Description
The study examines the relationship between reducing time and international trade. Primarily, through the
role of information and communication technology, within the trade facilities, in reducing the time
required for import and export, and discussing its impact on economic growth. The Two-Stages Least
Squares method was used to estimate the econometric model for 16 Arab countries during the period
(2005-2011). The study concluded that the information and communication technology leads to time and
cost reduction, thereby increasing the value of merchandise exports and imports. In addition, there is a
positive relationship between the decline in time and economic growth
2214-4625/$ – see front matter © 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2015.10.002
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
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j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj
HOSTED BY
* Nashwa Mohamed. Tel: +96652562573871
Email address: [email protected].
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
ª-¹-- ç-= ¸- ~V'~-Vì; ~'-;¹·-¹ì '-=;¹;--- ,;- :¡-'~--Vì;--¹ì; ª-¹;-¹ì -,'=-¹¹ _-'·- ~-;¹ì
~-;¹ì
Time as a Barrier to International Trade and Economic Growth: The
Role of Information and Communication Technology in Reducing Time
Cost
Nashwa Mostafa Ali Mohamed
*
Economics and Foreign Trade Department- Helwan University- Egypt
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 05 October 13
Received in revised form 22 January 14
Accepted 04 March 14
:ª''-'' -'-'´''
-¸'=-'' ª-'´-
ª,',-'' -¸'=-''
'' ¸-'--·`' ,--
ª,-,¸·-'' ¸,= -,,-''
ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--''
-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-
Keywords:
Time Cost
International Trade
Economic Growth
Nontariff barriers
Trade Facilities
ICT
¸='-''
- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'', -·,'' ¸-= ¸,- ª·`·'' -=- _'' ª-'¸-'' --+- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª-'¸- .`= ¸- ·ª,-'-' ª--
ª-'·--`' »- --', .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= '-,' ='- ¸,`'- -=-, ·¸,---'', -'¸,--`' »¸`'' -·,'' .,'-- ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸--
_'= ¸,-=-''- ª·`·'' ·-» ¸',· ¸· _--- ¸'-=-' _-,--- 16 .`= ª,-¸= ª',- ) -¸--'' 2005 - 2011 »-, .-'-',-'' ¸·',- ,--' '-·, (
-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸' _'' ª-'¸-'' --'=, .¸,'-=¸- _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸=- ¸-',-'' _-,--'' ¸,--- ¸· ª-'·--`'
¸-, ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸-= _'' ¸-,- (-'--'' ¸· »´=-'', -'-----'' --= ,¸-,-- '+-= '¸-·-) -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· --',¸ »`
¸-'--·`' ,--'', -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸,- ª,-¸='' ª·`·'' ¸= `-· ·ª,·'-'' · ª-'¸-'' ª,-¸· .,-· ¸´-, ¸''-''-, .
ABSTRACT
The study examines the relationship between reducing time and international trade. Primarily, through the
role of information and communication technology, within the trade facilities, in reducing the time
required for import and export, and discussing its impact on economic growth. The Two-Stages Least
Squares method was used to estimate the econometric model for 16 Arab countries during the period
(2005-2011). The study concluded that the information and communication technology leads to time and
cost reduction, thereby increasing the value of merchandise exports and imports. In addition, there is a
positive relationship between the decline in time and economic growth.
© 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
140 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
1 ª----¹ì .
''- -·,'' ª-,· ¸--- `' ª--'' ·-·,'' ¸,¸- _- ·_,¸-'' ¸,·-'' _--' -,= ·¸',-`' .-'´-, ª-',·'' -¸»'= -+-, ¸-'' ·»,,'' »''= ¸· '=,-, ¸`´' '-», ·-,-- .,-'' ¸- _,=--, ¸-· .ª' ª,-'-
¸,`´ ---, ª-'· -'=-, ¸-, ·-,--'' ¸- -,¸- _'= .,-='' ·¸,---- ¸'´ ·¸,·-'' '-» -'-'=-- _- _,¸-'' -,'=-'' ª,---'' --',·'' »,=·-', .',',- ¸·'--'' _'= -¸-'-'' .,-'' ª--'· ¸· ª---¸- _='¸--, '+--
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.ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' '--'= .´-- -· -·,'' ª-'´- ¸'· ¸''-''-, .'+-,''´- ¸'-=-'
¸¸-'') ¸=-'' ª',-,, ª,·'¸·='' ª·'--'' .,=, ª',-'' -,-= .='- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ,--- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸-'·´ ·-·,'' ª-'´- --=-- - -¸'-' --'· ·-,-='' ·-» ¸-= (¸,='' ·¸¸=-'' · ª-'¸
Hummels (2007) '' ª,---'' ¸'·-`' _'= ¸`,, .--'' ª-'´- _'--¸'· ·ª,´¸-='' -,,-'' ¸,-, -· -¸'=-'' _'= '-,· .`-- '+-,´ ¸· .--'' ª-'´- ª,-»' _'' ¸,='' .--'' ª-'´- ¸'-=-' ¸' '-´ ·ª'-'---'' _'-
'' ',=,',-´- -·- -,=, .-·,'' ª-'-='' _'-'' -¸'=- ,--' '¸--- -·, -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·'' ¸'· ·'+--'-´ _·¸ _'= -='-- '+-' ,' ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- ¸- -`'--`', -'-,'·-
,' ª,·'¸·='' ª·'--'' .,=- ª=--¸-'' -·,'' ª-'´-- ª-¸'-- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' .`= ¸- '=,-, ¸`´' _» -·,'' ª-'´- ¸-=, -`'--`', .¸=-'' ª',-,
'' ¸-, --'' ª-='-'' -'-'¸=;' ¸---, ·ª,´¸-='' ¸,= ¸-',·'' ª''¸'- ¸',-'' »'--»`' _--' ª,´¸-='' ¸-',·'' ¸'-=-' .= ¸· ª-' ·¸´-''- ¸,-= '+----- ¸-'' -',-'' ¸· '=-', ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+
¸- -¸-, '- ·.'`-'' .,-- _'·· .ª,-,'·;', ª,',-'' -',·'--`' ¸- ¸,`´ 49 ¸''-=' ¸- 54 -' ¸,'-, --- ·¸-'+'' =,=-'', ',-' .,- ¸,- ª,·'- 2005 ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ----- · ) UNESCAP, 2011 .(
'' ¸· ª-'= ·-'¸,·--'' ·-» ¸· ª-+- -'¸,·- -,-= _'' ª,· ¸,·-'' ¸-,,, ·ª,-'--·`' -'¸,·--'' ¸- -,-= ¸· ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ,-- ¸`,,, -'= ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' '+,· .´-- ¸-'' .,- ¸- ',,,= '-
= ¸''-''- .`-, ª-'· ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-' '--'= -·,'' .,= -·, -,=, .¸-'--·`' ,--'' -'¸,·--'' ·-» ª---- ¸·, .¸-'--·`' '+='-- .¸-'--·`' ,--'' .-·- _·¸ _'= ª',-'' -¸-· »'-' '--'
-'' ¸,¸=- ','¸- ¸- --'---`', ª-',·'' ¸· ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ª´¸'-- ¸---- ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- .`= ¸- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' -·, ¸-= ·¸-'--·`' ,--'' -`-·- _·¸, ª,-·'--'' ¸,-=-, -¸'=
·-» ¸· '-'» '-,´- -·- ¸-'', ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' -`,+--'' ·-» _'' .,-,'' ¸· ª,-·, ª,''- ¸-',= ª=',- .,-'' -'=' ¸' `' . -',=,',-´-'' `' ª,--'' ¸· -·-, · .'+' ª,-'-
-`,+--'' ·-+- ¸'·--'' -·,'' ª-'´- ¸-= ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- _'= ¸´¸- ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸'· ·ª,'= -'--, -'¸,·-- _'= ¸`,, -· '-´ ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= '-'=,' ¸`,, ·¸,-- ¸-'', ·
' ª'´-- ª=',- ¸´-,, .¸-'--·`' ,--'' .`- ·,¸=' ª,'´ ª,-'--·' :¸''-'' .,'--'' ¸· ª-'¸-'
,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸,¸·- ¸''-''-, ·-·,'' ª-'´- ¸-= ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸`,, ¸-- ¸' _'' º¸-'--·`' ,--'', ª
_'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸-,," :'»'-,- ª,-'-' ª,-¸· _'= ª-'¸-'' »,-- ."¸-'--·`' ,--'', ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' --',¸ ¸''-''-, ·-·,'' .,= ¸= ª=-'-'' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- ¸-=
--;' --- -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª,'-= ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ,», ·-¸'=-'' -,''´- -'--=- ¸- »'» --=- _'= -,-'' =,'-- _'' ª-'¸-'' --+-, ,´, ·ª-,-»', ª-·,-= _,-,-, .¸=-'' _-=, _' .´-- -
-'-'¸-'' ¸'¸·--' »-, '-´ .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-' '--'= ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;', -`-'·-'' -'+-' -·, ¸· ¸,='-'' '+---, ¸-'' -,''´-'' ¸¸=-'', .ª,',-'' -¸'=-''- ª-·`= ¸· -·,'' ¸,- -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-''
-- -,´'-'', ·-·,'' '-» ¸,·,- ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ª,-»` ·¸,`'- ¸',· »` .ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ¸·- _-, _'= -¸·-'' _- ·-`,+--'' ·-» ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- _'= ª-'= ª-
ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -·,'' ¸· -'--·`' ¸`' -'-=, ·
¸-'·´ -·,'' _'= -,-'' =,'-- ¸· ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' ¸-,-¸'' »'+-;' ¸¸-, '-» ¸· ª,-¸·'' ª·'''- --·-'' -'-'+-;' _',' ¸- '+'·=, '-- ·¸-'--·`' ,--'', .ª-'= ª--- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-'
-·`' ,--'' ,' ª,',-'' -¸'=-''- '+-·`= ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'=' ¸' '-´ .---'' »,»'-- _'= -¸´¸ ·¸-'- ª-,´='', ª,-,¸-´'`' -¸'=-''
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..,-'-'' _-,'' _'' ª- .,-,'' ª-¸`'' -'-'¸=;'- ª,-,-'', ¸''='' _-,'' _'= -,·,'' ¸· »+-,' ·.,-'' ·-» ¸· ª-'¸-''
'=-'' _=·, ¸- ª-,´- ª-,= ª-'¸-'' ¸-'´-'' ¸ 16 ·¸'-= ·¸-,- ·¸'-,-'' ·',¸,- ·ª,-,·-'' ·¸=· ·-¸·-'' ·',-'-,¸,- ·¸'--' ·-,,´'' ·¸-¸`' ·¸-- ·¸,¸=-'' ·¸-'¸='' :_», ·ª,-¸= ª',-
»'= ¸- -----'' -¸--'' ¸--¸'' ¸'=-'' _=·, '--,- .¸-,'' ·--=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;' 2005 _'' 2011 . '+-=·- ,' -',--'' .´ ¸= -'-',-'' ¸·',- ,-- ¸',·-' '--= ª-'¸-'' .=- .,-'' ¸',-=' »- --',
-'-»'--'' --= -·,-, -,= ·ª-¸',-- ¸,= ª,·=-- ª,--¸ .-`- -'-',- _'= ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' ---·- ¸''-''-, .ª-'¸-'' -¸-· .`= (NT= N*T) -',--'' --= _'= T ¸= -'-',- '+,· _'--'' -'¸,·--''
-¸,´--'' .,-'' ¸- ª',- .´' ª-'¸-'' .=- N .
' »-, -,= ·¸-',-'' -,'-`', ·ª-'¸-'' -'¸,·-- ¸,- ª·`·'' ª·,-= .,'=-, »,»'--'' ¸¸= ¸· ¸--,'' -,'-`' _'= ª-'¸-'' ª,=+-- ---·- ¸,-'=¸- _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸=- ª-'·--`
' »'-=--'- _--- ¸'-=-' _-,-- ¸,---' '--'' ¸- -='', -¸'=-'' ª-'´- _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸= _-'-'' -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸`' ¸',-' --='--'' -'¸,·--' ¸'-''', ·-¸'=-''- ¸'·--'' -
- ª-'·--`' .`= ¸- ¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -·,'' ¸`' ¸,--- »-, '-´ .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== _'= '-»¸,-- ¸'¸`,, _,¸-- -'-'-= TC Boost .ª,´,¸-`' ª-,·-'' ¸- .,--''
.ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· --',¸ »` ¸-, ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸-= _'' ¸-,- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸' _'' ª-'¸-'' --'=, -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸,- ª,-¸='' ª·`·'' ¸= `-·
.,-· ¸''-''-, .¸-'--·`' ,--'', .ª-'¸-'' ª,-¸·
'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- :'`''` ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸-'·´ -·,'' :',-'` ·-·,'' ª,-»', ª·,-= :`,' ·-'¸=' --= _'' ¸', '-,· ª-'¸-'' »---- -'-,-=- :'·-'¸ .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -
:'--'- ·¸-',-'' _-,--'' :'--'= ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -·,'' ¸,- ª·`·'' .-',-,-'', _-'--'', ª-`='' :'¸,=', ·¸-'--·`' ,--'',
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 141
2 . ~-;¹ì ª--»ì; ª·--=
:ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-' '--'= ·¸'--='- -·,'' .,'-- ---- ·-·,'' ¸- _',-' ª``` -=,,
) 1 ·ª,--¸'' ª'+-'' ( -'= ¸,- '- -·,'' ¸= ¸-·,, .¸-'+-'' »-=---'' '+-,'--, ª·'-''
) 2 ;' ª,'-·'' ¸· »'='' -',-'' »'-=--' »-, -,= ._--`' ·-= --= -·'-'', ¸,¸=-'' .·=, '-- _'--;' »,=-- _'' ¸,-,, ·--'--'' -·,'' ( ¸,· »,'--'', ¸=-'' »-,, ¸,-¸,-'' ¸- '+-`--' ¸,· ª,='--
- ¸='- ¸-,,, ._,---'' ¸- -'+--`' _'--;' -·,- _'' ª'=¸- ¸' --= ª=,-,'' _'-'' ,' »'='' -',-'' -,¸, .
) 3 _--' ·,¸=` -¸- ¸- -'-=, -·,'' '-» ¸'´ '-'´· .»,'--'' -·, ¸· ¸,·-''- ¸'-,, ·-·,'' ¸,'-- ( ª+=',-' ¸,¸=-''- ='--=`' ¸-´' ª='= ='-» ¸',=`' ¸·- ¸· »,'--'' ¸· ¸='-''
Nordas, H.; Pinali, E. & Geloso Grosso, M., 2006) ( .
, , :_», ·-¸,=`' -,-·'' ¸· -·,'' ª,-»' --',¸ ¸--- ¸-'' .-',·'' ¸- --= -=,
- :ª-~-'--¹ì -,--¹ì ,-~- ;» ~-;¹ì ¸,---- -·, »' -,=- .-'¸'´--`' _,¸-'' ¸'---`' _'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸· »---'', ª-',·'' -',='-- --' --' ·ª',,= ª,--¸ -¸--' ·='--=`' .,-''
¸,-'' ¸--- _» -'¸'´--`' -·- »' ¸''-''-, .¸,,=-'', -,=-'' _'= '+·'--', ª-,·- -'¸'´--' _'' '+'-,- ¸= ª=-'-'' ª,-·'--'' '+-¸,-- ='+---'' _---''- .,-,'' ª=¸- '--', ·ª,-·'--'' - ) Deardorff,
A., 2001 .( `' _,=--- ¸-'' ª',-''· '+---'' -=¸, ¸-'' ª,¸·-'' -,`·'' _'= '+',-= ---- '+-'-'¸,' --',¸ '+-´-, ='+---'' _'' _---'' .,-,- ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ¸· -'--· ¸,=- '+··- ¸· =
.¸,¸=`' .-· _---'' -¸,-- ¸-'-= _'= ª',-=
- -,'=-¹ì J--» J;=- ·,'' ª,-'-= ¸`´`' ª·---'' _'-'' _'' ª,',`' _'-'' ¸- : ',''= .´-- ¸-'', ·ª·---'' _'-'' ¸,---, _,---'' _'' ª=-- ª,-'-'' .,-'' -'='· ·- 80 '+-'¸-'- ¸''-=' ¸- %
) UNCTAD, ASYCUDA .(
- 4¹¢-~-¹ì J=- _'--,ì .¸,¸=`' .-· -¸,--'' _---'' ¸-'-= _'= .,-='' ª,¸·- -,`= _·- ¸· ª--=¸ ¸- -,¸, :
- ---~Vì; ¿'--7ì ¸- ¸~ì,¹ì ç~=-¹ì :,~'--¹ì ¸--=Vì ,' -·,'' -·, -,=
`-'= ª',- ¸- ¸`´' ¸,- .='¸- --= _'' ª-,--- »-, ª·'-'' _'--' ¸'´ '- '-' ·ª,',-'' _'--;' -'´-- ¸· ª,-»`' .'= . ·-» ¸·
ª'´ _'--;' ¸¸·, -· ·»,'--'' ¸- -´'-'' »-=, -·,'' .,= ¸'· ª''='' ·,-'' - Li, Y. and Wilson, J. 2009) .(
- :-'~-¹ì ¸- ;-=-¹ì -¸'=-''- ¸'·--'' -'--'' ¸- ª,''= -',,---- =--¸, -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' .,= ¸' -,= Shepherd, B., 2010) .(
3 . ~-;¹ì '=-¹¹ _-'·- ª-¹;-¹ì -,
-- ,» ª·'-'' _'--; ª,---'' -,''´-'' ¸· -`-=`' ¸'´ --' ¸-,'--'' ¸-'--·`' --`' ¸· ª,---'' -¸,-'' ¸- ) ,-¸'´,¸ -,-,- ( ¸· »=='' -'¸,·, .`= ¸- ª-,-=- ¸´-, -,''´-'' ·-» ¸-= ¸', ·
-,-='' ¸-'--·`' --`' ) ¸'-=,¸´ ( '- -,''´-'' ª,-»` ¸'--=' ¸,- ¸´', ·¸',-'' .-'--'' .=- -'--='', _'-'' _'--' .='¸-- -,''´-'' ·-» -=--¸' . _-=, '- ª',- ¸· -'--='', _'-'' _'--' ª'=¸- ¸,-
¸-, ·-¸,=`' ª-,`' ¸· ª,-'--·`' -',--`' »'--»' .=- ¸'´ -,''´-'' ¸- _,-'' '-» .,¸=' .,- ¸· ¸,,-'+-'' '+,´'+--- _'' '+-,'-- ª-'¸- '+-,- ) 2008 ( Pomfret and Sourdi ' .'=- ¸-'
-,''´- ¸· .,-'' ¸,- '- -'·`-=`' ª---- =-,--'' ¸· -,''´-'' ·-» ª-,· ¸--- -,= ·ª,''¸--`' -'-¸','' _'= ¸,-=-''- ·_'--;' -·- '- ·-¸'=-'' 5 ª-,¸·-'' =-,-- .-- '--,- -'-¸','' ª-,· ¸- %
¸= ª,´¸-='' 4 '-`' ª,--'' ·ª,--,-'' .-',·'', ¸=-'', .--'' -,''´-- ª-'¸-'' _-'--' '-·, -,''´-'' ·-» --=--, .% ¸'¸-' ¸· -'-'¸-'' ¸- -,-= »'--»' ---' --', .--¸--`', ·ª,--=,''' -'--='', ª,-
`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- _--- .`= ¸- ª-'´-'' ·-» ¸· -'--·`' ¸´-, -,´, ·'+='--', ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== ¸· ¸`,- -,´, -·,'' ª-'´- .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ,,--- ¸,-=-' -`'--
_-,, Nordas et al. (2006) .,= ¸' -,= ·¸,·- ¸--=' ¸,- .=-,- _---'' ¸'´ '-' '- ¸,=`' --=,, .-·,''- =--¸, ¸=`', ¸''- '-»-=' ·¸,-·- '+' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- ¸' -'-'¸=;'
' ª,-'-= -'- '·'- --'´ '- '-' ·ª,=¸'='' ¸',-`' _'-'' .,=- ª,''--=' ¸- .'-- ¸,---'', -'¸,--`'- ª-'·--'' .-¸'=-'' »== _'= ¸`,, -·,'' ¸'· ·¸,-'' .,=- .'= ¸·, .-·,'
ª-'¸- ¸,--, (2006) Djankov et al. ª---- ¸,---'' -·, ¸'-=-' ¸' _'' 10 ª---- -'¸-'-'' »== -,¸, ·% 4 ¸,- '- ª---'' ·-» -=,'¸- ¸,= ¸· .% 5 - 25 % ª-'¸- ¸· Kikuchi
) 2006 ( -'¸-'- _'= ª--=-'' 192 '' ª',- -'-'' ª+=,, ª,¸,---'' ª='--'' ª,=,- _'= ---·- ª=,--'' ·-» ¸' _'' --'= ¸-'', ·--=--'' ª´'--'', ',''¸--', ¸'-','' _» .,- -`` _ »- -,= ·-'¸
.-',-,¸-´'`', ·¸',-`'- ª=--¸-'' ¸-`-'', ª=,-,'' -`=--'' _», -·,'' ª,-'-='' -'- -'='--'' ¸- --= _'= '+-,-=-
'= '-´ ª-'¸- -- (2006) Kikuchi ,' ¸',-'' _'--;' -'´-- ¸· .,=-'' ¸= ª,-'-'' .,-'' ¸- ¸,`´ ¸· ¸,=---'' _--, ·-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ¸· ¸¸·---'' ·-·,'' .,= ¸' _'' ',=--, ¸'
- ª-` ·-'¸'´--`'- »',-'' ,' _---'' --,= ¸,-=- ¸· ¸,=---'' ª-=¸ ¸,- .,=, -· '-´ ·¸,-=--- ¸,-¸,- _'= -¸--'' »-= ¸''-''-, ·--'--'' -·,'' ¸· ='+---'' _'' _---'' .,-, -´,-'' ¸,= ¸
,-'' ¸,-, '+-,- ª·'--'' -·-' ·¸'´--`' ¸- ¸`´' -,'--''- ¸,-'' .`- ª',- »',· ¸--, '- ,», ._---'' ¸,,--' ª,¸·- -,`= _'= .,-='' .,¸=`' .
