Description
This report presents the past and current status of the reports generated in BSES Rajdhani Power Limited and the work done on the Automation of these reports. Basically, the reports generated in any company should be on an Automated Plateform.
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SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT
JULY –AUGUST 2013
ON
1.AUTOMATION OF REPORTS AND SCORECARDS EXISTING ON
TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL SIDE OF BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION
BUSINESS
2. TO STUDY THE OVERALL FEASIBILITY AND APPROACH TOWARDS
SMART GRID APPLICATIONS
@
BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED
Submitted by:
Priyadarshini Kumari
MBA (Power Management)
III Semester, College Roll No-61
Sector-33, Faridabad – 121003, Haryana
(Under the Ministry of Power, Govt. of India)
MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
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DECLARATION
I, PRIYADARSHINI KUMARI, Roll No. 61 Class of 2012-14 of the MBA (Power
Management) program from NPTI Faridabad hereby declare that the Summer Training
Report entitled
1.AUTOMATION OF BUSINESS REPORTS AND SCORECARDS EXISTING ON
COMMERCIAL & TECHNICAL SIDE OF BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION
BUSINESS.
2. TO STUDY THE OVERALL FEASIBILITY & APPROACH TOWARDS SMART
GRID APPLICATIONS.
is an original work and has not been submitted to any other Institute for the reward of any
other Degree.
A seminar presentation of the report was made on
and the suggestions as approved by the faculty were duly incorporated.
Presentation In charge Internal Guide Signature of the candidate
Counter signed by
Principal Director/Director
CAMPS-NPTI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to BSES
RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED. for giving me the opportunity to undergo this project. I
wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to the people who helped and extended their
support in this endeavour.
I would like to thank Mr. MUNISH SHARMA, for his support from time to time and for
providing the necessary resources for the timely completion of the project.
I am also thankful to Mr. J.S.S.Rao Principle Director(CAMPS), Mrs. Manju Mam
Director(CAMPS), Mrs. Indu Maheshwari ,Deputy Director (CAMPS), Mr. Rohit Verma
,Deputy Director (CAMPS), Mrs.Sugandha Aggrwal for giving valuable suggestions
towards the project. Finally, I am highly obliged to Director (CAMPS), NPTI, who gave me
the opportunity to do summer internship in a pioneer organization like BSES DELHI.
I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Daizy Ahuja, Mr. Kailash
Kumar Bhatt & Mr. Sudhanshu Jha, for his scholarly guidance through the course of the
project and without whose efforts, this project would not have been possible.
THANK YOU
Priyadarshini kumari
MBA (Power Management)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
? This report presents the past and current status of the reports generated in BSES
Rajdhani Power Limited and the work done on the Automation of these reports.
Basically, the reports generated in any company should be on an Automated
Plateform.
? I have done a detailed study on the formation of Dashboards and Scorecards which
need to be automated to reduce the errors that are occurred in manually data entry in
MS-Excel.
? I have done a detailed study on how the concept of Smart Grid emerged, how the
transition of the traditional electric power grid to the modern Smart Grid took
place and the benefits and opportunities upon the implementation of Smart Grid.
? I have also done a detailed study of the challenges faced for the implementation of
the Smart Grid, the analysis of typical cost configurations for the implementation of
Smart Grid and the enabling technologies & driving forces which made the
deployment of Smart Grids possible.
? I have done a detailed study on the implementation processes of Smart Grid
going on in various states of India.
? I have also listed out the vendors of the Smart Grid equipments and their
respective offerings for the deployment of Smart Grid technologies.
? And I have also discussed the vision of Smart Grid and importance of its
implementation for the Indian power sector and the linkage of the Smart Grid with R-
APDRP.
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
? ABR -- AVERAGE BILLING RATE
? AMI – ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE
? AMPS -- ASSISTANT MANAGER POWER SUPPLY
? BAM -- BILL AMENDMENT MODULE
? BD -- BREAKDOWN CONSTRAINTS
? BST -- BULK SUPPLY TARIFF
? CO -- COMMERCIAL OFFICER
? CCO -- CUSTOMER CARE OFFICER
? CE -- COLLECTION EFFICIENCY
? DR – DEMAND RESPONSE
? FD-INT -- FIXED DEPOSIT INTEREST
? GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
? G- SEC – GOVERNMENT SECURITY
? GCC – GOVERNMENT CONSUMER CATEGORY
? GPS – GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
? HTLS – HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW SAG
? HVDS – HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
? ICD -- INTER COMPANY DEPOSIT
? IDC -- INTEREST ON DEBT COST
? IED – INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES
? IEGC – INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE
? IEX -- INDIAN EXCHANGE
? JNNSM – JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
? KCC – KEY CONSUMER CATEGORY
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? MLCC – MEDIUM LOAD CONSUMER CATEGORY
? MF -- MULTIPLYING FACTOR
? MGI – MODERN GRID INITIATIVE
? MOP – MINISTRY OF POWER
? MTD -- MONTH TILL DATE
? MISC -- MISCELLANEOUS
? NHAI -- NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA
? PFC – POWER FINANCE CORPORATION
? PGCIL – POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA
? PMU – PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT
? PXIL -- POWER EXCHANGE OF INDIA LIMITED
? REC – RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE
? RTTR – REAL TIME THERMAL RATING
? SAP – SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMMING
? SCADA – SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
? SD -- SHUTDOWN CONSTRAINTS
? ST -- STREET LIGHT
? VSMC – VOLTAGE STABILITY MONITORING AND CONTROL
? WAMS – WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEM
? YOY -- YEAR OVER YEAR
? YTD -- YEAR TILL DATE
? YTM – YEAR TILL MONTH
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1- Delhi Distribution Area...............................................................17
FIGURE 2- Consumer Profile .........................................................................21
FIGURE 3- Benefits of Automation Levels ...................................................33
FIGURE 4- Comparison of a system with & without Automation..................33
FIGURE 5- A Structure to Automate Reports in Excel...................................34
FIGURE 6- Automation Framework................................................................36
FIGURE 7- Proposed Framework for Automation...........................................37
FIGURE 8- Smart Grid Benefits......................................................................52
FIGURE 9- Technologies of Smart Grid..........................................................60
FIGURE 10- Technologies Contribution to Smart Grid...................................76
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 -- INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................10
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT...........................................................................................11
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT........................................................................................12
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT.................................................................................13
1.5 COMPANY PROFILE..................................................................................................14
1.5.1 History of Electricity in Delhi ...................................................................................14
1.5.2 About BSES (Group Profile) .....................................................................................14
1.5.3 BSES Delhi....................................................................................................................16
1.5.4 BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL).....................................................................16
1.5.5 BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)......................................................................16
1.5.6 Geographical Reach......................................................................................................17
1.5.7 Business of the Organization........................................................................................18
1.5.7.1 Delhi Supply Division.................................................................................................19
1.5.7.2 Operational Statistics.................................................................................................19
1.5.8 Classification of Supply...............................................................................................20
1.5.9 Customer Profile..........................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT STRUCTURE
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.......................................................................................22
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................23
CHAPTER 3 – AUTOMATION OF REPORTS ACROSS
BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS
3.1 REPORTS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL).................................................24
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3.2 SCORECARDS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL).......................................29
3.3 NEED FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS............................................................31
3.4 BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION.................................................................................31
3.5 TO AUTOMATE REPORTS IN EXCEL..................................................................34
3.6 PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATION...............................................35
3.7 OVERVIEW FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS.................................................37
3.8 CREATION OF DASHBOARD..................................................................................38
3.9 FREEZING OF FORMAT AND OUTPUT SCREEN IN EXCEL.........................40
CHAPTER 4 – FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMART GRID
4.1 SMART GRID – DEFINITION, BASICS AND FEATURES.....................................45
4.2 SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN GENERATION,TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION SECTOR..................................................................................................47
4.3 SMART GRID CHARACTERISTICS AND BENEFITS..........................................49
4.4 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE FIELD OF SMART GRID.................................57
4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED WHILE DESIGNING SMART GRID
TECHNOLOGY.....................................................................................................................60
4.6 BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA...........................64
4.7 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SMART GRID................................................65
4.8 SMART GRID PILOT PROJECTS RUNNING IN INDIA.......................................68
4.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .......................................................................................77
4.10 INDIAN SMART GRID FORUM................................................................... .............78
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND THE WAY FORWARD
5.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................80
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS..............................................................81
5.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................82
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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Automated Reports are often needed in the business world. In any business, the underlying
business data is constantly changing as new products are sold , payments are received and
new employees are hired. To enable managers to make informed decisions , business
intelligence reports need to be available with data that is as current as possible. Additionally,
with the business units spread across continents, automating the reporting process is even
more important.
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity
flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmissionlines for
less power loss, as well as the capability of integrating renewableelectricity such as solar
and wind. When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on
selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at
arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.”
A smart grid integrates new innovative tools and technologies with the T&D system that
connects the entire grid all the way from generation to appliances and equipment inside
consumer’s homes. A smart grid would create a digital energy system that will:
• Detect and address emerging problems on the system before they affect service,
• Respond to local and system-wide inputs and have much more information about
broader system problems,
• Incorporate extensive measurements, rapid communications, centralized advanced
diagnostics, and feedback control that quickly return the system to a stable state
after interruptions or disturbances.
The evolution of smart grid can be mapped broadly in the following
sequences – Manual Meter Reading ? Automatic Meter Reading ? Advanced
Metering Infrastructure ?Smart Meters ?Smart Grid.
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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Electric power distribution system is an important part of electrical power systems in delivery
of electricity to consumers. Electric power utilities worldwide are increasingly adopting the
computer-aided monitoring, control and management of electric power distribution system to
provide better services to electric consumers. Therefore, research and development activities
worldwide are being carried out to automate the electric power distribution system utilizing
recent advancement in the area of IT and data communication system. At present, power
utilities have realized the need for full scale distribution automation to achieve on-line system
information and remote control system. The main motivation for accepting the distribution
automation in developing countries such as India is to improve operating efficiency of
distribution system through the automation and smart grid technologies. Therefore,
automation of reports and implementation of smart grid are very reliable steps to provide
accurate power supply to each and every house.
The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four,
general categories.
• Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.
• Enabling decentralized power generation so homes can be both an energy client
and supplier (provide consumers with an interactive tool to manage energy usage, as net
metering).
• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side to allow supplier
selection (enables distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).
• Increase GDP by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs related to
renewableenergy industry manufacturing, plug – in electric vehicles, solar panel and
wind turbine generation, energy conservation construction.
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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objectives of the project are :--
? To Provide schedule of automation and facilitate the work break down in terms of all
critical business reports and scorecards existing on commercial and technical side of the
BSES Power Distribution Business.
? To Study about about the implementation of SMART GRID in power sector and to
develop a broadview of the initiatives taken in the field of SMART GRID by different
states in India.
