Description
This research paper aims to see the theoretical and practical views of the impact of management talents on
the company performance, and following a descriptive approach that helps to stimulate ideas and attract
multidimensional interests. To achieve this goal, we focused on modern literature to address this issue
through multiple angles, including: educational psychology, demographic changes, historical development
of human resources, the location of TM in light of the knowledge economy, and what said the theorists
and practitioners. Through the study on the impact of talent management system on the performance of the
national company of juice and canned-food unit MANAA, we approved the hypothesis, which states the
existence of a significant impact of the talent management system on company performance
2214-4625/$ – see front matter © 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2014.05.011
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
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j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213668154440; fax: +21333860620.
E-mail address: megrizakia@yahoo/fr
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
Conference Title
??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? : ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????
???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? – (?????) ???? ????
The Impact of Talent Management System on the Enterprise
Performance: a Study on a Sample of Workers in National Company
of Juice and Canned-food Unit MANAA (Batna)
???? ???? *
?????? ????? ????? 05000 ??????? ?
Zakia MEGRI*
Batna University, BATNA 05000, ALGERIA
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 03 January 14
Received in revised form 13 March 14
Accepted 09 May 14
Keywords:
Talent
Talent Management
Company Performance
National Company Of Juice And
Canned-Food Unit MANAA
:????????? ???????
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????? ???????
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????
A B S T R A C T
This research paper aims to see the theoretical and practical views of the impact of management talents on
the company performance, and following a descriptive approach that helps to stimulate ideas and attract
multidimensional interests. To achieve this goal, we focused on modern literature to address this issue
through multiple angles, including: educational psychology, demographic changes, historical development
of human resources, the location of TM in light of the knowledge economy, and what said the theorists
and practitioners. Through the study on the impact of talent management system on the performance of the
national company of juice and canned-food unit MANAA, we approved the hypothesis, which states the
existence of a significant impact of the talent management system on company performance.
????
??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? .?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??
???????? ????? ??? :???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? TM ?? .?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???
???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??
????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? .??????? ????
© 2013 xxxxxxxx. Hosting by ElsevierB.V. All rights reserved.
© 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 157
1 . ???????
??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????
???? ??? .?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????
????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? . ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? .???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???
???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? .
????? "????? ???" ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? .????? ??? ????
???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???
.???????? ?????
?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?
???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? .???????? ???????? ???????
??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????
????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???
??? ??????? .?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ???????? ?????
?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???
.???
.1. 1 ??????? ?????
?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? :
?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? :
- ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????
- ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??
- ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???
1.2. ??????? ????? ??
????? ????? ??????? :??? ???????
- ??????? :??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
???????? ??? :??????? .???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????
- ??????? :?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? :????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?
????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? .
1.3. ??????? ??????
????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? :
???? ???? ??????? ?????
?
?????? ????? ?????? ?? .??????? ????
:????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????
? 1 .??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? :
? 2 .??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? :
? 3 ??? ??????? ????? ???? : .??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
? 4 ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? :
1.4. ??????? ?????
???? ??? ??????? ??? :
- ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????
- ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??
???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? – (?????) ???? ???? ?
- ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?
- ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
???????? ????
- ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????
?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? .????
1.5. ??????? ?????
???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? :
- ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????
???????? ???????? ?
- ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????
?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?
- ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
.?????? ??????? ??? ????
1.6. ??????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? :???????
- ?????? :?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? .???????
- ?????? :???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????
??? .??????? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ???? .
2. ??????? ????????
????? ????? ????? ?? ????) ????? 2012 " ?????? ?( ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
?"??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????
?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? " ????? ??????? ".
?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???
??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ?????? .???????
????? ????) ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? 2011 ?( ?????? " ???????? ??
??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?"??????? ???? ??????
?
????
?
?????
????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????
?
???? ?? ?????? ???????
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????
??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????
???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? .
) ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? 2011 ?????" ?????? ?( ??? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?" ??????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? :???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??
???????? ????? :?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??
???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????
??????????? ?? ???????? ???? .???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??
????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????
????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? .
???? ?????) ????? ??????? 2012 ?????? ?( " ????? ????? :??????? ?????
???????? ????????? " ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? .?????????? ??????? ??????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
) SETS ( ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????
????? 67,33 % ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? . ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? .??????? ??????
?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??
??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ????? ???
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???
?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? . ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????
?? ????? .?????????
?????) ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? 2013 ????" ?????? ?( ????? ???? ?????
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
?"???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
???????? ??????? ??????? - ???? . ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????
?
? ??
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????
???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? .
158 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
????? ) Abd Nasir & others, 2012 ?( ?????? " ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ?? ??????? Managing Talent in Two Leading Companies
in Malaysia " ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????
?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????
.??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????
???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????
????????? ?? ???? ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?
?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? . ?? ??
??????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? .
????? ) Dodyk & others, 2012 ?????? ?( " ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
???????? ?? ????? "Talent Management At Multinational Firms In
China " ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????
???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??
??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???
??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? .??????? ?????
??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????
?????????? ???????? ??????? .??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? .
) ????? Kehinde, 2012 ?( ?????? " ????? ??????? :??????? ??? ?????
???????? ""Talent Management: Effect On Organizational
Performance" ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
???? .???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????
???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????
?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? .
????? ) Hajimirarab & Nobar, 2011 ?????? ?( " ????? ?????? ??????
??????? ????? ) ????? ???? ?? ??????? (???????? "Identifying And Improving
The Talent Management Indicators (A case study in Iranian
industry)" ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? .??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
??????? .???????? ???
) ????? Langenegger & Others, 2010 ?( ?????? " ?????? ??????????? ?????
?? ??????? ??????? ????????? "Effectiveness Of Talent Management
Strategies In Swiss Companies ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? .??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? .???
????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????
????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? .???????
????? ) Ntonga, 2007 ?( ?????? " ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ""The
Impact Of Talent Management Practices On Business
Performance" ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???
?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????? ??????
?
???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? .?????
???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????
???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? .?????? ?? ?????????? ?????
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? .
:??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????
??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????
?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????
?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???????
?? ,??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????
???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? . ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? .
3. ??????? ?????? ?????
3.1. ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? :??????? ?????
3.1.1. ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?? ???? ???? (??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????) ??? ???????? ???
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????
.???????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? Sternberg ????? ?? Yale ???
?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????
??? ??? .???????? ????????? 1985 ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
) Sternberg, 1985 ??? ??? ?( 1997 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
?????? ?????? (Sternberg, 1997) . ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
?
???? ??????? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????
?
???????? .???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????
?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????
???????? ?????? :??? ??????? Analytical Intelligence ? ??????? ?????? Creative
Intelligence ?????? ??????? Practical Intelligence ???? ??? ??? ??? .
?
??????? ??????? :??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? Analytical Gifted
?
??????? ??????? ? Creatively Gifted
?
????? ??????? ? Practically Gifted
???????? ???????? (Sternberg, 2005) Balanced Gifted .