.-,- '-´ ) 2001 ( Hummels ,'' _'= ¸,-=-''- · ·'---'' -'-'+- ¸=· ,' ¸,---'', -'¸,--`' -'-'¸='- ª·`= ª' ¸,´, '--¸ ¸-'', ·-=', »,,- ¸=-'' -·, .,= ¸' _'' ·ª,´,¸-`' -'-¸'
142 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
ª---- --=--'' -',`,'' _'' ¸,---'' _'= ,¸=`' .,-'' -¸-· ª,''--=' ¸- .'-, 1.5 =', »,, -'--' ª'-'·-'' ª,´¸-='' ª-,¸·-'' ¸-· ª-' '-´ .% ª---- -,¸-'¸-'' ¸· - 0.8 .%
ª-'¸- ª---· '- _- ª--'-'' ª-'¸-'' ª,'' --'= '- ¸---, Deardorff (2001) -¸'-' -·, -,= ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸· -·,'' ª,-»` '=-,-- -·- ª,-'-','' -'¸-'-'' ¸' -¸,=`' -=-,' --'·
-'' -¸'=-'' '¸---, ¸='--;' ='--'' ¸· '-'» '-¸= -·,'' -· ¸-'', _''--'' -'=-', ª,-',-'' ,,-''- -·,'' ª-'´- =--¸-, .-·,'' ª-'-='' _'-'' ¸· ª-'= ·ª,', -'-'¸=;' -·, .,= ¸· '--- ¸,´-
-''·'' -¸'=-'' ª-=-- ª,·'--'- '-'¸-'' ·ª,´¸-='' ª,'-='' »'-=--' _'= -¸--'' »-= .= ¸· ='-, ·-'-¸','' ¸·- .,=- ª'·¸·' ·ª,´¸-='' .ª,
ª-'¸- ---= '-´ Djankov et al.(2006) ¸= ¸',-'' =--'' -'-',- »'-=--'- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= -·,'' ¸· ¸='-'' ¸,`'- 126 »,, .´ ¸' _'' -'-,- -,= ·ª,--'='' _-,-- _'= '-'--=' ª',-
ª---- -¸'=-'' »== .'-, ¸=-'' .-· '-,· ¸,='- 1 =-,--'' ¸· .-'·,, ·.·`' _'= % 65 ,',´ .----'' ª',-, -¸---'' ª',-'' ¸,- ª·'--'' ¸- ¸--
-·,, -'-----'' --= ¸= ¸',-'' =--'' -'-',- _'= -'--=`'-, ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' Freund and Rocha (2010) .ª,-,¸·`' -'¸-'-'' _'= ¸,-·- ¸,`'- ª' -,¸-'¸-'' ¸· ¸,='-'' ¸' _''
-'-'' --',¸ _'' ¸-,, -=', »,,- -·,'' ¸-=· ª---- -'¸ 7 .%
4 . ª-,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~-¹ì Q-~ ~V'~-Vì; ~'-;¹·-¹ì '-=;¹;---
-'-',-'' ¸- ª=,-=- '+-' _'= ·ª,´¸-='' -,,-'', -'-,¸·-'' ¸=,¸-- ¸'-=-' ¸- ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ·-+-- '- .= ¸· ·-¸'=-'' -`,+-- -¸·- `' -,''´- .,'-- _'' ª·-'+'' ¸,---'', -'¸,--
Perez & Wilson, 2010) .( ¸´-, '-´ -,¸·- .,+-- -¸'=-'' _'= ª-' =,---'' »=--'' -'-'¸=`' -'-----'', ª--=---'' ¸· -¸'=-'' ·ª,',-'' -,=- -'-'¸=;' .--- ª,¸'=-'' _,-= ª=--`'
-'-¸'--'', ª,--¸'' ª-'·--'' _-=- »,---, ª=''·-, -'-',-'' ª-,'=-'' ´¸=' ª ª'='-'' _'-'' ¸· -¸'=-'' ª,',-'' .
-=, --'· ._-',-'' ª,-'-`' ª-,-'' '»-+-- ¸-'' -'-,-=-'' ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' »,+-- .--, -· Njinkeu et al. (2008) ¸'··'- ¸'-·, -'--='' ª,-'-`' ª,--'', _-',-'' --'-´ ¸· ¸-=-'' ¸'
,¸·;' ª,-,-'' -¸'=-'' ¸· _-,-'' ¸',-,-¸ ª-'¸- -·¸=-, .ª,- Abe and Wilson (2008) ',-' -',-'--·' .,- ¸· ·ª,·'--'' ¸,-=-, -'--'' ¸-= ¸' _'' --'= -,= ·ª,--,-'' -¸'=-'' -`,+--'
ª---- '+-¸'=- -,¸, -,- ª-=--'' =-,--'' ,,---'' _'' ·¸-'+'' =,=-'', 11 ¸'---- ª,-''·'' ª,»'·¸'' ¸- _·¸,, % 406 .¸`,- ¸,,'-
ª-'¸- .'=-, Alburo (2011) ª-'='' -`'´,'' ¸- ¸,-´ --= -,=,, ·ª,-----'' -'-'¸=;', ª,='¸·,¸,-'' ¸· ª'`---'' ¸-',·'' ---- -'--·`', -¸'=-'' --=, ¸-'' '- _-,-, .ª-'·'',
-'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- .`= ¸- -'-'¸=;', -','-·'' ª---' .`= ¸- '+,'= -'·-'' ª,-'´-' ¸', ·_'-'' ¸·-- ª=¸- _'= ¸`,, ·-¸'=-'' .,+--' -'¸=' _» ª---`' ¸' _'' -¸'-' -,= .-`'--`',
.,¸=' ª,-'--·' -'¸-,-, -¸'=-'' »== ¸· --',¸ _'' »=¸-- ¸' ¸´-, ¸=-'' _,¸--'' ,' .,-=-'' -·, ¸· -'¸,·-''
+--' ª',-, '»¸'--='- ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -¸·´-, .-`-'·-'' ª-'´- ¸-=, ª,='--;', --'-´'' ¸,-=-' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' ª',-'' »'-=--' ,-- '+-' _'= ·-¸'=-'' .,
¸,---'', -'¸,--`' -'-'¸=; ª-¸`'' -'-----'' --=, ª-'´-'', -·,'' _'= ¸´·-, ¸-'', ¸'=-'' .--'', =¸'-='' ¸- .´ --'-´'' ¸=-, (Portugal-Perez, A. & Wilson, J., 2010) .
=,',-´- ¸- ¸,·- ,,--- ¸---- ¸-'' -'-'¸=;', -','-·'', ª=--`' ¸= ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸-·-, -`-'·-'' .,+--' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',
ª,¸'=-'' -'-----'', ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' .`- ·ª,¸'=-'' Jayaratne, S. (2010).
--= ¸· .--'', -¸'=-'' -`,+-- ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- .`--,, .,'=- ·----'' -'- _'' .,-,'' .-· ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' ·_-'--'' _--- ·=¸'-='' ª---' :_», ·-'-'¸=;' ¸-
;' --·'-'' ·-'-,'·-'' -¸'-' ·-'-----'' ¸-,¸-´';' »,---'' ·¸='=-'' --,=,'' ª,-,¸-´' (UNCTAD, ASYCUDA) .
.-'--'' ¸- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,=- ¸
´
´-, ¸-,¸-´'`' -'-----'' -'-',-'', ¸· »+-, '-- ·ª,¸'=-'' --',¸ ¸'-`' ·ª,·'--'', -'-'¸,;', .´' ª-,´='' ¸- _'=-'', ¸= `-· ·¸'=''
¸-= -`-'·-'' -,''´- ¸- .`= ª=''·-'' ' ª'+-' -'-,'·-'' ¸·,'', -'-',-'', _-'-'' ¸= »-= -,=, ¸,='- ¸· -'--'', -,-¸'', ª,='¸·,¸,-'' ¸- -='' _'= -,`= ·-,¸,-'' ª'-'- (Freund &
Weinhold, 2000).
,=,',-´- ª·`= ª-'¸- ¸· ·ª,¸'=-'' -`-'·-'' ª---', ª,-,¸-´';' =-'-,'' »'-=--' ¸,- '- ª·¸--'' »+-'' ¸-, -'--'='' »'-=--' _',`' _-·- -,= .ª,',-'' -¸'=-''- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' '
+' ª-¸`'' -'-----'', -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -'-'¸=' _'= -¸,=`' ¸´¸- ¸,= ¸· .ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-'' ,-- ¸· --',+'', --¸--;' -'´--, '-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -'-,-=-' ¸,-·-'' ¸,-+- ¸'·-, '-,·, .' -
-,¸-´'' =-'-,´ -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·''- ¸-=, .,`' ·¸,--· _'' '+-,--- ¸´-, ¸-'' -'-'+-;' -'',- -`'--`', .'+-- ª,-,¸-´';' ª-'= ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' --',¸ '+-'- ¸- ª,
' -`,+-- ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·''- ¸'·-, ¸-'`'', .-¸'=-'
.`= ¸- ¸``' '-» ¸',· _'' ---= ¸-'', .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,`'- -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' ·--¸--`' ¸--=--- --= :_» ·-'¸-,- --= »'-=--'
.ª',-=-'', ª--'`'' --',+'' =,== --=, ·-`'--`' -,''´-
¸- .´ ª-'¸- -'-,- Freund and Weinhold (2000) _'= ¸,-=-''- · 56 »'= ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' -'-·-- _'= --¸--`' ¸,`'- -,=, »-= _'' ·ª',- 1995 »'= ¸· ¸,`'-'' '-» -·-, ·
1996 ¸-'= ¸,- '- ',,-·- ¸,`'-'' '-» _--' '--,- · 1997 , 1999 - -¸,--'' .,-'' ¸· ¸-´' ¸,´, ¸,`'-'' '-» ¸' _'' --'= '-´ . »'= ¸,-`='-'' ¸--' ,¸=' ª-'¸- ¸·, .ª,-·'' .,-''- ª-¸'- 2004 ·
ª---- --¸--`' »'-=--' ¸· --',¸'' ¸' ¸,-- ·-'--='' -¸'=- _'= ¸,´¸-''- 10 ª---- ª,-=,'' ª,--='' -'¸-'-'' ,-- ¸- -,¸, ,¸=' ª',- ¸· % 1.7 ª---- ª,--='' -'-¸','', % 1.1 .%
.-,- '-´ (2002) Fink et al. - ¸'-=-' ¸- ¸`´' -,---, ª-,'---'' _'-'' ¸· ¸'=-`' ¸' _-'--'' -¸+=' -,= ·
',,-·- -¸'=-'' =-- _'= ¸`,- -`'--`' -,''´- ¸' _'' -`'--`' -,''´
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 143
¸'= '-´ .ª--'=--'' _'-'' ¸· ¸'=-`'- ª-¸'-- Clark (2008) ¸--'' ¸· ª,¸,---'' ª=--`' ¸-=, --¸--`' .,-,'' ¸' _'' ¸¸- ¸· .=-'' ª=-,--, ª--=-- .,-'' ¸· ª,--='', ª,='--'' -'=,
-´,, '-´ .',-' =-,, '-¸,' Meijers (2012) ..=-'' ª--=-- .,-'' ¸· ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= '¸,`'- ¸-´' ¸,´, --¸--`' »'-=--' ¸' _'=
ª-'¸- ¸'=-, Thiemann (2012) ¸'=- ¸-=, ª',-=-'' --',+'' »'-=--' ¸' _'' .'+-- -'¸-'-''- ',-'- --¸--`' =--¸, '--,- ª+´'-'', -',¸-='' -
.ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·'' -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-''
ª-'¸- -'-'+-;' _',' ¸-, (1995) Schware and Kimberley -¸'--'', -,''´-'', _·'--'' _'= -¸·-'' _'' --+- ¸-'' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸- .-·`' -'
.ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- ¸-= ---- ¸¸,'' .=- ª---`' .`=' ª,'-·' ª,-'-' »,»'--, -'-,¸·- ª-'¸-'' »--- -,= .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--''
ª-'¸- ¸'=-, Portugal-Perez and Wilson (2010) ',=,',-´-' --,'¸--'' ª,-»`' _'' ¸· _,¸-'' .-'´-'' ----· .`=- _'=`' .,-'' ¸· -'¸-'-'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-''
»' ¸- -'--='', ª,-'-`' ª,--'', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -=--' ·ª,',-'' -,¸,-'' ª'-'- --',= -'=' ¸· -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' »
´ -· --', ª-'¸- -- Alburo (2011) =-- ª-'¸-'' _-·-, .ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-'', ·=¸'-='' -,-=- :'-» ·¸,··'- _'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸---' ª,'='-'' _·',-'' »'-=--' =¸'-='' -,-
-='' ¸-= ¸,'-'·--'' ¸,- .='--'', ª,·'--'' ¸,-=-, ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' -¸'-' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸' ª-'¸-'' -=-,' ·,¸=' ª,='- ¸- .-,
'' »,+-- ¸-- _-, ·-'-=-'' ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'', ·--'¸-'', »,-¸'' _·-, ·_,¸'--'', ¸,='¸-'' _'= .,-='', ·-'--='', _'-'' _,-, -'¸- ¸· -'·,¸-- ¸- _'' _'-=- ¸-'', ·ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-
¸,-= ª,'-=' '' ¸,-',· ª,,,-`' .,-'' ¸- -,-= --- ---'' '-» ¸·, .ª,-=-'' -'-,'·-'', -'-',-'' ª,-,-=, ¸-,¸-´';' _,·,-''- ¸'·-- ·¸,'-'·--'' .ª,-,¸-´'`' -`-'·-
,·'' ¸-= _'' ª='='', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' -,'¸--'' »'-=--`', ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸· -¸=-'' _-,-'' _'= --¸- --', ¸- -¸'=-'' .,+-- ¸'' ª,',-'' -'-=--'' ¸- ¸,`´ »'--»' ª=,- ·ª,--'' ¸-'
:-'-=--'' ·-» ¸,- ¸-, .-'-'¸-'' »,---, -',·'--`' »'¸-' »'--»`' '-» ¸»'=- ¸-, .-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸--- .`=
- ª,-''·'' =¸'-='' ª-=-- World Customs Organization (WCO) ¸-'' · »'·' ,-,,´ ª,·'--' .,-·- _'' -·- 1974 ¸,'¸-· ¸· ª,·'--`' ·-+' --,-= ª·,- _'= '»-'-=' ¸,- ¸'--`', ·
2006 .ª,''·-''- »'-=--`' '-» ª-'´- »--- ¸' =¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- »'-=--' ----- ¸-'', ·
- ª-=''' ª,-'--·`' ª·-'-'' '-,¸,` --=--'' »-`' United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) ¸,,'·-'' ¸,,=-- --'· ¸-'' ª,',-'' .-'--'' -'-',-'' ¸-,¸-´'`'
¸,¸·-' ¸-''·'' ¸-'--·`', ¸¸'=-'' ,--'' ¸,-=-, ¸,---'' ¸,'·-'', ¸,,',-'' ¸· ¸''=- -¸'=-'' .,+-- .'-=`', ¸·, .ª,-,¸-´';' '-» ·¸',-'' _--' · ¸ »'= 1996 ¸´¸- »-`' --=--'' .,+--' -¸'=-''
.'-=`', ª,¸'=-'' ¸'=' ¸· ·ª,-,¸-´';' ª-=''' ª,-'--·`' ·'-,¸,` ----
´
', ª,'' ª´ -+- .,+-- -','-·'' ª,¸'=-'' ª,',-'' ª,-=,'', ¸- =,--- .`= ª--',-, -'-'¸=;' -,''-', -`-'·-'', ¸·--
-'-,'·-'' -'-',-'', .´' '- , ¸'·- ¸--' ---'' '-» ¸·, .ª,¸'=-'' -','-·''- '-» ¸´¸-'' ¸`´' ¸- 31 ª-,`, ª=,-=- -'--', -`,+--'' ·-» .,= -'-'-¸', -',-,- ¸---- ¸,-=-, »'=- --·'-''
--=','' '+' ¸-,-'-'' ¸'=;', ·',´-') 2012 .(
- ¸--,- »-`' --=--'' -¸'=-'' ª,---'', United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ¸-'', '=-'-¸- _-, ¸· ¸'-, .ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' ª---`
' ª-',= ·-¸'=-'' »== --',¸ ¸· ª'`-- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=-' -'¸¸-- --= ·ª-= ª---- ·ª-'¸- ' ª,-'-`' ª,--'' _'' .,-,'' ª',+- ·_'--; ·-`'--`
= ¸- ª,¸'=-'' -','-·'' -¸'-' ¸· ¸'='' _'=-'' ª´¸'-- _'--' ¸= `-· ·ª,--=,''' -'--='', .--'' -'='=· ¸,- .='--'' ¸- -,¸- ¸,-=-, ·ª,'= -'--, ..'`-'' .,-- _'= ·-_-',-'' ª-=-= .`
ª,-''·'' ª,---'' ª-',- '+-' _'= '+,'' ¸=-, ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ª---' ¸'· ',-,'·' -·',-'' ·-» ¸,- .-'´-'', --=','' --·'-''- .-'·-'' ¸- ------'' ',-''=, (UNCTAD, 2006) .
- ª,---'', ¸-'--·`' ¸,'·-'' ª-=-- Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) »'= '+' ª---- ª-'¸- --'·- -,= 2005 ª---'- ·ª,-,-¸ ª--- ·
¸'-='' - _-'-¸- ¸- -¸= _» ª---`' -,''´- ¸' _'' --'=, .=¸'-='' ª---' -,''´-, _·'-- »,,-- ¸- ¸´-- ¸-'' -'-',-'' -¸-- ¸'' -¸'-' -·, ·= ¸,-'- ¸--- ¸-'', ·=¸'-='' ¸,,= 40 - 60 ¸''-=' ¸- %
'' .=`' ¸· --¸--`' »'-=--' ¸· _-,-'' _- -,''´-'' ·-» ¸'-=-' _·,--'' ¸-, ·-,''´-'' ·-'--'', -,¸+-'' ¸- -='' ---- -¸'-;', ¸=-'' --'-´ _'--¸' ¸· .`---· ª---`' _·'--- ¸'·-, '-,· '-' ..,,=
´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' -·, .,= ¸· ¸'-=-`'- _·'--'' ·-» ¸',· »-, '-
'-''=, .-`-'·-'' -'¸=' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' .,= ¸= _-'-'' ¸,='-'', _'-'' ¸ ) ( OECD, 2005 .