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1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1. To review the existing set of performance reports (across BRPL & BYPL) in terms of the
domain, frequency, user group, etc.
2. To study various resources in terms of databases and systems providing input for such
MIS.
3. To prepare broad schema for automation & convergence of existing platforms especially
Monthly Scorecard & proposed Daily Dashboard.
4. To know about Pert chart with scheduled timelines.
5. To study about the SMART GRID features with special reference to implement in
transmission and distribution sectors.
6. To develop a broad view about the different technologies used in SMART GRID field.
7. To develop a broad view about the initiatives taken in India and also the various Pilot
Projects running in India.
8. To find suggestive measures to use SMART GRID in India on a large scale and to get
maximum benefit out of it.
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1.5 COMPANY PROFILE
1.5.1 History of Electricity in Delhi:
The history of electricity in Delhi dates back to 1905 when M/s John Flemming Company
was awarded the license as per Indian Electricity Act, 1903, for generation and distribution of
power in Delhi. Electricity those days was a luxury and the privilege of the high ranking
British officials and a few rich people. It was a rare and costly commodity with a perception
of being dangerous. Infact even rich Indian accepted this at a much later stage. M/s John
Fleming Company was replaced by the Delhi Tramway and Lighting Company, which was
subsequently renamed as Delhi Electricity Supply & Traction Company. In 1939, The Delhi
Central Electric Power Authority (DCEPA) was formed to run the services. In 1951, the
DCEPA was taken over by the Delhi State Electricity Board, constituted under Indian
Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. In 1958, Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking came into
existence and was once again converted to Delhi Vidyut Board in 1997. In July 2002, Delhi
Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three distribution companies, a
transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution companies have been
handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.
1.5.2 About BSES:
BSES Limited is India's premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity. Formerly, known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited, it
was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in the suburbs of
Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted, reliable, and quality
power to customers and provide value added services for the development of the power and
infrastructure sectors.
BSES caters to the needs of 2.07 million consumers over an area of 384 sq. km. with a
maximum system demand of approximately 1198 MVA. With 7 decades in the field of power
distribution, the Electricity Supply Division of BSES has achieved the distinction of
operating its distribution network with 99.98% on-line reliability and has a distribution loss
of only 29.9%.
BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in 1967 to meet the
increasing workload and to improve services to its customers. With a view to optimally
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utilize trained manpower and expertise in the field of power, the company commenced
contracting activities in 1966 by undertaking turnkey electrical contracts, thermal, hydro and
gas turbine installations and commissioning contracts, transmission line projects etc.
BSES set up its own 500 MW Thermal Power Plant and the first 2 x 250 MW units of
Dahanu Power Station were synchronized and began commercial operation during 1995-
1996. A dedicated 220 kV double circuit transmission line network with three 220 / 33 kV
receiving stations have been installed to evacuate the power to the distribution area of the
Company. This demonstrates BSES’ in-house capabilities ranging from engineering,
operation & maintenance of power plants and transmission and distribution systems.
BSES through international competitive bidding acquired an equity stake of 51% in three of
the four Distribution Companies of Orissa. At present, BSES along with its subsidiaries
provide electricity to more than 2.7 million consumers in an area covering about 1,23,000 sq.
km with an estimated population of 34 million.
In July 2002, Delhi Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three
distribution companies, a transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution
companies have been handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.
As a part of its active support to the privatization process, BSES has recently acquired an
equity stake of 51% in two of the three Distribution Companies of Delhi after unbundling and
privatization of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board. The two distribution companies, BSES
Rajdhani Power Limited covering South and West areas and BSES Yamuna Power Limited
covering Central and East regions provide electricity to around 22 lakhs consumers spread
across an area of 960 sq kms (approx).
BSES became part of the Reliance Group on January 18, 2003.
BSES will be renamed ‘Reliance Energy’ to reflect the change in ownership, and to leverage
brand equity of Reliance.
The new name ‘Reliance Energy’ will directly communicate association with the
internationally respected Reliance Group, and reflect the larger dimension of BSES’ future
plans. So presently BSES deals with mainly distribution sector in the country
1.5.3 BSES Delhi
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Following the privatization of Delhi?s power sector and unbundling of the Delhi Vidyut
Board in July 2002, the business of power distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna
Power Limited (BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL). These two of the three
successor entities distribute electricity to 22.6 lakh customers in two thirds of Delhi. The
Company acquired assets, liabilities, proceedings and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board as
per the terms and conditions contained in the Transfer Scheme.
1.5.4 BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL)
BRPL distributes power to an area spread over 750 sq. km with a population density of 1360
per sq km. Its? over 12.2 lakh customers are spread 19 districts across South and West areas
including Alaknanda, Khanpur, Vasant Kunj, Saket, Nehru Place, Nizamuddin, Sarita Vihar,
Hauz Khas, R K Puram, Janakpuri, Najafgargh, Nangloi, Mundka, Punjabi Bagh, Tagore
Garden,Vikas Puri,Palam and Dwarka. Since taking over distribution, BSES? singular
mission has been to provide reliable and quality electricity supply. BSES has invested over
Rs 3500 crore on upgrading and augmenting the infrastructure which has resulted in a record
reduction of AT&C losses. From a high of 63. % AT&C losses in BYPL area the losses have
come down to 29.8% a record reduction around 33%.Similarly, in BRPL area AT&C losses
have been reduced from 52.% to 27.% - a record reduction of 29%.
1.5.5 BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)
BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230
per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas
including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road,
Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and
Karawal Nagar.
BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230
per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas
including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road,
Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and
Karawal Nagar.
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1.5.6 Geographical Reach
Figure 1: Delhi Distribution Area
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1.5.7 Business of the Organization
1.5.7.1 Delhi Supply Division:
Caters to an area of 950 sq. Kms.
Supply Area covers South Delhi, East Delhi, West Delhi and Central Delhi.
Consumers include houses, residential complexes, high rise buildings, commercial Complex
medium and large industrial houses, government establishment like Airport, Worship places,
Milk Dairy, Mother Dairy and Municipal Hospitals, Sewerage projects etc.
Caters to more than 22 lakh consumers.
Provides highly reliable and continuous supply.
All consumers are given metered supply only.
Reliability 99.99 %
1.5.7.2 Operational Statistics
SN Particular Unit BYPL (East&
Central)
BRPL(South
West)
BSES
Delhi
1. Area sq. km 200 750 950
2. Customer
density
Cons/sq
km
4230 1360 1964
3. Total Registered
Customers
Lacs 10.4 12.2 22.6
4. Peak Demand MW 900 1420 2320
5. Consumption per
year
MU 5000 8000 13000
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Supply area 960 sq. kms(approx)
No. of Consumers Above 22 lakhs
Population covered Above 80 lakhs
System peak 5320 MW(approx)
Power Transformer 6024 MVA
No. of Dist. substations 9338(approx)
Dist Transformer capacity 5178.411 MVA
Power Factor 0.99
66 kV Capacitors 459.91 MVAr
33 kV Capacitors 226.52 MVAr
11 kV Capacitors 852.97 MVAr
LT Capacitors 297.20 MVAr
HT Mains 6285 kms (approx)
LT Mains 12240 kms(approx)
Street Light Poles 298089(approx)
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1.5.8 DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
• 66/33/11 kV Sub Transmission Network.
• Receiving Stations.
• SALIENT FEATURES
1. Unit type system at 66/33/11 kV radial system
2. Open Ring type system at 11 kV Mesh Network.
3. Partial Ring type system at L T Secondary Distribution level.
4. Distribution system with overhead cum underground cable network.
1.5.9 CONSUMER PROFILE
Load Domestic Commercial Industrial
Key Consumer
Cell
Total
Company BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL
0-10 kw 751925 937092 228826 170057 35120 18171 1295 2555 1017166 1127875
11-44 kw 10729 40905 8358 14041 6593 6807 1377 3254 27057 65007
44-100
kw
87 96 195 230 407 587 2200 3721 2889 4634
>100 kw 0 0 0 0 0 0 348 1247 348 1247
Total 762741 978093 237379 184328 42120 25565 5220 10777 1047460 1198763
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FIGURE 2 Consumer Profile
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
consumer
DOMESTIC
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
KEY CONSUMER
CELL
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CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT STRUCTURE
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Jayant Sinha (Associate Vice President, Spanco Ltd.) states IT has the potential to contribute
significantly in the power reforms process, particularly in the areas of business process
automation, revenue and commercial management, distribution system automation, CRM
(Consumer Relationship Management), Smart Grid and AT&C (Aggregate Technical &
Commercial) loss reduction. The power distribution utilities in India have initiating major
reforms using IT as the key enabler for improving revenue collection, minimizing AT&C losses,
proper energy accounting and efficient consumer services.
This report reviews research literature pertaining to trust in automated systems. Based on the
review, we argue that trust in automation has many similarities with trust in the interpersonal
domain, but also several unique dynamics and influences. Existing research has focused
primarily on trust in automation that has an executive or control function, and to a lesser extent,
has considered trust in automation that is designed to present information to operators (e.g.
decision aids). We maintain that although there are many similarities between trust in automation
and interpersonal trust, the dynamics of trust in automation also have some distinct qualities.
Several models related to trust in automation have already been developed; in this report, a
comprehensive -- although still preliminary -- model of trust in military automation is proposed.
Several sets of factors are likely to impact on the development of trust in automation, including
properties of the automation, properties of the operator, and properties of the context in which
interaction with automation occurs. The consequences of trust in automation have yet to be fully
explored. Based on this review, measures and methods to study trust in automation are
considered, and a program of research to study trust in automated systems is described.
Creation of a Smart Grid provides utilities and their customers a significant improvement in
power reliability and services. To date, Smart Grid has attracted various researchers from
different perspectives. This paper presents a review of Smart Grid technologies and its
characteristics. An extensive literature review is introduced. One can see variety of problems and
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challenges in the field of Smart Grid. Hence, this paper can provide a help to find a new research
point in this field.
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research work carried out for this project was more of descriptive in nature. Since this
project is a study project, hence in this project the major task was collection of data, and
analysing this data and also studying impact of Automation and Smart Grid in Distribution
Sector.
• Study and analysis of reports
of BSES(Delhi).
• Search for Data and reports
available.
• Proper sorting and alignment
of appropriate data and reports.
• Collecting all the reports.
• Prepare a framework for
Automation.
• Automate the reports.
• Study about the Smart grid
implementation in Power
Sector.
• Analyse the Smart Grid
framework.
• Suggestions about the
improved working of the
Reports and Smart grid.
.
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CHAPTER 3
PERFORMANCE REPORTS ACROSS
BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS
3.1 REPORTS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL)
A Report is any informational work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with
the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable
form.
Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience.
Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The
audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in
government, business, education, science, and other fields.
Previously, the format of the reports prepared in BSES was different than what it is present.