" ?????? ????? ??? ??? Howard Gardner " ??? ??????? ??????? ??
Abilities, Gifts, Talents, Capacities, Skills, Potentials. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?
?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????
Intelligence ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ? Intelligences ????? ?
???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? . ???? ?
??? ?? 1983 ????? ???" ????? ?? ? Frames of Mind " (Gardener, 1983) ? ??
??? ?? ????? ???? 1995 ??????? ??????? ?????
?
?????
?
???? ? . ? ????? ??? ???
?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????????
:??? ????? ???? -
?
??? ???
?
??? ? ? ???? ? ??? /??????? ???
?
??? ??????? / ? ?????? ???
? ? ???????/ ? ???????? ???
?
??? ? ? ???????/?????? ? ??????/ ? ?????? ???
?
??? ? ???
?
??? ? ? ??????? ???
?
???
? ??????? ???
?
??? ? ? ??????? ???
?
??? ???
?
??? ? ? ????? ??? ???
?
??? ?????) 2003 ???? ?
??????? 2003 ( .
?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???
) ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? .???????? ???????? Kubie ???? ( ???? ??????
??? ??? ?????? ?????? :?? ??????? ) Un-consciouness ( ??? ??? ?????? (Pre-
consciouness) ??????? (Consciouness) ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????
? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????
???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? .?????? ????????? ????? ???????
??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??
????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????
) ?????? Breton ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ( ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????
???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????) ?????
2011 ????? .( ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??
???? ?????? ???? ????? .
?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???
??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????
????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? (Innovation) ?? ????? ?? .???????? ???? ??????
?????? ??? .??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? (Creativity) ????? ???? ?
?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? .????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???
??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????
????) ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??
2003 .(
???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? Giftedness
????? Talent ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? .???
??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ) ?????? ??????? ?????? Gagne, 1993 ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?(
??? ???? 1985 ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
.?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????
????????? ??????? :??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? .??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????
???? ?????? ??? ??? .??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? :????
???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????
???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? .??? ??????) 2008 ( .
??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????
???? .?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?
) ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ,??????? ?????? ????? 10 ???? .??????? ??? ????? ??? (%
????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ,?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 159
?????? ??? ???? ?? .?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????
??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
?????????) ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa .(
3.1.2. ? ??????? ???? : ????? ??
?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????
?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??
?? ?? ???? .??????? ??? ??????? Popescu &.Iulia (2008: 55) ??? ??? ?? ????
???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????
?????? Hall Mark ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? " ????? ???????
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? : ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? " ?????? ??????
??? ????? ??? :??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? (Hall Mark &Cynthia, 2003:34-35)
- ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ???????
- ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????
- ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????) ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?(???????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????
?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? .??????? ?????? ??? ??????
(http://excerpts.numilog.com/ ) :
- ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ????????
??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? 2010 ? ??
????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? .???????
?????? ??? ????????? 76 ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????? 15 % ?????? ??? ?? ??? (baby boomers) ??? ??? . 2010 ?
51 % ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 40 ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? .???
????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
.??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?(????? ?? ??? ??) ??????
???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????
.???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????
???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
?? ?????? ??? .
- ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???
????? ???? .???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? (Murphy, 2007) .
? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????
.??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ?? ??????? ??????? . ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? .??????? ???? ???
????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? OECD ? ?? ????? ?????????
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? 15 ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??
??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ???????? ?????? .??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????
? ????? ? ?? ?? 2010 ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? .???????
?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? .???????? ????? ?? McKinsey Quaterly
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? %20 ??? %70 ???? ???
1980 ? 2007 ????? ??? ?? ?????? . ??? ?? 2,5 ??? ????? ? ?? 1,5 ???? ???
?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? .
?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? 1995 ? 1999
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????
??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? .???????? 1994 ? ??????? ?????
" ?????? 211 " ?????? 100 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? .
- :??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? .
??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????
??? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? Charrin ) 2009 ( ??????? ??????? ?? ?
??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? . ??? ?? 2002 ??? ???
2006 ? ???? ????? ?? %10 ??? 20 % ????? ? ????????? ?? %50 .???? ?????
??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? .?????????? ????????
- ????? Y ?? ?? ??? :???????? Ollivier & Tanguy ) 2008 ( ????? ?? Y ????
???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? .????? why ) ??? ???? ???? Y ??????
????????? ( ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? . ? ?? ????? ??? ????
??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? . ??? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? . ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????
????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? .???????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?
?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??????
????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? .????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???
?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? .
??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? Y ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ) ??? ?? ???
?? ?(???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
????? ???? .????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? Y ????
.??? ?? ??? ?????
3.1.3. ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? :??????? ?????
????????
???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? . ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
???? ??? ????????? .?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??
????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? .???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??
?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
??????? ?? ??????? (Bersin, 2006) :
??????? 1 : ???????? ???? ????? :
????? ?? 1970 ? 1980 ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? " ???? ?????
."???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? . ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???
???? ????? ??? ??? .??????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? .
??????? 2 ??????? ??????? : :???????????
?? ???????? ????? 1980 ? 1990 ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? -
" ?????? ????? HR ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ."???????????
?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? :???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????
?? ?????" ????? ?(??????? ?????) ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?"?????????
.??????? ? " " ???? ???? ???? ?????????? " ????? " ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? VP
of HR ?? ??? ?" ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? .??????? ??? ???? ????
???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????
????? ??? ??? .?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? .
??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ? ????????? ???? .
??????? 3 : ??????? ????? :
???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? " ??????? ??????? ???? ?? "??????? ?????
??????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???
?? ??????????? ??????? :
- ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??
"competencybased" ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?
- ?????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
" ???? ?????????? "???????
- ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?
- ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?
- ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????
?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?
- ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?
? ??? ? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
??????? ??????? ????? - ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? .??????? ????? ??
???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? .
? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? .
3.2. ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????
3.2.1 ?????? ???? ???? ?? :???????? ????? ?????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? (Zarifian,
1999) . ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??) ????? ????? ???
??? ??????? ??? " ??? " ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?( ????? ?????? ?????
???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? . ????? ??? ?????
??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? (Le
Boterf, 1994) . ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???
.?????? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?
160 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? (Oiry, 2003) . ? ?? ??? ??????? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ?) ????? ?????
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? (???????? ?? . ????????? ??? ?? ?
????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? "????????" . ? ??? ???? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?
)???????? ???????? ?????? ????? Bournois et Roussillon, 1998 .(
??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? .????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
.??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??
3.2.2. ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? :??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????
????? ???? ?????? ) Pierre Mirallés ( ?? ???? ????? " ??????? ????? " ?? ????
????? ????? ?????? "???? ????" ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? .????
??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
??????? ???????? ?????? ????? . ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????)
?? ???? (??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? .
???????) ????? ????? ?????? ??? ( ?? ????? ????? ??????? (Mirallès, 2007) .
???? ??? 1 - ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? .
???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???
??????????? ????? ?????? ???????
??????? ????? ???
???????
????? ???????
????? ????
?????? ????? ??????? ?????