- - ª,-''·'' -¸'=-'' ª-=- World Trade Organization (WTO) .,=, ---·-'' ª,='¸·,¸,-'' -'-'¸=;' ª-'= ·-¸'=-'' ª-'´- _·¸ ¸· ª,´¸-='' ¸,= ¸-',·'' ª,-»'- ª-=--'' ¸- '´'¸-' ·
ª',= ª,·'--' ----- --· ·'»-'+-' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ' ,=¸, ' ¸ 1994 ) -',-'' ¸- ª=,-=- 5 8, 10, ( =,--- '+-,- ¸- ¸-'', ·-,-='' ¸-= ¸,-·'' ª,¸=- _--- ¸-'' ª,-'-`' ,-'--'' .,=
'-=--', ·-'-,'·-'' _'' -'--'' ª=¸- ¸'--, -¸'=-'' -'-----' -'-',- --='· -'--' ·'+-=---, ª-,'=-'' -'-----'', ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' --=','' --·'-'' » `', ·ª,¸'=-'' -'-----'' ¸· .-'·-'' ª-'·--
.¸--'' ª',-,´ --¸--`'-
»'= -¸,·'·-- ¸· --·--'' ¸¸'¸,'' '»¸--,- ¸· ·'+''-=' .,-= _'' -¸'=-'' .,+-- _,-,- ª,-''·'' -¸'=-'' ª-=-- -·'-' '-´ 1996 ) -¸-· _'¸-' »-, . 27 »'·' ª,---'' ª=,-'' ¸`=' ¸-- ·( 2001 ·
'=- -¸--', .-¸'=-'' .,+-- -'-¸'--- -,-=- ----- »'= ¸- ,,',, ¸+- ¸· ·-'-=`' .,-'' -`, 2004 ¸'=
´
' ·-¸'=-'' -`,+-- _,-,-- ª'-'' -'- -'=,-,-'' ¸- ª-¸= _'= ¸'--`' ¸= ·
,,',, ª-¸=" '+,'= "July Package --=','' --·'-'' »'=- -'--=' -`,+--'' ·-» ¸-- ¸-, .
5 ---=- . ' ¹;--- ~ ~V'~-Vì; ~'-;¹·-¹ì '-=;
-'-----'' .´ »,--- _'' --+, -,= ·-¸'=-'' .,+-- ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -'-,-=- -=' --=','' --·'-'' »'=- -·, -'-,'·-'', ª-'·--'' -'-'¸=;', -`-'·-''- ª,¸'-;' ª-'·--''
·¸,-·'', ¸,---'', -'¸,--`' -','-·- '-- ¸· ='- '¸-'' ¸,= ª,¸'=-'' ·ª,´¸-='' _,¸'--'',
',-,¸-´'' ¸=, ¸,¸= ª=-- --=', . '-
'-''=, =¸'-- '-» ¸· »'=-'' -'¸'¸, -¸'=-'' ª='¸¸'', ª,-=`',
144 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
-,¸`'', ª,-',,='' ª=-'', ª-'·'' ª,''-'', . '-» ¸,´, -·, »'=-'' »'=--
`--- ¸-,´= ª=''·-' -'-',-'' ª·='¸-, ·-'-----'' .-· ·',-'' ª- _'= ,' '+-·¸ ,' -`-'·-'' -'= -,¸- -'-,'·-'' ¸- ,'
.-'-----''
'-''=, '- =--¸, '-» »'=-'' »'=-- -¸'-' '-- ·¸='=-'' ¸,·--'' _'= -='-, ¸-=, ¸=-'' .´ -·- ·_-'--'' ¸-'-'' ¸-`' ¸-'' ¸
´
'-, ¸- ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' --'-´ ¸
´
¸·,,
·',´-') 2012 ( .
' »+-, -'-- --·'- ·-=', ¸,-=- _'= --=' -'-,'·-'' .,= -`-·- »,-¸'' ª,´¸-='' .¸,'-'·--'', ª-,´='' --',-'' ¸- ª=,-=- »,--- ¸· ·'»¸,=, ¸´-,, ¸,='- --',-'' ¸-'' '+---´- -'-,´=''
:¸· ¸,-=- .,-=- ª,'-= ª,´¸-='' »,-¸'' ',¸, ·--'¸-'', -- »'=- ¸,·,-, ·'+-- --'·'' ¸`´'
`,-- =-¸, ¸,- .'-=`' -'-'=--'', ª,¸'=-'' ª,·,¸--'' ª,-,´='' ¸,¸·- ¸= `-· ·ª,-,=--'', .,'=-
¸='=-'' ¸,-=-, ¸-' -','-·'' -='', ·ª,¸'=-'' ª=--`', -'--'', -'==`' ¸- ª,¸'=-'' ·ª=,¸--'' ¸,= ¸,¸·-, ª,·'--'' . ·='-´ -,·, »'=- --=','' --·'-'' --·- --',· _'= '·--'' :¸· .`--- ·¸,'- »,---
.´ -'-----'', -'-,'·-'' ª-,'=-'' _,-=' ª,-,´='' -'--,-'' ª,-·-'' -'¸,--`' -'-'¸='- ·¸,-·'', ¸,---'', ='-, --=', -¸- ¸-=, ª=-- _'¸-;' _'= -='-, '-- ·-=', ¸· ¸,'=- -'-=-''
·ª,¸'=-'' .ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸-=,, -='-,, ¸·
'-,' .,-='' _'= '·- ª`´ -=- -'-, ¸= ª,¸'=-'' -=',-'' _-',''', »,-¸'', ª,´¸-='' ='-, --'¸-'', ¸- .`= .-'-',-'' -=',·
',´-;' ª-'¸- -'-,-, ) 2012 ( ¸,-=- ¸' _'' ·¸'-,-'' _'= ª--=-'' »'=- --·'-'' --=','' ª=,-=- ª=',, ¸- ¸-',·'' -',-=-'', ¸· .'=- ',=,',-´- ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' -, .- '+-=·-
-'-·-''- _-'¸-'', ·-¸+=`', ª·'-;'- ·ª`,-='' _'' ·-,¸--'' -·-, =-¸'' ¸´--'' ¸,- ='--'' ¸,-, '+-,-, ·ª,´¸-='' ª,-,´='' -'--,-'' -·-, ·¸,'-'·--'', --'-´ ·--¸--;' »-=, -,=, .=-
¸¸'=- ¸-,¸-´'' -´ -=- ,-' ª,¸'=-'' -'´¸-'' .
--=-', ª-,´='' ª,--¸`' --=
' ¸- -',=='' ª-'+'' ¸· ¸,-=- _-'-¸- --·'-'' ¸'=- _,-,-, --=','' .--,' '+-,-=- 10 _·',- . --»'- --', --·'-'' --=','' ¸· .,'-- --= »',' ª,'-= -'¸,--`'
·¸,---'', ¸=·- ¸-'', ¸`´' ¸- 80 ¸- -`-'·-'' ¸· ª,´¸-='' ¸-¸`'
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'¸=-, ',=, ---'' ª,´,¸-`' ª''´,'') ·ª,',-'' ª, 2012 .(
ª,´¸-='' -'-',-'' ¸'`' »'=-'' ·- -¸·, '- -¸'=-'' .,+-- ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' ª,'-·'' -'-,-=-'' ¸-, Automated System of Customs Data (ASYCUDA ) »---''
¸- UNCTAD `-'·-'' -'=` ¸'`' --'='' ª=-',- ª,´¸-='' -¸'-;' »'=- ,», · ·'+=,---, ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' ª---' .`= ¸- ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' ª,'-= -·, .,'-- _'' --+,, .ª,¸'=-'' -
-'' ¸- ¸,`´ ¸· -'-'¸,`' ª,-,-¸'' ¸-'--'' ¸- -·- ¸-'' ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸,;' --',¸ _'' --+, '-´ ·ª,¸'-;' -,''´-'' .,'-- ¸''-''-, -'' ¸- -='' .`= ¸- ='- ¸-=-,, ·., ª·- ¸- -´'-'', ¸´¸-='' -¸+
¸· ª-,-=- »- »'=-'' '-» .ª,',---'' -`-'·-'' ¸,-=- _'= -¸--'', ·-¸---'' -'-,¸·-'', »,-¸'' 90 ·¸,=-'· ·¸-,'' ·¸'--' ·',¸,- ·¸-¸`' _» ·ª,-¸= .,- ¸-= »+-,- ¸- ·»''·'' ,,--- _'= ª',-
.',-'-,¸,- ·¸'-,-'' ·',-,' ·¸-,- ·¸-,-,=
--', ¸',-'' =--'' »-· ) 2004 ( `', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- »'-=--' _'=- ¸= ¸-·, ·',-,¸·' .'--, =-,`' ¸¸-'' ¸· ·--'¸ _-,-- '»¸'--='- ·¸-,- ª-¸=- ¸= "ª''= ª-'¸-" .,+-- ¸· -`'--
¸,= _'= .ª,¸'=-'' -`-'·-'' ª-¸`'' -'-'¸=;', -'-----'' ª·'´ ¸· '+-,-=- »- -,= ·-¸'=-'' =¸'-='' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- -¸-· -· ·-¸·-'' .`- ·,¸=' .,- ¸'
.-¸'=-'' _'= -,''´- ¸¸-- ¸-'' ,¸=`' -'-'¸=;', -'-¸'--'' -'-=', _-',-'',
= ¸´', ·-¸'=-'' ¸· -'-,'·-'' ¸·-- »,=--' ¸-'-'' ¸¸-'' ¸- -'-,-'-`'' ¸· -'¸-'-- --= ¸-,- --=-' --', -,= .-'-,·--'' _-= --'-´''- »--- `, ª-'´-'' ª·--¸- ª,¸'=-'' -`-'·-'' -'
=-,--'' ¸· ª-=-'' ¸¸·--- 8 _'' .,=- -·, ·-'-,-'' ¸· »',' 18 , -¸,·'·-- ¸· ª','· -'='-- ª-¸'-- ·ª,--'' -'-'¸=;', -'-,-'', =¸'-='' ¸· ¸='-'' ---- ·'-,, 4 ..,¸'¸-'', ¸,--=¸`' ¸· »','
¸¸·--, ¸-,- ¸· ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-''· 4 -¸,·'·-- ¸· '--,- ·-¸·-'' ¸· --=', ª='- ¸·, »',' 25 »'= ¸· ·ª,--,-'' ª-,´='' --´ -· ·ª,'= -'--, .ª-,·- 1999 .`= ¸- ¸',-'' =--'' _- ¸,'·-''-
', =,--- ¸- '--- ·-¸'=-'' .,+--' ª'-'-'' -'-'¸=;' ¸- ª=,-=- ·-'¸-'-'' ª,--- _,¸-- .-'-- ª,'-= ¸,-=-' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- »'-=--', ¸=-'' -','-=, -'-----'' ª---
._-'--'' ª','--, ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-''- ª=--¸-'' -'-,'·-''
»'= ·ª,--,-'' -¸'=-'' ª´-- -'--' »- 2000 ---', ª,¸'=-'' -'-----'' ¸'=-' -·, ¸· _'¸-;', ',-,¸-´'' -'-',-'' .-'--' · _'= --¸- --', .¸,---'', -'¸,--`' -¸'-'- ª=--¸-'' -','-·'' _,-= ª
¸· --¸,---'' _'-'' ¸,'=- -`,+--'' ·-» 3 ·- ª-¸'-- »',' 8 ='' ª-,¸·-'', »,-¸'' _·- _--' .-`,+--'' ·-» ¸--- .-· ·=-,--'' ¸· ·»',' »---, ..-'´ »,, ¸- `-- -'='- _-- =-· ¸¸·--, ª,´¸-
´ ¸- -,¸- ¸' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' ¸´-, -,´ _'= ',·'´ `,'- ª,--,-'' -¸'=-'' ª´-- -'--' ¸= ª=-'-'' ª,-'=,;' ¸'``' .ª,-,´='' -¸'-;' --'-
.'-=`' ª=--' ª-¸'-- ¸,¸-- ¸,-,, ·¸',-'' =--'') 2010 ( · ¸,- ¸- ¸' _'' 159 -=,, ·ª',- 26 ¸· ¸-¸= »'=- -=,, '--,- ·-'-',-'' .-'--' .-'´ ¸-,¸-´'' »'=- ¸-=- ª',- 104 »'=- .ª',-
¸· ª'-'' -'- ª,-,´='' -'-,+'', -'+='' _,-=- =--¸- --=','' --·'-'' 20 ¸· -'-,+'', -'+='' ·-» _- ª'-'´ =-',¸ -=,, ` ¸,= ¸· ·ª',- 29 -, .ª',- ·ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ¸,- ¸ ---= ª,¸,+-='' ª,--,''
»'=- ¸-,¸-´';' .-'--'' -'-',-'' '-- '»-='- »¸`'' -·,'' ¸-= _'= -'+-; -'-'¸=' ¸,'=-'' ¸´¸-='' . -=¸-', ¸-¸`' ¸-,-, -'-'¸=' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ¸- ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' .`= ª='-'
.,-,'' ª,-'´-' ¸'-- _'= ª='-'' _'' -·'- - _'= ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-'' ª´-- --¸--;' . ¸·, _'= --¸- ·-,,´'' »,--- »-',· ¸=-''
',-,¸-´'' _'' ª·'-;'- ·=¸'-='' ª-'·'' -¸'-;' ¸,-=- _'' ¸,---'' ¸,-
=¸'-='' -'='- ¸-= ·_-',-'', -·,'' »¸`'' -','-= »'--; ª',- -'-',, .-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -'¸'-;' ª,-¸·'' ' .-·'' --=--' _'= ¸,-=- '+-¸'-' .'+--',-' ª,-'-`' '+-,-- ¸·'¸- ª,´¸-=''
) »·¸ .,-='' ¸=',, 1 ¸-'= ¸,- '- ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ·-» '+---- ¸-'' ¸-,¸-´';' .-'--'' ª-=-' ( 2008 - 2009 .
»-= ·.,-'' ·-» ¸· ·¸-,¸-´';' .-'--'' ª-=-' .-= ¸,·, -·, »'=--' ¸-'-¸+´'' ¸',-'' ¸', _'-- ¸'·-' -`,-,- ª=¸-'' ª,''= --¸--;' . ¸´-, '-´ ¸' »-= '-,' ----, -,=, »=-, _,¸--
-'·,·,-'' -`-'·-'', ª,-,¸-´';' .`- ·.´'-- -,-= ¸· ª,=',-¸`' ¸· ¸'¸´-'', »'=- .¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' ¸-· ·¸-,- .,-- _'= ·.'`-'' .'¸ '- ¸,·-, -'´¸-'' _'= »,--- ª,¸'=-'' '----- - ª,·¸,
»=¸''- ¸- -,=, ¸-,¸-´'' »'=- .
.,- ª,-- ¸,- '+--¸- ¸· -`-=' ·'+-'·,·- _'= -'--'', ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- _'= .,-'' -¸-· -,'-- _'= --¸- --', ) »·¸ .,-='' ª=-,, '- '-», ·»''·'' 2 .-=- -,= ·(
-`,+--'' ª',+- -,= ¸- _',`' ª--¸-'' -¸,·'·-- ' _» ¸'¸·'' -·- ¸,= ¸· ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ª---- ¸· --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-`' ª',- ¸-'-, .ª-,·- ¸`´`' _» ¸'---'··' '--,- ·ª,¸'=-'' .ª-,·- '»¸`´
', ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- .'=- ¸· ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ª,-- -'¸'=-' _'= .`---`' ¸´-,, ¸-'' »'·¸`' _--- .`= ¸- ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸· ¸-=--'' -'--·`
) »·¸ ¸''-'' .,-='' '+----, 3 »'·¸' .'´-`'- '+-= ¸-·-'', .( (1, 2, 3) -=,,, .'»¸`´' ¸'¸·'' ¸', -'-----'' --=, -·,'' -,= ¸- ª,-¸·'' .,-'' .·' _» --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-`' ª',- ¸' _--, .
'' ¸,- -¸'-- -'-----'' --=, -·,'' .,= =--¸' '-´ .='-' »¸`'' -·,'' ¸· ¸,-´'' -,'--'' »=¸ ·¸,---'', -'¸,--`' ª-,'=-'' -'-----'' --= ¸· .,- -'¸,--`' ª-'´- _'--¸' ¸- _-', ,» '-´ ·ª-'´-''-
---'' --=, -'-¸','' -·, ¸' ==`, ª-'= ª---, ..,-'' ª,--- ª-¸'-- ¸'¸·'' ¸· ¸,---'', ¸'-`' ¸· ,» -'¸-'-'' ¸- -¸= ¸' _'' _=¸, '-», ·-'¸-'-'' ¸,-- '+- ª=--¸-'' ª-'´-'', -'--
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 145
.-¸,---
) »·¸ .,-='' -,-,, 4 ' ¸· ( ) ª,-¸·'' ª-=--'' _-, _'= -¸·-' -`,+--'' -,= ¸- »''·'' ¸='-- ª,-- ¸,- (',-,¸·' .'--, =-,`' ¸¸-'' .,- '+--- ¸-'', ª,¸'=-'' · -' _--, -,= ¸· --- '+
-,= ¸- =-, -·,- ª-'´-'', -·,'', -'-----'' --= .
6 . ¸~'--¹ì ¿-;--¹ì
ª·'- '-' '-·, ¸´', .'+-'--=-, ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== ¸,- ª·`·'' ¸',· ¸· ª,--'='' _-,-- _'= ----=' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'=' (2006) Djankov et al. ' _-,-- ¸'· -'---' ª,'= -¸, ª,--'='
-`,+--'' ¸· ·¸,-- ¸`,, -· ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== ¸' ,», ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== _'= ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸`' ¸',-- ¸'·-, '-,· ¸-,-¸ ¸,´- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· ¸'-`--`' ª,-='' ª·---''· .ª,¸'=-''
`' ¸´-, -,= ¸-´' -¸'=-'' »== ¸,´, '---= _'=' -- ¸,´- ·ª,-,¸-´'`' -'--'=''- --,¸-'' -',,'='', ¸=-'' .`- ·_-',-'' ¸· ª--=-'' ',=,',-´-'' ¸' '-´ .»=='' -',-'--·' ¸- --'--- ¸· =-· ª='
¸'=-'' »== ¸· '-'=,' ¸`,- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸' _-·, '-» .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸-´' »== '+'`= ¸- ¸´ --´- ¸-'' -¸,-´'' _-',-'' .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸- -¸'=-'' ¸¸·- -,= ·'-,' ¸-=-, ¸´·'', ·-
=- ·¸,--- »-, ·--='--'' -'¸,·--'' »'-=--'- ·_--- ¸'-=-' _-,-- _'= ·ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'=' -`=- ·ª-'¸-'' ·-» ---·- ·ª,'= -'--, ·-» -,--, ·¸,-'=¸- _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸
, .'--=' --=- ¸· ª-,¸='' ---- ¸,=, -¸,=-- _-'-- -'==' ¸· ----, '-- ·ª,'='- -'¸,·-- -,=, ¸' ·'=='' -=, ª'-'·-'' ¸- ¸-,`' --'='' -'¸,·-- ¸,- ='--¸' -,= ¸,`'- -'-` ¸'¸-·' _-, .ª
,'', -'¸-'-'' _'= '»¸,-- ¸`,- ¸-'', ·-¸'=-'' -,''´-' ,¸=' -'--=- ¸',· ª-'¸-'' ·-» .,'=- ·ª,·'¸·='' ª·'--'' :ª,''-'' -`-'·-'' .`= ¸- ª-= ¸,-·-'' ¸´-, '- '-», .-'-¸' ¸ _ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
-,= ª',-'' ¸· ·ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸´,¸-`' ¸`,-''- ª,·'-'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _» i ¸-¸'' ¸· t ¸-·-, . `'- ¸´,¸-`' ¸`,-''- ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,· ¸= ª',-'' ¸· ·ª,¸'='' ¸'·- i
¸-¸'' ¸· t . Export Cost '--,- -'¸-'-'' ª-'´- _» ¸-·- Import Cost .`-,, .-'-¸','' ª-'´- ¸= GDP ¸' ¸,= ¸· · ª',-'' »== Cor .-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸-,-
1.6 . ~'-'--¹ì ,-'~-; ~ì,-·--¹ì
.1.1.6 ·--¹ì ¿-'-¹ì ,-
ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,·, ª,·'-'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· .`-,, · .ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸´,¸-`' ¸`,-''-
2.1.6 . ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì
-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª-'´- Export Cost and Import Cost »,-¸'' ª-'´-'' ·-» ¸,-- : ª-,¸--'' ª·- ª,,'= _'= 20
'--· ¸- ='--'' ¸`,-''- ª ¸´,¸-`' . »-,, _'¸-' »,-¸'' _,-=
ª=--¸-'' -'-'¸=;' -'-,--'- ¸,---- ª-'·--'' _'-'' ,' '»-'¸,--' . .--,, ='- -,''´-'' »,-¸'', ·-'-----''- ª-'='' ª,¸'-;' ¸,'=-'' ¸´¸-='' ·ª,--'' ª-'·¸'', -'=-,'' »,-¸, ·¸,,´¸-='' »,-¸,
ª','--'' .'-=' ¸· _-',-'' '', .-- .--- `, ..='-'' ª-'´-'' ª-,¸·-'' ,' »,-¸'', ª,´¸-='' -,''´-'' ª=--¸-'' `, .¸¸=-'' .--''- _'¸-' »-, `' -,''´-'' ª,--¸'' .