The format of reports contain the following fields :--
1 . FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
2. AT & C LOSSES
3. BILLING
4. COLLECTIONS
5. METER READING AND BILL DISTRIBUTION
6. CUSTOMER CARE
7. NEW CONNECTIONS
8. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
These are the main reports that were included in the old format. These reports have many
parameters. Some of the main parameters include :--
1. Short Load Consumer Category
2. Medium Load Consumer Category
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3. Key Consumer Category
4. Sales
5. Purchase
6. Operating Costs
7. Bill Amendments Module
8. Collection Efficiency
9. Provisional Bills
10. Average Bills
11. Metering
12. Billing
13. Capex
Thus, here we come to know about the fact that all reports are prepared with the help of these
parameters.
Now-a-days, the main reports that are prepared in BSES Power Distribution Business are :--
1 . CASH FLOW REPORT
2. AGGREGATE TECHNICAL & COMMERCIAL LOSS REPORT
3. COLLECTION REPORT
4. TECHNICAL REPORT
5. POWER PURCHASE REPORT
7. BULK SUPPLY TARIFF REPORT
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CASH FLOW REPORTS
Cash Flow Reports contain all the details about the receipts from operations, financing and
investments along with the payments for operations, financing and Capex.
Cash Flow Reports are prepared on Monthly Basis.
The main parameters of cash flow reports are :--
1 . Collection from Operations
2. Collection from Financing
3. Collection from Investments
AGGREGATE TECHNICAL & COMMERCIAL LOSS REPORT
AT&C Loss Report contains the following parameters: --
1. Energy Input
2. Energy Billed
3. Amount Billed
4. Amount Collected
5. Derivatives
6. AT&C Loss Comparison
On the basis of these parameters, 12 months rolling loss is calculated in %.
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COLLECTION REPORTS
Collection Reports contain the following parameters:--
1. Daily Revenue Collection Summary
2. Target Versus Actual Comparison
3. Last 5 year Comparison
4. YOY Comparison
5. Segment wise Comparison
Collection Reports are prepared daily.
Collection Reports are calculated in terms of month till date and year till date.
TECHNICAL REPORTS
Technical Reports contain the following parameters :--
1. Maximum Demand
2. Energy Consumption
3. Total units lost due to Outages
4. Total no current Complaints received
5. Total number of breakdown
6. Total number of cable faults
7. Street light complaints received
8. Total number of shutdowns
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POWER PURCHASE REPORT
Power Purchase Reports contain the following parameters:--
1. Source-Wise power purchase
2. Trader-Wise power purchase
3. Energy MUs
4. Cost
5. Rate at Source
6. Percentage Share
The transactions involved in these reports are :-
1. Bilateral
2. Exchange
3. Banking
4. UI (Unscheduled interchange)
BULK SUPPLY TARIFF REPORT
The Bulk Supply Tariff Reports contain the following parameters:--
1. Long term power purchase
2. Bilateral short term power purchase
3. Short term power purchase through power exchange
4. Banking arrangement
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5. Intra state power purchase
6. UI Purchase
7. UI sale
8. Open access charges
3.2 SCORECARDS PREPARED IN BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION
BUSINESS
There are two types of scorecards prepared in BSES :-
1. Commercial Scorecards
2. Operations & maintenance Scorecards
The scorecard is a strategy performance management tool and a semi-standard structured reports
supported by design methods and automation tools.
The scorecards are used by the managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staffs
within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.
1 . COMMERCIAL SCORECARDS
Commercial scorecard deal with the performance cards like:--
1. Total Score
2. AMPS(Assistant manager power supply) score
3. CO (Commercial Officer) Score
4. CCO( Customer Care Officer) Score
Also it includes the Ranks i.e.
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1. Division Rank
2. AMPS Rank
3. CO Rank
4. CCO Rank
2. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE SCORECARDS
O&M Scorecards deal with the performance card, ranking operational excellence , customer
service and energy audit.
The main parameters used are:--
1. T&D
2. Distributive Transformer Defective
3. R&M Expenses
4. % reduction in HT BDs
5. % reduction in LT BDs
6. Safety/Accident
7. Wrong closures
8. % HT Cable fault restoration in Freeze Panes from the menu.
? A vertical black line will appear between columns C and D and a horizontal line between
rows 3 and 4.
? Rows 1 to 3 and columns A to C are the frozen areas of the screen.
CHECK THE RESULTS
Use the scroll arrows to see the effect of freezing panes on a spreadsheet.
Scroll Down
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Use the vertical scroll arrow in Excel to scroll down. Rows 1 to 3 should stay on screen,
including the months of the year while the numbers 1 to 9 disappear off the spreadsheet page.
Return to cell D4
Click on the Name Box above column A
Type D4 in the Name Box and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. The active cell becomes
D4 once again.
Scroll Across
Use the horizontal scroll arrow to scroll to the right. Column A should stay on the screen,
including the numbers, while the months of the year disappear off the spreadsheet page.
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CHAPTER 4
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMART GRID
4.1 DEFINITION, BASICS & FEATURES :--
A Smart Grid can be defined as an interconnected system of information, communication
technologies and control systems used to interact with automation and business processes across
the entire power sector encompassing electricity generation, transmission, distribution and the
consumer. The idea of a Smart Grid is to make the existing grid infrastructure as efficient and
robust as possible, through the use of intelligence and automation, by encouraging active supply
and demand-side participation and by promoting innovative business practices and regulatory
environments that provide incentives for efficient production, transmission, distribution and
consumption of electricity across the entire value chain. The urgency for Smart Grids in India
emerges from the key challenges that the industry is currently facing. India operates the 3rd
largest transmission and distribution network in the world, yet faces a number of challenges such
as: inadequate access to electricity, supply shortfalls (peak and energy), huge network losses,
poor quality and reliability and rampant, theft. The evolution towards Smart Grid would address
these issues and transform the existing grid into a more efficient, reliable, safe and less
constrained grid that would help provide access to electricity to all.
The function of an Electrical grid is not a single entity but an aggregate of multiple networks
and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators employing varying levels of
communication and coordination, most of which is manually controlled. Smart grids increase
the connectivity, automation and coordination between these suppliers, consumers and
networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks.
• Transmission networks move electricity in bulk over medium to long distances, are
actively managed, and generally operate from 345kV to 800kV over AC and DC lines.
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• Local networks traditionally moved power in one direction, "distributing" the bulk
power to consumers and businesses via lines operating at 132kV and lower.
This paradigm is changing as businesses and homes begin generating more wind and solar
electricity, enabling them to sell surplus energy back to their utilities. Modernization is
necessary for energy consumption efficiency, real time management of power flows and to
provide the bi-directional metering needed to compensate local producers of power.
Although transmission networks are already controlled in real time, many in the US and
European countries are antiquated by world standards, and unable to handle modern
challenges such as those posed by the intermittent nature of alternative electricity
generation, or continentalscale bulk energy transmission.
HISTORY
Today's alternatingcurrent powergrid evolved after 1896, based in part on NikolaTesla's
design published in 1888. Many implementation decisions that are still in use today were made
for the first time using the limited emerging technology available 120 years ago. Specific
obsolete power grid assumptions and features (like centralized unidirectional electricpower
transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control) represent a vision of what
was thought possible in the 19th century.
Over the past 50 years, electricity networks have not kept pace with modern
challenges, such as:
• security threats, from either energy suppliers or cyber attack
• national goals to employ alternative power generation sources whose intermittent
supply makes maintaining stable power significantly more complex
• conservation goals that seek to lessen peak demand surges during the day so that less
energy is wasted in order to ensure adequate reserves
• high demand for an electricity supply that is uninterruptible
The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005, when the article "Toward A
Smart Grid", authored by S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg appeared in the
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September/October issue of IEEE P&E Magazine .The term had been used previously and may
date as far back as 1998.
Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control,
metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, Automaticmeterreading was used for monitoring loads
from large customers, and evolved into the AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure of the 1990s,
whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smartmeters
add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as
a gateway to demandresponse-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home.
The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four, general
categories.
• Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.
• Enabling decentralizedpowergeneration so homes can be both an energy client and
supplier
(provide consumers with an interactive tool to manage energy usage, as netmetering).
• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side to allow supplier selection
(enables distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).
• Increase GDP by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs related to
renewableenergy industry manufacturing, plug-inelectricvehicles, solar panel and wind
turbine generation, energy conservation construction.
The emerging vision of the smart grid encompasses a broad set of applications, including
software, hardware, and technologies that enable utilities to integrate, interface with, and
intelligently control innovations.
4.2 SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN GENERATION ,
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION SECTOR
POWER GENERATION –
Power Generation has gained the most due to the entry of private players. The magnitude of
capacity being added each year has increased manifold when compared to previous planning
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periods. Also, with the use of new and more advanced technologies, efficiency of thermal power
plants has been improving and emission levels falling. Operational requirements related to
scheduling and dispatch are driving the implementation of automation across the power system
and for the Generators. All new plants now have sophisticated operational IT systems and the
existing generation fleet is slowly upgrading to match. Renewable Energy (RE) based electricity
generation has gained prominence over the years. Several fiscal and policy measures have been
introduced to promote RE. On an average, over 3000MW of RE installed capacity has been
added every year with major contribution from the wind energy segment. Solar energy is
gaining momentum through the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and state
policies. Given the economics of coal and gas, fuel security issues and environmental concerns
that are being faced, generation from renewable energy is increasingly assuming a central role in
power-system design. Smart RE Control Centres which can forecast and monitor RE availability
and potentially use energy storage to manage dispatch the of power to match grid conditions or
manage demand through Demand Response (DR) programs to match capacity availability are
expected to become critical to the future integration of RE in order to comply with the
requirements laid down by the Indian Electricity Grid Code.
POWER TRANSMISSION –
The transmission sector in India is moving towards higher voltage levels of 1200kV and is
introducing a higher level of automation and grid intelligence. Power Grid Corporation of India
Ltd (PGCIL) has already installed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Wide Area Monitoring
Systems (WAMS) on a pilot basis in select regions and is now pursuing a plan to install PMUs
nationwide. Significant technological advancements such as increasing the capacity of
transmission corridors through the use of Static VAR compensation and re-conductoring of lines
using High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) wires are also being taken up. Managing these
systems will require real-time monitoring and control only possible with a robust state-of-the-art
communication system. Power system operation is also under evaluation as a result of the
disturbance in July 2012 and it is expected that policy reform will lead to more system control
being given to the load dispatch centres and the phase out of the current.Unscheduled
Interchange (UI) mechanism designed to discourage DisComs and GenCos from deviating from
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published schedules. The UI mechanism is expected to be replaced by an ancillary services
market, which would be managed by the power exchanges, thus further liberalizing power
markets and providing greater transparency on costs and prices of services. Whilst in the
beginning generators are expected to provide these services, discussions are taking place to pave
the way for Demand Response programmes and Energy Storage facilities also to
participate in the ancillary services market.