???????
????? ????
?????
????? ???????
??????
??????? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? Coach
????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????/??????/???
????
????? ?????
?????
????? ?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????
????? ????? (???????) ?????? ????? + ?????
???????? ???????
??????? ??????
?????
????? ??????? ?????? ????????
????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????
?????
????? ????
?????? ???? ??????
??????
????? ????? ?????
(????? ????)
?????? ???????
??????
??????? ????? + ??????? ?????? ??) ?????
(???????
Source: Mirallèsn, Pierre (2007), La gestion des talents: émergence
d’un nouveau modèle de management?, Revue Management & Avenir,
N° 11, janvier, p. 41.
???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????)
?????? (???????? ??? / ????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???) ???????
????? ?? ????? TM ??? ????? (???? ?? ? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????? . ???? ??????? ?????
???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????
?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? . ???? ???? ???? ? ? ?????
??????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????
????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? .????????
???? ?????? ??? 1 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ????? ????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? :?? ?????
- ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????
????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
- ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
???? (?????????) ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? .
???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? .??????
??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? .???????? ???? ??? ??? ????
???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
????? ????? ???? .???????? " ???? ??? ?"?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? .????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????
???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????
???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? .??????
???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????
??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ) ????? Aberdeen, 2007 ( .
3.2.3. ??????? ????? ????
???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??
?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
) ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? 2010 .(
) ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? 2012 : 7
- :????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
.????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????
- :????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???
.?????? ?????? ????????
- :??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????
.???????
- :?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????
?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????
.???? ???????? ??????? ???????
3.3. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????
???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??
.???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?
.?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????
??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????
???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????
.???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? (Wright
&Kroll & Parnel, 1998 : 259) ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??
??? ???? ?? ????? .???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
:??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????
???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (Hooley
et al., 1998: 50-51) ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? .
??????? ?????? (Barillot, 2001: 136) ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? .
.?????? ?? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?
??? ) ?????? ? 2009 : 16 - 24
- ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? 1910 ??? 1945 ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????
- ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? 1946 ??? 1968 ??????? ??????
???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
- ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? 1969 ??? 1980 ????? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????
- ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 1980 ????? ??? ????? ????? ???
.??????? ??????? ??????????
3.3.1 ???? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????
??? ???? .??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? .????????? Angelier (150 :1993)
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????
?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .??????? ????? ????? ????? ??
???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? .??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ??????
?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 161
????? ????? ??????? ) ????? 2008 : 277 ( .
???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? .??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????
??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? .??????
?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????
? ??????? ????? ??????????? .?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????
??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???
????) ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? 2005 : 86 - 88 .(
????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? .??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????
????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? .
.??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??
3.3.2 ?????? ??????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???
???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? JIT ????) 1995 : 23 -
24 ????? ? 2000 : 41 ( ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? . ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????
??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ??????? .?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? MRP ????? ????? ???
??????? ?? ????????? MRPII ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????
ERP ??????? ??????) 2005 : 3 .(
??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? .???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????
?????? ABB ?? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ? ABC ????????? ??????? ?????? ? EVA ?
????????? ??????? Target Costing ???????? ????? ????? ? BSC ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
?????? (Malo, 1995) .
?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? .??????? ?
????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
??????? :????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????
.???????? ???????
? ??? ??????? ??? ?? :??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?
- ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
????????? ???? ???????
- ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????
????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
???????
- ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?
??????????
- ?????? ???????? ????? ??????
- ????? ????? ?
- .???????? ???????
4. ????????? ???????
4.1. ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????
4.1.1 ???????? ??? ?????
????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
.??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
??? ????? ???? ??????? Cronbach's Alpha ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????
??????? ???????? ( spss ;v20) ? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ) ??? 1 - 0 ???? ?(
????? ??????? ??????? ???
?
?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ) ?? ??????? 0,6 .(
?? ??? ?????? 2 ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? 91 % .
4.1.2 ??????? ??????? ?????
- ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????
?????? ???? ???? .?????????? ???????
- ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
?????????? ??? .???????? ??????
- ?????? .??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????
4.1.3 ??????? ????? ????? :
??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????
?? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 90 ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 3 . ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???
??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? .??????? ??? 80
??????? ?? ???????? 71 ?? ??????? .??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ) 4 (
.????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????
??? ???? 4 - ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .
??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????
?????
??? 70 98,60 %
???? 01 1,40 %
?????
?? ??? 30 ??? 31 43,70 %
?? 31 ??? 40 ??? 19 26,80 %
?? 41 ????? ??? 21 29,60 %
??????? ??????? ?? ??? 14 17,67 %
?????? ????? 38 %53,50
????? 18 %25,40
???? ????? 1 %1,40
???????? ?????? ????? 42 %59,20
???? 29 %40,80
??????
???? 58 %81,70
????? ???? 5 %7
??? ???? 5 %7
??? 3 %4,20
?????? ?????
?? ??? 5 ????? 27 38 %
?? 5 ??? 15 ??? 18 25,40 %
?? 15 ??? 25 ??? 15 21,70 %
?? ???? 25 ??? 11 15,50 %
?????
?? ??? 20000 2 %2,80
??? 20000 - 40000 56 %78,90
??? 40000 - 60000 12 %16,90
?? ???? 60000 1 %1,40
??????? 71 100 %
???? ?????? ??? 4 :??
- ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? 98,60 % ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????
???? ????? ????? 1,40 % ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????
.?????
- ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 30 ??? ???? ????? ??? 43,70 % ????? ??
?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 41 ???? ???
??? ???? ????? 29,60 % ? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??
?? ?????? ??????? 31 ??? 40 ?? ???? ?????? ??? 26,80 % .
- ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
53,50 % ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 25,40 % ?????? ??? ?????? ?
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? 14 % ???? ????? ?? ? 1,40 % ??? ?????? ????
.?????? ???????? ???????
162 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
- ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 59,20 % ??? ????? ?? ?
?? ?????? 40,80 % .
- ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 81,70 % ??? ?? ??
???? 7 % ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? 4,20 % ????"???? ?????? ???????
."??????
- ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 5 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ???? 38 % , ???? ????? ?? 25,40 % ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????
??? ??????? 5 - 15 ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? 15 ??? 25
??? ?????? ????? ??? 21,70 % ???? ????? ?? 15,50 % ????? ????? ??????
?? ???? ?????? 25 .???
- ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 20000 - 40000 ??? ??
? ?????? ???? ? ? 78,90 % ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ? 40000 -
60000 ????? ?? 16,90 % ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?
?? 20000 ?? ????? ?? 60000 ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 2,80 % ? 1,40 % .
4.2. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????) ??????? ? ???? ??????
(?????? ???????) ???????
4.2.1 ??????? ????? ???? ?????
?????? ???? ??? 5 ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??
) 3,28 ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?( ????????
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????
) ?????? ???????? 3,45 ? 3,38 ? 3,30 ? 3,08 ??????? ??????? ????? ????? .??????? ??? (
:??? ???
- ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? 1 - 5
????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????
??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? 3 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?
????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? .
- ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? ??? 6 - 7
???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????
????? ??? 3,45 ? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? . ????
.?????? ??? ?? ????
- ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? ??? 8 - 13
?????? ???? 3 ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ) ??? 3,28 - 3,71 .(
- ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? ??? 14 - 18
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ????
???????? ?????? ??????? ) ??? 2,49 - 3,30 .(
???? ??? 5 - ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? .
???????? ???????
???????
???????
????????
??????? ??????
??????? ??? 3,30 0,65 3 ?????
1 - ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 3,39 0,91 3 ?????
2 - ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????
??????? ??????
3,50 0,85 1 ?????
3 - ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? 3,38 0,97 4 ?????
4 - ???? ???????? ??????? ???? 3,39 0,90 2 ?????
5 - ?????? ????? ??????? ????
???????? ??????? ?????
2,85 0,94 5 ?????
??????? ?????? 3,45 0,88 1 ?????
6 - ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ?????
3,45 0,99 1 ?????
7 - ??? ??? ????????? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????
??????
3,45 1,01 2 ?????
??????? ??????? 3,38 0,97 2 ?????
8 - ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
3,71 0,84 1 ?????
9 - ??? ???? ??????? ??????
??????? ??????
3,25 0,95 6 ?????
10 - ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? 3,36 0,92 2 ?????
????????? ??
11 - ??? ??????? ???? ?????
???????? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??
3,33 0,86 4 ?????
12 - ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
??????? ????
3,28 1,16 5 ?????
13 - ????? ??????? ?? ???
??? ?? ????????? ????????
???? ??????? ?????
????????
3,35 0,89 3 ?????
???????? ??????? 3,08 0,73 4 ?????
14 - ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????????? ??? ?????
3,11 0,94 4 ?????
15 - ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
???????? ???????
3,30 1,15 1 ?????
16 - ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
???????
3,26 0,86 2 ?????
17 - ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
?????? ?????? ???? ???
3,23 1,03 3 ?????
18 - ????? ??? ??????? ????
?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???
?????????? ?????????
2,49 1,29 5 ????
??????? 3,28 0,59 ?????
4.2.2 ??????? ???? ?????
) ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? 19 - 25
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
) 3,48 .??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?( ????? ???? ???? ?????
?? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ??? .????? ??????? ??????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? .
???? ??? 6 - ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? .
???????? ???????
???????
???????
????????
??????? ???????
19 - ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????
??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????
3,77 0,81 1 ?????
20 - ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????
????? ??????? ??????? ??????
3,54 0,67 3 ?????
21 - ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
???????? ????
3,50 0,80 4 ?????
22 - ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
???????? ????
3,38 0,83 6 ?????
23 - ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ??????
3,43 0,84 5 ?????
24 - ??????? ??? ????? ??????
????? ????????
3,66 0,82 2 ?????
25 - ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 3,11 1,10 7 ?????
??????? 3,48 0,60 ?????
4.3. ??????? ???? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????
.??????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ) 7 :??? ???? (
- ???? (??????? ???????) ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???
) 0,62 ?????? ????? ??? ( 0,05 ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? .
.??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
- ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???
??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
????? ??????? ????? ??? ) ??????? ????? ???? 0,58 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? .(
??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ) ?????? 0,53 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?( ????? ???????
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 163
??????? ????? ??????? ) ?????? ?????? 0,51 ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? .(
????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ) ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? 0,34 .(
4.4. ??????? ???? ?????
??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????
) ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? R ??????? ????? ?(
) R² ??????? ?????? ( ) ?????? R¯² ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?(
????? ????? ?? .
?????? ???? 8 ) ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 0,62 ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? (
????? ???? ???? ??? .?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
) ??????? R² ) ( 0.39 ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ( 39 % ??????? ??
.???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
4.4.1 ???????? ??????? ??????
?????? ???? ??? ) 9 ???? ?? ( F ) ?? ???? 10,72 ???????? ????? ????? (
) ???? ??? ???????? ??????? 0,000 ???? ?? ?? ?( F ???? ???? ???????? ??????
????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????
.??????? ????? ???????
4.4.2 ??????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? T ?? ?????? ?????? ?
?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? 5 % = ? ??????? ?
10 :????? ??? ????
- ????? ??????? ???????
) ?????? ???? 10 ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ( ???? ???????
) 0,15 ????? ( T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 1,11 ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (
) ??????? ???????? ????? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,267 ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?(
.??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????
- ??????? ??????? ???????
??? ?? ?????? ??? ) 10 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? (
) ???? 0,13 ????? ( T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 2,26 ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (
) ??????? ???????? ????? ???? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,411 ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? .(
??? ????? ???? ??? .??????? ????? ??????? ??????
- ??????? ??????? ???????
) ?????? ?? ????? 10 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? (
) 0,057 ????? ( T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 1,05 ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (
) ??????? ???????? ????? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,295 ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? .(
.??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????
- ??????? ??????? ???????
) ?????? ???? 10 ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ( ???????? ??????? ) ???? 0,27 (
????? T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 2,26 ?????? ?????? ??? ( ????? ???? ???? ??? ??
) ??????? ???????? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,027 ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? .(
.??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
5. ?????????? ??????????
5.1. ??????????
- ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????
.????????
- .????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??
- ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
? ???????? ??????? .??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
- .??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????
- ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??????? ???
.???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???
- ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????
.??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????
5.2. ??????????????????
- ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?
- ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???
- ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????
- ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????
?????????? ?????? ???????
- ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????
???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
- ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???
???????????
- ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????
.????? ?????? ?????
6. ???????
???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
??? .??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???
?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? .???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???
????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? .??
.??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????
??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????
??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? .???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???
?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??
???????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????
????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? .???????? ????
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????
:??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
- ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????
???????? ??????
- ? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
?????????
- ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???
????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????
?????? ???????
- ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????
?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
.??????? ???????? ??? ????????
???????
? ????? . ) 2000 .( ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? .??????? ????? :????????? ?
???? ???????? ? ?. ?????? ?????? ? ? . ) 2011 ( . ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? -
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ? 10 - 11 ?????? .
? ?????? . ) 2010 ( . ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ? ??????? ????? ?????
????????? ??????? ? - .???????
? ????????? . ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? (?????? ??? ?????) ? ????? ?????) 23 - 3 - 2013 (
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? .??? ) 2011 ?( ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ? 34 ????? ? 89 .
? ?????? . ) 2011 .( ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????
??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? (?????? ??? ?????) ????? ?????) 23 - 3 - 2013 (
? ?????? . ) 2008 ?( ??????? ??????? ??????? .?????? ??????? ????? ??? : ???? ?
? ????? . ) 2008 ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? .(
??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? . ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? 11 ????? ? 2 .
?????? ????? ???? ????? ) ?????? 2012 .( ????? ??????? : ????? ????? ???????? ???????????
???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? 2 ? ????? 9 ? ?????? .?????
? ????? . ) 2003 ?( ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? .?????? ??????? ????? ??? :???? ?