-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' Cor ¸'-' --'· : (2008) Pomfret and Sourdin ª-'´- ¸· ¸`,- ¸-'' -'¸,·--'' ¸- ·¸'--='- -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ª,-»' _'' ¸,='-'' -'-'¸= _'--¸' ¸· ----, -'--''· ·-¸'=-''
ª-'¸- --'·, .ª-'´-'' -,¸, '-- ª,-¸`' »,-¸, Shepherd (2010) ¸,'-'·--'' ª-=¸' ª=,--´ -'--'' --',¸ _'' ¸-,, -·,'' .,= ¸' -¸--=', ·-·,'', -¸'=-''- ¸'·--'' -'--'' ¸,- ª·`·'' ª-'¸- _'=
-' -¸,-- »+-`-'·- ¸'=-' ¸· ª-'¸-
'-,' ª,'' -¸'-' '- '-», ·-,-¸'' _·- .`= ¸- _¸ (2006) Nordas et al. ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸= ª=-'-'' --',-'' ¸- ··¸´- ¸-- '-´ ·-'--'' ¸- -='' -·,,
»== _'= ',-¸= -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸`,, ¸' _·,--'' ¸- ·ª,'= -'--, .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' .-'-¸','', -'¸-'-''
ª',-'' »== GDP ,--`', ¸,---'' _'= ª',-'' -¸-· -,¸- ¸' _·,--'' ¸- -,= .ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸`,-''- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-''- ª-= ¸,-·-'' ¸´-,, : .'+-== ¸-´ _- -'¸
3.1.6 . ---'~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì
-·- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸= ¸-·, '- --'= = --= ,' --¸--`' ¸--=--- - =,= ¸'¸ _- ¸--- ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸' `' ·¸,'='' ,' --'`'' --'+'' (2011) Alburo ª,-'´-' ,¸, ¸-'',
-, ¸-'', .¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' -·, ¸· ¸'-=-`' .`= ¸- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ,' ª---`' _·'-- ¸',· = ·¸,-- ¸´· -¸---' --· '-' .-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' --',¸ _'
-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -·, »'-=--' _'= ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' (Time) .-'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' »== _'= ¸-'-- ¸,= .´-- ¸`,, -='-- ¸,·--´
-'--=' »-, -·,'' --¸,---'' ,' -¸---'' _-'--'' ¸,'=-' ª-¸`'' -'-'¸=`' ¸- ª==' ---'' --' _-=, .ª-'-, '-', ¸'´ ¸- ¸´--'' -'¸=' -'-,--' _,¸-- '- .-'-- ª-'´- ·ª,·'-' ¸,´,
'='--
»'-' _,-= ·ª,¸'=-'' -'´¸-'' »-, -'¸=;' ¸',-=' ¸-,-'-'' _¸-`' . -=,- ` ª=---'', ª·,¸-'' -'-'¸=;' ª,¸'-'' _'' ª--'´'' -'´¸-'' ¸· ,-=' ¸='-- ¸,+=- ¸'--=`' ¸,·- -'¸-'-''
'¸=- »-·'
'+-',¸- _'= -'´¸-'' _,-= .=-- `, .ª,¸'=-'' ¸· ---'' -'-='' ª,--¸'' ¸-'' .--'' '+·¸·--, ¸¸=-'' . ¸¸--´,, »-= ª='-' .´ ¸- ¸---'' ¸' -¸,---'' ,' ·-·, »'¸-'', .´ .´ -'-,--'- '-+--
-'¸=' ¸,-- »-,, .¸,='- ¸',· -'-'¸=;' '»,'-,--' ¸´-, ¸-'' -¸,-- ª,¸',-- · ¸ -·, -=', . »-,, -·, _'¸-' ¸'=--`' ¸,- .,-- _'= ·-'-'¸=;' ·.'`-'' ª,'-= -'-`' _,¸-- ª',-='' '-» ¸· ¸',--'' .
'- -'-'¸=;' _,'¸--, ¸,- ª--·- _-'--'' ¸· '+-,'·-, _-,---'' _'' ¸=- _'-'' ¸- -'-,- / ª---''- '-' ._,¸='' ---- ·--¸,---'' _'-'' -'-'¸=;' ¸'· '--- - ¸ .,-, ª-,--'' _'' -'-,- / ----
.,=-'' _-=, ª-=-'' »,'-- ·-'=-,---'' ¸· `, .=-- -'-='' ¸· ---'' '-+·¸·--, ¸'-''' ª-'´-'', ª,--¸'' .--'' ¸¸=-'' . _·-'' »-,, -'== ª=-',- ·-'--=' »-,, -·,'' -=' -'-----'', ª-'´-'', ª-¸`''
-'== ¸'--; -'--=`' ,·- ª- ¸'==;' ,' ¸'--=`' ¸ .
¸¸, `- -¸'=-'' »,+-- ¸,-=- ,=- ',·- ·ª,·¸,'' -'-----'' _'= -'--=`' .,'-- _'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -'-,-=- -,-- Paperless Trade .`---`' ¸´-, '-' · -'-----'' --·-
) (DOC '-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=-' ¸=' ¸-,-´ -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª-,'=-'' .-`'--`', -
146 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
:¸', '-´ --='--'' -'¸,·--'' »-- ¸-'' ª'-'·-'' ¸= ¸,-·-'' ¸´-,,
¸-·- -,= ·¸,---'' ª-'´- ,' -'¸,--`' ª-'´- ¸= ·¸,---'' ,' -'¸,--`' -·, ¸,--`' ª-¸`'' -'-----'' --= .¸,---'' ,' -'
4.1.6 . -'~- ~'-'--¹ì ,
- World Bank, World Development Indicators Database.
- World Bank, World Governance Indicators Database.
- World Bank, Doing Business Project..
- ¸-= _-'-'' --·'' ·',´-;' ª-=--' ª,=¸'='' -¸'=-'' -¸-- · 2010 .
2 .6 . --- ¿-'-- ¸~'--¹ì ¿-;--¹ì ,-
-'¸=' »- ª,-,¸=-'' -`,'=-'' ¸- -,-= · -','= '+'`= ¸- .´'--'' ¸- ,'=- »' _-'--'' ¸´', ·--¸,---'', -¸---'' _'-'' ¸- _',-' ¸= -'-',- _'= -'--=`'- ¸-',-'' _-,--'' ¸,--- ª-'¸-''
ª,-',-'' · _-'' ª,-'+-'' _-'--'' _'' --'= ¸' _'' -=', '+ .,-='' ) »·¸ 5 ) »·¸ .,-='', ( 6 ( . ¸--, ` '-- ª-=,- --'= ª-'·-'' -¸'-' ¸' '-´ ·¸,---'' ª-'´-- ¸`'-- ` ª,·'-'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· ¸' _--,,
ª',-'' »==, -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- ª,,-·- _-'--'' -=-,' ¸,= ¸· .¸-'--·`' ¸=--'' _- - ¸= `-· ·(¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-''- ª-= '¸-·-) ¸'-=-`' ª=-- ª,,-·-' ·¸-'-'' »'·'' ¸· '+--,-- '»¸`'
¸-'-'' AR(1) ¸· ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,·, ·-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- '-= '-,· -'¸,·--'' ª,,-·- ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,-' ª---''- _-'--'' ¸+=- »', . ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸'- _-'--'' ·-» -,--, .¸-'-'' »'·''
`', -'-,'·-'' .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _'= ·¸,-- ¸`,, ¸-'', -'--'' ¸- -='' ¸· '=-', '¸,`'- ª' ¸'´ -`'--
'' _'= '-'---' ·ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸-- -·,'' ¸,·-- _'¸-', --='-- -'¸,·--´ -'-----'' --=, -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸-,- _'= -'--=`'-, ¸'--=' »- ¸-'' ª,'-'--'' ª·`· ª-'·--`' .`= ¸- '»'
--='-- ¸'-=-' ª'-'·-- Auxiliary Regression .,-=''- -¸, '-' '-·, _-'--'' --'= -·, .',,-·- ¸·-'' '-+-·- _'= ¸'¸`,, ¸,¸,·--'' `´ ¸' ¸,-- .¸´·'', ·-'--'' _'= -·,'' ¸'-=-` ) »·¸ 7 (
), 7 '= ¸,`'-'' ¸· ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸- .´ ª,,-·- _'' ¸,--' ( --= ¸'-=-', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸= _-'-'' -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸' -,-, '- ,», .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _
.ª-'´-'', -·,'' .`= ¸- -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· ¸· ',,-·- ¸`,, -'-----''
7 ì ;--¹ì; ~-;¹ì Q-- ª->·¹ì . ¡-'~--V
_-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-''- '-'-- ·¸-'--·`' ,--'' .-·- _'= '-'=,' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸--- ¸= _-'-'' -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸`,, ,' -'¸-'-'' -·, ¸'-=-` ª=,-- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-''
¸' _'= ¸,`·'' »-, »' ·ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' ¸'' _,=¸''-, .-=', »,,- -'-¸','' -·, ,--'', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·'' -=- _'= =-· -¸--·' ¸´', ·¸``' '-» ¸',· ¸',-- ª-'¸-
ª-'¸- ·-'-'¸-'' ·-» ¸,- ¸-, .ª',-=-'', ª--'`'' --',+'' =,== --=, --¸--`' ¸--=--- --= ¸-,- »'-=--'- ·¸-'--·`' ¸=-¸,-'' ) 2010 ( ¸-'' '' _'= ¸,-=-''- -'-,- -¸--'' .`= ª,-¸·'' .,-
) 2000 - 2009 .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' -=,-'', ¸,-·-'' ¸,`'-'' _'' ·(
_,¸-- »--,, TC Boost -'' _'= ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸= ª=-'-'' ¸'``' -'-= ·--¸--`' _'= _'--'' ª··,- .`= ¸- ·ª,´,¸-`' ª-,·-'' ¸- »---'' ,,---, ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·
¸· ='-, ·-=,-'' 130 ..=-'' ª=-,--, ª--=-- ª',-
»'·' ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸`,-''- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸= ¸',-'' =--'' -'-',- »'-=--'-, 2010 ,- ¸,,'-''- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-'' -'-= »- (ª,-''·'' ª,---'' -'¸-,-) ·¸´,¸-' ¸`
-'' '+--, ¸-'' .,-'' ª=,-=-' ¸---- ·.,- -¸-= ¸· ·-=', »,,- -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -·, ¸'-=-' ---- ¸-=--'', ·¸-'--·`' ,--'' ¸-,-´ ) »·¸ .,-='' _-,,, ._·,-''- _'--'' ¸-, 9 _-'--'' (
¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-'' _'--¸' '+-- _--, ¸-'', ·='-- ª-'·--'' ¸,- '- ¸´ -
´
· -,= · ¸-- ¸· -=', »,,- -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -·, ¸'-=-' ¸= _-'-'' (833.498 - 1,486.778) ¸`,- ¸,,'-
) ¸,- '- _,'¸-,, ·¸,---'' -·,' ª---''- ¸´,¸-' 165.873 - 841.039 ,» ',-'-,¸,- ¸· ¸,`'-'' '-» ¸'´ '--,- .-'¸,--`' -·,' ª---''- ¸´,¸-' ¸`,- ¸,,'- ( _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-'' _,'¸-, -,= ·.·`'
¸,- '- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' 7.465 - 18.251) ¸,- '- _,'¸-, ·-=', »,,- ¸,---'' -·, ¸· ¸'-=-`' .-'-- ¸´,¸-' ¸`,- ¸,,'- ( (5.997 - 17.084) -'¸,--`' -·, ¸· ¸'-=-`' .-'-- ¸`,- ¸,,'-
.-=', »,,-
8 ì . ~'-~;-¹ì; ¿-'--¹ì; ª~>=¹
-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª-'¸- .`= ¸- ·ª,-'-' ª--- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'', -·,'' ¸-= ¸,- ª·`·'' -=- _'' ª-'¸-'' --+- »¸`'' -·,'' .,'-- ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸
, .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= '-,' ='- ¸,`'- -=-, ·¸,---'', -'¸,--`' _'= ¸,-=-''- ª·`·'' ·-» ¸',· ¸· _--- ¸'-=-' _-,--- ª-'·--`' »- --' 16 ) -¸--'' .`= ª,-¸= ª',- 2005 - 2011 ,--' '-·, (
', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=-' -'¸-,- '-»¸'--='- --='--'' -'¸,·--'' ¸-- -'-----'' --=, -·,'' ¸,·-- _-, »- --', .-'-',-'' ¸·',- ='-, ·-`'--` ª·'-' _- ·-¸'=-'' ª-'´- _'= '-»¸`' -=-'
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 147
· ª-'·--`' »-, .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' _'= -'¸,·--'' ·-» ¸`' ¸,-, _-,-- ¸· ª',-'' »==, -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- _'' ¸,=`' _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸=- ¸-',-'' _-,--'' ¸,--- ¸
.¸,-'=¸-
»-·- -,--' _-'--'' --'= --', »'·'' _- '-» ·-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- ª,,-·-, ·ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _'= ¸,`'-'' ¸· -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª-'´- ª,,-·- ¸· ¸'-=-`'- --=-, ¸,=`' ¸'
¸,·-- »'-=--' »- -,= ·--='--'' -'¸,·--'' .'----' _-, .-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸= _-'-'' -·,'' -'¸,·--'' ¸-- -·,'' »'-=--', ·--='-- -'¸,·--´ -'-----'' --=, -'--'' ¸· »´=-''
`' ª·`= _'' ª-'¸-'' -·¸=- '-´ .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' _'= ¸,`'-'' ¸· ª-'´-'', -·,'' ª,,-·-- -,--' _-'--'' --'= ·ª'----'' ¸· ¸,·-'' ¸' _--', ·¸-'--·`' ,--''- -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=- _-'-''
.',-'-,¸,- ¸· ª·`·'' ·-» --·- ¸,= ¸· .ª-'= ª--- ¸-- ¸· '=,='- ¸'´ ¸-'--·`' ,--'' ¸-,-´ ¸''-=;' ¸'=-''
¸-= _'' ¸-,- (-'--'' ¸· »´=-'', -'-----'' --= ¸¸-,-- '+-= '¸-·-) -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸' ¸`=--' ¸´-, ª-'· ·¸-- '-- -, ª-'´-'', -·,'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· --',¸ »` ¸
-'--·`' ,--'', -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸,- ª,-¸='' ª·`·'' ¸= `-· ·ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', .ª-'¸-'' ª,-¸· .,-· ¸''-''-, .¸
¸,·,-, ·'+' ª-¸`'' ª,-'-`' ª,--''- »'--»`', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- -'·,·- ª''¸' -¸,¸-- ª-'¸-'' ¸-,-, ¸-,¸-´'`' .-'--'' ¸'---' »=- _'= .-·'', ·ª-¸--'' ª''-·''
_'' ª-',-'' ¸·-'- ¸=- ª-'¸-'' ª=,-, .ª,-¸·'' .,-'' _,-= ¸· --=','' --·'-'' »'=- ¸,-=- .`= ¸- -'-----'' --= .,'--, ·-'-',-'' ¸,·,- -¸,¸-, ·ª,-·'--'' -¸,-'' --=-´ -·,'' ¸--= ª,-»'
ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' -- ¸'· ·-,-- _'' ª,'+-'' ¸· »=¸-, -·,'' ¸· -'--·`' ¸' -,=, .¸´-- -·, .·' ¸· ='+---'' --¸,---'', -¸---'' _'-'' .,-, ¸--- ¸-'' ¸- -='', .'-=`' ª-¸'-- .,+
.¸-'--·`' ,--'' ¸,¸·- _'' -,-, ª,='¸·,¸,-'' '¸,=', »' .,'=-- ¸'·-- ¸-'' -'-'¸-'' ¸- -,¸-- ª-¸'-'' _-,- ª,-·'--'' -¸--'' ¸,¸·- ¸· ='- ¸`' ¸',·, _'--;' -·-, -'-`' ·-·,'' ¸· -'--·`' ª,-
-·,'' ª-,`´ _'-'' ¸· ª',-'' .
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.¸',-'' =--'' ) 2010 .( ¸'-- ¸,¸-- --' ª- .'-=`' ª= .--¸--;' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·
» ·¸=-¸,-'' ) . 2010 ¸',-·- ¸-'='' ¸',-'' ¸--'-'' _'' »--- -=- ·"ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ¸· ¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸`' .( .= ¸· ª,-¸·'' .'-=`' -'-=-- ¸· ¸¸´-'' .'-'' ¸'¸
ª`,-='' -',-'--·`' = ª·-'= · ·ª,-·-'' ª,='¸--,-'' ª,¸-'¸='' ª,¸,+-='' ·-'-''- ¸'=,- ¸- ª-,- 13 - 14 .¸---,-
ª-=''' ª,-'--·`' ª,='--=`', ¸-¸·' ',-' – ',´-;' . ) 2012 .( ª-'¸- .,= -'--' --·'-'' .,+--' '+-,-=-, --=','' -¸'=-'' ¸· ·¸'-,-'' --=--'' »-`' .
ª,',-'' ª,---'' ª,´,¸-`' ª''´,'' . ) 2012 .( .¸-¸`' ·ª,-'`'' ª--'' _-'-- ¸,¸-- :¸-'`'' ¸''-'' _`-;' _,¸--
· ·¸'-= . ) 2009 .( ·"ª,¸,-'', ª,-¸·'' -¸'=-'' _'= _·,--'' '»¸`', ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ª,='¸¸'' -'-',-'' ¸-=,'' ¸´¸-'' ·',¸,- ·¸='¸¸'' _`-;', ª='¸¸'' -¸'¸, · »·¸ ·-'-',- ¸='- 31 .
¸=`-''
J;ì-=¹ì :V;ì
J;-= 1 - ¸-'- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q- --- ¸- ª--=-¹ì '--;,--¹ì ~'-'--¹ì J-'-- ª-=-ì 2008 - 2009 .
ª-=-Vì _--=-¹ì J=- J;-¹ì
-'-=--' »'=-'' ¸-,¸-´';' .-'--' -'-',-'' ,' ª-,-=- ·¸-,- ·¸'-,-'' ·-,,´'' ·¸-¸`' ¸-,''
¸,-=- -','-= ¸,---'' -----'' _'' .,'=- ¸='=-'' '+-,-=- ,' ¸-,'' ·¸'-,-'' ·¸-¸`'
ª,´¸-='' -¸'-;' ¸,-=- -,,´''
-¸'=-'' ª-¸`'' -'-----'' --= ¸,-=- --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;'
_-',-'' ¸· -'-'¸=;' ¸,-=- --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;' ·-,,´''
¸',-'' =--'' :¸---'' . ·--¸--`' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·.'-=`' ª=--' ª-¸'-- ¸,¸-- 2010 .
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders
J;-= 2 - ;'- ª-,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~-¹ì ª-;·~; ª¹;¢~ ~-= Q- J;-¹ì ª--,- . 2009
ª¹;¢~ ,--Vì J;-¹ì ~--,-¹ì ª-;·~ ,--Vì J;-¹ì ~--,-¹ì
-¸,·'·-- 1 ¸'--´-¸,' 174
_-,´ _-,» ¸,-'' · 2 ¸--,¸,- 175
',-,--' 3 ,-'· '-,´¸,- 176
'--'-· 4 ¸'=,-¸-' 177
--=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;' 5 ,·-,´'' ª,¸,+-= 178
=¸'---'' 6 ¸'--´,='= 179
-,,-'' 7 ¸'¸·'' 180
',¸,´ ª,¸,+-= 8 _=-,'' ',-,¸·' ª,¸,+-= 181
_,,¸-'' 9 ¸'--='¸'´ 182
'--- 10 ¸'---'··' 183
¸',-'' =--'' :¸---'' . ·--¸--`' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·.'-=`' ª=--' ª-¸'-- ¸,¸-- 2010 .
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 149
'´-'', ·-·,'' ·-'-----'' --= -,- ¸· ¸'´'' -,-¸-'' =-,-- _'= -'-- .,-'' -,-¸- »-,* .¸,---'', -'¸,--`' ª'-'·- »'--; ª-¸`'' ª-
J;-= 3 - ;'- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- -;-=¹ì ,-- -,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~- ª-,'-- 2012 .
