The Internet is becoming one of the fastest growing technologies that is playing a
significant role in the daily lives of human beings. Marketing over the Internet is also
gaining strength day by day. The Internet is slowly gaining popularity in third world
countries, such as India, as well. This paper attempts to begin a discussion on how the
Internet evolved at a turbo charged pace from a network of computers to the world's truly
first international market; the consumers in the Net market place; how a company can add
value to its operations by using the Net; and more specifically, how India can use the Net
as the gateway to globalization and to what extent this process has already begun.
INTRODUCTION
The Internet is an increasingly expanding medium of interaction that has virtually
eliminated geographical boundaries and overcoming previously existing obstacles of
global business. It can be considered to be an accidental mega-market born out of
technology and that of economic needs. The Internet, the single most sophisticated on
line service, is relatively simple and immediate to use; however, these attributes may not
enjoy a perceived status of usability for those new to and somewhat hesitant of advances
in computer technology. The Internet today offers India best opportunity to expand its
market on an even more global scale. This network of computers represents a perpetually
open market without geographical barriers to prevent any business from reaching
customers all over the world via a virtual market where trade, transactions, cash and
commodities flow in the form of electronic consumption.
The boom in computer, telephone and television technologies, has had a major impact on
the way businesses produce and market their products. As technology has delivered new
and better foods, clothes, housing, vehicles and entertainment possibilities, our lives have
changed dramatically. Telecommunications is the driving force that is simultaneously
creating the huge global economy and making its parts smaller and more powerful. At the
heart of this phenomenon is the Information Superhighway and its backbone, the Internet.
Philip Kotler, one of the most prominent figures of marketing, warns that even though the
alert marketers see this technology as producing an endless stream of opportunities,
taking advantage of it entails walking a thin line (i.e., companies must avoid jumping in
too soon -- before the market is ready -- or too late -- after the market has been conquered
(Kotler 1997).
The Internet is an inter-networked system of computers linked by telephones that allow
free flow of information from one part of the network to any other, provided the
information is packaged according to certain conventions. It was born out of a vision of
universal connectivity and global community. Created as a data link among a sprinkling
of academic communities, the Internet has fast been embraced by business. Companies
are using it to link employees in remote areas, stay in touch with customers and suppliers,
distribute sales information more quickly, as well to sell and distribute goods and
services.
The Internet began to grow dramatically in 1994 with the advent of a new, more user
friendly application -- The World Wide Web -- which provides companies access to
millions of new customers at a fraction of the cost of print or television advertising, and
in many cases, distribution. The Web uses a technology called hypertext which allows
users to leap from one computer data base to another by simply clicking on highlighted
images or text. It employs easy-to-use browsers to capture the public's imagination with
the promise of a navigable world of a seemingly infinite amount of information. The
World Wide Web's popularity, in turn, has caused the entertainment media and the
communication industries to reevaluate their business models. The use of the Internet to
carry real time data, such as voice and video, in addition to traditional forms of data,
which lent themselves more readily to packet switching technology, is on the horizon
(Lewis and Lewis 1996).
The number of computers in the world grew from less than half a million two decades
ago to 200 million in 1996. The number of websites are doubling every 53 days and the
number of non-U.S. users is projected to grow from an estimated 40 million in 1997 to
500 million in the year 2000. In India, the Internet subscribers in August 1995 were only
703, but by June 1998 the number had grown to 1,20,000 (Outlook 1998). However, Jay
Forrester, the inventor of random access memory, expects that for at least three four
generations, people will use computers for what they've always done, only faster
(Advertising and Marketing 1997).
A profession, no less than a craft, is shaped by its tools. The profession of marketing, its
theories, practices, and even the basic sciences that it draws upon, are determined by the
tools at its disposal at any moment. When the tools change, the discipline adjusts,
sometimes quite profoundly and usually quite belatedly.
