to cooperate ?
Work Measurement
• Work measurement is a process of analyzing jobs
for the purpose of setting time standards (by a qualified worker).
• Why use it ?
– – – – – Schedule work and allocate capacity Motivate and measure work performance Evaluate performance of the unit Provide benchmarks Cost estimation
Work Measurement
Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance. (British Standard
Glossary of Terms in Work Study)
Qualified Worker is one who is accepted as having the necessary physical attributes, who possesses the required intelligence and education, and has acquired the necessary skill and knowledge to carry out the work in hand to satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and quality.
Steps in Work Measurement
Select – the work to be studied Record – all the relevant data relating to the circumstances in which the work is being done, the method and the elements of activity in them Examine – the recorded data and the detailed breakdown critically to ensure that the most effective method and motions are being used and that unproductive and foreign elements are separated from productive elements Measure – the quantity of work involved in each element, in terms of time, using the appropriate work measurement techniques Compile – the standard time for the operation which will include time allowances to cover relaxation, personal needs, contingencies, etc. Define – precisely the series of activities and methods of operations for which the time has been compiled and issue the time as standard for the activities and methods specified.
Time Study
• Breaking into the work elements • Time for each work element • Rate of performance (avoid using machine speed which is under operator’s control) • Time of similar work elements should be compared to keep the standard time constant • Study a number of cycles instead of one or two • Extreme values to be discarded
Allowances in Time Study
• Constant Allowance
Personal & Basic Fatigue
• Variable Allowances
Standing Allowance Abnormal Position Allowance Using force or muscular energy Bad Light Atmospheric Conditions Close Attention Noise Level Mental Strain Monotony.
WORK SAMPLING
Work Sampling
Work Sampling is a technique in which a large number of instantaneous observations are made over a period of time of a group of machine, processes or people. Each observation records what is happening at that instant and the percentage of observations recorded for a particular activity or delay is a measure of the percentage of time during which that activity or delay occurs. (Also known as Activity Sampling, Ratio – Delay
Study, Observation – Ratio Study, Snap – Reading Method and Random Observation Method)
Number of observations in Work Sampling
For 95 % accuracy (confidence level) –
Sp = 2 ? { p (1 – p) / N }
Sp is significance level, p is extent of the phenomenon (problem) being observed in a pilot study – expressed as decimals, and N is total number of observations.
N is then divided into number of machines, days, operators, etc.
Using Work Sampling
Make tours of observations on representative of normal working days Tours should be carried out in random intervals, random numbers could be generated to decide on the order Familiarity of the observer with the process is not critical, though beneficial.
SESSION ENDS
doc_317827647.ppt