ª¹;-¹ì
Q-- ª--,-¹ì
183 ª¹;-
~ì---~- ---
~ì,-'~¹ì
~ì,-'~¹ì ~-;
;;-¹'-
~ì,-'~¹ì ª-¹--
(ª-;'= J-¹ ,V;-)
~ì---~- ---
~ì-,ì;¹ì
-,ì;¹ì ~-; ~ì
;;-¹'-
~ì-,ì;¹ì ª-¹--
(ª-;'= J-¹ ,V;-)
¸-'¸='' 127 8 17 1,248 9 27 1,318
¸,¸=-'' 49 6 11 955 7 15 995
¸-,-,= 37 5 18 836 5 18 911
¸-- 64 8 12 613 9 12 755
¸'¸·'' 180 10 80 3,550 10 83 3,650
¸-¸`' 58 6 13 825 7 15 1,335
-,,´'' 112 7 16 1,085 10 19 1,242
¸'--' 93 5 22 1,050 7 32 1,250
-¸·-'' 43 6 11 577 8 16 950
¸'-= 47 8 10 745 8 9 680
¸=· 57 5 21 860 7 20 730
ª,-,·-'' 18 5 13 615 5 17 686
',¸,- 122 8 15 1,190 9 21 1,625
¸-,- 32 4 13 773 7 17 858
-'¸'-`' 5 4 7 630 5 7 635
·'' ª--'', -¸= ª,-¸ 114 6 23 1,310 6 40 1,295
¸-,'' 118 6 27 890 9 25 1,475
:¸---'' ¸',-'' =--'' . ·--¸--`' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·.'-=`' ª=--' ª-¸'-- ¸,¸-- 2010 .
J;-= 4 - ;'- _='-- --- Q-- -;-=¹ì ,-- -,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~- ª-,'-- 2012 .
ª-=--¹ì
~ì---~- ---
~ì,-'~¹ì
~-; ;;-¹'- ~ì,-'~¹ì
~ì,-'~¹ì ª-¹--
(ª-;'= J-¹ ,V;-)
~ì---~- ---
~ì-,ì;¹ì
~ì-,ì;¹ì ~-;
;;-¹'-
~ì-,ì;¹ì ª-¹--
(ª-;'= J-¹ ,V;-)
¸-'+'' =,=-'', ',-' ¸¸- 6 22 906 7 23 954
¸=-,'' ',-', ª,·¸-'' '-¸,' 7 27 1,774 8 29 1,990
,¸'´'' ¸=-'' ª-=--, ª,-,-`'' '´,¸-' ¸- 6 18 1,257 7 20 1,546
',-,¸·' .'--, =-,`' ¸¸-'' 6 20 1,057 8 24 1,238
ª,---'', ¸-'--·`' ¸,'·-'' ª-=-- .,-
.=-'' ª·--¸-
4 10 1,032 5 11 1,085
',-' -,-= 8 32 1,590 9 33 1,768
,¸-´'' -'¸=-'' -,-= ',-,¸·' 8 31 1,960 8 37 2,502
The World Bank, Doing Business Project,http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders :¸---''
J;-= 5 - ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì,-'~¹ì ª---¹ -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C -5.701969 3.343066 0.0922
XCOST? 0.000205 0.000585 0.7267
COR? 0.534637 0.252088 0.0372
LOG(GDP?) 1.182929 0.148251 0.0000
AR(1) 0.537480 0.108110 0.0000
150 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
D. W= 2.29 Pro(F.stat.)=0.00000 F stat.= 266.3367 R
2
= 0.92
* ¸,---'' -·, »'-=--' »- .(-'-----'' --= --= -·-) .--='-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'',
J;-= 6 - ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì-,ì;¹ì ª---¹ -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C 27.83881 14.47476 0.0585
COR? 2.654157 1.180698 0.0277
MCOST? -0.000376 0.001584 0.8129
LOG(GDP?) 0.354453 0.478361 0.4612
AR(1) 0.984926 0.031406 0.0000
D. W= 2.14 Pro(F.stat.)=0.00000 F stat.= 1024.508 R
2
= 0.93
-'¸,--`' -·, »'-=--' »-* .(-'-----'' --= --= -·-) .--='-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'',
J;-= 7 - ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì,-'~¹ì -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C 14.62332 16.44881 0.3775
TIMEX? -0.083490 0.026259 0.0023
XCOST? -0.004414 0.001724 0.0130
LOG(GDP?) 0.599066 0.632404 0.3473
AR(1) 0.210639 0.224645 0.3522
D. W= 2.4 Pro(F.stat.)=0.00000 F stat.= 53.74032 R
2
= 0.83
-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'', -'-----'' --=, -'--'' ¸-,- »'-=--' »-* .--='
.ª==¸-'' ¸,= --'`'' ¸``' ª-,¸=- ¸,---'' »- **
J;-= 8 - -¹ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì-,ì;¹¹ -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·- .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C 35.11339 9.292131 0.0004
TIMEM? -0.086852 0.016425 0.0000
MCOST? -0.000372 0.000212 0.0854
LOG(GDP?) -0.353668 0.372066 0.3459
AR(1) 0.319845 0.120845 0.0105
D. W=1.98 Pro(Fstat.)=0.00 Fstat.= 512.853 R
2
= 0.9
-'' ¸-,- »'-=--' »-* .--='-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'', -'-----'' --=, -'-
.ª==¸-'' ¸,= --'`'' ¸``' ª-,¸=- ¸,---'' »- **
J;-= 9 - Vì ;--¹ì _¹- ~-;¹ì ¸- ç'-=-Vì ,-ì ;'- ¡-'~-- 2010 (¸--,-ì ,V;- Q;-¹-¹'- ;--¹ì ) .
ª¹;-¹ì
GDP
-=ì; ;;-- ,--~-¹ì ~-; ç'-=-V ª=---
GDP
-=ì; ;;-- -ì,--~Vì ~-; ç'-=-V ª=---
¸-'¸='' 458.250 - 941.670 0.000 - 447.078
¸-- 833.498 - 1,486.778 165.873- 841.039
¸-¸`' 136.353 - 215.219 198.106 - 287.646
¸'--' 170.489 - 286.902 197.711- 322.471
',-'-,¸,- 7.465 - 18.251 5.997 - 17.084
-¸·-'' 427.479 -698.477 286.469 - 567.078
¸'-,-'' 456.595 - 656.544 105.293 - 310.293
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 151
',¸,- 210.208 - 385.730 128.343 - 308.910
¸-,- 323.283 - 455.310 232.876 - 368.764
¸-,'' 41.947 - 134.593 27.223 - 122.747
-´ = :¸---'' :_'= '-'--=' ·ª`='-'' ª=-',- - USAID, TC Boost, Supporting Trade Capacity Worldwide,
http://www.tcboostproject.com/resources/tools/impactcalculator.php?country_id=220#input
J'-~Vì :'--'-
J-~ 1 - ~ì---~-¹ì ---; -ì,--~Vì ~-; ~-= Q- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- ª-,'-- .
152 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
J-~ 2 - ì ~-; ~-= Q- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- ª-,'-- ~ì---~-¹ì ---; -ì,--~V .
J-~ 3 - ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- ª-,'-- ~ì,-'~¹ì; ~ì-,ì;¹ì ª-¹-- ~-= Q- .
doc_637091006.pdf
The study examines the relationship between reducing time and international trade. Primarily, through the
role of information and communication technology, within the trade facilities, in reducing the time
required for import and export, and discussing its impact on economic growth. The Two-Stages Least
Squares method was used to estimate the econometric model for 16 Arab countries during the period
(2005-2011). The study concluded that the information and communication technology leads to time and
cost reduction, thereby increasing the value of merchandise exports and imports. In addition, there is a
positive relationship between the decline in time and economic growth
2214-4625/$ – see front matter © 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2015.10.002
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj
HOSTED BY
* Nashwa Mohamed. Tel: +96652562573871
Email address: [email protected].
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
ª-¹-- ç-= ¸- ~V'~-Vì; ~'-;¹·-¹ì '-=;¹;--- ,;- :¡-'~--Vì;--¹ì; ª-¹;-¹ì -,'=-¹¹ _-'·- ~-;¹ì
~-;¹ì
Time as a Barrier to International Trade and Economic Growth: The
Role of Information and Communication Technology in Reducing Time
Cost
Nashwa Mostafa Ali Mohamed
*
Economics and Foreign Trade Department- Helwan University- Egypt
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 05 October 13
Received in revised form 22 January 14
Accepted 04 March 14
:ª''-'' -'-'´''
-¸'=-'' ª-'´-
ª,',-'' -¸'=-''
'' ¸-'--·`' ,--
ª,-,¸·-'' ¸,= -,,-''
ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--''
-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-
Keywords:
Time Cost
International Trade
Economic Growth
Nontariff barriers
Trade Facilities
ICT
¸='-''
- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'', -·,'' ¸-= ¸,- ª·`·'' -=- _'' ª-'¸-'' --+- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª-'¸- .`= ¸- ·ª,-'-' ª--
ª-'·--`' »- --', .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= '-,' ='- ¸,`'- -=-, ·¸,---'', -'¸,--`' »¸`'' -·,'' .,'-- ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸--
_'= ¸,-=-''- ª·`·'' ·-» ¸',· ¸· _--- ¸'-=-' _-,--- 16 .`= ª,-¸= ª',- ) -¸--'' 2005 - 2011 »-, .-'-',-'' ¸·',- ,--' '-·, (
-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸' _'' ª-'¸-'' --'=, .¸,'-=¸- _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸=- ¸-',-'' _-,--'' ¸,--- ¸· ª-'·--`'
¸-, ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸-= _'' ¸-,- (-'--'' ¸· »´=-'', -'-----'' --= ,¸-,-- '+-= '¸-·-) -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· --',¸ »`
¸-'--·`' ,--'', -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸,- ª,-¸='' ª·`·'' ¸= `-· ·ª,·'-'' · ª-'¸-'' ª,-¸· .,-· ¸´-, ¸''-''-, .
ABSTRACT
The study examines the relationship between reducing time and international trade. Primarily, through the
role of information and communication technology, within the trade facilities, in reducing the time
required for import and export, and discussing its impact on economic growth. The Two-Stages Least
Squares method was used to estimate the econometric model for 16 Arab countries during the period
(2005-2011). The study concluded that the information and communication technology leads to time and
cost reduction, thereby increasing the value of merchandise exports and imports. In addition, there is a
positive relationship between the decline in time and economic growth.
© 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
140 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
1 ª----¹ì .
''- -·,'' ª-,· ¸--- `' ª--'' ·-·,'' ¸,¸- _- ·_,¸-'' ¸,·-'' _--' -,= ·¸',-`' .-'´-, ª-',·'' -¸»'= -+-, ¸-'' ·»,,'' »''= ¸· '=,-, ¸`´' '-», ·-,-- .,-'' ¸- _,=--, ¸-· .ª' ª,-'-
¸,`´ ---, ª-'· -'=-, ¸-, ·-,--'' ¸- -,¸- _'= .,-='' ·¸,---- ¸'´ ·¸,·-'' '-» -'-'=-- _- _,¸-'' -,'=-'' ª,---'' --',·'' »,=·-', .',',- ¸·'--'' _'= -¸-'-'' .,-'' ª--'· ¸· ª---¸- _='¸--, '+--
'
¸· ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- _'' -,-- -· ª,¸'=-'' -`-'·-'' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' .,= ª-'´-· .ª- ª=--¸-'' ª-'´-'' ¸-= ¸- --` ·-·,'' --- ª,-·'--'' '+-¸,- ----- -¸,=`' ¸' ¸,= ¸- ª,-,-¸ ª
.ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' '--'= .´-- -· -·,'' ª-'´- ¸'· ¸''-''-, .'+-,''´- ¸'-=-'
¸¸-'') ¸=-'' ª',-,, ª,·'¸·='' ª·'--'' .,=, ª',-'' -,-= .='- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ,--- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸-'·´ ·-·,'' ª-'´- --=-- - -¸'-' --'· ·-,-='' ·-» ¸-= (¸,='' ·¸¸=-'' · ª-'¸
Hummels (2007) '' ª,---'' ¸'·-`' _'= ¸`,, .--'' ª-'´- _'--¸'· ·ª,´¸-='' -,,-'' ¸,-, -· -¸'=-'' _'= '-,· .`-- '+-,´ ¸· .--'' ª-'´- ª,-»' _'' ¸,='' .--'' ª-'´- ¸'-=-' ¸' '-´ ·ª'-'---'' _'-
'' ',=,',-´- -·- -,=, .-·,'' ª-'-='' _'-'' -¸'=- ,--' '¸--- -·, -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·'' ¸'· ·'+--'-´ _·¸ _'= -='-- '+-' ,' ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- ¸- -`'--`', -'-,'·-
,' ª,·'¸·='' ª·'--'' .,=- ª=--¸-'' -·,'' ª-'´-- ª-¸'-- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' .`= ¸- '=,-, ¸`´' _» -·,'' ª-'´- ¸-=, -`'--`', .¸=-'' ª',-,
'' ¸-, --'' ª-='-'' -'-'¸=;' ¸---, ·ª,´¸-='' ¸,= ¸-',·'' ª''¸'- ¸',-'' »'--»`' _--' ª,´¸-='' ¸-',·'' ¸'-=-' .= ¸· ª-' ·¸´-''- ¸,-= '+----- ¸-'' -',-'' ¸· '=-', ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+
¸- -¸-, '- ·.'`-'' .,-- _'·· .ª,-,'·;', ª,',-'' -',·'--`' ¸- ¸,`´ 49 ¸''-=' ¸- 54 -' ¸,'-, --- ·¸-'+'' =,=-'', ',-' .,- ¸,- ª,·'- 2005 ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ----- · ) UNESCAP, 2011 .(
'' ¸· ª-'= ·-'¸,·--'' ·-» ¸· ª-+- -'¸,·- -,-= _'' ª,· ¸,·-'' ¸-,,, ·ª,-'--·`' -'¸,·--'' ¸- -,-= ¸· ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ,-- ¸`,,, -'= ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' '+,· .´-- ¸-'' .,- ¸- ',,,= '-
= ¸''-''- .`-, ª-'· ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-' '--'= -·,'' .,= -·, -,=, .¸-'--·`' ,--'' -'¸,·--'' ·-» ª---- ¸·, .¸-'--·`' '+='-- .¸-'--·`' ,--'' .-·- _·¸ _'= ª',-'' -¸-· »'-' '--'
-'' ¸,¸=- ','¸- ¸- --'---`', ª-',·'' ¸· ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ª´¸'-- ¸---- ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- .`= ¸- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' -·, ¸-= ·¸-'--·`' ,--'' -`-·- _·¸, ª,-·'--'' ¸,-=-, -¸'=
·-» ¸· '-'» '-,´- -·- ¸-'', ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' -`,+--'' ·-» _'' .,-,'' ¸· ª,-·, ª,''- ¸-',= ª=',- .,-'' -'=' ¸' `' . -',=,',-´-'' `' ª,--'' ¸· -·-, · .'+' ª,-'-
-`,+--'' ·-+- ¸'·--'' -·,'' ª-'´- ¸-= ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- _'= ¸´¸- ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸'· ·ª,'= -'--, -'¸,·-- _'= ¸`,, -· '-´ ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= '-'=,' ¸`,, ·¸,-- ¸-'', ·
' ª'´-- ª=',- ¸´-,, .¸-'--·`' ,--'' .`- ·,¸=' ª,'´ ª,-'--·' :¸''-'' .,'--'' ¸· ª-'¸-'
,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸,¸·- ¸''-''-, ·-·,'' ª-'´- ¸-= ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸`,, ¸-- ¸' _'' º¸-'--·`' ,--'', ª
_'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸-,," :'»'-,- ª,-'-' ª,-¸· _'= ª-'¸-'' »,-- ."¸-'--·`' ,--'', ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' --',¸ ¸''-''-, ·-·,'' .,= ¸= ª=-'-'' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- ¸-=
--;' --- -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª,'-= ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ,», ·-¸'=-'' -,''´- -'--=- ¸- »'» --=- _'= -,-'' =,'-- _'' ª-'¸-'' --+-, ,´, ·ª-,-»', ª-·,-= _,-,-, .¸=-'' _-=, _' .´-- -
-'-'¸-'' ¸'¸·--' »-, '-´ .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-' '--'= ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;', -`-'·-'' -'+-' -·, ¸· ¸,='-'' '+---, ¸-'' -,''´-'' ¸¸=-'', .ª,',-'' -¸'=-''- ª-·`= ¸· -·,'' ¸,- -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-''
-- -,´'-'', ·-·,'' '-» ¸,·,- ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ª,-»` ·¸,`'- ¸',· »` .ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ¸·- _-, _'= -¸·-'' _- ·-`,+--'' ·-» ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- _'= ª-'= ª-
ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -·,'' ¸· -'--·`' ¸`' -'-=, ·
¸-'·´ -·,'' _'= -,-'' =,'-- ¸· ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' ¸-,-¸'' »'+-;' ¸¸-, '-» ¸· ª,-¸·'' ª·'''- --·-'' -'-'+-;' _',' ¸- '+'·=, '-- ·¸-'--·`' ,--'', .ª-'= ª--- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-'
-·`' ,--'' ,' ª,',-'' -¸'=-''- '+-·`= ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'=' ¸' '-´ .---'' »,»'-- _'= -¸´¸ ·¸-'- ª-,´='', ª,-,¸-´'`' -¸'=-''
-'-,-=-- -¸,-´ -¸,-- _-·- »', ·ª',-=-'' ,' ª--'`'' --',+'' =,== --= ,' --¸--;' ¸--=--- --= .`- -'¸-,-- --'·--', ·ª,-,¸-´'`' ª---' .`= ¸- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- ',=,',-´-'' ·-»
ª-'¸-'' ¸'· '-' .ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;', -`-'·-'' ·'' -,· ,-- _'= -¸·-'' ¸· »+-, '- ,», ·ª,-¸·'' .,-'' -'=' _'= ª-'¸-'' ¸,-=- »-, '-´ .'+' ¸,=`' ¸,-'' _'= '¸,´¸- ¸`´' ª,''='' .=- ª·`
..,-'-'' _-,'' _'' ª- .,-,'' ª-¸`'' -'-'¸=;'- ª,-,-'', ¸''='' _-,'' _'= -,·,'' ¸· »+-,' ·.,-'' ·-» ¸· ª-'¸-''
'=-'' _=·, ¸- ª-,´- ª-,= ª-'¸-'' ¸-'´-'' ¸ 16 ·¸'-= ·¸-,- ·¸'-,-'' ·',¸,- ·ª,-,·-'' ·¸=· ·-¸·-'' ·',-'-,¸,- ·¸'--' ·-,,´'' ·¸-¸`' ·¸-- ·¸,¸=-'' ·¸-'¸='' :_», ·ª,-¸= ª',-
»'= ¸- -----'' -¸--'' ¸--¸'' ¸'=-'' _=·, '--,- .¸-,'' ·--=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;' 2005 _'' 2011 . '+-=·- ,' -',--'' .´ ¸= -'-',-'' ¸·',- ,-- ¸',·-' '--= ª-'¸-'' .=- .,-'' ¸',-=' »- --',
-'-»'--'' --= -·,-, -,= ·ª-¸',-- ¸,= ª,·=-- ª,--¸ .-`- -'-',- _'= ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' ---·- ¸''-''-, .ª-'¸-'' -¸-· .`= (NT= N*T) -',--'' --= _'= T ¸= -'-',- '+,· _'--'' -'¸,·--''
-¸,´--'' .,-'' ¸- ª',- .´' ª-'¸-'' .=- N .