IMPACT OF INTERNET ON MARKETING
Clearly, marketing's tool kit is experiencing an unsettling amount of change. The boom in
direct and database marketing, the dawning of electronic commerce, new ways to
automate sales force management, and the sudden blossoming of the World Wide Web
all suggest that the discipline is under pressure to redefine itself. The stock market is well
aware that something important is developing; venture capitalists and technology
companies are making large bets; and students at business schools, alert to any hint that
their investment in the development of personal skills might have to pay off in a changed
environment, show particular interest in new methods of market making. Mass marketing
concepts and practices are taking advantage of new ways to become more customized,
more responsive to the individual.
The challenge facing the companies today is how to take strategic advantage of these
opportunities to build more desirable products and services, build brand equity and
increase revenues and profits (Tarafdar 1998). The Internet represents new opportunities
for the marketers and sales people because it provides a wide reach for all marketing
efforts conducted on it. International markets can be opened up at low costs. Advertising
and promotion costs in other countries can be significantly reduced, if not eliminated.
With the use of the Internet there can be continuous customer support. Services can be
made available through interactive e-mail systems on the net. This saves time and money.
In addition, feedback (i.e., research data) from the marketplace can be likewise collected
on an on-going basis, and in may cases, in the form of "real-time" data. New products
and services can be tested through interactive questionnaires on the Internet. This
feedback forms the basis of market identification and segmentation that enables
marketers to better position their products.
INCREASED INTERACTIVITY
The term interactive, as we interpret it, points to two features of communication: 1] the
ability to communicate to an individual/business or an entire marketplace, and 2] the
ability to gather and remember the response of that individual in a way that takes into
account the context of his or her unique response. Thus, we see interactivity as a tool that
allows good marketing to become good conversation.
Interactivity has already made major inroads into marketing budgets in the past decade in
the form of direct mail, catalog retailing, telemarketing, and the incorporation of response
devices into broadcast advertising. Developments in data storage and transmission,
however, hold out the promise of new and better interactive tools to manage relations
with customers to link the networked corporation to its channels and its collaborators. For
example, when a broadcast advertisement elicits a response such as a toll-free call, which
is then stored in a computer database and which triggers a personalized direct mailing, it
represents a form of low-tech interactivity. A sales representative calling on customers is
also engaging in low-tech interactivity.
The web, however, promises high-tech interactivity. When a consumer visits a website,
many cycles of messages can be exchanged in a short time. Then, when the consumer
visits sometime later, the dialogue can resume where it left off. The web medium is as
subtle, flexible, pertinent and persuasive as one-to-one dialogue. It boasts a better
memory than the most diligent salesperson and has none of the salesperson's distaste for
repetitive tasks. Direct marketing and distribution channels, aided by electronic
commerce can be used to substantially augment sales through conventional retail and
distribution systems.
Interactivity is a powerful hook, which enables the customer not just to passively view
the pages, but also to answer questions, play games and involve him/herself with the
website. Interactivity can be leveraged by ensuring that the website is designed to accept
feedback, usually in the form of electronic questionnaires which visitors can fill in on
screen, so that companies can tailor their content according to their customer's needs.
THE MARKET-SPACE AND CYBER
CONSUMERS
The mega-network is now a mega market. The frontiers of the net are dotted by shopping
windows wherever in the world there is a computer, a modem and a telephone line. Cyber
space is fused with market and the result is -- the market space. This market space is truly
global with its main commodity -- data -- not be restrained by international borders, no
custom duties, no import barriers. While the old net viewed surfers as mere cyber-pros,
business is looking at them as customers who can visit this market space simply by
switching on their computers and using their modems to connect to the net. The
customers come and go in this cybermart at the click of a mouse. Seated at their computer
terminals all over the globe, ordinary people -- who use soap, drive cars, and eat breakfast
in everyday life -- are being converted into cyber-consumers as soon as they enter the
market-space.
INTERNET MARKETING MIX IN THE
INDIAN SCENARIO
Product
We now examine some of the ways in which marketers can, and some already have,
enhanced and extended the traditional elements of marketing by using the Internet as a
marketing tool, particularly in the Indian scenario. Adding product value through
information. A product is more than just the physical entity. Relevant information about
related topics also add to the product's value, and make it easy for the customer to make
brand and product choices. A marketer can use the website to provide information about
the product, and topics related to the product group in which it competes. For example,
car manufacturers could give information about travel destinations, diaper companies
about childcare, pharmaceutical companies about health care and various disease states,
and so on. Such techniques of providing useful, related information are used in building
brand equity by forging relationships, whereby existing and potential customers begin to
identify the brand with that particular product category or certain activities.