POWER DISTRIBUTION –
The electricity distribution sector in India is currently in the worst shape, plagued by high
network and financial losses in almost all states. There is an urgent need to bring in new
technologies and systems to arrest these leaks. The Restructured A c c e l e r a t e d P owe r De v
e l o pme n t P r o g r am ( R - A PDR P ) ( s e e :http://www.apdrp.gov.in/) introduced by the
GoI was aimed at reducing the network losses to 15%. Part-A of the program is aimed at creating
IT Infrastructure and automation systems within utility operations, which until its introduction
was largely missing in most of the distribution utilities in the country. And part B is aimed at
strengthening the physical network. The R-APDRP is still under implementation and completion
is expected during the 12th Five Year Plan. Once completely implemented, the program would
provide a strong foundation for evolution to Smart Grids in the power distribution segment. For
the distribution sector, Smart Grids will mean the introduction of Demand Response programs,
managing the expected introduction of electric vehicles and integrating distributed energy
resources in a way that can help the DisComs balance local supply and demand and reduce peak
time consumption. For this to happen, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) will be required
as well as reliable communication infrastructure. Building to Grid (B2G) or development of
“Green Buildings” which can be incentivized to manage their consumption and even distributed
energy resources to match grids conditions will also play their part in helping DisComs to
manage supply and demand.
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS & BENEFITS OF SMART GRID
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Smart Grid benefits can be categorized into 5 types:
• Power reliability and power quality. The Smart Grid provides a reliable power supply
with fewer and briefer outages, “cleaner” power, and self-healing power systems, through the
use of digital information, automated control, condition-based maintenance and autonomous
systems.
• Safety and cyber security benefits. The Smart Grid continuously monitors itself to detect
unsafe or insecure situations that could detract from its high reliability and safe operation.
Higher cyber security is built in to all systems and operations including physical plant
monitoring, and privacy protection of all users and customers.
•Energy efficiency benefits. The Smart Grid is more efficient, providing reduced total energy
use, reduced peak demand, reduced energy losses, and the ability to induce end-user use
reduction instead of new generation in power system operations.
• Environmental and conservation benefits. The Smart Grid is “green”. It helps
reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants by reducing generation from inefficient
gasoline- powered vehicles with plug-in electric vehicles.
•Direct financial benefits. The Smart Grid offers direct economic benefits. Operations costs
are reduced or avoided. Customers have pricing choices and access to energy information.
Entrepreneurs accelerate technology introduction into the generation, distribution, storage, and
coordination of energy.
Stakeholder Benefits
The benefits from the Smart Grid can be categorized by the three primary stakeholder groups:
•Consumers. Consumers can balance their energy consumption with the real time supply
of energy. Variable pricing will provide consumer incentives to install their own infrastructure
that supports the Smart Grid. This infrastructure is necessary to not only take advantage of
lower- priced energy in off-peak hours, but also to minimize consumption of higher-priced
energy in peak conditions. Smart grid information infrastructure will support additional
services not available today.
•Utilities. Utilities can provide more reliable energy, particularly during challenging
emergency conditions, while managing their costs more effectively through efficiency
and information.
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• Manufacturers. Manufacturers must produce and service the myriad components
that actually comprise the Smart Grid. The burst of innovation in products will propel
producers to new business developments and existing business enhancements.
• Society. Society benefits from more reliable power for governmental services,
businesses, and consumers sensitive to power outage. Renewable energy, increased
efficiencies, and PHEV support will reduce environmental costs, including carbon
footprints.
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FIGURE 8 –Smart Grid Benefits
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A benefit to any one of these stakeholders can in turn benefit the others. Those benefits
that reduce costs for utilities lower prices, or prevent price increases, to
customers. Lower costs and decreased infrastructure requirements ameliorate social
justice concerns around energy to society. Reduced costs increase economic activity
which benefits society. Societal benefits of the Smart Grid can be indirect and hard to
quantify, but cannot be overlooked.
Other stakeholders also benefit from the Smart Grid. Regulators can benefit from the
transparency and audit-ability of Smart Grid information. Vendors and integrators
benefit from business and product opportunities around Smart Grid components and
systems.
Modern Grid Initiative Smart Grid
Characteristics
The MGI developed a list of seven behaviors that define the Smart Grid. Those
working in each area of the Smart Grid can evaluate their work by reference to these
behaviors. These behaviors match those defined by similar initiatives and workgroups.
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The characteristics (or the behaviors) of the Smart Grid as defined by MGI are:
•Enable Active Participation by Consumers. The Smart Grid motivates and includes
customers, who are an integral part of the electric power system. The smart grid consumer is
informed, modifying the way they use and purchase electricity. They have choices, incentives,
and disincentives to modify their purchasing patterns and behavior. These choices help drive
new technologies and markets.
•Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options. The Smart Grid accommodates
all generation and storage options. It supports large, centralized power plants as well as
Distributed Energy Resources (DER). DER may include system aggregators with an array of
generation systems or a farmer with a windmill and some solar panels. The Smart Grid
supports all generation options. The same is true of storage, and as storage technologies
mature, they will be an integral part of the overall Smart Grid solution set.
•Enable New Products, Services, and Markets. The Smart Grid enables a market system
that provides cost-benefit tradeoffs to consumers by creating opportunities to bid for competing
services. As much as possible, regulators, aggregators and operators, and consumers can modify
the rules of business to create opportunity against market conditions. A flexible, rugged market
infrastructure exists to ensure continuous electric service and reliability, while also
providing profit or cost reduction opportunities for market participants. Innovative products and
services provide 3rd party vendors opportunities to create market penetration opportunities and
consumers with choices and clever tools for managing their electricity costs and usage.
• Provide Power Quality for the Digital Economy. The Smart Grid provides reliable power
that is relatively interruption-free. The power is “clean” and disturbances are minimal. Our
global competitiveness demands relatively fault-free operation of the digital devices that power
the productivity of our 21st century economy.
• Optimize Asset Utilization and Operate Efficiently. The Smart Grid optimizes assets
and operates efficiently. It applies current technologies to ensure the best use of assets. Assets
operate and integrate well with other assets to maximize operational efficiency and reduce costs.
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Routine maintenance and self-health regulating abilities allow assets to operate longer with less
human interaction.
• Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances (Self-heal). The Smart Grid
independently identifies and reacts to system disturbances and performs mitigation efforts to
correct them. It incorporates an engineering design that enables problems to be isolated,
analyzed, and restored with little or no human interaction. It performs continuous predictive
analysis to detect existing and future problems and initiate corrective actions. It will react
quickly to electricity losses and optimize restoration exercises.
Operate Resiliently to Attack and Natural Disaster. The Smart Grid resists attacks on both
the physical infrastructure (substations, poles, transformers, etc.) and the cyber-structure
(markets, systems, software, communications). Sensors, cameras, automated switches, and
intelligence are built into the infrastructure to observe, react, and alert when threats are
recognized within the system. The system is resilient and incorporates self-healing
technologies to resist and react to natural disasters. Constant monitoring and self-testing are
conducted against the system to mitigate malware and hackers.
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4.4 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and
telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations. In general, smart grid
technology can be grouped into five key areas:
1. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been developed in
an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected via
modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation
automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA), Geographic Information System(GIS),energy management systems, wireless mesh
networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics.
Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information and data exchange to
optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
2. Sensing and measurement
Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy
theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor
meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line
rating (typically based on online readings by Distributedtemperaturesensing combined with
Realtimethermalrating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-
of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology,
and Digitalprotectiverelays.
SmartMeters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in real
time. Smart meters are similar to AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure meters and provide a
communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets (smartsocket) and
other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times
of peak demand.
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PMU –
High speed sensors called PMUs distributed throughout their network can be used to
monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Phasors are
representations of the waveforms of alternating current, which ideally in real-time, are
identical everywhere on the network and conform to the most desirable shape. In the 1980s, it
was realized that the clock pulses from global positioningsystem(GPS) satellites could be used
for very precise time measurements in the grid. With large numbers of PMUs and the ability to
compare shapes from alternating current readings everywhere on the grid, research suggests
that automated systems will be able to revolutionize the management of power systems by
responding to system conditions in a rapid, dynamic fashion.
A Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) is a network of PMUS that can provide
real-time monitoring on a regional and national scale. Many in the power systems engineering
community believe that the Northeast blackout of2003 would have been contained to a much
smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network was in place.
3. Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics
components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies within
these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices,
high voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors,
and “intelligent” appliances.
4. Advanced control
Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid
disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key
areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent
agents (control systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and
operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc). Using
artificialintelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid in China created a wide area
protection system that is rapidly able to accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it
.
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The Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity- based
successivelinearprogramming method to reliably determine the optimal control solution.
5. Improved interfaces and decision support
Information systems that reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to
effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables. Technologies
include visualization techniques that reduce large quantities of data into easily understood visual
formats, software systems that provide multiple options when systems operator actions are
required, and simulators for operational training and “what-if”analysis.
The deployment of these technology solutions is expected to create improvements in
the six key value areas —
1.Reliability,
2.Economics,
3.Efficiency,
4.Environmental,
5.Safety, and
6.Security
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FIGURE 9 – Technologies of Smart Grid
4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED WHILE DESIGNING SMART
GRID
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The Smart Grid poses many procedural and technical challenges as we migrate from the
current grid with its one-way power flows from central generation to dispersed loads, toward a
new grid with two-way power flows, two-way and peer to peer customer interactions, and
distributed generation. These challenges cannot be taken lightly – the Smart Grid will entail
a fundamentally different paradigm for energy generation, delivery, and use.
Procedural Challenges
The procedural challenges to the migration to a smart grid are enormous, and all need to be
met as the Smart Grid evolves:
• Broad Set of Stakeholders: The Smart Grid will affect every person and every business in
the United States. Although not every person will participate directly in the development of the
Smart Grid, the need to understand and address the requirements of all these stakeholders will
require significant efforts.
• Complexity of the Smart Grid: The Smart Grid is a vastly complex machine, with some
parts racing at the speed of light. Some aspects of the Smart Grid will be sensitive to human
response and interaction, while others need instantaneous, automated responses. The smart grid
will be driven by forces ranging from financial pressures to environmental requirements.
•Transition to Smart Grid: The transition to the Smart Grid will be lengthy. It is impossible
(and unwise) to advocate that all the existing equipment and systems to be ripped out and
replaced at once. The smart grid supports gradual transition and long coexistence of diverse
technologies, not only as we transition from the legacy systems and equipment of today, but as
we move to those of tomorrow. We must design to avoid unnecessary expenses and
unwarranted decreases in reliability, safety, or cyber security.
• Ensuring Cyber Security of Systems. Every aspect of the Smart Grid must be secure.
Cyber security technologies are not enough to achieve secure operations without policies, on-
going risk assessment, and training. The development of these human-focused procedures takes
time—and needs to take time—to ensure that they are done correctly.