????? .? ) 2013 ?( ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????
??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? – .????
) ????? ???? & ???? ????? 2003 ?( ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? :?????? ?
.????????
?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ) ???? 2005 .( ??? ???????? ??????? ???
?????? ????????? .??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? :??????? ?
???? .? ) 2003 .( ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? :???? ? .????????
???? .? ) 1995 ?????? ????? ???? .( ????? ? 341 ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? :??????? ?
.???????
????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ) 2012 ( . ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
???????? ??????? ??????? ????? .????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?
? ??????? . ) 2009 ?( ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? - ????? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????
???? ? .
164 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
? ????? . ) 2005 .( ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?
??????? .
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http://www.qou.edu/arabic/researchProgram/researchersPages/ziadBarakat/r
24_drZiadBarakat.pdfhttp://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/7031/DocLib2/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=21
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 165
???? ???????
???? ??? 2 - ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? .
???? ??? 3 - ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? .
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4 45 3 2 20 4 4 12
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???? ??? 7 - ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? .
(??????)?????? ????
(??????) ?????? ????? ????
??????? ????
?????? ??? 0,53
?????? ?????? 0,34
?????? ??????? 0,51
??????? ?????? 0,58
????? ????? 0,62
n = 71 ???????? ????? = 0,05
???? ??? 8 - ??????? ????? ???? .
_ ??????? ????? R
_
_ ??????? ????? R²
_
_ ????? ??????? ????? R¯²
_
????
???????
0,62 0,39 0,35 0,48
???? ??? 9 - ??????? ????? ????? ANOVA .
????
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???? F
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9,92
15,28
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66
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B ??????? ???? BETA T ??????? ????? (SIG)
?????? 1,48 0,33 / 4,38 0,000
??? ?????? 0,15 0,13 0,16 1,11 0,267
?????? ?????? 0,06 0,07 0,09 0,82 0,411
?????? ??????? 0,13 0,12 0,14 1,05 0,295
??????? ?????? 0,27 0,12 0,33 2,26 0,027
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?????? ????? ???? 0,89
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- ?????? ?????? 0,71
- ?????? ??????? 0,80
- ??????? ?????? 0,72
?????? ???? 0,81
???? 0,91
doc_329665044.pdf
This research paper aims to see the theoretical and practical views of the impact of management talents on
the company performance, and following a descriptive approach that helps to stimulate ideas and attract
multidimensional interests. To achieve this goal, we focused on modern literature to address this issue
through multiple angles, including: educational psychology, demographic changes, historical development
of human resources, the location of TM in light of the knowledge economy, and what said the theorists
and practitioners. Through the study on the impact of talent management system on the performance of the
national company of juice and canned-food unit MANAA, we approved the hypothesis, which states the
existence of a significant impact of the talent management system on company performance
2214-4625/$ – see front matter © 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2014.05.011
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213668154440; fax: +21333860620.
E-mail address: megrizakia@yahoo/fr
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
Conference Title
??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? : ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????
???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? – (?????) ???? ????
The Impact of Talent Management System on the Enterprise
Performance: a Study on a Sample of Workers in National Company
of Juice and Canned-food Unit MANAA (Batna)
???? ???? *
?????? ????? ????? 05000 ??????? ?
Zakia MEGRI*
Batna University, BATNA 05000, ALGERIA
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 03 January 14
Received in revised form 13 March 14
Accepted 09 May 14
Keywords:
Talent
Talent Management
Company Performance
National Company Of Juice And
Canned-Food Unit MANAA
:????????? ???????
???????
????? ???????
??????? ????
???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????
????
A B S T R A C T
This research paper aims to see the theoretical and practical views of the impact of management talents on
the company performance, and following a descriptive approach that helps to stimulate ideas and attract
multidimensional interests. To achieve this goal, we focused on modern literature to address this issue
through multiple angles, including: educational psychology, demographic changes, historical development
of human resources, the location of TM in light of the knowledge economy, and what said the theorists
and practitioners. Through the study on the impact of talent management system on the performance of the
national company of juice and canned-food unit MANAA, we approved the hypothesis, which states the
existence of a significant impact of the talent management system on company performance.
????
??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? .?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??
???????? ????? ??? :???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? TM ?? .?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???
???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??
????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? .??????? ????
© 2013 xxxxxxxx. Hosting by ElsevierB.V. All rights reserved.
© 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 157
1 . ???????
??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????
???? ??? .?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????
????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? . ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? .???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???
???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? .
????? "????? ???" ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? .????? ??? ????
???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???
.???????? ?????
?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?
???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? .???????? ???????? ???????
??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????
????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???
??? ??????? .?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ???????? ?????
?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???
.???
.1. 1 ??????? ?????
?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? :
?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? :
- ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????
- ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??
- ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???
1.2. ??????? ????? ??
????? ????? ??????? :??? ???????
- ??????? :??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
???????? ??? :??????? .???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????
- ??????? :?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? :????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?
????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? .
1.3. ??????? ??????
????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? :
???? ???? ??????? ?????
?
?????? ????? ?????? ?? .??????? ????
:????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????
? 1 .??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? :
? 2 .??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? :
? 3 ??? ??????? ????? ???? : .??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
? 4 ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? :
1.4. ??????? ?????
???? ??? ??????? ??? :
- ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????
- ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??
???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? – (?????) ???? ???? ?
- ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?
- ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
???????? ????
- ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????
?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? .????
1.5. ??????? ?????
???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? :
- ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????
???????? ???????? ?
- ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????
?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?
- ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
.?????? ??????? ??? ????
1.6. ??????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? :???????
- ?????? :?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? .???????
- ?????? :???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????
??? .??????? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ???? .
2. ??????? ????????
????? ????? ????? ?? ????) ????? 2012 " ?????? ?( ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
?"??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????
?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? " ????? ??????? ".
?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???
??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ?????? .???????
????? ????) ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? 2011 ?( ?????? " ???????? ??
??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?"??????? ???? ??????
?
????
?
?????
????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????
?
???? ?? ?????? ???????
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????
??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????
???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? .
) ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? 2011 ?????" ?????? ?( ??? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?" ??????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? :???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??
???????? ????? :?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??
???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????
??????????? ?? ???????? ???? .???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??
????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????
????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? .
???? ?????) ????? ??????? 2012 ?????? ?( " ????? ????? :??????? ?????
???????? ????????? " ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? .?????????? ??????? ??????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
) SETS ( ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????
????? 67,33 % ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? . ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? .??????? ??????
?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??
??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ????? ???
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???
?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? . ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????
?? ????? .?????????
?????) ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? 2013 ????" ?????? ?( ????? ???? ?????
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
?"???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
???????? ??????? ??????? - ???? . ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????
?
? ??
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????
???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? .
158 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
????? ) Abd Nasir & others, 2012 ?( ?????? " ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ?? ??????? Managing Talent in Two Leading Companies
in Malaysia " ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????
?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????
.??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????
???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????