Brand and site loyalty are developed by providing current and continually evolving
information, as this gives visitors an incentive to revisit the website. The concept here is
that the website is similar to a magazine which people read and marketers use to
communicate product and nonproduct information -- it is a living document which needs
to be updated, in synchronization with the overall marketing strategy of the company.
Many companies actually allow potential customers to design their own products through
interactive websites, within certain specification limits. These orders are then
automatically registered and routed to the logistics department. Product choice and
convenience of ordering can give customized products (Tarafdar 1998).
As far as Indian companies are concerned, exporters and manufacturers of physical
products -- from commodities to handicrafts, from leather to tea, from seafood to tobacco
-- can use the market space to contact customers, but not to deliver their wares. So, the
net need not define their product strategy. However, marketers of products that can be
digitized and distributed directly over the net can cash in on the cyberspace by designing
appropriate offerings. Pure information relating to the Indian markets, the economy and
the stock markets are hot among the users of such data, who routinely use the net as their
primary shopping spot. The Internet can be the delivery vehicle for providing business
information.
Information products like newspapers and magazines from the country are already on the
web. Although most of them are free at the moment, the trend is being set by on line
publications from the US and UK that charge users a fee to access their news articles and
data banks. There are many takers all over the world for Indian news and this market is
growing day by day; hence, these services would help develop an information-market
that the Indian companies can exploit. Information sellers like the Mumbai (an Indian city
formerly known as Bombay) based Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) are
running websites which surfers can access for data on the Indian economy. Indian
advertising agencies also have web-sites that open up their detailed information bases and
full range of services to paid subscribers are pointing to the future.
Among the other ideal products for the cyberspace is software. Since software, like
information, can be downloaded directly over the net, the acts of marketing, sampling and
selling are fused together seamlessly in the cyberspace. Indian software companies
targeting global buyers can use the Web effectively to advertise and vend their products.
Some companies like the Infosys and the National Institute of Information Technology
(NIIT) are already doing this. Educational courses are Web compatible, too. Aptech is
planning to conduct online examinations for students, and for delivering online coursed
through multimedia. The NIIT is starting the Netvarsity with its just-in-time training
modules. The Indian government set up a web site on August 9th, 1998, giving
consumers over the world a chance to access information about the different tourist
places in the country, about Indian history, etc.
Price
The economics of manufacturing products for the cyberspace is unique, primarily
because a product has to be created only once and stored digitally. The cost of the
product tends to be comparatively low because an on-line marketer avoids the expense of
maintaining a store and the accompanying costs of rent, insurance, and utilities. Digital
catalogues can be produced at price much less than the cost of printing and mailing paper
catalogues. As in any other competitive new market, demand and supply, rather than the
cost-plus formula will determine the price. The real innovation, however, will be the fact
that sales will typically be in small units rather than complete packages -- one item of
information instead of the entire database; a small application instead of the entire
program; individual songs rather than the entire album; one training module instead of
the entire course. That is why NIIT's Netvarsity is able to sell its training modules at
prices as low as USD$2 each (Shankar 1998). In addition, the reduction in cost
expenditures normally incurred in marketing a product globally (e.g., advertising and
sales-teams in multiple markets -- nations), can be reduced, if not eliminated, by via the
reallocation of these activities on the net; and thus, result in a lower cost, and thus, price,
or a higher unit profit contribution.
Promotion
For promotion, the Internet's big technical advantage over conventional forms of media is
that the cost of reaching out to each additional person keeps crashing as the web widens.
Signals are carried by phone lines at a speed which keeps bills low. The web acts as a
cyberspace version of yellow pages. It transcends borders letting a PC user in America
access an information docket from a website in India. Marketers should consider the
world's net surfing community as a market in its own right. The findings of a Nielson
survey says that surfers, as a consumer group, are richer and younger than most people,
they are likely to be early adopters of new products and services (Prabhakaran 1996).
Indian marketers are therefore now realizing the use of the net to reach global audiences.