• Consensus on Standards. Standards are built on the consensus of many stakeholders over
time; mandating technologies can appear to be an adequate short cut. Consensus-based
standards deliver better results over.
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• Development and Support of Standards. The open process of developing a standard
benefits from the expertise and insights of a broad constituency. The work is challenging and
time consuming but yields results more reflective of a broad group of stakeholders, rather than
the narrow interests of a particular stakeholder group. Ongoing engagement by user groups and
other. organizations enables standards to meet broader evolving needs beyond those of
industry stakeholders. Both activities are essential to the development of strong standards.
•Research and Development. The smart grid is an evolving goal; we cannot know all that
the Smart Grid is or can do. The smart grid will demand continuing R&D to assess the evolving
benefits and costs, and to anticipate the evolving requirements.
• Regulatory and Policy. To maintain a consistent regulatory and energy policy framework
over a transition period that will be lengthy. Further, to achieve a National modernization of the
distribution grid since the regulation of the grid is delegated to local and statewide authorities.
Technical Challenges to Achieving the Smart Grid
Technical challenges include the following:
•Smart equipment. Smart equipment refers to all field equipment which is computer-based
or microprocessor-based, including controllers, remote terminal units (RTUs), intelligent
electronic devices (IEDs). It includes the actual power equipment, such as switches, capacitor
banks, or breakers. It also refers to the equipment inside homes, buildings and industrial
facilities. Smart Equipment also includes previously electromechanical switches, reclosers,
voltage controllers, and other actuated hardware that have been retrofitted with sensors and
controls used to monitor state, transmit that state to an external analysis point, and execute
control commands returned from that point. Some of these packages are outfitted with local
intelligence, used to carry out analysis and instructions when remote analysis is unnecessary or
not economical. This embedded computing equipment must be robust to handle future
applications for many years without being replaced.
• Communication systems. Communication systems refer to the media and to the
developing communication protocols. These technologies are in various stages of maturity.
The smart grid must be robust enough to accommodate new media as they emerge from the
communications industries and while preserving interoperable, secured systems.
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•Data management. Data management refers to all aspects of collecting, analyzing, storing,
and providing data to users and applications, including the issues of data identification,
validation, accuracy, updating, time-tagging, consistency across databases, etc. Data
management methods which work well for small amounts of data often fail or become too
burdensome for large amounts of data – and distribution automation and customer information
generate lots of data. In many cases entirely new data models and techniques (such as data-
warehousing and data-mining) are being applied in order to handle the immense amount of
synchronization and reconciliation required between legacy and emerging databases. Data
management is among the most time- consuming and difficult task in many of the functions
and must be addressed in a way that will scale to immense size.
Cyber Security. Cyber security addresses the prevention of damage to, unauthorized use
of, exploitation of, and, if needed, the restoration of electronic information and communications
systems and services (and the information contained therein) to ensure confidentiality, integrity,
and availability.
• Information and Data privacy. The protection and stewardship of privacy is a
significant concern in a widely interconnected system of systems that is represented by the
Smart Grid. Data integrity and non-repudiation is needed for succinct, reliable communication
across the grid. Additionally, care must be taken to ensure that access to information is not an
all or nothing at all choice since various stakeholders will have differing rights to information
from the Smart Grid.
• Software applications. Software applications refer to programs, algorithms, calculations,
and data analysis. Applications range from low level control algorithms to massive transaction
processing. Application requirements are becoming more sophisticated to solve increasingly
complex problems, are demanding ever more accurate and timely data, and must deliver results
more quickly and accurately. One of the most prominent software development evolutions is
shifting from a peer-to-peer integration environment to a services oriented architecture
(SOA) built upon on a robust analysis, simulation, and data management infrastructure.
Software engineering at this scale and rigor is still emerging as a discipline. Software
applications are at the core of every function and node of the Smart Grid.
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4.6 BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION
The barriers t h a t are holding back the implementation of smart grids include mainly the
issue of regulatory framework that is out of sync with today’s industry needs and society’s
broader environmental objectives.
In the following section, the current challenges that are holding back investments in smart grids
will be examined.There are a number of factors that, in combination, are acting as a brake on
smart grid investment, most of which are institutional and relate to the regulatory and policy
frameworks that have evolved to support the existing power delivery system. Seven areas
have been identified that will need to be addressed before smart grids become more widely
adopted:
1.Policy and regulation – In many cases, utilities do not get as far as a business case for the
smart grid as there are regulatory and policy barriers in place that either create reverse incentives
or fail to create sufficient positive incentives for private sector investment.
2. Business case – Where policy-makers and utility executives are aware of the role that smart
grids can play, they are often unable to make the business case for smart grid investments.
Within the business case, two factors operate: first, the capital and operating costs are too high,
as suppliers have not been able to achieve scale economies in production and delivery risk is
priced in; and second, only those benefits that are economically tangible are factored in, while
other ancillary and non-financial benefits are not included (e.g. the carbon benefits) or are
aligned to the appropriate value-chain players.
3. Technology maturity and delivery risk – A smart grid brings together a number of
technologies (communications, power electronics, software, etc.) at different stages of the
technology maturity lifecycle. In some cases, these technologies have significant
technology risks associated with them because agreed standards have not emerged. In
addition, there are only a handful of examples of large scale implementation of more than
50,000 premises and therefore there continues to be significant delivery risk priced in to the
estimates.
4. Lack of awareness – Consumers and policy-makers are becoming increasingly aware of the
challenges posed by climate change and the role of greenhouse gas emissions in creating the
problem. In some cases, they are aware of the role of renewable generation and energy
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efficiency in combating climate change. It is much less common that they are also aware of the
way that power is delivered to the home and the role of smart grids in enabling a low-carbon
future.
5. Access to affordable capital – Utility companies are generally adept at tapping the capital
markets; however, where delivery risks are high and economic frameworks are variable, the
relative cost of capital may be higher than normal, which acts as a deterrent to investment.
Stable frameworks and optimum allocation of risk between the customer, the utility and
government will be the key to accessing the cheapest capital possible. In the case of
municipalities and cooperatives, this challenge may become amplified as the ability to manage
delivery risk is reduced.
6. Skills and knowledge – In the longer term, a shortfall is expected in critical skills that will be
required to architect and build smart grids. As experienced power system engineers
approach retirement, companies will need to transition the pool of engineering skills to include
power electronics, communications and data management and mining. System operators will
need to manage networks at different levels of transition and learn to operate using advanced
visualization and decision support.
7. Cyber-security and data privacy – Digital communication networks and more granular and
frequent information on consumption patterns raise concerns in some quarters of cyber-
insecurity and potential for misuse of private data. These issues are not unique to smart grids
but are cause for concern on what is a critical network infrastructure. Of the seven barriers
outlined above, the first three pose the most significant hurdles, but, if addressed, will go a
long way towards creating an environment that will encourage investment in smart grids. None
of these barriers is insurmountable; however, it is important to understand the root cause of the
issues before developing strategies to break them down. In the following sections, each area will
be looked at in more detail with examples that highlight the challenge.
4.7 REGULATORY SUPPORT FOR SMART GRID PROJECTS IN
INDIA
The development of a dynamic regulatory environment is a pre-requisite to stimulate the market
towards Smart Grids in India. Providing clear signals to different stakeholders such as utilities,
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investors and technology providers of the direction of the market and thus providing some
certainty and confidence for the necessary investments. Through incentives and performance
guarantees, consumers can be motivated to also take an active role and demonstrable cost
benefits will convince regulators of the necessary investment requirements.
Regulatory support for Smart Grids is required across 3 key dimensions:
(i) Economic Regulation;
(ii) Safety and Standards; and
(iii) Awareness and Capacity Building
Consumer awareness and capacity building at all levels will need to be pursued
throughout to ensure buy-in and involvement.It is important to mention that many regulatory
instruments will need to be interrelated,and hence coherence across these will be necessary.
Within India several entities including ISGTF, BIS and CEA have already been working on a
wide range of activities covering the different instruments required under the above framework.
However, there is still a need for an institutional setup that ensures strong coordination among
all.
The following section lists out the key regulatory challenges being faced by the
Industry related to Smart Grid deployment:--
CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS:-
1.CHALLENGE –
Several of the Smart Grid initiatives such as Demand Response and peak load management
require adoption of dynamic/ time of use (TOU)/ time of day (TOD) tariffs, which are currently
absent in many states.
INTERVENTION-
Introduction of appropriate tariff structures. Initially, participation in programs could be
voluntary. Such efforts should be coordinated through the Forum of Regulators.
2. CHALLENGE –
Implementation of Smart Grid applications will require incurring capital expenditure. The
regulatory guidelines in normal course would permit investments if the benefits outweigh the
cost. However some benefits are intangible so in order to promote demonstration projects, liberal
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investment approval regulations are required to reflect the uncertainty associated with new
technologies, new applications and the foreseen benefits.
INTERVENTION –
Development of a conducive investment approval framework to promote innovation.
Introduction of performance and service related incentives such as power quality and peak
power. Recognition of transverse and less tangible benefits such as reducing emissions.
3. CHALLENGE –
Interoperability ensures compatibility between new systems, applications and communication
technologies with old ones and among themselves. A lack of interoperability standards leads to
deployment of technologies which are either not compatible with the existing system or may not
have adequate interface facilities defeating the basic objective of Smart Grids to communicate
between different components on real time basis. One of the problems that faced with
implementation of R-APDRP was the in-ability to read proprietary data from meters and lack of
standardization in metering. In R-APDRP, while the issue was addressed to some extent by the
adoption of IEC 62056 / Indian Companion Standard to BIS, this was limited to distribution
transformer (DT) level.
INTERVENTION –
Interoperability standards for various applications/equipment. Definition of an interoperability
roadmap at national level that maps out and comprehensively addresses various use
cases/applications and presents an action plan for large scale deployment.
5 . CHALLENGE –
Various Smart Grid deployments will demand different levels of user access, access points and
security. Uniformity in such standards is much needed to ensure the smooth interaction of
multiple systems and protection of data as well as operational systems/resilience to attack.
INTERVENTION –
Regulations/standards for Cyber Security to ensure coordinated development across various
Smart Grid applications. Current pilot projects could be used as test cases.
6 . CHALLENGE –
Standards for integrating EVs as well as all distributed energy resources need to be defined to
ensure the protection of the grid.
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INTERVENTION –
Grid code needs to be defined in consultation with EV manufacturers, charging station
operators/aggregators and grid operators.
7. CHALLENGE –
Implementation of Smart Grids will facilitate consumer participation with multiple options
regarding provision of electricity or curtailment of load related to price, energy efficiency,
renewable content etc. In this context, issues related to the roles and responsibilities of different
stakeholders in: creating awareness, rules for enrolling consumers in programs, data protection
etc. need to be defined.