????????? ?? ???? ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?
?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? . ?? ??
??????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? .
????? ) Dodyk & others, 2012 ?????? ?( " ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
???????? ?? ????? "Talent Management At Multinational Firms In
China " ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????
???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??
??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???
??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? .??????? ?????
??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????
?????????? ???????? ??????? .??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? .
) ????? Kehinde, 2012 ?( ?????? " ????? ??????? :??????? ??? ?????
???????? ""Talent Management: Effect On Organizational
Performance" ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
???? .???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????
???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????
?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? .
????? ) Hajimirarab & Nobar, 2011 ?????? ?( " ????? ?????? ??????
??????? ????? ) ????? ???? ?? ??????? (???????? "Identifying And Improving
The Talent Management Indicators (A case study in Iranian
industry)" ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? .??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
??????? .???????? ???
) ????? Langenegger & Others, 2010 ?( ?????? " ?????? ??????????? ?????
?? ??????? ??????? ????????? "Effectiveness Of Talent Management
Strategies In Swiss Companies ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? .??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? .???
????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????
????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? .???????
????? ) Ntonga, 2007 ?( ?????? " ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ""The
Impact Of Talent Management Practices On Business
Performance" ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???
?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????? ??????
?
???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? .?????
???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????
???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? .?????? ?? ?????????? ?????
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? .
:??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????
??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????
?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????
?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???????
?? ,??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????
???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? . ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? .
3. ??????? ?????? ?????
3.1. ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? :??????? ?????
3.1.1. ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?? ???? ???? (??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????) ??? ???????? ???
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????
.???????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? Sternberg ????? ?? Yale ???
?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????
??? ??? .???????? ????????? 1985 ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???
) Sternberg, 1985 ??? ??? ?( 1997 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
?????? ?????? (Sternberg, 1997) . ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
?
???? ??????? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????
?
???????? .???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????
?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????
???????? ?????? :??? ??????? Analytical Intelligence ? ??????? ?????? Creative
Intelligence ?????? ??????? Practical Intelligence ???? ??? ??? ??? .
?
??????? ??????? :??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? Analytical Gifted
?
??????? ??????? ? Creatively Gifted
?
????? ??????? ? Practically Gifted
???????? ???????? (Sternberg, 2005) Balanced Gifted .
" ?????? ????? ??? ??? Howard Gardner " ??? ??????? ??????? ??
Abilities, Gifts, Talents, Capacities, Skills, Potentials. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?
?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????
Intelligence ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ? Intelligences ????? ?
???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? . ???? ?
??? ?? 1983 ????? ???" ????? ?? ? Frames of Mind " (Gardener, 1983) ? ??
??? ?? ????? ???? 1995 ??????? ??????? ?????
?
?????
?
???? ? . ? ????? ??? ???
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) ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? .???????? ???????? Kubie ???? ( ???? ??????
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consciouness) ??????? (Consciouness) ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????
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) ?????? Breton ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ( ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
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????) ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??
2003 .(
???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? Giftedness
????? Talent ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? .???
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?????? ??? ?? ??????? ) ?????? ??????? ?????? Gagne, 1993 ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?(
??? ???? 1985 ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
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ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 159
?????? ??? ???? ?? .?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????
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?? ?? ???? .??????? ??? ??????? Popescu &.Iulia (2008: 55) ??? ??? ?? ????
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???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????
?????? Hall Mark ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
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???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????
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(http://excerpts.numilog.com/ ) :
- ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ????????
??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? 2010 ? ??
????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? .???????
?????? ??? ????????? 76 ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????? 15 % ?????? ??? ?? ??? (baby boomers) ??? ??? . 2010 ?
51 % ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 40 ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? .???
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?? ?????? ??? .
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????? ???? .???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???
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? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????
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?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? .???????? ????? ?? McKinsey Quaterly
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? %20 ??? %70 ???? ???
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?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? .
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??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? . ??? ?? 2002 ??? ???
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??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? .?????????? ????????
- ????? Y ?? ?? ??? :???????? Ollivier & Tanguy ) 2008 ( ????? ?? Y ????
???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? .????? why ) ??? ???? ???? Y ??????
????????? ( ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? . ? ?? ????? ??? ????
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????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? .????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???
?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? .
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????? ???? .????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? Y ????
.??? ?? ??? ?????
3.1.3. ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? :??????? ?????
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??????? ?? ??????? (Bersin, 2006) :
??????? 1 : ???????? ???? ????? :
????? ?? 1970 ? 1980 ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? " ???? ?????
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???? ????? ??? ??? .??????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? .
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?? ???????? ????? 1980 ? 1990 ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? -
" ?????? ????? HR ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ."???????????
?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? :???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????
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.??????? ? " " ???? ???? ???? ?????????? " ????? " ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? VP
of HR ?? ??? ?" ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? .??????? ??? ???? ????
???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????
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?? ??????????? ??????? :
- ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??
"competencybased" ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?
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? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
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?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?
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? ??? ? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
??????? ??????? ????? - ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? .??????? ????? ??
???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? .
? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? .
3.2. ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????
3.2.1 ?????? ???? ???? ?? :???????? ????? ?????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? (Zarifian,
1999) . ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??) ????? ????? ???
??? ??????? ??? " ??? " ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?( ????? ?????? ?????
???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? . ????? ??? ?????
??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? (Le
Boterf, 1994) . ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???
.?????? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?
160 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? (Oiry, 2003) . ? ?? ??? ??????? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ?) ????? ?????
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? (???????? ?? . ????????? ??? ?? ?
????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? "????????" . ? ??? ???? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?
)???????? ???????? ?????? ????? Bournois et Roussillon, 1998 .(
??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? .????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
.??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??
3.2.2. ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? :??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????
????? ???? ?????? ) Pierre Mirallés ( ?? ???? ????? " ??????? ????? " ?? ????
????? ????? ?????? "???? ????" ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? .????
??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
??????? ???????? ?????? ????? . ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????)
?? ???? (??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? .
???????) ????? ????? ?????? ??? ( ?? ????? ????? ??????? (Mirallès, 2007) .
???? ??? 1 - ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? .
???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???
??????????? ????? ?????? ???????
??????? ????? ???
???????
????? ???????
????? ????
?????? ????? ??????? ?????
???????
????? ????
?????
????? ???????
??????
??????? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? Coach
????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????/??????/???
????
????? ?????
?????
????? ?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????
????? ????? (???????) ?????? ????? + ?????
???????? ???????
??????? ??????
?????
????? ??????? ?????? ????????
????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????
?????
????? ????
?????? ???? ??????
??????
????? ????? ?????
(????? ????)
?????? ???????
??????
??????? ????? + ??????? ?????? ??) ?????
(???????
Source: Mirallèsn, Pierre (2007), La gestion des talents: émergence
d’un nouveau modèle de management?, Revue Management & Avenir,
N° 11, janvier, p. 41.
???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????)
?????? (???????? ??? / ????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???) ???????
????? ?? ????? TM ??? ????? (???? ?? ? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????? . ???? ??????? ?????