Many agencies in India are putting in a lot of money to make their popular sites. Specific
industries that they are attracting for this purpose are tourism, real estate, publishing,
financial institutions and air-freight services -- all in the business of exports. The Paper
Products Ltd., a packaging company has a home page on India Log, a site offered by
Progressive Science Information Pvt. Ltd. (PSIP) whose server is located in the U.S. The
most common kind of an ad is a 'banner'. This small patch of text-visual space can be
placed s a side column along with other information, or made to creep on to the PC user's
screen whenever he initiates a 'search'. This website has already attracted advertisers such
as the Malhotra Group and the Ion Exchange Ltd. (Tarafdar 1998)
Advertising on the net has been given the name 'webvertising'. Since webvertising is
interactive, it can be used to send purchase order forms back and forth, so an advertiser
can correlate his ad spend with the sales achieved. The Malhotra Group has reported
orders worth a daily average of Rs10,000 (approximately UDS$ 250) for its Lazer blades
through the Internet. Yet, the web might take years to become a big force in Indian
advertising, mainly due to the very few telephone lines available for it by Videsh Sanchar
Nigam Ltd. (VSNL) -- thus, limiting the surfer's style. There are only 80 lines supporting
Bombay, which has 56 per cent of the total surfers in India. But some of the space sellers
in India have bypassed the Indian telecommunication tangle by setting sites in places
outside India which have high speed links. This obstacle, however, should and is being
diminished as more businesses are realizing the potential for growth in this market. For
example, Indian advertisers, have realized that for corporate advertising outside the
country, the website is the best option -- in terms of cost versus benefit (i.e., reach). It is
like a permanent face of the company to the world. There is no limit to the on the amount
of information one can give. So, to woo foreign institutional investors who need
information about banking and finance in India, having a web site is ideal -- thus, the
pressure to expand this availability of this technology is increasing.
Customer service and product support has become a strategic lever for competitive
advantage. The Internet makes it possible for companies to run 24-hour service centers
for their customers across the globe. Customers can log into predetermined websites and
request for maintenance and service, giving details of their problems. Complaints get
logged into the company's database and request can be served on-line, especially if the
product is software or any consultancy service.
Place
In regard to 'place' variable of the Marketing Mix, the most powerful boost to
international marketing comes from the fact that the Net makes the physical distance
between the buyer and the seller immaterial for digitized products (e.g., software,
information, etc.). As for the distribution of tangible -- not digitized products -- the net
can serve as a coordination tool to achieve higher efficiencies. No longer do Indian
companies targeting global customers need to set up expensive distribution channels --
usually the highest entry-barrier in open markets -- in different countries. One website,
located in any computer in the world, can service consumers all over the world.
Previously, distribution and payment were not integrated on the net and payments had to
be made in the real world either through cash or credit cards. Now even that has been
simplified with secure on-line payment systems, emerging in the form of credit cards and
electronic cash.
Another obvious 'place' use of the Internet is that products can be sold anywhere in the
world, 24 hours a day, through interactive selling. It takes less time and capital to set up a
virtual shop, complete with advertising and merchandising. Small companies can have as
much as a presence as the larger ones, their effectiveness being limited only by the
creativity of the site design and the convenience which can be provided to the customer.
SUMMARY
The Internet represents an efficient and effective vehicle in which businesses -- especially
those of small and medium size -- in India, as well as other lessor developed countries,
can overcome many of the common barriers to entry into the global market place (e.g.,
capital investment and access). It is evident that the use of the Internet in India is not as
advanced as in many other countries, but there has been a phenomenal amount growth in
the use of this technology as a marketing tool, and even more promise as an opportunity
to promote to the world. Likewise, Indian consumers also have the opportunity to seek
out goods and services beyond their local, regional and national boundaries. This
universal access may also have a positive impact on the quality of life of some population
segments -- if this concept can be defined at least in part by the value (qualityprice ratio)
and variety (new and better quality) of products; via an increase in competition and the
likely result of lower or more competitive prices due to the vary nature of the economicprinciple
of supply and demand. How and by whom this technology is exploited for
competing in the global marketplace will determine in large part the future of commerce
in India, and the world.
significant role in the daily lives of human beings. Marketing over the Internet is also
gaining strength day by day. The Internet is slowly gaining popularity in third world
countries, such as India, as well. This paper attempts to begin a discussion on how the
Internet evolved at a turbo charged pace from a network of computers to the world's truly
first international market; the consumers in the Net market place; how a company can add
value to its operations by using the Net; and more specifically, how India can use the Net
as the gateway to globalization and to what extent this process has already begun.