INTERVENTION –
Capacity Building is required for all stakeholders including policy makers, regulators, utilities,
industry, research and academia and should cover: rate design, methods for approval of
investments, technical standards, updates on new concepts and technology, roles and
responsibilities of different stakeholders etc. Training of utility officials is required at all levels
of management from senior management to field level officials and should cover: emerging
technologies, operation of new systems, data management, data analysis etc. Education of
consumers on the benefits of Smart Grids and how they can improve their electricity usage
experience through availability of reliable and quality power and reduce electricity bills.
4.8 SMART GRID PILOT PROJECTS RUNNING IN INDIA
There are 14 SMART GRID pilot projects running in India now-a-days. These include :--
1 . AP CPDCL (ANDHRA PRADESH) –
Location - Jeedimetla Industrial Area
Project Summary – The Project proposes covering 11,904 consumers. The proposed project area
is covered under RAPDRP Scheme; DAS, IT and SCADA shall be implemented . The
functionalities of Peak load management, Power Quality and Outage Management are proposed
by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and
Industrial Consumers.
Benefits envisaged –
1. Reduced AT&C loss
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2. Reduced purchase of high cost power at peak hours.
2. APDCL ASSAM –
Location – Guwahati distribution region
Project summary –
The pilot project covers 15,000 consumers involving 90MUs of input energy.
APDCL is in the process IT Implementation under R-APDRP and SCADA/DMS
implementation is also to be taken up shortly.
APDCL has proposed the functionality of Peak Load Management using Industrial and
Residential AMI, Integration of Distributed Generation (Solar and available back-up DG Set)
and Outage Management system. The utility has envisaged that Power Quality Monitoring will
be a by-product of the deployment.
Benefits envisaged –
1. Increased available energy during peak time
2. Revenue increase through Power Quality measurements and power factor penalty
3. Reduction in AT&C Losses
4. Reduction in interest payments due to deferred Capital Investment in sub-transmission
networks
5. Improvement of availability (reduction of Customer Minutes Lost)
6. Improved management of power procurement options
7. Unscheduled Interchange using Short Term Load Forecasts
3 . CSPDCL CHHATTISGARH –
Location –Siltara – Urla area of Raipur District (Chhattisgarh State)
Project Summary –The pilot project includes installing smart meters at 508 H.T. & L.T Industrial
Consumer premises as well as Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) at 83 DTs. The area has around
2140.86 MU input energy consumption.
The proposed project area is not covered under RAPDRP Scheme. The functionality of Peak
load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for
Industrial Consumers.
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Benefits envisaged –
1. Reducing Distribution T&D losses
2. Reducing Peak load consumption through shifting of Peak Load demand to a non-peak time
thereby saving UI charges
3. Reducing cost of billing
4 . UGVCL GUJARAT –
Location –Naroda of Sabarmati circle which is an industrial and residential area and Deesa of
Palanpur circle which is an agricultural area
Project Summary –Project proposes covering 20,524 consumers in Naroda and 18,898
agricultural unmetered consumers in Deesa-II division and accounting for input energy of around
1700MU (Naroda : 374.52 MU &Deesa : 1321.27 MU for 2010-11). The functionalities of Peak
load management, Outage Management, Power Quality Management are proposed by
implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Industrial, Commercial and
Residential Consumers.
Some additional functionalities like Load forecasting and Asset Management are also
proposed and functionalities of load forecasting, peak power management and outage
management are also considered at utility level which will impact all consumers of utility (i.e. 27
lac consumers) indirectly. Renewable energy integration has also been proposed to be carried out
at Patan Solar Park and few roof top installations at some of the universities.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses
2. Savings in Peak Power Purchase cost by reduction of peak load
3. Reduction in Transformer failure rate
4. Reduction in number of outages
5. Reduction in Meter Reading cost, Cost of payment collection etc.
5 . UHBVN HARYANA –
Location –Panipat City Subdivision (Haryana State)
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Project Summary –The pilot project covers 30,544 consumers and distribution system of 531
DTs. The area has around 131.8 MU input energy consumption. The proposed project area is
covered under R-APDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The
functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged -
1. Reduced Distribution Losses
2. Reduced Peak Load Consumption
3. Reduced Cost of Billing
6 . HPSEB HIMACHAL PRADESH –
Location – Industrial town of KalaAmb
Project Summary – The pilot project covers 650 consumers and having annual input energy of
533 Mus. The functionality of peak load management and outage management is proposed by
implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Industrial Consumers, Distribution
Automation and Substation Automation and power quality management by deploying Power
Quality meters at HT consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Shifting peak load
2. Reduction in penalties
3. Reduction in outages
7. KSEB KERALA –
Location – Selected Distribution Section offices spread over the geographical area of Kerala
State
Project Summary - Pilot is proposed for around 25078 LT Industrial consumers of Selected
Distribution Section offices spread over the geographical area of Kerala State. The input energy
for the total scheme area is mentioned as 2108 MUs and for the LT Industrial consumers is
mentioned as 376 MUs. Part of this area is covered in R APDRP scheme. By implementing
Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) it is proposed to provide quality service.
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prevent tampering and unauthorized usage of load, accurate and timely metering and billing,
avoiding costly field visits of Sub Engineers for meter reading, reducing supply restoration time,
peak load management through load restriction for Remote Disconnection/Reconnection and
Time of Day tariff.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses through reduction in loss due to manual error, tampers, thefts,
short assessment etc.,
2. Savings on employee and travel cost for meter reading
3. Introducing incremental tariff for peak hours through TOD Tariff
8. MSEDCL MAHARASHTRA –
Location - Baramati Town
Project Summary – Project proposes covering 25,629 consumers with a mix of residential,
commercial and industrial consumers and input energy of 261.6 MU. The functionality of
Outage management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for
Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. In addition MSEDCL has proposed to
leverage AMI for Remote connect/disconnect of customers, Monitoring the consumption pattern,
Tamper detection, Contract load monitoring, Load curtailment program i.e. reduced power
supply instead of no power scenario, Time of Use Metering and Dynamic and Real Time Pricing,
Demand forecasting etc.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses
2. Reduction in requirement of field staff through proper management of unforeseen outages
3. Improvement in reliability parameters like SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI etc.
4. Reduction in Meter Reading cost, bringing efficiency in meter reading etc.
9. CESC MYSORE –
Location – Additional City Area Division (ACAD), Mysore
Project Summary – Project involves 21,824 consumers with a good mix of residential,
commercial, industrial and agricultural consumers including 512 irrigation pump sets covering
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over 14 feeders and 473 distribution transformers and accounting for input energy of 151.89 MU.
The functionalities of Peak load management, Outage Management are proposed by
implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and
Industrial Consumers and Integration to Distributed .
Generation / Micro Grid Integration. Some additional functionality like Agriculture DSM with
community Portal, Consumer Portal to Support DSM/DR, Employee portal for Knowledge
Sharing and Benefit realization, KPI based MIS and Data Analytics for decision Support are also
proposed.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses
2. Shifting of load in industrial and domestic consumer during peak hours
3. Reduction in number of transformer failure
4. Reduction in Meter Reading cost
5. Reduction in unforeseen outages and also recovery time for unforeseen outages.
10.ELECTRICITY DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF PUDUCHERRY, (PED) –
Location – Division 1 of Puducherry
Project Summary –Project proposes covering 87031 no. of consumers with dominant being
domestic consumers (79%). The area has around 367 MU input energy consumption. The
proposed project area is also covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system
strengthening which is likely to be completed in 2013. The module of Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers are proposed to be
implemented to assist with consumer issues like event management & prioritizing, billing cycle
review and revenue collection efficiency for Energy auditing and AT&C loss reduction.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in Distribution Losses
2. Reducing cost of billing
3. Increasing revenue collection efficiency
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11. PSPCL PUNJAB –
Location –Industrial Division of City Circle Amritsar
Project Summary –The functionality of Outage Management (OM) is proposed to be
implemented in the project area for all the 85746 consumers and distribution system in area
using AMI by installing 9000 Smart Meters and by Transformer Monitoring. The proposed
project area is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for SCADA Implementation and GIS Mapping.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in feeder outage restoration time
2. Reduction in transformers outages and transformer outage restoration time
12. JVVNL RAJASTHAN –
Location –VKIA Jaipur
Project Summary –Project proposes covering 2646 no. of consumers, dominated by Industrial
consumers (56.46%) and around 374.68 MU input energy consumption. Proposed project area is
also covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The
functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses.
2. Reduction in Peak load consumption through shifting of Peak Load demand .
13 . TSECL TRIPURA –
Location – Electrical Division No.1, of Agartala town
Project Summary –The pilot project covers 46,071 no. of consumers. The proposed project area
is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The
functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduced Distribution Losses
2. Reduced Peak load consumption
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3. Reduced cost of billing
14 . WBSEDCL WEST BENGAL –
Location –Siliguri Town in Darjeeling District
Project Summary –The pilot project proposes to take up 4 nos. of 11 KV feeders for
implementation of Smart Grid covering 4404 consumers. The area has 42 MU input energy
consumption. The utiliy has proposed the functionality of AT&C loss reduction and Peak Load
Management using Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential and Industrial
Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1.Reduced Distribution Losses .
2.Reduction in AT&C Losses.
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FIGURE 10 – Technologies contributions to Smart Grid
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4.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
1. Smart Grid Venture Capital funding totalled $50 million in Q2 2013 –
Smart grid venture capital (VC) funding in the second quarter of 2013, totalled $50 million in ten
deals, according to Mercom Capital Group, llc, a global clean energy communications and
consulting firm. Except for one quarter, the third quarter of 2012, VC funding has been stuck in
the $50-$70 million range with 9-12 deals for almost two years, said Mercom.
2. Holland's Power Matching City has entered its second phase with pilots –
Holland's Power Matching City has entered its second phase with pilots in two more Dutch
cities, Groningen and Hoogkerk .
Residents will be able to view their own energy consumption data on tablet computers. The pilot
will also test consumer demand for renewable energy. As the name implies, the project
automatically matches supply and demand, both within each household and between households.
Power Matching City will test and balance a wide variety of equipment, including smart
appliances, electric vehicles, energy storage, demand response, "hybrid' heat pumps, and
combined heat and power. The project consortium includes several utilities and universities.
3. National Grid makes sustainability hub part of its smart grid pilot –
National Grid today unveiled plans for the future home of its Sustainability Hub, a 2,200 square-
foot facility centrally located within the company’s smart grid pilot area in Worcester, Mass. The
space, located at 912 Main Street, has been donated by Clark University and will connect the
community and customers under one roof to provide interactive education about energy
efficiency and emerging technologies. It is an integral part of the company’s smart grid pilot –
now known as the Smart Energy Solutions Program – for 15,000 customers who choose to
participate .
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4.10 INDIAN SMART GRID FORUM
Union Minister of Power Shri Sushil kumar Shinde launched the India Smart Grid Forum, the
first initiative of its kind in the power sector, in New Delhi on 26
th
May , 2010.