???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????
?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? . ???? ???? ???? ? ? ?????
??????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????
????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? .????????
???? ?????? ??? 1 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ????? ????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? :?? ?????
- ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????
????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
- ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
???? (?????????) ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? .
???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? .??????
??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? .???????? ???? ??? ??? ????
???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
????? ????? ???? .???????? " ???? ??? ?"?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? .????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????
???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????
???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? .??????
???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????
??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ) ????? Aberdeen, 2007 ( .
3.2.3. ??????? ????? ????
???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??
?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
) ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? 2010 .(
) ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? 2012 : 7
- :????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
.????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????
- :????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????
? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???
.?????? ?????? ????????
- :??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????
.???????
- :?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????
?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????
.???? ???????? ??????? ???????
3.3. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????
???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??
.???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?
.?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????
??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????
???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????
.???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? (Wright
&Kroll & Parnel, 1998 : 259) ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??
??? ???? ?? ????? .???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
:??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????
???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (Hooley
et al., 1998: 50-51) ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? .
??????? ?????? (Barillot, 2001: 136) ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? .
.?????? ?? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?
??? ) ?????? ? 2009 : 16 - 24
- ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? 1910 ??? 1945 ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????
- ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? 1946 ??? 1968 ??????? ??????
???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
- ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? 1969 ??? 1980 ????? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????
- ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 1980 ????? ??? ????? ????? ???
.??????? ??????? ??????????
3.3.1 ???? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????
??? ???? .??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? .????????? Angelier (150 :1993)
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????
?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .??????? ????? ????? ????? ??
???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? .??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ??????
?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 161
????? ????? ??????? ) ????? 2008 : 277 ( .
???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? .??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????
??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? .??????
?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????
? ??????? ????? ??????????? .?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????
??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???
????) ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? 2005 : 86 - 88 .(
????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? .??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????
????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? .
.??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??
3.3.2 ?????? ??????? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???
???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? JIT ????) 1995 : 23 -
24 ????? ? 2000 : 41 ( ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? . ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????
??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ??????? .?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? MRP ????? ????? ???
??????? ?? ????????? MRPII ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????
ERP ??????? ??????) 2005 : 3 .(
??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? .???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????
?????? ABB ?? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ? ABC ????????? ??????? ?????? ? EVA ?
????????? ??????? Target Costing ???????? ????? ????? ? BSC ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
?????? (Malo, 1995) .
?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? .??????? ?
????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
??????? :????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????
.???????? ???????
? ??? ??????? ??? ?? :??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?
- ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
????????? ???? ???????
- ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????
????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
???????
- ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?
??????????
- ?????? ???????? ????? ??????
- ????? ????? ?
- .???????? ???????
4. ????????? ???????
4.1. ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????
4.1.1 ???????? ??? ?????
????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
.??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
??? ????? ???? ??????? Cronbach's Alpha ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????
??????? ???????? ( spss ;v20) ? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ) ??? 1 - 0 ???? ?(
????? ??????? ??????? ???
?
?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ) ?? ??????? 0,6 .(
?? ??? ?????? 2 ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? 91 % .
4.1.2 ??????? ??????? ?????
- ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????
?????? ???? ???? .?????????? ???????
- ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
?????????? ??? .???????? ??????
- ?????? .??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????
4.1.3 ??????? ????? ????? :
??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????
?? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 90 ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 3 . ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???
??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? .??????? ??? 80
??????? ?? ???????? 71 ?? ??????? .??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ) 4 (
.????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????
??? ???? 4 - ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .
??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????
?????
??? 70 98,60 %
???? 01 1,40 %
?????
?? ??? 30 ??? 31 43,70 %
?? 31 ??? 40 ??? 19 26,80 %
?? 41 ????? ??? 21 29,60 %
??????? ??????? ?? ??? 14 17,67 %
?????? ????? 38 %53,50
????? 18 %25,40
???? ????? 1 %1,40
???????? ?????? ????? 42 %59,20
???? 29 %40,80
??????
???? 58 %81,70
????? ???? 5 %7
??? ???? 5 %7
??? 3 %4,20
?????? ?????
?? ??? 5 ????? 27 38 %
?? 5 ??? 15 ??? 18 25,40 %
?? 15 ??? 25 ??? 15 21,70 %
?? ???? 25 ??? 11 15,50 %
?????
?? ??? 20000 2 %2,80
??? 20000 - 40000 56 %78,90
??? 40000 - 60000 12 %16,90
?? ???? 60000 1 %1,40
??????? 71 100 %
???? ?????? ??? 4 :??
- ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? 98,60 % ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????
???? ????? ????? 1,40 % ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????
.?????
- ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 30 ??? ???? ????? ??? 43,70 % ????? ??
?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 41 ???? ???
??? ???? ????? 29,60 % ? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??
?? ?????? ??????? 31 ??? 40 ?? ???? ?????? ??? 26,80 % .
- ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
53,50 % ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 25,40 % ?????? ??? ?????? ?
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? 14 % ???? ????? ?? ? 1,40 % ??? ?????? ????
.?????? ???????? ???????
162 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
- ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 59,20 % ??? ????? ?? ?
?? ?????? 40,80 % .
- ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 81,70 % ??? ?? ??
???? 7 % ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? 4,20 % ????"???? ?????? ???????
."??????
- ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 5 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ???? 38 % , ???? ????? ?? 25,40 % ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????
??? ??????? 5 - 15 ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? 15 ??? 25
??? ?????? ????? ??? 21,70 % ???? ????? ?? 15,50 % ????? ????? ??????
?? ???? ?????? 25 .???
- ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 20000 - 40000 ??? ??
? ?????? ???? ? ? 78,90 % ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ? 40000 -
60000 ????? ?? 16,90 % ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?
?? 20000 ?? ????? ?? 60000 ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 2,80 % ? 1,40 % .
4.2. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????) ??????? ? ???? ??????
(?????? ???????) ???????
4.2.1 ??????? ????? ???? ?????
?????? ???? ??? 5 ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??
) 3,28 ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?( ????????
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????
) ?????? ???????? 3,45 ? 3,38 ? 3,30 ? 3,08 ??????? ??????? ????? ????? .??????? ??? (
:??? ???
- ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? 1 - 5
????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????
??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? 3 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?
????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? .
- ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? ??? 6 - 7
???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????
????? ??? 3,45 ? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? . ????
.?????? ??? ?? ????
- ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? ??? 8 - 13
?????? ???? 3 ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ) ??? 3,28 - 3,71 .(
- ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? :
) ?? ??? 14 - 18
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ????
???????? ?????? ??????? ) ??? 2,49 - 3,30 .(
???? ??? 5 - ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? .
???????? ???????
???????
???????
????????
??????? ??????
??????? ??? 3,30 0,65 3 ?????
1 - ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 3,39 0,91 3 ?????
2 - ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????
??????? ??????
3,50 0,85 1 ?????
3 - ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? 3,38 0,97 4 ?????