INTRODUCTION
The Internet is an increasingly expanding medium of interaction that has virtually
eliminated geographical boundaries and overcoming previously existing obstacles of
global business. It can be considered to be an accidental mega-market born out of
technology and that of economic needs. The Internet, the single most sophisticated on
line service, is relatively simple and immediate to use; however, these attributes may not
enjoy a perceived status of usability for those new to and somewhat hesitant of advances
in computer technology. The Internet today offers India best opportunity to expand its
market on an even more global scale. This network of computers represents a perpetually
open market without geographical barriers to prevent any business from reaching
customers all over the world via a virtual market where trade, transactions, cash and
commodities flow in the form of electronic consumption.
The boom in computer, telephone and television technologies, has had a major impact on
the way businesses produce and market their products. As technology has delivered new
and better foods, clothes, housing, vehicles and entertainment possibilities, our lives have
changed dramatically. Telecommunications is the driving force that is simultaneously
creating the huge global economy and making its parts smaller and more powerful. At the
heart of this phenomenon is the Information Superhighway and its backbone, the Internet.
Philip Kotler, one of the most prominent figures of marketing, warns that even though the
alert marketers see this technology as producing an endless stream of opportunities,
taking advantage of it entails walking a thin line (i.e., companies must avoid jumping in
too soon -- before the market is ready -- or too late -- after the market has been conquered
(Kotler 1997).
The Internet is an inter-networked system of computers linked by telephones that allow
free flow of information from one part of the network to any other, provided the
information is packaged according to certain conventions. It was born out of a vision of
universal connectivity and global community. Created as a data link among a sprinkling
of academic communities, the Internet has fast been embraced by business. Companies
are using it to link employees in remote areas, stay in touch with customers and suppliers,
distribute sales information more quickly, as well to sell and distribute goods and
services.
The Internet began to grow dramatically in 1994 with the advent of a new, more user
friendly application -- The World Wide Web -- which provides companies access to
millions of new customers at a fraction of the cost of print or television advertising, and
in many cases, distribution. The Web uses a technology called hypertext which allows
users to leap from one computer data base to another by simply clicking on highlighted
images or text. It employs easy-to-use browsers to capture the public's imagination with
the promise of a navigable world of a seemingly infinite amount of information. The
World Wide Web's popularity, in turn, has caused the entertainment media and the
communication industries to reevaluate their business models. The use of the Internet to
carry real time data, such as voice and video, in addition to traditional forms of data,
which lent themselves more readily to packet switching technology, is on the horizon
(Lewis and Lewis 1996).
The number of computers in the world grew from less than half a million two decades
ago to 200 million in 1996. The number of websites are doubling every 53 days and the
number of non-U.S. users is projected to grow from an estimated 40 million in 1997 to
500 million in the year 2000. In India, the Internet subscribers in August 1995 were only
703, but by June 1998 the number had grown to 1,20,000 (Outlook 1998). However, Jay
Forrester, the inventor of random access memory, expects that for at least three four
generations, people will use computers for what they've always done, only faster
(Advertising and Marketing 1997).
A profession, no less than a craft, is shaped by its tools. The profession of marketing, its
theories, practices, and even the basic sciences that it draws upon, are determined by the
tools at its disposal at any moment. When the tools change, the discipline adjusts,
sometimes quite profoundly and usually quite belatedly.
IMPACT OF INTERNET ON MARKETING
Clearly, marketing's tool kit is experiencing an unsettling amount of change. The boom in
direct and database marketing, the dawning of electronic commerce, new ways to
automate sales force management, and the sudden blossoming of the World Wide Web
all suggest that the discipline is under pressure to redefine itself. The stock market is well
aware that something important is developing; venture capitalists and technology
companies are making large bets; and students at business schools, alert to any hint that
their investment in the development of personal skills might have to pay off in a changed
environment, show particular interest in new methods of market making. Mass marketing
concepts and practices are taking advantage of new ways to become more customized,
more responsive to the individual.