' »-, -,= ·¸-',-'' -,'-`', ·ª-'¸-'' -'¸,·-- ¸,- ª·`·'' ª·,-= .,'=-, »,»'--'' ¸¸= ¸· ¸--,'' -,'-`' _'= ª-'¸-'' ª,=+-- ---·- ¸,-'=¸- _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸=- ª-'·--`
' »'-=--'- _--- ¸'-=-' _-,-- ¸,---' '--'' ¸- -='', -¸'=-'' ª-'´- _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸= _-'-'' -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸`' ¸',-' --='--'' -'¸,·--' ¸'-''', ·-¸'=-''- ¸'·--'' -
- ª-'·--`' .`= ¸- ¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -·,'' ¸`' ¸,--- »-, '-´ .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== _'= '-»¸,-- ¸'¸`,, _,¸-- -'-'-= TC Boost .ª,´,¸-`' ª-,·-'' ¸- .,--''
.ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· --',¸ »` ¸-, ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸-= _'' ¸-,- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸' _'' ª-'¸-'' --'=, -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸,- ª,-¸='' ª·`·'' ¸= `-·
.,-· ¸''-''-, .¸-'--·`' ,--'', .ª-'¸-'' ª,-¸·
'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- :'`''` ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸-'·´ -·,'' :',-'` ·-·,'' ª,-»', ª·,-= :`,' ·-'¸=' --= _'' ¸', '-,· ª-'¸-'' »---- -'-,-=- :'·-'¸ .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -
:'--'- ·¸-',-'' _-,--'' :'--'= ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -·,'' ¸,- ª·`·'' .-',-,-'', _-'--'', ª-`='' :'¸,=', ·¸-'--·`' ,--'',
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 141
2 . ~-;¹ì ª--»ì; ª·--=
:ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »'-' '--'= ·¸'--='- -·,'' .,'-- ---- ·-·,'' ¸- _',-' ª``` -=,,
) 1 ·ª,--¸'' ª'+-'' ( -'= ¸,- '- -·,'' ¸= ¸-·,, .¸-'+-'' »-=---'' '+-,'--, ª·'-''
) 2 ;' ª,'-·'' ¸· »'='' -',-'' »'-=--' »-, -,= ._--`' ·-= --= -·'-'', ¸,¸=-'' .·=, '-- _'--;' »,=-- _'' ¸,-,, ·--'--'' -·,'' ( ¸,· »,'--'', ¸=-'' »-,, ¸,-¸,-'' ¸- '+-`--' ¸,· ª,='--
- ¸='- ¸-,,, ._,---'' ¸- -'+--`' _'--;' -·,- _'' ª'=¸- ¸' --= ª=,-,'' _'-'' ,' »'='' -',-'' -,¸, .
) 3 _--' ·,¸=` -¸- ¸- -'-=, -·,'' '-» ¸'´ '-'´· .»,'--'' -·, ¸· ¸,·-''- ¸'-,, ·-·,'' ¸,'-- ( ª+=',-' ¸,¸=-''- ='--=`' ¸-´' ª='= ='-» ¸',=`' ¸·- ¸· »,'--'' ¸· ¸='-''
Nordas, H.; Pinali, E. & Geloso Grosso, M., 2006) ( .
, , :_», ·-¸,=`' -,-·'' ¸· -·,'' ª,-»' --',¸ ¸--- ¸-'' .-',·'' ¸- --= -=,
- :ª-~-'--¹ì -,--¹ì ,-~- ;» ~-;¹ì ¸,---- -·, »' -,=- .-'¸'´--`' _,¸-'' ¸'---`' _'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸· »---'', ª-',·'' -',='-- --' --' ·ª',,= ª,--¸ -¸--' ·='--=`' .,-''
¸,-'' ¸--- _» -'¸'´--`' -·- »' ¸''-''-, .¸,,=-'', -,=-'' _'= '+·'--', ª-,·- -'¸'´--' _'' '+'-,- ¸= ª=-'-'' ª,-·'--'' '+-¸,-- ='+---'' _---''- .,-,'' ª=¸- '--', ·ª,-·'--'' - ) Deardorff,
A., 2001 .( `' _,=--- ¸-'' ª',-''· '+---'' -=¸, ¸-'' ª,¸·-'' -,`·'' _'= '+',-= ---- '+-'-'¸,' --',¸ '+-´-, ='+---'' _'' _---'' .,-,- ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ¸· -'--· ¸,=- '+··- ¸· =
.¸,¸=`' .-· _---'' -¸,-- ¸-'-= _'= ª',-=
- -,'=-¹ì J--» J;=- ·,'' ª,-'-= ¸`´`' ª·---'' _'-'' _'' ª,',`' _'-'' ¸- : ',''= .´-- ¸-'', ·ª·---'' _'-'' ¸,---, _,---'' _'' ª=-- ª,-'-'' .,-'' -'='· ·- 80 '+-'¸-'- ¸''-=' ¸- %
) UNCTAD, ASYCUDA .(
- 4¹¢-~-¹ì J=- _'--,ì .¸,¸=`' .-· -¸,--'' _---'' ¸-'-= _'= .,-='' ª,¸·- -,`= _·- ¸· ª--=¸ ¸- -,¸, :
- ---~Vì; ¿'--7ì ¸- ¸~ì,¹ì ç~=-¹ì :,~'--¹ì ¸--=Vì ,' -·,'' -·, -,=
`-'= ª',- ¸- ¸`´' ¸,- .='¸- --= _'' ª-,--- »-, ª·'-'' _'--' ¸'´ '- '-' ·ª,',-'' _'--;' -'´-- ¸· ª,-»`' .'= . ·-» ¸·
ª'´ _'--;' ¸¸·, -· ·»,'--'' ¸- -´'-'' »-=, -·,'' .,= ¸'· ª''='' ·,-'' - Li, Y. and Wilson, J. 2009) .(
- :-'~-¹ì ¸- ;-=-¹ì -¸'=-''- ¸'·--'' -'--'' ¸- ª,''= -',,---- =--¸, -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' .,= ¸' -,= Shepherd, B., 2010) .(
3 . ~-;¹ì '=-¹¹ _-'·- ª-¹;-¹ì -,
-- ,» ª·'-'' _'--; ª,---'' -,''´-'' ¸· -`-=`' ¸'´ --' ¸-,'--'' ¸-'--·`' --`' ¸· ª,---'' -¸,-'' ¸- ) ,-¸'´,¸ -,-,- ( ¸· »=='' -'¸,·, .`= ¸- ª-,-=- ¸´-, -,''´-'' ·-» ¸-= ¸', ·
-,-='' ¸-'--·`' --`' ) ¸'-=,¸´ ( '- -,''´-'' ª,-»` ¸'--=' ¸,- ¸´', ·¸',-'' .-'--'' .=- -'--='', _'-'' _'--' .='¸-- -,''´-'' ·-» -=--¸' . _-=, '- ª',- ¸· -'--='', _'-'' _'--' ª'=¸- ¸,-
¸-, ·-¸,=`' ª-,`' ¸· ª,-'--·`' -',--`' »'--»' .=- ¸'´ -,''´-'' ¸- _,-'' '-» .,¸=' .,- ¸· ¸,,-'+-'' '+,´'+--- _'' '+-,'-- ª-'¸- '+-,- ) 2008 ( Pomfret and Sourdi ' .'=- ¸-'
-,''´- ¸· .,-'' ¸,- '- -'·`-=`' ª---- =-,--'' ¸· -,''´-'' ·-» ª-,· ¸--- -,= ·ª,''¸--`' -'-¸','' _'= ¸,-=-''- ·_'--;' -·- '- ·-¸'=-'' 5 ª-,¸·-'' =-,-- .-- '--,- -'-¸','' ª-,· ¸- %
¸= ª,´¸-='' 4 '-`' ª,--'' ·ª,--,-'' .-',·'', ¸=-'', .--'' -,''´-- ª-'¸-'' _-'--' '-·, -,''´-'' ·-» --=--, .% ¸'¸-' ¸· -'-'¸-'' ¸- -,-= »'--»' ---' --', .--¸--`', ·ª,--=,''' -'--='', ª,-
`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- _--- .`= ¸- ª-'´-'' ·-» ¸· -'--·`' ¸´-, -,´, ·'+='--', ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== ¸· ¸`,- -,´, -·,'' ª-'´- .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ,,--- ¸,-=-' -`'--
_-,, Nordas et al. (2006) .,= ¸' -,= ·¸,·- ¸--=' ¸,- .=-,- _---'' ¸'´ '-' '- ¸,=`' --=,, .-·,''- =--¸, ¸=`', ¸''- '-»-=' ·¸,-·- '+' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- ¸' -'-'¸=;'
' ª,-'-= -'- '·'- --'´ '- '-' ·ª,=¸'='' ¸',-`' _'-'' .,=- ª,''--=' ¸- .'-- ¸,---'', -'¸,--`'- ª-'·--'' .-¸'=-'' »== _'= ¸`,, -·,'' ¸'· ·¸,-'' .,=- .'= ¸·, .-·,'
ª-'¸- ¸,--, (2006) Djankov et al. ª---- ¸,---'' -·, ¸'-=-' ¸' _'' 10 ª---- -'¸-'-'' »== -,¸, ·% 4 ¸,- '- ª---'' ·-» -=,'¸- ¸,= ¸· .% 5 - 25 % ª-'¸- ¸· Kikuchi
) 2006 ( -'¸-'- _'= ª--=-'' 192 '' ª',- -'-'' ª+=,, ª,¸,---'' ª='--'' ª,=,- _'= ---·- ª=,--'' ·-» ¸' _'' --'= ¸-'', ·--=--'' ª´'--'', ',''¸--', ¸'-','' _» .,- -`` _ »- -,= ·-'¸
.-',-,¸-´'`', ·¸',-`'- ª=--¸-'' ¸-`-'', ª=,-,'' -`=--'' _», -·,'' ª,-'-='' -'- -'='--'' ¸- --= _'= '+-,-=-
'= '-´ ª-'¸- -- (2006) Kikuchi ,' ¸',-'' _'--;' -'´-- ¸· .,=-'' ¸= ª,-'-'' .,-'' ¸- ¸,`´ ¸· ¸,=---'' _--, ·-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ¸· ¸¸·---'' ·-·,'' .,= ¸' _'' ',=--, ¸'
- ª-` ·-'¸'´--`'- »',-'' ,' _---'' --,= ¸,-=- ¸· ¸,=---'' ª-=¸ ¸,- .,=, -· '-´ ·¸,-=--- ¸,-¸,- _'= -¸--'' »-= ¸''-''-, ·--'--'' -·,'' ¸· ='+---'' _'' _---'' .,-, -´,-'' ¸,= ¸
,-'' ¸,-, '+-,- ª·'--'' -·-' ·¸'´--`' ¸- ¸`´' -,'--''- ¸,-'' .`- ª',- »',· ¸--, '- ,», ._---'' ¸,,--' ª,¸·- -,`= _'= .,-='' .,¸=`' .
.-,- '-´ ) 2001 ( Hummels ,'' _'= ¸,-=-''- · ·'---'' -'-'+- ¸=· ,' ¸,---'', -'¸,--`' -'-'¸='- ª·`= ª' ¸,´, '--¸ ¸-'', ·-=', »,,- ¸=-'' -·, .,= ¸' _'' ·ª,´,¸-`' -'-¸'
142 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
ª---- --=--'' -',`,'' _'' ¸,---'' _'= ,¸=`' .,-'' -¸-· ª,''--=' ¸- .'-, 1.5 =', »,, -'--' ª'-'·-'' ª,´¸-='' ª-,¸·-'' ¸-· ª-' '-´ .% ª---- -,¸-'¸-'' ¸· - 0.8 .%
ª-'¸- ª---· '- _- ª--'-'' ª-'¸-'' ª,'' --'= '- ¸---, Deardorff (2001) -¸'-' -·, -,= ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸· -·,'' ª,-»` '=-,-- -·- ª,-'-','' -'¸-'-'' ¸' -¸,=`' -=-,' --'·
-'' -¸'=-'' '¸---, ¸='--;' ='--'' ¸· '-'» '-¸= -·,'' -· ¸-'', _''--'' -'=-', ª,-',-'' ,,-''- -·,'' ª-'´- =--¸-, .-·,'' ª-'-='' _'-'' ¸· ª-'= ·ª,', -'-'¸=;' -·, .,= ¸· '--- ¸,´-
-''·'' -¸'=-'' ª-=-- ª,·'--'- '-'¸-'' ·ª,´¸-='' ª,'-='' »'-=--' _'= -¸--'' »-= .= ¸· ='-, ·-'-¸','' ¸·- .,=- ª'·¸·' ·ª,´¸-='' .ª,
ª-'¸- ---= '-´ Djankov et al.(2006) ¸= ¸',-'' =--'' -'-',- »'-=--'- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= -·,'' ¸· ¸='-'' ¸,`'- 126 »,, .´ ¸' _'' -'-,- -,= ·ª,--'='' _-,-- _'= '-'--=' ª',-
ª---- -¸'=-'' »== .'-, ¸=-'' .-· '-,· ¸,='- 1 =-,--'' ¸· .-'·,, ·.·`' _'= % 65 ,',´ .----'' ª',-, -¸---'' ª',-'' ¸,- ª·'--'' ¸- ¸--
-·,, -'-----'' --= ¸= ¸',-'' =--'' -'-',- _'= -'--=`'-, ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' Freund and Rocha (2010) .ª,-,¸·`' -'¸-'-'' _'= ¸,-·- ¸,`'- ª' -,¸-'¸-'' ¸· ¸,='-'' ¸' _''
-'-'' --',¸ _'' ¸-,, -=', »,,- -·,'' ¸-=· ª---- -'¸ 7 .%
4 . ª-,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~-¹ì Q-~ ~V'~-Vì; ~'-;¹·-¹ì '-=;¹;---
-'-',-'' ¸- ª=,-=- '+-' _'= ·ª,´¸-='' -,,-'', -'-,¸·-'' ¸=,¸-- ¸'-=-' ¸- ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ·-+-- '- .= ¸· ·-¸'=-'' -`,+-- -¸·- `' -,''´- .,'-- _'' ª·-'+'' ¸,---'', -'¸,--
Perez & Wilson, 2010) .( ¸´-, '-´ -,¸·- .,+-- -¸'=-'' _'= ª-' =,---'' »=--'' -'-'¸=`' -'-----'', ª--=---'' ¸· -¸'=-'' ·ª,',-'' -,=- -'-'¸=;' .--- ª,¸'=-'' _,-= ª=--`'
-'-¸'--'', ª,--¸'' ª-'·--'' _-=- »,---, ª=''·-, -'-',-'' ª-,'=-'' ´¸=' ª ª'='-'' _'-'' ¸· -¸'=-'' ª,',-'' .
-=, --'· ._-',-'' ª,-'-`' ª-,-'' '»-+-- ¸-'' -'-,-=-'' ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' »,+-- .--, -· Njinkeu et al. (2008) ¸'··'- ¸'-·, -'--='' ª,-'-`' ª,--'', _-',-'' --'-´ ¸· ¸-=-'' ¸'
,¸·;' ª,-,-'' -¸'=-'' ¸· _-,-'' ¸',-,-¸ ª-'¸- -·¸=-, .ª,- Abe and Wilson (2008) ',-' -',-'--·' .,- ¸· ·ª,·'--'' ¸,-=-, -'--'' ¸-= ¸' _'' --'= -,= ·ª,--,-'' -¸'=-'' -`,+--'
ª---- '+-¸'=- -,¸, -,- ª-=--'' =-,--'' ,,---'' _'' ·¸-'+'' =,=-'', 11 ¸'---- ª,-''·'' ª,»'·¸'' ¸- _·¸,, % 406 .¸`,- ¸,,'-
ª-'¸- .'=-, Alburo (2011) ª-'='' -`'´,'' ¸- ¸,-´ --= -,=,, ·ª,-----'' -'-'¸=;', ª,='¸·,¸,-'' ¸· ª'`---'' ¸-',·'' ---- -'--·`', -¸'=-'' --=, ¸-'' '- _-,-, .ª-'·'',
-'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- .`= ¸- -'-'¸=;', -','-·'' ª---' .`= ¸- '+,'= -'·-'' ª,-'´-' ¸', ·_'-'' ¸·-- ª=¸- _'= ¸`,, ·-¸'=-'' .,+--' -'¸=' _» ª---`' ¸' _'' -¸'-' -,= .-`'--`',
.,¸=' ª,-'--·' -'¸-,-, -¸'=-'' »== ¸· --',¸ _'' »=¸-- ¸' ¸´-, ¸=-'' _,¸--'' ,' .,-=-'' -·, ¸· -'¸,·-''
+--' ª',-, '»¸'--='- ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -¸·´-, .-`-'·-'' ª-'´- ¸-=, ª,='--;', --'-´'' ¸,-=-' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' ª',-'' »'-=--' ,-- '+-' _'= ·-¸'=-'' .,
¸,---'', -'¸,--`' -'-'¸=; ª-¸`'' -'-----'' --=, ª-'´-'', -·,'' _'= ¸´·-, ¸-'', ¸'=-'' .--'', =¸'-='' ¸- .´ --'-´'' ¸=-, (Portugal-Perez, A. & Wilson, J., 2010) .
=,',-´- ¸- ¸,·- ,,--- ¸---- ¸-'' -'-'¸=;', -','-·'', ª=--`' ¸= ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· ·-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸-·-, -`-'·-'' .,+--' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',
ª,¸'=-'' -'-----'', ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' .`- ·ª,¸'=-'' Jayaratne, S. (2010).
--= ¸· .--'', -¸'=-'' -`,+-- ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- .`--,, .,'=- ·----'' -'- _'' .,-,'' .-· ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' ·_-'--'' _--- ·=¸'-='' ª---' :_», ·-'-'¸=;' ¸-
;' --·'-'' ·-'-,'·-'' -¸'-' ·-'-----'' ¸-,¸-´';' »,---'' ·¸='=-'' --,=,'' ª,-,¸-´' (UNCTAD, ASYCUDA) .
.-'--'' ¸- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,=- ¸
´
´-, ¸-,¸-´'`' -'-----'' -'-',-'', ¸· »+-, '-- ·ª,¸'=-'' --',¸ ¸'-`' ·ª,·'--'', -'-'¸,;', .´' ª-,´='' ¸- _'=-'', ¸= `-· ·¸'=''
¸-= -`-'·-'' -,''´- ¸- .`= ª=''·-'' ' ª'+-' -'-,'·-'' ¸·,'', -'-',-'', _-'-'' ¸= »-= -,=, ¸,='- ¸· -'--'', -,-¸'', ª,='¸·,¸,-'' ¸- -='' _'= -,`= ·-,¸,-'' ª'-'- (Freund &
Weinhold, 2000).