4 - ???? ???????? ??????? ???? 3,39 0,90 2 ?????
5 - ?????? ????? ??????? ????
???????? ??????? ?????
2,85 0,94 5 ?????
??????? ?????? 3,45 0,88 1 ?????
6 - ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ?????
3,45 0,99 1 ?????
7 - ??? ??? ????????? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????
??????
3,45 1,01 2 ?????
??????? ??????? 3,38 0,97 2 ?????
8 - ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
3,71 0,84 1 ?????
9 - ??? ???? ??????? ??????
??????? ??????
3,25 0,95 6 ?????
10 - ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? 3,36 0,92 2 ?????
????????? ??
11 - ??? ??????? ???? ?????
???????? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??
3,33 0,86 4 ?????
12 - ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
??????? ????
3,28 1,16 5 ?????
13 - ????? ??????? ?? ???
??? ?? ????????? ????????
???? ??????? ?????
????????
3,35 0,89 3 ?????
???????? ??????? 3,08 0,73 4 ?????
14 - ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????????? ??? ?????
3,11 0,94 4 ?????
15 - ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
???????? ???????
3,30 1,15 1 ?????
16 - ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
???????
3,26 0,86 2 ?????
17 - ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
?????? ?????? ???? ???
3,23 1,03 3 ?????
18 - ????? ??? ??????? ????
?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???
?????????? ?????????
2,49 1,29 5 ????
??????? 3,28 0,59 ?????
4.2.2 ??????? ???? ?????
) ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? 19 - 25
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
) 3,48 .??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?( ????? ???? ???? ?????
?? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ??? .????? ??????? ??????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? .
???? ??? 6 - ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? .
???????? ???????
???????
???????
????????
??????? ???????
19 - ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????
??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????
3,77 0,81 1 ?????
20 - ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????
????? ??????? ??????? ??????
3,54 0,67 3 ?????
21 - ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
???????? ????
3,50 0,80 4 ?????
22 - ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
???????? ????
3,38 0,83 6 ?????
23 - ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ??????
3,43 0,84 5 ?????
24 - ??????? ??? ????? ??????
????? ????????
3,66 0,82 2 ?????
25 - ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 3,11 1,10 7 ?????
??????? 3,48 0,60 ?????
4.3. ??????? ???? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????
.??????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ) 7 :??? ???? (
- ???? (??????? ???????) ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???
) 0,62 ?????? ????? ??? ( 0,05 ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? .
.??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
- ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???
??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
????? ??????? ????? ??? ) ??????? ????? ???? 0,58 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? .(
??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ) ?????? 0,53 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?( ????? ???????
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 163
??????? ????? ??????? ) ?????? ?????? 0,51 ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? .(
????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ) ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? 0,34 .(
4.4. ??????? ???? ?????
??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????
) ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? R ??????? ????? ?(
) R² ??????? ?????? ( ) ?????? R¯² ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?(
????? ????? ?? .
?????? ???? 8 ) ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 0,62 ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? (
????? ???? ???? ??? .?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
) ??????? R² ) ( 0.39 ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ( 39 % ??????? ??
.???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
4.4.1 ???????? ??????? ??????
?????? ???? ??? ) 9 ???? ?? ( F ) ?? ???? 10,72 ???????? ????? ????? (
) ???? ??? ???????? ??????? 0,000 ???? ?? ?? ?( F ???? ???? ???????? ??????
????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????
.??????? ????? ???????
4.4.2 ??????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? T ?? ?????? ?????? ?
?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? 5 % = ? ??????? ?
10 :????? ??? ????
- ????? ??????? ???????
) ?????? ???? 10 ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ( ???? ???????
) 0,15 ????? ( T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 1,11 ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (
) ??????? ???????? ????? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,267 ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?(
.??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????
- ??????? ??????? ???????
??? ?? ?????? ??? ) 10 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? (
) ???? 0,13 ????? ( T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 2,26 ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (
) ??????? ???????? ????? ???? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,411 ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? .(
??? ????? ???? ??? .??????? ????? ??????? ??????
- ??????? ??????? ???????
) ?????? ?? ????? 10 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? (
) 0,057 ????? ( T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 1,05 ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (
) ??????? ???????? ????? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,295 ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? .(
.??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????
- ??????? ??????? ???????
) ?????? ???? 10 ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ( ???????? ??????? ) ???? 0,27 (
????? T ) ?????? ???? ???????? 2,26 ?????? ?????? ??? ( ????? ???? ???? ??? ??
) ??????? ???????? SIG ) ?????? ( 0,027 ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? .(
.??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
5. ?????????? ??????????
5.1. ??????????
- ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????
.????????
- .????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??
- ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
? ???????? ??????? .??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
- .??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????
- ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??????? ???
.???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???
- ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????
.??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????
5.2. ??????????????????
- ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?
- ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???
- ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????
- ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????
?????????? ?????? ???????
- ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????
???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
- ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???
???????????
- ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????
.????? ?????? ?????
6. ???????
???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
??? .??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???
?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? .???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???
????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? .??
.??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????
??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????
??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? .???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???
?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??
???????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????
????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? .???????? ????
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????
:??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
- ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????
???????? ??????
- ? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
?????????
- ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???
????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????
?????? ???????
- ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????
?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
.??????? ???????? ??? ????????
???????
? ????? . ) 2000 .( ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? .??????? ????? :????????? ?
???? ???????? ? ?. ?????? ?????? ? ? . ) 2011 ( . ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? -
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ? 10 - 11 ?????? .
? ?????? . ) 2010 ( . ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ? ??????? ????? ?????
????????? ??????? ? - .???????
? ????????? . ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? (?????? ??? ?????) ? ????? ?????) 23 - 3 - 2013 (
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? .??? ) 2011 ?( ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ? 34 ????? ? 89 .
? ?????? . ) 2011 .( ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????
??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? (?????? ??? ?????) ????? ?????) 23 - 3 - 2013 (
? ?????? . ) 2008 ?( ??????? ??????? ??????? .?????? ??????? ????? ??? : ???? ?
? ????? . ) 2008 ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? .(
??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? . ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? 11 ????? ? 2 .
?????? ????? ???? ????? ) ?????? 2012 .( ????? ??????? : ????? ????? ???????? ???????????
???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? 2 ? ????? 9 ? ?????? .?????
? ????? . ) 2003 ?( ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? .?????? ??????? ????? ??? :???? ?
????? .? ) 2013 ?( ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????
??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? – .????
) ????? ???? & ???? ????? 2003 ?( ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? :?????? ?
.????????
?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ) ???? 2005 .( ??? ???????? ??????? ???
?????? ????????? .??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? :??????? ?
???? .? ) 2003 .( ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? :???? ? .????????
???? .? ) 1995 ?????? ????? ???? .( ????? ? 341 ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? :??????? ?
.???????
????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ) 2012 ( . ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
???????? ??????? ??????? ????? .????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?
? ??????? . ) 2009 ?( ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? - ????? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????
???? ? .
164 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165
? ????? . ) 2005 .( ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?
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ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 156–165 165
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