The challenge facing the companies today is how to take strategic advantage of these
opportunities to build more desirable products and services, build brand equity and
increase revenues and profits (Tarafdar 1998). The Internet represents new opportunities
for the marketers and sales people because it provides a wide reach for all marketing
efforts conducted on it. International markets can be opened up at low costs. Advertising
and promotion costs in other countries can be significantly reduced, if not eliminated.
With the use of the Internet there can be continuous customer support. Services can be
made available through interactive e-mail systems on the net. This saves time and money.
In addition, feedback (i.e., research data) from the marketplace can be likewise collected
on an on-going basis, and in may cases, in the form of "real-time" data. New products
and services can be tested through interactive questionnaires on the Internet. This
feedback forms the basis of market identification and segmentation that enables
marketers to better position their products.
INCREASED INTERACTIVITY
The term interactive, as we interpret it, points to two features of communication: 1] the
ability to communicate to an individual/business or an entire marketplace, and 2] the
ability to gather and remember the response of that individual in a way that takes into
account the context of his or her unique response. Thus, we see interactivity as a tool that
allows good marketing to become good conversation.
Interactivity has already made major inroads into marketing budgets in the past decade in
the form of direct mail, catalog retailing, telemarketing, and the incorporation of response
devices into broadcast advertising. Developments in data storage and transmission,
however, hold out the promise of new and better interactive tools to manage relations
with customers to link the networked corporation to its channels and its collaborators. For
example, when a broadcast advertisement elicits a response such as a toll-free call, which
is then stored in a computer database and which triggers a personalized direct mailing, it
represents a form of low-tech interactivity. A sales representative calling on customers is
also engaging in low-tech interactivity.
The web, however, promises high-tech interactivity. When a consumer visits a website,
many cycles of messages can be exchanged in a short time. Then, when the consumer
visits sometime later, the dialogue can resume where it left off. The web medium is as
subtle, flexible, pertinent and persuasive as one-to-one dialogue. It boasts a better
memory than the most diligent salesperson and has none of the salesperson's distaste for
repetitive tasks. Direct marketing and distribution channels, aided by electronic
commerce can be used to substantially augment sales through conventional retail and
distribution systems.
Interactivity is a powerful hook, which enables the customer not just to passively view
the pages, but also to answer questions, play games and involve him/herself with the
website. Interactivity can be leveraged by ensuring that the website is designed to accept
feedback, usually in the form of electronic questionnaires which visitors can fill in on
screen, so that companies can tailor their content according to their customer's needs.
THE MARKET-SPACE AND CYBER
CONSUMERS
The mega-network is now a mega market. The frontiers of the net are dotted by shopping
windows wherever in the world there is a computer, a modem and a telephone line. Cyber
space is fused with market and the result is -- the market space. This market space is truly
global with its main commodity -- data -- not be restrained by international borders, no
custom duties, no import barriers. While the old net viewed surfers as mere cyber-pros,
business is looking at them as customers who can visit this market space simply by
switching on their computers and using their modems to connect to the net. The
customers come and go in this cybermart at the click of a mouse. Seated at their computer
terminals all over the globe, ordinary people -- who use soap, drive cars, and eat breakfast
in everyday life -- are being converted into cyber-consumers as soon as they enter the
market-space.
INTERNET MARKETING MIX IN THE
INDIAN SCENARIO
Product
We now examine some of the ways in which marketers can, and some already have,
enhanced and extended the traditional elements of marketing by using the Internet as a
marketing tool, particularly in the Indian scenario. Adding product value through
information. A product is more than just the physical entity. Relevant information about
related topics also add to the product's value, and make it easy for the customer to make
brand and product choices. A marketer can use the website to provide information about
the product, and topics related to the product group in which it competes. For example,
car manufacturers could give information about travel destinations, diaper companies
about childcare, pharmaceutical companies about health care and various disease states,
and so on. Such techniques of providing useful, related information are used in building
brand equity by forging relationships, whereby existing and potential customers begin to
identify the brand with that particular product category or certain activities.