'Smart' and 'Intelligent' are becoming the buzz words for Indian Power Sector
because deployment and adoption of latest technologies will help it to leap forward into a
new orbit. Smart Grid will bring ICT and Power Technologies in unison and establish a
comprehensive power infrastructure.
Objective:
1. The proposed India Smart Grid Forum will be a non-profit voluntary consortium of public
and private stakeholders with the prime objective of accelerating development of Smart Grid
technologies in the Indian Power Sector.
2. The goal of the Forum would be to help the Indian power sector to deploy Smart Grid
technologies in an efficient, cost-effective, innovative and scalable manner by bringing
together all the key stakeholders and enabling technologies.
3. The India Smart Grid Forum will coordinate and cooperate with relevant global and
Indian bodies to leverage global experience and standards where ever available or helpful,
and will highlight any gaps in the same from an Indian perspective.
4. Governance of the Forum will be overseen by a Board of Governors / Directors. Initially
there will be 7 members in Board of Governors, 5 of which will be elected and other two being
representatives of Ministry of Power and Power Finance Corporation (PFC).
5. The Forum will operate in a hierarchical or layered structure with different working groups
focusing on different aspects of Smart Grid. A Core Group will comprise of Founding
Members and will be responsible for overall coordination of the working groups. Members of
core committee and working groups will be decided by elections and few nominations from
Government agencies. Nominations from Government agencies will be done by MoP / PFC.
6. Forum will be open for voluntary memberships from all appropriate interested entities. There
will be different categories of membership with different rights and responsibilities based on
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the entity size and other status such as government, regulator, non-profit organisations,
industry, utility etc.
7. Secretariat of the Forum will be initially at PFC, New Delhi. CSTEP will be the knowledge
partner and Advisor for the Forum. The terms of engagement will be finalised by PFC and later
reviewed by Smart Grid Forum.
8. Funding of the Forum will be from the annual membership fee from all members (except
those specifically exempted) based on their categories. Initial funding of the Forum has been
proposed through Ministry of Power, who will be the Patron of the Forum.
9. Initially the Forum will be open by invitation and a temporary President of forum will be
appointed. Invitation will be sent to selected state power utilities, private power utilities,
power sector PSUs, empanelled System Integrators, SCADA Consultants and Implementing
Agencies of R-APDRP, selected educational and research institutes, NGOs, CEA, CERC,
CPRI and FICCI After 1st meeting, forum will operate by election of core committee members
and full fledged chairman. MoP, PFC and REC will be permanent invitees and members of the
forum. Ministry of Power will be Patron of the Forum.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & THE WAY FORWARD
5.1 CONCLUSION
Distributed energy resources: The ability to connect distributed generation, storage, and
renewable resources is becoming more standardized and cost effective. While the
penetration level remains low, the area is experiencing high growth. Several other concepts
associated with a smart grid are in a nascent phase of deployment these include the
integration of microgrids, electric vehicles, and demand response initiatives, including grid-
sensitive appliances.
Electricity infrastructure: Those smart grid areas that fit within the traditional electricity utility
business and policy model have a history of automation and advanced
communication deployment to build upon. Advanced metering infrastructure is taking
automated meter reading approaches to a new level, and is seen as a necessary step to enabling
dynamic pricing and consumer participation mechanisms. Though penetration of these systems
is still low, the growth and attention by businesses and policymakers is strong. Transmission
substation automation remains strong with greater levels of information exchanged with control
centers. Cost/benefit thresholds are now encouraging greater levels of automation at the
distribution substation level. While reliability indices show some slight degradation,
generation and electricity transport efficiencies are improving.
Business and policy: The business cases, financial resources, paths to deployment, and
models for enabling governmental policy are only now emerging with experimentation. This is
true of the regulated and non-regulated aspects of the electric system. Understanding and
articulating the environmental and consumer perspectives also remains in its infancy, though
recent reports and deliberations indicate that significant attention is beginning to be given to
these issues.
High-tech culture change: A smart grid is socially transformational. As with the Internet or
cell phone communications, our experience with electricity will change dramatically. To
successfully integrate high levels of automation requires cultural change. The integration
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of automation systems within and between the electricity delivery infrastructure, distributed
resources, and end- use systems needs to evolve from specialized interfaces to embrace
solutions that recognize well- accepted principles, methodology, and tools that are commonly
recognized by communications, information technology, and related disciplines that enable
interactions within all economic sectors and individual businesses.
The solutions to improving physical and cyber security, information privacy, and
interoperability (conveniently connect and work within a collaborative system) require
disciplines and best practices that are subscribed to by all stakeholders. A cross
disciplinary change that instills greater interaction among all the stakeholders is a necessary
characteristic as we advance toward a smart grid. Progress in areas such as cyber security
and interoperability is immature and difficult to measure, though improved approaches for
future measurements are proposed.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
1) To Automate all the Reports of the company so that work can be done without error.
2) Promote the Smart Grids Vision to all stakeholders – it is vital that there is ‘buy-in’ to the Smart
Grids Vision across all stakeholders for it to be successful.
3) Encourage innovation by network companies and stakeholders – only the network companies can
actually deliver the Vision. They must be motivated for that.
4) Encourage a pan-European approach to the Smart Grids ‘project’ – a sustainable future for
Europe will increasingly depend on open energy trading. Co-operation between Member States will be
increasingly important.
5) Encourage early deployment of Smart Grids technologies and solutions through demonstration
projects – ”de-risking” technologies requires demonstration on real networks. Demonstration projects are
vital to achieve widespread adoption.
6) Further develop the Smart Grids Business Opportunities to build the case for deployment – new
approaches are needed to take account of the wider benefits of Smart Grids.
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7) Engage the demand side – it is a vital part of the Smart Grids Vision to promote active demand side /
user participation.
8) Address technical standards in the electricity and telecommunications sectors - engage the
standards and regulatory bodies from both sectors to ensure that they are in line with the Smart Grids
Vision and its needs.
9) Understand and manage the environmental impacts of network development – stakeholders’
concerns must be understood and addressed appropriately.
10) Promote open access to network performance data – vital for effective functioning of the market,
for grid operational security but also for the effective R&D.
11) Develop the “skills” base in the electricity networks sector – without resolving this problem of
resources, any progress will be severely constrained.
5.3 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Following Websites has been used for reference :--
1 . www.bsesdelhi.com
2. www.smartgridnews.com
3. www.drsgcoalition.org
4 . www.sgiclearinghouse.org
5 . www.isgf.com
6. Smart infrastructure: the future, The Royal Academy of Engineering, Jan. 2012.
7 .SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age
8. The Smart Grid Vision For India’s Power Sector – A White Paper
9. ieeexplore.ieee.org
10. www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca
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doc_727950069.pdf
This report presents the past and current status of the reports generated in BSES Rajdhani Power Limited and the work done on the Automation of these reports. Basically, the reports generated in any company should be on an Automated Plateform.
Page | 1
SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT
JULY –AUGUST 2013
ON
1.AUTOMATION OF REPORTS AND SCORECARDS EXISTING ON
TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL SIDE OF BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION
BUSINESS
2. TO STUDY THE OVERALL FEASIBILITY AND APPROACH TOWARDS
SMART GRID APPLICATIONS
@
BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED
Submitted by:
Priyadarshini Kumari
MBA (Power Management)
III Semester, College Roll No-61
Sector-33, Faridabad – 121003, Haryana
(Under the Ministry of Power, Govt. of India)
MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
Page | 2
DECLARATION
I, PRIYADARSHINI KUMARI, Roll No. 61 Class of 2012-14 of the MBA (Power
Management) program from NPTI Faridabad hereby declare that the Summer Training
Report entitled
1.AUTOMATION OF BUSINESS REPORTS AND SCORECARDS EXISTING ON
COMMERCIAL & TECHNICAL SIDE OF BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION
BUSINESS.
2. TO STUDY THE OVERALL FEASIBILITY & APPROACH TOWARDS SMART
GRID APPLICATIONS.
is an original work and has not been submitted to any other Institute for the reward of any
other Degree.
A seminar presentation of the report was made on
and the suggestions as approved by the faculty were duly incorporated.
Presentation In charge Internal Guide Signature of the candidate
Counter signed by
Principal Director/Director
CAMPS-NPTI
Page | 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to BSES
RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED. for giving me the opportunity to undergo this project. I
wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to the people who helped and extended their
support in this endeavour.
I would like to thank Mr. MUNISH SHARMA, for his support from time to time and for
providing the necessary resources for the timely completion of the project.
I am also thankful to Mr. J.S.S.Rao Principle Director(CAMPS), Mrs. Manju Mam
Director(CAMPS), Mrs. Indu Maheshwari ,Deputy Director (CAMPS), Mr. Rohit Verma
,Deputy Director (CAMPS), Mrs.Sugandha Aggrwal for giving valuable suggestions
towards the project. Finally, I am highly obliged to Director (CAMPS), NPTI, who gave me
the opportunity to do summer internship in a pioneer organization like BSES DELHI.
I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Daizy Ahuja, Mr. Kailash
Kumar Bhatt & Mr. Sudhanshu Jha, for his scholarly guidance through the course of the
project and without whose efforts, this project would not have been possible.
THANK YOU
Priyadarshini kumari
MBA (Power Management)
Page | 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
? This report presents the past and current status of the reports generated in BSES
Rajdhani Power Limited and the work done on the Automation of these reports.
Basically, the reports generated in any company should be on an Automated
Plateform.
? I have done a detailed study on the formation of Dashboards and Scorecards which
need to be automated to reduce the errors that are occurred in manually data entry in
MS-Excel.
? I have done a detailed study on how the concept of Smart Grid emerged, how the
transition of the traditional electric power grid to the modern Smart Grid took
place and the benefits and opportunities upon the implementation of Smart Grid.
? I have also done a detailed study of the challenges faced for the implementation of
the Smart Grid, the analysis of typical cost configurations for the implementation of
Smart Grid and the enabling technologies & driving forces which made the
deployment of Smart Grids possible.
? I have done a detailed study on the implementation processes of Smart Grid
going on in various states of India.
? I have also listed out the vendors of the Smart Grid equipments and their
respective offerings for the deployment of Smart Grid technologies.
? And I have also discussed the vision of Smart Grid and importance of its
implementation for the Indian power sector and the linkage of the Smart Grid with R-
APDRP.