,=,',-´- ª·`= ª-'¸- ¸· ·ª,¸'=-'' -`-'·-'' ª---', ª,-,¸-´';' =-'-,'' »'-=--' ¸,- '- ª·¸--'' »+-'' ¸-, -'--'='' »'-=--' _',`' _-·- -,= .ª,',-'' -¸'=-''- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' '
+' ª-¸`'' -'-----'', -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -'-'¸=' _'= -¸,=`' ¸´¸- ¸,= ¸· .ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-'' ,-- ¸· --',+'', --¸--;' -'´--, '-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -'-,-=-' ¸,-·-'' ¸,-+- ¸'·-, '-,·, .' -
-,¸-´'' =-'-,´ -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·''- ¸-=, .,`' ·¸,--· _'' '+-,--- ¸´-, ¸-'' -'-'+-;' -'',- -`'--`', .'+-- ª,-,¸-´';' ª-'= ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' --',¸ '+-'- ¸- ª,
' -`,+-- ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·''- ¸'·-, ¸-'`'', .-¸'=-'
.`= ¸- ¸``' '-» ¸',· _'' ---= ¸-'', .ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,`'- -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' ·--¸--`' ¸--=--- --= :_» ·-'¸-,- --= »'-=--'
.ª',-=-'', ª--'`'' --',+'' =,== --=, ·-`'--`' -,''´-
¸- .´ ª-'¸- -'-,- Freund and Weinhold (2000) _'= ¸,-=-''- · 56 »'= ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' -'-·-- _'= --¸--`' ¸,`'- -,=, »-= _'' ·ª',- 1995 »'= ¸· ¸,`'-'' '-» -·-, ·
1996 ¸-'= ¸,- '- ',,-·- ¸,`'-'' '-» _--' '--,- · 1997 , 1999 - -¸,--'' .,-'' ¸· ¸-´' ¸,´, ¸,`'-'' '-» ¸' _'' --'= '-´ . »'= ¸,-`='-'' ¸--' ,¸=' ª-'¸- ¸·, .ª,-·'' .,-''- ª-¸'- 2004 ·
ª---- --¸--`' »'-=--' ¸· --',¸'' ¸' ¸,-- ·-'--='' -¸'=- _'= ¸,´¸-''- 10 ª---- ª,-=,'' ª,--='' -'¸-'-'' ,-- ¸- -,¸, ,¸=' ª',- ¸· % 1.7 ª---- ª,--='' -'-¸','', % 1.1 .%
.-,- '-´ (2002) Fink et al. - ¸'-=-' ¸- ¸`´' -,---, ª-,'---'' _'-'' ¸· ¸'=-`' ¸' _-'--'' -¸+=' -,= ·
',,-·- -¸'=-'' =-- _'= ¸`,- -`'--`' -,''´- ¸' _'' -`'--`' -,''´
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 143
¸'= '-´ .ª--'=--'' _'-'' ¸· ¸'=-`'- ª-¸'-- Clark (2008) ¸--'' ¸· ª,¸,---'' ª=--`' ¸-=, --¸--`' .,-,'' ¸' _'' ¸¸- ¸· .=-'' ª=-,--, ª--=-- .,-'' ¸· ª,--='', ª,='--'' -'=,
-´,, '-´ .',-' =-,, '-¸,' Meijers (2012) ..=-'' ª--=-- .,-'' ¸· ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' _'= '¸,`'- ¸-´' ¸,´, --¸--`' »'-=--' ¸' _'=
ª-'¸- ¸'=-, Thiemann (2012) ¸'=- ¸-=, ª',-=-'' --',+'' »'-=--' ¸' _'' .'+-- -'¸-'-''- ',-'- --¸--`' =--¸, '--,- ª+´'-'', -',¸-='' -
.ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·'' -','-- ¸-'' ª--'-'' -'-'¸-''
ª-'¸- -'-'+-;' _',' ¸-, (1995) Schware and Kimberley -¸'--'', -,''´-'', _·'--'' _'= -¸·-'' _'' --+- ¸-'' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸- .-·`' -'
.ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ª-'´- ¸-= ---- ¸¸,'' .=- ª---`' .`=' ª,'-·' ª,-'-' »,»'--, -'-,¸·- ª-'¸-'' »--- -,= .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--''
ª-'¸- ¸'=-, Portugal-Perez and Wilson (2010) ',=,',-´-' --,'¸--'' ª,-»`' _'' ¸· _,¸-'' .-'´-'' ----· .`=- _'=`' .,-'' ¸· -'¸-'-'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-''
»' ¸- -'--='', ª,-'-`' ª,--'', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -=--' ·ª,',-'' -,¸,-'' ª'-'- --',= -'=' ¸· -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' »
´ -· --', ª-'¸- -- Alburo (2011) =-- ª-'¸-'' _-·-, .ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-'', ·=¸'-='' -,-=- :'-» ·¸,··'- _'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸---' ª,'='-'' _·',-'' »'-=--' =¸'-='' -,-
-='' ¸-= ¸,'-'·--'' ¸,- .='--'', ª,·'--'' ¸,-=-, ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' -¸'-' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸' ª-'¸-'' -=-,' ·,¸=' ª,='- ¸- .-,
'' »,+-- ¸-- _-, ·-'-=-'' ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'', ·--'¸-'', »,-¸'' _·-, ·_,¸'--'', ¸,='¸-'' _'= .,-='', ·-'--='', _'-'' _,-, -'¸- ¸· -'·,¸-- ¸- _'' _'-=- ¸-'', ·ª,-,¸-´';' -¸'=-
¸,-= ª,'-=' '' ¸,-',· ª,,,-`' .,-'' ¸- -,-= --- ---'' '-» ¸·, .ª,-=-'' -'-,'·-'', -'-',-'' ª,-,-=, ¸-,¸-´';' _,·,-''- ¸'·-- ·¸,'-'·--'' .ª,-,¸-´'`' -`-'·-
,·'' ¸-= _'' ª='='', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' -,'¸--'' »'-=--`', ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' ¸· -¸=-'' _-,-'' _'= --¸- --', ¸- -¸'=-'' .,+-- ¸'' ª,',-'' -'-=--'' ¸- ¸,`´ »'--»' ª=,- ·ª,--'' ¸-'
:-'-=--'' ·-» ¸,- ¸-, .-'-'¸-'' »,---, -',·'--`' »'¸-' »'--»`' '-» ¸»'=- ¸-, .-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸--- .`=
- ª,-''·'' =¸'-='' ª-=-- World Customs Organization (WCO) ¸-'' · »'·' ,-,,´ ª,·'--' .,-·- _'' -·- 1974 ¸,'¸-· ¸· ª,·'--`' ·-+' --,-= ª·,- _'= '»-'-=' ¸,- ¸'--`', ·
2006 .ª,''·-''- »'-=--`' '-» ª-'´- »--- ¸' =¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- »'-=--' ----- ¸-'', ·
- ª-=''' ª,-'--·`' ª·-'-'' '-,¸,` --=--'' »-`' United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) ¸,,'·-'' ¸,,=-- --'· ¸-'' ª,',-'' .-'--'' -'-',-'' ¸-,¸-´'`'
¸,¸·-' ¸-''·'' ¸-'--·`', ¸¸'=-'' ,--'' ¸,-=-, ¸,---'' ¸,'·-'', ¸,,',-'' ¸· ¸''=- -¸'=-'' .,+-- .'-=`', ¸·, .ª,-,¸-´';' '-» ·¸',-'' _--' · ¸ »'= 1996 ¸´¸- »-`' --=--'' .,+--' -¸'=-''
.'-=`', ª,¸'=-'' ¸'=' ¸· ·ª,-,¸-´';' ª-=''' ª,-'--·`' ·'-,¸,` ----
´
', ª,'' ª´ -+- .,+-- -','-·'' ª,¸'=-'' ª,',-'' ª,-=,'', ¸- =,--- .`= ª--',-, -'-'¸=;' -,''-', -`-'·-'', ¸·--
-'-,'·-'' -'-',-'', .´' '- , ¸'·- ¸--' ---'' '-» ¸·, .ª,¸'=-'' -','-·''- '-» ¸´¸-'' ¸`´' ¸- 31 ª-,`, ª=,-=- -'--', -`,+--'' ·-» .,= -'-'-¸', -',-,- ¸---- ¸,-=-, »'=- --·'-''
--=','' '+' ¸-,-'-'' ¸'=;', ·',´-') 2012 .(
- ¸--,- »-`' --=--'' -¸'=-'' ª,---'', United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ¸-'', '=-'-¸- _-, ¸· ¸'-, .ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' ª---`
' ª-',= ·-¸'=-'' »== --',¸ ¸· ª'`-- ·ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=-' -'¸¸-- --= ·ª-= ª---- ·ª-'¸- ' ª,-'-`' ª,--'' _'' .,-,'' ª',+- ·_'--; ·-`'--`
= ¸- ª,¸'=-'' -','-·'' -¸'-' ¸· ¸'='' _'=-'' ª´¸'-- _'--' ¸= `-· ·ª,--=,''' -'--='', .--'' -'='=· ¸,- .='--'' ¸- -,¸- ¸,-=-, ·ª,'= -'--, ..'`-'' .,-- _'= ·-_-',-'' ª-=-= .`
ª,-''·'' ª,---'' ª-',- '+-' _'= '+,'' ¸=-, ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ª---' ¸'· ',-,'·' -·',-'' ·-» ¸,- .-'´-'', --=','' --·'-''- .-'·-'' ¸- ------'' ',-''=, (UNCTAD, 2006) .
- ª,---'', ¸-'--·`' ¸,'·-'' ª-=-- Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) »'= '+' ª---- ª-'¸- --'·- -,= 2005 ª---'- ·ª,-,-¸ ª--- ·
¸'-='' - _-'-¸- ¸- -¸= _» ª---`' -,''´- ¸' _'' --'=, .=¸'-='' ª---' -,''´-, _·'-- »,,-- ¸- ¸´-- ¸-'' -'-',-'' -¸-- ¸'' -¸'-' -·, ·= ¸,-'- ¸--- ¸-'', ·=¸'-='' ¸,,= 40 - 60 ¸''-=' ¸- %
'' .=`' ¸· --¸--`' »'-=--' ¸· _-,-'' _- -,''´-'' ·-» ¸'-=-' _·,--'' ¸-, ·-,''´-'' ·-'--'', -,¸+-'' ¸- -='' ---- -¸'-;', ¸=-'' --'-´ _'--¸' ¸· .`---· ª---`' _·'--- ¸'·-, '-,· '-' ..,,=
´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' -·, .,= ¸· ¸'-=-`'- _·'--'' ·-» ¸',· »-, '-
'-''=, .-`-'·-'' -'¸=' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' .,= ¸= _-'-'' ¸,='-'', _'-'' ¸ ) ( OECD, 2005 .
- - ª,-''·'' -¸'=-'' ª-=- World Trade Organization (WTO) .,=, ---·-'' ª,='¸·,¸,-'' -'-'¸=;' ª-'= ·-¸'=-'' ª-'´- _·¸ ¸· ª,´¸-='' ¸,= ¸-',·'' ª,-»'- ª-=--'' ¸- '´'¸-' ·
ª',= ª,·'--' ----- --· ·'»-'+-' ¸· ¸¸·---'' -·,'' ' ,=¸, ' ¸ 1994 ) -',-'' ¸- ª=,-=- 5 8, 10, ( =,--- '+-,- ¸- ¸-'', ·-,-='' ¸-= ¸,-·'' ª,¸=- _--- ¸-'' ª,-'-`' ,-'--'' .,=
'-=--', ·-'-,'·-'' _'' -'--'' ª=¸- ¸'--, -¸'=-'' -'-----' -'-',- --='· -'--' ·'+-=---, ª-,'=-'' -'-----'', ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' --=','' --·'-'' » `', ·ª,¸'=-'' -'-----'' ¸· .-'·-'' ª-'·--
.¸--'' ª',-,´ --¸--`'-
»'= -¸,·'·-- ¸· --·--'' ¸¸'¸,'' '»¸--,- ¸· ·'+''-=' .,-= _'' -¸'=-'' .,+-- _,-,- ª,-''·'' -¸'=-'' ª-=-- -·'-' '-´ 1996 ) -¸-· _'¸-' »-, . 27 »'·' ª,---'' ª=,-'' ¸`=' ¸-- ·( 2001 ·
'=- -¸--', .-¸'=-'' .,+-- -'-¸'--- -,-=- ----- »'= ¸- ,,',, ¸+- ¸· ·-'-=`' .,-'' -`, 2004 ¸'=
´
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'-''=, =¸'-- '-» ¸· »'=-'' -'¸'¸, -¸'=-'' ª='¸¸'', ª,-=`',
144 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
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¸- UNCTAD `-'·-'' -'=` ¸'`' --'='' ª=-',- ª,´¸-='' -¸'-;' »'=- ,», · ·'+=,---, ª,´¸-='' -'-'¸=;' ª---' .`= ¸- ¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' ª,'-= -·, .,'-- _'' --+,, .ª,¸'=-'' -
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´ ¸- -,¸- ¸' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' ¸´-, -,´ _'= ',·'´ `,'- ª,--,-'' -¸'=-'' ª´-- -'--' ¸= ª=-'-'' ª,-'=,;' ¸'``' .ª,-,´='' -¸'-;' --'-
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) »·¸ .,-='' ¸=',, 1 ¸-'= ¸,- '- ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ·-» '+---- ¸-'' ¸-,¸-´';' .-'--'' ª-=-' ( 2008 - 2009 .
»-= ·.,-'' ·-» ¸· ·¸-,¸-´';' .-'--'' ª-=-' .-= ¸,·, -·, »'=--' ¸-'-¸+´'' ¸',-'' ¸', _'-- ¸'·-' -`,-,- ª=¸-'' ª,''= --¸--;' . ¸´-, '-´ ¸' »-= '-,' ----, -,=, »=-, _,¸--
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»=¸''- ¸- -,=, ¸-,¸-´'' »'=- .
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) »·¸ ¸''-'' .,-='' '+----, 3 »'·¸' .'´-`'- '+-= ¸-·-'', .( (1, 2, 3) -=,,, .'»¸`´' ¸'¸·'' ¸', -'-----'' --=, -·,'' -,= ¸- ª,-¸·'' .,-'' .·' _» --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-`' ª',- ¸' _--, .
'' ¸,- -¸'-- -'-----'' --=, -·,'' .,= =--¸' '-´ .='-' »¸`'' -·,'' ¸· ¸,-´'' -,'--'' »=¸ ·¸,---'', -'¸,--`' ª-,'=-'' -'-----'' --= ¸· .,- -'¸,--`' ª-'´- _'--¸' ¸- _-', ,» '-´ ·ª-'´-''-
---'' --=, -'-¸','' -·, ¸' ==`, ª-'= ª---, ..,-'' ª,--- ª-¸'-- ¸'¸·'' ¸· ¸,---'', ¸'-`' ¸· ,» -'¸-'-'' ¸- -¸= ¸' _'' _=¸, '-», ·-'¸-'-'' ¸,-- '+- ª=--¸-'' ª-'´-'', -'--
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 145
.-¸,---
) »·¸ .,-='' -,-,, 4 ' ¸· ( ) ª,-¸·'' ª-=--'' _-, _'= -¸·-' -`,+--'' -,= ¸- »''·'' ¸='-- ª,-- ¸,- (',-,¸·' .'--, =-,`' ¸¸-'' .,- '+--- ¸-'', ª,¸'=-'' · -' _--, -,= ¸· --- '+
-,= ¸- =-, -·,- ª-'´-'', -·,'', -'-----'' --= .
6 . ¸~'--¹ì ¿-;--¹ì
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-`,+--'' ¸· ·¸,-- ¸`,, -· ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== ¸' ,», ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'' »== _'= ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸`' ¸',-- ¸'·-, '-,· ¸-,-¸ ¸,´- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸· ¸'-`--`' ª,-='' ª·---''· .ª,¸'=-''
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=- ·¸,--- »-, ·--='--'' -'¸,·--'' »'-=--'- ·_--- ¸'-=-' _-,-- _'= ·ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'=' -`=- ·ª-'¸-'' ·-» ---·- ·ª,'= -'--, ·-» -,--, ·¸,-'=¸- _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸
, .'--=' --=- ¸· ª-,¸='' ---- ¸,=, -¸,=-- _-'-- -'==' ¸· ----, '-- ·ª,'='- -'¸,·-- -,=, ¸' ·'=='' -=, ª'-'·-'' ¸- ¸-,`' --'='' -'¸,·-- ¸,- ='--¸' -,= ¸,`'- -'-` ¸'¸-·' _-, .ª
,'', -'¸-'-'' _'= '»¸,-- ¸`,- ¸-'', ·-¸'=-'' -,''´-' ,¸=' -'--=- ¸',· ª-'¸-'' ·-» .,'=- ·ª,·'¸·='' ª·'--'' :ª,''-'' -`-'·-'' .`= ¸- ª-= ¸,-·-'' ¸´-, '- '-», .-'-¸' ¸ _ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
-,= ª',-'' ¸· ·ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸´,¸-`' ¸`,-''- ª,·'-'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _» i ¸-¸'' ¸· t ¸-·-, . `'- ¸´,¸-`' ¸`,-''- ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,· ¸= ª',-'' ¸· ·ª,¸'='' ¸'·- i
¸-¸'' ¸· t . Export Cost '--,- -'¸-'-'' ª-'´- _» ¸-·- Import Cost .`-,, .-'-¸','' ª-'´- ¸= GDP ¸' ¸,= ¸· · ª',-'' »== Cor .-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸-,-
1.6 . ~'-'--¹ì ,-'~-; ~ì,-·--¹ì
.1.1.6 ·--¹ì ¿-'-¹ì ,-
ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,·, ª,·'-'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· .`-,, · .ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸´,¸-`' ¸`,-''-
2.1.6 . ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì
-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª-'´- Export Cost and Import Cost »,-¸'' ª-'´-'' ·-» ¸,-- : ª-,¸--'' ª·- ª,,'= _'= 20
'--· ¸- ='--'' ¸`,-''- ª ¸´,¸-`' . »-,, _'¸-' »,-¸'' _,-=
ª=--¸-'' -'-'¸=;' -'-,--'- ¸,---- ª-'·--'' _'-'' ,' '»-'¸,--' . .--,, ='- -,''´-'' »,-¸'', ·-'-----''- ª-'='' ª,¸'-;' ¸,'=-'' ¸´¸-='' ·ª,--'' ª-'·¸'', -'=-,'' »,-¸, ·¸,,´¸-='' »,-¸,
ª','--'' .'-=' ¸· _-',-'' '', .-- .--- `, ..='-'' ª-'´-'' ª-,¸·-'' ,' »,-¸'', ª,´¸-='' -,''´-'' ª=--¸-'' `, .¸¸=-'' .--''- _'¸-' »-, `' -,''´-'' ª,--¸'' .
-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' Cor ¸'-' --'· : (2008) Pomfret and Sourdin ª-'´- ¸· ¸`,- ¸-'' -'¸,·--'' ¸- ·¸'--='- -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ª,-»' _'' ¸,='-'' -'-'¸= _'--¸' ¸· ----, -'--''· ·-¸'=-''
ª-'¸- --'·, .ª-'´-'' -,¸, '-- ª,-¸`' »,-¸, Shepherd (2010) ¸,'-'·--'' ª-=¸' ª=,--´ -'--'' --',¸ _'' ¸-,, -·,'' .,= ¸' -¸--=', ·-·,'', -¸'=-''- ¸'·--'' -'--'' ¸,- ª·`·'' ª-'¸- _'=
-' -¸,-- »+-`-'·- ¸'=-' ¸· ª-'¸-
'-,' ª,'' -¸'-' '- '-», ·-,-¸'' _·- .`= ¸- _¸ (2006) Nordas et al. ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸= ª=-'-'' --',-'' ¸- ··¸´- ¸-- '-´ ·-'--'' ¸- -='' -·,,
»== _'= ',-¸= -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸`,, ¸' _·,--'' ¸- ·ª,'= -'--, .ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' .-'-¸','', -'¸-'-''
ª',-'' »== GDP ,--`', ¸,---'' _'= ª',-'' -¸-· -,¸- ¸' _·,--'' ¸- -,= .ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸`,-''- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-''- ª-= ¸,-·-'' ¸´-,, : .'+-== ¸-´ _- -'¸
3.1.6 . ---'~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì
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-, ¸-'', .¸´¸-='' ¸,'=-'' -·, ¸· ¸'-=-`' .`= ¸- ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ,' ª---`' _·'-- ¸',· = ·¸,-- ¸´· -¸---' --· '-' .-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' --',¸ _'
-'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -·, »'-=--' _'= ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' (Time) .-'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' »== _'= ¸-'-- ¸,= .´-- ¸`,, -='-- ¸,·--´
-'--=' »-, -·,'' --¸,---'' ,' -¸---'' _-'--'' ¸,'=-' ª-¸`'' -'-'¸=`' ¸- ª==' ---'' --' _-=, .ª-'-, '-', ¸'´ ¸- ¸´--'' -'¸=' -'-,--' _,¸-- '- .-'-- ª-'´- ·ª,·'-' ¸,´,
'='--
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'¸=- »-·'
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-'¸=' ¸,-- »-,, .¸,='- ¸',· -'-'¸=;' '»,'-,--' ¸´-, ¸-'' -¸,-- ª,¸',-- · ¸ -·, -=', . »-,, -·, _'¸-' ¸'=--`' ¸,- .,-- _'= ·-'-'¸=;' ·.'`-'' ª,'-= -'-`' _,¸-- ª',-='' '-» ¸· ¸',--'' .
'- -'-'¸=;' _,'¸--, ¸,- ª--·- _-'--'' ¸· '+-,'·-, _-,---'' _'' ¸=- _'-'' ¸- -'-,- / ª---''- '-' ._,¸='' ---- ·--¸,---'' _'-'' -'-'¸=;' ¸'· '--- - ¸ .,-, ª-,--'' _'' -'-,- / ----
.,=-'' _-=, ª-=-'' »,'-- ·-'=-,---'' ¸· `, .=-- -'-='' ¸· ---'' '-+·¸·--, ¸'-''' ª-'´-'', ª,--¸'' .--'' ¸¸=-'' . _·-'' »-,, -'== ª=-',- ·-'--=' »-,, -·,'' -=' -'-----'', ª-'´-'', ª-¸`''
-'== ¸'--; -'--=`' ,·- ª- ¸'==;' ,' ¸'--=`' ¸ .
¸¸, `- -¸'=-'' »,+-- ¸,-=- ,=- ',·- ·ª,·¸,'' -'-----'' _'= -'--=`' .,'-- _'' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- -'-,-=- -,-- Paperless Trade .`---`' ¸´-, '-' · -'-----'' --·-
) (DOC '-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=-' ¸=' ¸-,-´ -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª-,'=-'' .-`'--`', -
146 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
:¸', '-´ --='--'' -'¸,·--'' »-- ¸-'' ª'-'·-'' ¸= ¸,-·-'' ¸´-,,
¸-·- -,= ·¸,---'' ª-'´- ,' -'¸,--`' ª-'´- ¸= ·¸,---'' ,' -'¸,--`' -·, ¸,--`' ª-¸`'' -'-----'' --= .¸,---'' ,' -'
4.1.6 . -'~- ~'-'--¹ì ,
- World Bank, World Development Indicators Database.