Brand and site loyalty are developed by providing current and continually evolving
information, as this gives visitors an incentive to revisit the website. The concept here is
that the website is similar to a magazine which people read and marketers use to
communicate product and nonproduct information -- it is a living document which needs
to be updated, in synchronization with the overall marketing strategy of the company.
Many companies actually allow potential customers to design their own products through
interactive websites, within certain specification limits. These orders are then
automatically registered and routed to the logistics department. Product choice and
convenience of ordering can give customized products (Tarafdar 1998).
As far as Indian companies are concerned, exporters and manufacturers of physical
products -- from commodities to handicrafts, from leather to tea, from seafood to tobacco
-- can use the market space to contact customers, but not to deliver their wares. So, the
net need not define their product strategy. However, marketers of products that can be
digitized and distributed directly over the net can cash in on the cyberspace by designing
appropriate offerings. Pure information relating to the Indian markets, the economy and
the stock markets are hot among the users of such data, who routinely use the net as their
primary shopping spot. The Internet can be the delivery vehicle for providing business
information.
Information products like newspapers and magazines from the country are already on the
web. Although most of them are free at the moment, the trend is being set by on line
publications from the US and UK that charge users a fee to access their news articles and
data banks. There are many takers all over the world for Indian news and this market is
growing day by day; hence, these services would help develop an information-market
that the Indian companies can exploit. Information sellers like the Mumbai (an Indian city
formerly known as Bombay) based Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) are
running websites which surfers can access for data on the Indian economy. Indian
advertising agencies also have web-sites that open up their detailed information bases and
full range of services to paid subscribers are pointing to the future.
Among the other ideal products for the cyberspace is software. Since software, like
information, can be downloaded directly over the net, the acts of marketing, sampling and
selling are fused together seamlessly in the cyberspace. Indian software companies
targeting global buyers can use the Web effectively to advertise and vend their products.
Some companies like the Infosys and the National Institute of Information Technology
(NIIT) are already doing this. Educational courses are Web compatible, too. Aptech is
planning to conduct online examinations for students, and for delivering online coursed
through multimedia. The NIIT is starting the Netvarsity with its just-in-time training
modules. The Indian government set up a web site on August 9th, 1998, giving
consumers over the world a chance to access information about the different tourist
places in the country, about Indian history, etc.
Price
The economics of manufacturing products for the cyberspace is unique, primarily
because a product has to be created only once and stored digitally. The cost of the
product tends to be comparatively low because an on-line marketer avoids the expense of
maintaining a store and the accompanying costs of rent, insurance, and utilities. Digital
catalogues can be produced at price much less than the cost of printing and mailing paper
catalogues. As in any other competitive new market, demand and supply, rather than the
cost-plus formula will determine the price. The real innovation, however, will be the fact
that sales will typically be in small units rather than complete packages -- one item of
information instead of the entire database; a small application instead of the entire
program; individual songs rather than the entire album; one training module instead of
the entire course. That is why NIIT's Netvarsity is able to sell its training modules at
prices as low as USD$2 each (Shankar 1998). In addition, the reduction in cost
expenditures normally incurred in marketing a product globally (e.g., advertising and
sales-teams in multiple markets -- nations), can be reduced, if not eliminated, by via the
reallocation of these activities on the net; and thus, result in a lower cost, and thus, price,
or a higher unit profit contribution.
Promotion
For promotion, the Internet's big technical advantage over conventional forms of media is
that the cost of reaching out to each additional person keeps crashing as the web widens.
Signals are carried by phone lines at a speed which keeps bills low. The web acts as a
cyberspace version of yellow pages. It transcends borders letting a PC user in America
access an information docket from a website in India. Marketers should consider the
world's net surfing community as a market in its own right. The findings of a Nielson
survey says that surfers, as a consumer group, are richer and younger than most people,
they are likely to be early adopters of new products and services (Prabhakaran 1996).
Indian marketers are therefore now realizing the use of the net to reach global audiences.
Many agencies in India are putting in a lot of money to make their popular sites. Specific
industries that they are attracting for this purpose are tourism, real estate, publishing,
financial institutions and air-freight services -- all in the business of exports. The Paper
Products Ltd., a packaging company has a home page on India Log, a site offered by
Progressive Science Information Pvt. Ltd. (PSIP) whose server is located in the U.S. The
most common kind of an ad is a 'banner'. This small patch of text-visual space can be
placed s a side column along with other information, or made to creep on to the PC user's
screen whenever he initiates a 'search'. This website has already attracted advertisers such
as the Malhotra Group and the Ion Exchange Ltd. (Tarafdar 1998)
Advertising on the net has been given the name 'webvertising'. Since webvertising is
interactive, it can be used to send purchase order forms back and forth, so an advertiser
can correlate his ad spend with the sales achieved. The Malhotra Group has reported
orders worth a daily average of Rs10,000 (approximately UDS$ 250) for its Lazer blades
through the Internet. Yet, the web might take years to become a big force in Indian
advertising, mainly due to the very few telephone lines available for it by Videsh Sanchar
Nigam Ltd. (VSNL) -- thus, limiting the surfer's style. There are only 80 lines supporting
Bombay, which has 56 per cent of the total surfers in India. But some of the space sellers
in India have bypassed the Indian telecommunication tangle by setting sites in places
outside India which have high speed links. This obstacle, however, should and is being
diminished as more businesses are realizing the potential for growth in this market. For
example, Indian advertisers, have realized that for corporate advertising outside the
country, the website is the best option -- in terms of cost versus benefit (i.e., reach). It is
like a permanent face of the company to the world. There is no limit to the on the amount
of information one can give. So, to woo foreign institutional investors who need
information about banking and finance in India, having a web site is ideal -- thus, the
pressure to expand this availability of this technology is increasing.
Customer service and product support has become a strategic lever for competitive
advantage. The Internet makes it possible for companies to run 24-hour service centers
for their customers across the globe. Customers can log into predetermined websites and
request for maintenance and service, giving details of their problems. Complaints get
logged into the company's database and request can be served on-line, especially if the
product is software or any consultancy service.
Place
In regard to 'place' variable of the Marketing Mix, the most powerful boost to
international marketing comes from the fact that the Net makes the physical distance
between the buyer and the seller immaterial for digitized products (e.g., software,
information, etc.). As for the distribution of tangible -- not digitized products -- the net
can serve as a coordination tool to achieve higher efficiencies. No longer do Indian
companies targeting global customers need to set up expensive distribution channels --
usually the highest entry-barrier in open markets -- in different countries. One website,
located in any computer in the world, can service consumers all over the world.
Previously, distribution and payment were not integrated on the net and payments had to
be made in the real world either through cash or credit cards. Now even that has been
simplified with secure on-line payment systems, emerging in the form of credit cards and
electronic cash.
Another obvious 'place' use of the Internet is that products can be sold anywhere in the
world, 24 hours a day, through interactive selling. It takes less time and capital to set up a
virtual shop, complete with advertising and merchandising. Small companies can have as
much as a presence as the larger ones, their effectiveness being limited only by the
creativity of the site design and the convenience which can be provided to the customer.
SUMMARY
The Internet represents an efficient and effective vehicle in which businesses -- especially
those of small and medium size -- in India, as well as other lessor developed countries,
can overcome many of the common barriers to entry into the global market place (e.g.,
capital investment and access). It is evident that the use of the Internet in India is not as
advanced as in many other countries, but there has been a phenomenal amount growth in
the use of this technology as a marketing tool, and even more promise as an opportunity
to promote to the world. Likewise, Indian consumers also have the opportunity to seek
out goods and services beyond their local, regional and national boundaries. This
universal access may also have a positive impact on the quality of life of some population
segments -- if this concept can be defined at least in part by the value (qualityprice ratio)
and variety (new and better quality) of products; via an increase in competition and the
likely result of lower or more competitive prices due to the vary nature of the economicprinciple
of supply and demand. How and by whom this technology is exploited for
competing in the global marketplace will determine in large part the future of commerce
in India, and the world.