- World Bank, World Governance Indicators Database.
- World Bank, Doing Business Project..
- ¸-= _-'-'' --·'' ·',´-;' ª-=--' ª,=¸'='' -¸'=-'' -¸-- · 2010 .
2 .6 . --- ¿-'-- ¸~'--¹ì ¿-;--¹ì ,-
-'¸=' »- ª,-,¸=-'' -`,'=-'' ¸- -,-= · -','= '+'`= ¸- .´'--'' ¸- ,'=- »' _-'--'' ¸´', ·--¸,---'', -¸---'' _'-'' ¸- _',-' ¸= -'-',- _'= -'--=`'- ¸-',-'' _-,--'' ¸,--- ª-'¸-''
ª,-',-'' · _-'' ª,-'+-'' _-'--'' _'' --'= ¸' _'' -=', '+ .,-='' ) »·¸ 5 ) »·¸ .,-='', ( 6 ( . ¸--, ` '-- ª-=,- --'= ª-'·-'' -¸'-' ¸' '-´ ·¸,---'' ª-'´-- ¸`'-- ` ª,·'-'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· ¸' _--,,
ª',-'' »==, -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- ª,,-·- _-'--'' -=-,' ¸,= ¸· .¸-'--·`' ¸=--'' _- - ¸= `-· ·(¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-''- ª-= '¸-·-) ¸'-=-`' ª=-- ª,,-·-' ·¸-'-'' »'·'' ¸· '+--,-- '»¸`'
¸-'-'' AR(1) ¸· ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,·, ·-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- '-= '-,· -'¸,·--'' ª,,-·- ª,·'-'' -'-¸','' ª-,-' ª---''- _-'--'' ¸+=- »', . ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸'- _-'--'' ·-» -,--, .¸-'-'' »'·''
`', -'-,'·-'' .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _'= ·¸,-- ¸`,, ¸-'', -'--'' ¸- -='' ¸· '=-', '¸,`'- ª' ¸'´ -`'--
'' _'= '-'---' ·ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸-- -·,'' ¸,·-- _'¸-', --='-- -'¸,·--´ -'-----'' --=, -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸-,- _'= -'--=`'-, ¸'--=' »- ¸-'' ª,'-'--'' ª·`· ª-'·--`' .`= ¸- '»'
--='-- ¸'-=-' ª'-'·-- Auxiliary Regression .,-=''- -¸, '-' '-·, _-'--'' --'= -·, .',,-·- ¸·-'' '-+-·- _'= ¸'¸`,, ¸,¸,·--'' `´ ¸' ¸,-- .¸´·'', ·-'--'' _'= -·,'' ¸'-=-` ) »·¸ 7 (
), 7 '= ¸,`'-'' ¸· ª-'´-'', -·,'' ¸- .´ ª,,-·- _'' ¸,--' ( --= ¸'-=-', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- ¸= _-'-'' -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸' -,-, '- ,», .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _
.ª-'´-'', -·,'' .`= ¸- -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· ¸· ',,-·- ¸`,, -'-----''
7 ì ;--¹ì; ~-;¹ì Q-- ª->·¹ì . ¡-'~--V
_-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-''- '-'-- ·¸-'--·`' ,--'' .-·- _'= '-'=,' -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸--- ¸= _-'-'' -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸`,, ,' -'¸-'-'' -·, ¸'-=-` ª=,-- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-''
¸' _'= ¸,`·'' »-, »' ·ª--'-'' -'-'¸-'' ¸'' _,=¸''-, .-=', »,,- -'-¸','' -·, ,--'', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª·`·'' -=- _'= =-· -¸--·' ¸´', ·¸``' '-» ¸',· ¸',-- ª-'¸-
ª-'¸- ·-'-'¸-'' ·-» ¸,- ¸-, .ª',-=-'', ª--'`'' --',+'' =,== --=, --¸--`' ¸--=--- --= ¸-,- »'-=--'- ·¸-'--·`' ¸=-¸,-'' ) 2010 ( ¸-'' '' _'= ¸,-=-''- -'-,- -¸--'' .`= ª,-¸·'' .,-
) 2000 - 2009 .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´-' -=,-'', ¸,-·-'' ¸,`'-'' _'' ·(
_,¸-- »--,, TC Boost -'' _'= ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸= ª=-'-'' ¸'``' -'-= ·--¸--`' _'= _'--'' ª··,- .`= ¸- ·ª,´,¸-`' ª-,·-'' ¸- »---'' ,,---, ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·
¸· ='-, ·-=,-'' 130 ..=-'' ª=-,--, ª--=-- ª',-
»'·' ª,¸'='' ¸'·-`'- ¸`,-''- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸= ¸',-'' =--'' -'-',- »'-=--'-, 2010 ,- ¸,,'-''- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-'' -'-= »- (ª,-''·'' ª,---'' -'¸-,-) ·¸´,¸-' ¸`
-'' '+--, ¸-'' .,-'' ª=,-=-' ¸---- ·.,- -¸-= ¸· ·-=', »,,- -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -·, ¸'-=-' ---- ¸-=--'', ·¸-'--·`' ,--'' ¸-,-´ ) »·¸ .,-='' _-,,, ._·,-''- _'--'' ¸-, 9 _-'--'' (
¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-'' _'--¸' '+-- _--, ¸-'', ·='-- ª-'·--'' ¸,- '- ¸´ -
´
· -,= · ¸-- ¸· -=', »,,- -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' -·, ¸'-=-' ¸= _-'-'' (833.498 - 1,486.778) ¸`,- ¸,,'-
) ¸,- '- _,'¸-,, ·¸,---'' -·,' ª---''- ¸´,¸-' 165.873 - 841.039 ,» ',-'-,¸,- ¸· ¸,`'-'' '-» ¸'´ '--,- .-'¸,--`' -·,' ª---''- ¸´,¸-' ¸`,- ¸,,'- ( _-'-'' ¸· ¸,·-'' _,'¸-, -,= ·.·`'
¸,- '- ¸''-=;' ¸'=-'' 7.465 - 18.251) ¸,- '- _,'¸-, ·-=', »,,- ¸,---'' -·, ¸· ¸'-=-`' .-'-- ¸´,¸-' ¸`,- ¸,,'- ( (5.997 - 17.084) -'¸,--`' -·, ¸· ¸'-=-`' .-'-- ¸`,- ¸,,'-
.-=', »,,-
8 ì . ~'-~;-¹ì; ¿-'--¹ì; ª~>=¹
-- -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,- ª-'¸- .`= ¸- ·ª,-'-' ª--- ·ª,',-'' -¸'=-'', -·,'' ¸-= ¸,- ª·`·'' -=- _'' ª-'¸-'' --+- »¸`'' -·,'' .,'-- ¸· ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ¸
, .¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= '-,' ='- ¸,`'- -=-, ·¸,---'', -'¸,--`' _'= ¸,-=-''- ª·`·'' ·-» ¸',· ¸· _--- ¸'-=-' _-,--- ª-'·--`' »- --' 16 ) -¸--'' .`= ª,-¸= ª',- 2005 - 2011 ,--' '-·, (
', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=-' -'¸-,- '-»¸'--='- --='--'' -'¸,·--'' ¸-- -'-----'' --=, -·,'' ¸,·-- _-, »- --', .-'-',-'' ¸·',- ='-, ·-`'--` ª·'-' _- ·-¸'=-'' ª-'´- _'= '-»¸`' -=-'
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 147
· ª-'·--`' »-, .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' _'= -'¸,·--'' ·-» ¸`' ¸,-, _-,-- ¸· ª',-'' »==, -'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- _'' ¸,=`' _'= ,¸·-'' -'·-¸-'' ª-,¸=- ¸-',-'' _-,--'' ¸,--- ¸
.¸,-'=¸-
»-·- -,--' _-'--'' --'= --', »'·'' _- '-» ·-'--'' ¸· »´=-'' ¸,·-- ª,,-·-, ·ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' ª-,· _'= ¸,`'-'' ¸· -'¸,--`', ¸,---'' ª-'´- ª,,-·- ¸· ¸'-=-`'- --=-, ¸,=`' ¸'
¸,·-- »'-=--' »- -,= ·--='--'' -'¸,·--'' .'----' _-, .-`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸= _-'-'' -·,'' -'¸,·--'' ¸-- -·,'' »'-=--', ·--='-- -'¸,·--´ -'-----'' --=, -'--'' ¸· »´=-''
`' ª·`= _'' ª-'¸-'' -·¸=- '-´ .ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', -'¸-'-'' _'= ¸,`'-'' ¸· ª-'´-'', -·,'' ª,,-·-- -,--' _-'--'' --'= ·ª'----'' ¸· ¸,·-'' ¸' _--', ·¸-'--·`' ,--''- -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=- _-'-''
.',-'-,¸,- ¸· ª·`·'' ·-» --·- ¸,= ¸· .ª-'= ª--- ¸-- ¸· '=,='- ¸'´ ¸-'--·`' ,--'' ¸-,-´ ¸''-=;' ¸'=-''
¸-= _'' ¸-,- (-'--'' ¸· »´=-'', -'-----'' --= ¸¸-,-- '+-= '¸-·-) -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸' ¸`=--' ¸´-, ª-'· ·¸-- '-- -, ª-'´-'', -·,'' -'¸-'-'' ª-,· --',¸ »` ¸
-'--·`' ,--'', -·,'' ¸· ¸'-=-`' ¸,- ª,-¸='' ª·`·'' ¸= `-· ·ª,·'-'' -'-¸','', .ª-'¸-'' ª,-¸· .,-· ¸''-''-, .¸
¸,·,-, ·'+' ª-¸`'' ª,-'-`' ª,--''- »'--»`', -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸,-=- -'·,·- ª''¸' -¸,¸-- ª-'¸-'' ¸-,-, ¸-,¸-´'`' .-'--'' ¸'---' »=- _'= .-·'', ·ª-¸--'' ª''-·''
_'' ª-',-'' ¸·-'- ¸=- ª-'¸-'' ª=,-, .ª,-¸·'' .,-'' _,-= ¸· --=','' --·'-'' »'=- ¸,-=- .`= ¸- -'-----'' --= .,'--, ·-'-',-'' ¸,·,- -¸,¸-, ·ª,-·'--'' -¸,-'' --=-´ -·,'' ¸--= ª,-»'
ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' -- ¸'· ·-,-- _'' ª,'+-'' ¸· »=¸-, -·,'' ¸· -'--·`' ¸' -,=, .¸´-- -·, .·' ¸· ='+---'' --¸,---'', -¸---'' _'-'' .,-, ¸--- ¸-'' ¸- -='', .'-=`' ª-¸'-- .,+
.¸-'--·`' ,--'' ¸,¸·- _'' -,-, ª,='¸·,¸,-'' '¸,=', »' .,'=-- ¸'·-- ¸-'' -'-'¸-'' ¸- -,¸-- ª-¸'-'' _-,- ª,-·'--'' -¸--'' ¸,¸·- ¸· ='- ¸`' ¸',·, _'--;' -·-, -'-`' ·-·,'' ¸· -'--·`' ª,-
-·,'' ª-,`´ _'-'' ¸· ª',-'' .
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.¸',-'' =--'' ) 2010 .( ¸'-- ¸,¸-- --' ª- .'-=`' ª= .--¸--;' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·
» ·¸=-¸,-'' ) . 2010 ¸',-·- ¸-'='' ¸',-'' ¸--'-'' _'' »--- -=- ·"ª,-¸·'' .,-'' ¸· ¸-'--·`' ,--'' _'= -`'--`', -'-,'·-'' ',=,',-´- ¸`' .( .= ¸· ª,-¸·'' .'-=`' -'-=-- ¸· ¸¸´-'' .'-'' ¸'¸
ª`,-='' -',-'--·`' = ª·-'= · ·ª,-·-'' ª,='¸--,-'' ª,¸-'¸='' ª,¸,+-='' ·-'-''- ¸'=,- ¸- ª-,- 13 - 14 .¸---,-
ª-=''' ª,-'--·`' ª,='--=`', ¸-¸·' ',-' – ',´-;' . ) 2012 .( ª-'¸- .,= -'--' --·'-'' .,+--' '+-,-=-, --=','' -¸'=-'' ¸· ·¸'-,-'' --=--'' »-`' .
ª,',-'' ª,---'' ª,´,¸-`' ª''´,'' . ) 2012 .( .¸-¸`' ·ª,-'`'' ª--'' _-'-- ¸,¸-- :¸-'`'' ¸''-'' _`-;' _,¸--
· ·¸'-= . ) 2009 .( ·"ª,¸,-'', ª,-¸·'' -¸'=-'' _'= _·,--'' '»¸`', ª,¸'=-'' -`,+--'' ª,='¸¸'' -'-',-'' ¸-=,'' ¸´¸-'' ·',¸,- ·¸='¸¸'' _`-;', ª='¸¸'' -¸'¸, · »·¸ ·-'-',- ¸='- 31 .
¸=`-''
J;ì-=¹ì :V;ì
J;-= 1 - ¸-'- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q- --- ¸- ª--=-¹ì '--;,--¹ì ~'-'--¹ì J-'-- ª-=-ì 2008 - 2009 .
ª-=-Vì _--=-¹ì J=- J;-¹ì
-'-=--' »'=-'' ¸-,¸-´';' .-'--' -'-',-'' ,' ª-,-=- ·¸-,- ·¸'-,-'' ·-,,´'' ·¸-¸`' ¸-,''
¸,-=- -','-= ¸,---'' -----'' _'' .,'=- ¸='=-'' '+-,-=- ,' ¸-,'' ·¸'-,-'' ·¸-¸`'
ª,´¸-='' -¸'-;' ¸,-=- -,,´''
-¸'=-'' ª-¸`'' -'-----'' --= ¸,-=- --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;'
_-',-'' ¸· -'-'¸=;' ¸,-=- --=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;' ·-,,´''
¸',-'' =--'' :¸---'' . ·--¸--`' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·.'-=`' ª=--' ª-¸'-- ¸,¸-- 2010 .
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J;-= 2 - ;'- ª-,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~-¹ì ª-;·~; ª¹;¢~ ~-= Q- J;-¹ì ª--,- . 2009
ª¹;¢~ ,--Vì J;-¹ì ~--,-¹ì ª-;·~ ,--Vì J;-¹ì ~--,-¹ì
-¸,·'·-- 1 ¸'--´-¸,' 174
_-,´ _-,» ¸,-'' · 2 ¸--,¸,- 175
',-,--' 3 ,-'· '-,´¸,- 176
'--'-· 4 ¸'=,-¸-' 177
--=--'' ª,-¸·'' -'¸'-;' 5 ,·-,´'' ª,¸,+-= 178
=¸'---'' 6 ¸'--´,='= 179
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_,,¸-'' 9 ¸'--='¸'´ 182
'--- 10 ¸'---'··' 183
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ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 149
'´-'', ·-·,'' ·-'-----'' --= -,- ¸· ¸'´'' -,-¸-'' =-,-- _'= -'-- .,-'' -,-¸- »-,* .¸,---'', -'¸,--`' ª'-'·- »'--; ª-¸`'' ª-
J;-= 3 - ;'- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- -;-=¹ì ,-- -,'=-¹ì ~>-¢~- ª-,'-- 2012 .
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¸'¸·'' 180 10 80 3,550 10 83 3,650
¸-¸`' 58 6 13 825 7 15 1,335
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¸'--' 93 5 22 1,050 7 32 1,250
-¸·-'' 43 6 11 577 8 16 950
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',¸,- 122 8 15 1,190 9 21 1,625
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-'¸'-`' 5 4 7 630 5 7 635
·'' ª--'', -¸= ª,-¸ 114 6 23 1,310 6 40 1,295
¸-,'' 118 6 27 890 9 25 1,475
:¸---'' ¸',-'' =--'' . ·--¸--`' _'= -'-',-'' --='· ·.'-=`' ª=--' ª-¸'-- ¸,¸-- 2010 .
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The World Bank, Doing Business Project,http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders :¸---''
J;-= 5 - ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì,-'~¹ì ª---¹ -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C -5.701969 3.343066 0.0922
XCOST? 0.000205 0.000585 0.7267
COR? 0.534637 0.252088 0.0372
LOG(GDP?) 1.182929 0.148251 0.0000
AR(1) 0.537480 0.108110 0.0000
150 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
D. W= 2.29 Pro(F.stat.)=0.00000 F stat.= 266.3367 R
2
= 0.92
* ¸,---'' -·, »'-=--' »- .(-'-----'' --= --= -·-) .--='-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'',
J;-= 6 - ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì-,ì;¹ì ª---¹ -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C 27.83881 14.47476 0.0585
COR? 2.654157 1.180698 0.0277
MCOST? -0.000376 0.001584 0.8129
LOG(GDP?) 0.354453 0.478361 0.4612
AR(1) 0.984926 0.031406 0.0000
D. W= 2.14 Pro(F.stat.)=0.00000 F stat.= 1024.508 R
2
= 0.93
-'¸,--`' -·, »'-=--' »-* .(-'-----'' --= --= -·-) .--='-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'',
J;-= 7 - ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì,-'~¹ì -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C 14.62332 16.44881 0.3775
TIMEX? -0.083490 0.026259 0.0023
XCOST? -0.004414 0.001724 0.0130
LOG(GDP?) 0.599066 0.632404 0.3473
AR(1) 0.210639 0.224645 0.3522
D. W= 2.4 Pro(F.stat.)=0.00000 F stat.= 53.74032 R
2
= 0.83
-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'', -'-----'' --=, -'--'' ¸-,- »'-=--' »-* .--='
.ª==¸-'' ¸,= --'`'' ¸``' ª-,¸=- ¸,---'' »- **
J;-= 8 - -¹ì ~'-¹·- ,---- ¿-'-- ª-·¹~¹ì ~ì-,ì;¹¹ -,~--¹ì ~ì,-·- .
ª¹--~-¹ì ~ì,-·--¹ì ~'-¹·-¹ì ª--- ¡,'-·-¹ì ~ì,=-Vì ª-¹'--=ì t
C 35.11339 9.292131 0.0004
TIMEM? -0.086852 0.016425 0.0000
MCOST? -0.000372 0.000212 0.0854
LOG(GDP?) -0.353668 0.372066 0.3459
AR(1) 0.319845 0.120845 0.0105
D. W=1.98 Pro(Fstat.)=0.00 Fstat.= 512.853 R
2
= 0.9
-'' ¸-,- »'-=--' »-* .--='-- -'¸,·--´ ª'----'' -'¸,·--'', _-'-'' ¸,·--'' -'=--'' »,-'', -'-----'' --=, -'-
.ª==¸-'' ¸,= --'`'' ¸``' ª-,¸=- ¸,---'' »- **
J;-= 9 - Vì ;--¹ì _¹- ~-;¹ì ¸- ç'-=-Vì ,-ì ;'- ¡-'~-- 2010 (¸--,-ì ,V;- Q;-¹-¹'- ;--¹ì ) .
ª¹;-¹ì
GDP
-=ì; ;;-- ,--~-¹ì ~-; ç'-=-V ª=---
GDP
-=ì; ;;-- -ì,--~Vì ~-; ç'-=-V ª=---
¸-'¸='' 458.250 - 941.670 0.000 - 447.078
¸-- 833.498 - 1,486.778 165.873- 841.039
¸-¸`' 136.353 - 215.219 198.106 - 287.646
¸'--' 170.489 - 286.902 197.711- 322.471
',-'-,¸,- 7.465 - 18.251 5.997 - 17.084
-¸·-'' 427.479 -698.477 286.469 - 567.078
¸'-,-'' 456.595 - 656.544 105.293 - 310.293
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152 151
',¸,- 210.208 - 385.730 128.343 - 308.910
¸-,- 323.283 - 455.310 232.876 - 368.764
¸-,'' 41.947 - 134.593 27.223 - 122.747
-´ = :¸---'' :_'= '-'--=' ·ª`='-'' ª=-',- - USAID, TC Boost, Supporting Trade Capacity Worldwide,
http://www.tcboostproject.com/resources/tools/impactcalculator.php?country_id=220#input
J'-~Vì :'--'-
J-~ 1 - ~ì---~-¹ì ---; -ì,--~Vì ~-; ~-= Q- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- ª-,'-- .
152 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 139–152
J-~ 2 - ì ~-; ~-= Q- ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- ª-,'-- ~ì---~-¹ì ---; -ì,--~V .
J-~ 3 - ª--,·¹ì J;-¹ì Q-- ª-,'-- ~ì,-'~¹ì; ~ì-,ì;¹ì ª-¹-- ~-= Q- .
doc_637091006.pdf