Page | 5
LIST OF ACRONYMS
? ABR -- AVERAGE BILLING RATE
? AMI – ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE
? AMPS -- ASSISTANT MANAGER POWER SUPPLY
? BAM -- BILL AMENDMENT MODULE
? BD -- BREAKDOWN CONSTRAINTS
? BST -- BULK SUPPLY TARIFF
? CO -- COMMERCIAL OFFICER
? CCO -- CUSTOMER CARE OFFICER
? CE -- COLLECTION EFFICIENCY
? DR – DEMAND RESPONSE
? FD-INT -- FIXED DEPOSIT INTEREST
? GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
? G- SEC – GOVERNMENT SECURITY
? GCC – GOVERNMENT CONSUMER CATEGORY
? GPS – GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
? HTLS – HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW SAG
? HVDS – HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
? ICD -- INTER COMPANY DEPOSIT
? IDC -- INTEREST ON DEBT COST
? IED – INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES
? IEGC – INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE
? IEX -- INDIAN EXCHANGE
? JNNSM – JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
? KCC – KEY CONSUMER CATEGORY
Page | 6
? MLCC – MEDIUM LOAD CONSUMER CATEGORY
? MF -- MULTIPLYING FACTOR
? MGI – MODERN GRID INITIATIVE
? MOP – MINISTRY OF POWER
? MTD -- MONTH TILL DATE
? MISC -- MISCELLANEOUS
? NHAI -- NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA
? PFC – POWER FINANCE CORPORATION
? PGCIL – POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA
? PMU – PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT
? PXIL -- POWER EXCHANGE OF INDIA LIMITED
? REC – RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE
? RTTR – REAL TIME THERMAL RATING
? SAP – SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMMING
? SCADA – SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
? SD -- SHUTDOWN CONSTRAINTS
? ST -- STREET LIGHT
? VSMC – VOLTAGE STABILITY MONITORING AND CONTROL
? WAMS – WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEM
? YOY -- YEAR OVER YEAR
? YTD -- YEAR TILL DATE
? YTM – YEAR TILL MONTH
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1- Delhi Distribution Area...............................................................17
FIGURE 2- Consumer Profile .........................................................................21
FIGURE 3- Benefits of Automation Levels ...................................................33
FIGURE 4- Comparison of a system with & without Automation..................33
FIGURE 5- A Structure to Automate Reports in Excel...................................34
FIGURE 6- Automation Framework................................................................36
FIGURE 7- Proposed Framework for Automation...........................................37
FIGURE 8- Smart Grid Benefits......................................................................52
FIGURE 9- Technologies of Smart Grid..........................................................60
FIGURE 10- Technologies Contribution to Smart Grid...................................76
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 -- INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................10
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT...........................................................................................11
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT........................................................................................12
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT.................................................................................13
1.5 COMPANY PROFILE..................................................................................................14
1.5.1 History of Electricity in Delhi ...................................................................................14
1.5.2 About BSES (Group Profile) .....................................................................................14
1.5.3 BSES Delhi....................................................................................................................16
1.5.4 BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL).....................................................................16
1.5.5 BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)......................................................................16
1.5.6 Geographical Reach......................................................................................................17
1.5.7 Business of the Organization........................................................................................18
1.5.7.1 Delhi Supply Division.................................................................................................19
1.5.7.2 Operational Statistics.................................................................................................19
1.5.8 Classification of Supply...............................................................................................20
1.5.9 Customer Profile..........................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT STRUCTURE
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.......................................................................................22
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................23
CHAPTER 3 – AUTOMATION OF REPORTS ACROSS
BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS
3.1 REPORTS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL).................................................24
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3.2 SCORECARDS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL).......................................29
3.3 NEED FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS............................................................31
3.4 BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION.................................................................................31
3.5 TO AUTOMATE REPORTS IN EXCEL..................................................................34
3.6 PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATION...............................................35
3.7 OVERVIEW FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS.................................................37
3.8 CREATION OF DASHBOARD..................................................................................38
3.9 FREEZING OF FORMAT AND OUTPUT SCREEN IN EXCEL.........................40
CHAPTER 4 – FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMART GRID
4.1 SMART GRID – DEFINITION, BASICS AND FEATURES.....................................45
4.2 SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN GENERATION,TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION SECTOR..................................................................................................47
4.3 SMART GRID CHARACTERISTICS AND BENEFITS..........................................49
4.4 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE FIELD OF SMART GRID.................................57
4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED WHILE DESIGNING SMART GRID
TECHNOLOGY.....................................................................................................................60
4.6 BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA...........................64
4.7 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SMART GRID................................................65
4.8 SMART GRID PILOT PROJECTS RUNNING IN INDIA.......................................68
4.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .......................................................................................77
4.10 INDIAN SMART GRID FORUM................................................................... .............78
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND THE WAY FORWARD
5.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................80
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS..............................................................81
5.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................82
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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Automated Reports are often needed in the business world. In any business, the underlying
business data is constantly changing as new products are sold , payments are received and
new employees are hired. To enable managers to make informed decisions , business
intelligence reports need to be available with data that is as current as possible. Additionally,
with the business units spread across continents, automating the reporting process is even
more important.
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity
flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmissionlines for
less power loss, as well as the capability of integrating renewableelectricity such as solar
and wind. When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on
selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at
arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.”
A smart grid integrates new innovative tools and technologies with the T&D system that
connects the entire grid all the way from generation to appliances and equipment inside
consumer’s homes. A smart grid would create a digital energy system that will:
• Detect and address emerging problems on the system before they affect service,
• Respond to local and system-wide inputs and have much more information about
broader system problems,
• Incorporate extensive measurements, rapid communications, centralized advanced
diagnostics, and feedback control that quickly return the system to a stable state
after interruptions or disturbances.
The evolution of smart grid can be mapped broadly in the following
sequences – Manual Meter Reading ? Automatic Meter Reading ? Advanced
Metering Infrastructure ?Smart Meters ?Smart Grid.
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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Electric power distribution system is an important part of electrical power systems in delivery
of electricity to consumers. Electric power utilities worldwide are increasingly adopting the
computer-aided monitoring, control and management of electric power distribution system to
provide better services to electric consumers. Therefore, research and development activities
worldwide are being carried out to automate the electric power distribution system utilizing
recent advancement in the area of IT and data communication system. At present, power
utilities have realized the need for full scale distribution automation to achieve on-line system
information and remote control system. The main motivation for accepting the distribution
automation in developing countries such as India is to improve operating efficiency of
distribution system through the automation and smart grid technologies. Therefore,
automation of reports and implementation of smart grid are very reliable steps to provide
accurate power supply to each and every house.
The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four,
general categories.
• Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.
• Enabling decentralized power generation so homes can be both an energy client
and supplier (provide consumers with an interactive tool to manage energy usage, as net
metering).
• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side to allow supplier
selection (enables distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).
• Increase GDP by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs related to
renewableenergy industry manufacturing, plug – in electric vehicles, solar panel and
wind turbine generation, energy conservation construction.
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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objectives of the project are :--
? To Provide schedule of automation and facilitate the work break down in terms of all
critical business reports and scorecards existing on commercial and technical side of the
BSES Power Distribution Business.
? To Study about about the implementation of SMART GRID in power sector and to
develop a broadview of the initiatives taken in the field of SMART GRID by different
states in India.
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1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1. To review the existing set of performance reports (across BRPL & BYPL) in terms of the
domain, frequency, user group, etc.
2. To study various resources in terms of databases and systems providing input for such
MIS.
3. To prepare broad schema for automation & convergence of existing platforms especially
Monthly Scorecard & proposed Daily Dashboard.
4. To know about Pert chart with scheduled timelines.
5. To study about the SMART GRID features with special reference to implement in
transmission and distribution sectors.
6. To develop a broad view about the different technologies used in SMART GRID field.
7. To develop a broad view about the initiatives taken in India and also the various Pilot
Projects running in India.
8. To find suggestive measures to use SMART GRID in India on a large scale and to get
maximum benefit out of it.
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1.5 COMPANY PROFILE
1.5.1 History of Electricity in Delhi:
The history of electricity in Delhi dates back to 1905 when M/s John Flemming Company
was awarded the license as per Indian Electricity Act, 1903, for generation and distribution of
power in Delhi. Electricity those days was a luxury and the privilege of the high ranking
British officials and a few rich people. It was a rare and costly commodity with a perception
of being dangerous. Infact even rich Indian accepted this at a much later stage. M/s John
Fleming Company was replaced by the Delhi Tramway and Lighting Company, which was
subsequently renamed as Delhi Electricity Supply & Traction Company. In 1939, The Delhi
Central Electric Power Authority (DCEPA) was formed to run the services. In 1951, the
DCEPA was taken over by the Delhi State Electricity Board, constituted under Indian
Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. In 1958, Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking came into
existence and was once again converted to Delhi Vidyut Board in 1997. In July 2002, Delhi
Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three distribution companies, a
transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution companies have been
handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.
1.5.2 About BSES:
BSES Limited is India's premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity. Formerly, known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited, it
was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in the suburbs of
Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted, reliable, and quality
power to customers and provide value added services for the development of the power and
infrastructure sectors.
BSES caters to the needs of 2.07 million consumers over an area of 384 sq. km. with a
maximum system demand of approximately 1198 MVA. With 7 decades in the field of power
distribution, the Electricity Supply Division of BSES has achieved the distinction of
operating its distribution network with 99.98% on-line reliability and has a distribution loss
of only 29.9%.
BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in 1967 to meet the
increasing workload and to improve services to its customers. With a view to optimally
Page | 15
utilize trained manpower and expertise in the field of power, the company commenced
contracting activities in 1966 by undertaking turnkey electrical contracts, thermal, hydro and
gas turbine installations and commissioning contracts, transmission line projects etc.
BSES set up its own 500 MW Thermal Power Plant and the first 2 x 250 MW units of
Dahanu Power Station were synchronized and began commercial operation during 1995-
1996. A dedicated 220 kV double circuit transmission line network with three 220 / 33 kV
receiving stations have been installed to evacuate the power to the distribution area of the
Company. This demonstrates BSES’ in-house capabilities ranging from engineering,
operation & maintenance of power plants and transmission and distribution systems.
BSES through international competitive bidding acquired an equity stake of 51% in three of
the four Distribution Companies of Orissa. At present, BSES along with its subsidiaries
provide electricity to more than 2.7 million consumers in an area covering about 1,23,000 sq.
km with an estimated population of 34 million.
In July 2002, Delhi Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three
distribution companies, a transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution
companies have been handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.
As a part of its active support to the privatization process, BSES has recently acquired an
equity stake of 51% in two of the three Distribution Companies of Delhi after unbundling and
privatization of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board. The two distribution companies, BSES
Rajdhani Power Limited covering South and West areas and BSES Yamuna Power Limited
covering Central and East regions provide electricity to around 22 lakhs consumers spread
across an area of 960 sq kms (approx).
BSES became part of the Reliance Group on January 18, 2003.
BSES will be renamed ‘Reliance Energy’ to reflect the change in ownership, and to leverage
brand equity of Reliance.
The new name ‘Reliance Energy’ will directly communicate association with the
internationally respected Reliance Group, and reflect the larger dimension of BSES’ future
plans. So presently BSES deals with mainly distribution sector in the country
1.5.3 BSES Delhi
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Following the privatization of Delhi?s power sector and unbundling of the Delhi Vidyut
Board in July 2002, the business of power distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna
Power Limited (BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL). These two of the three
successor entities distribute electricity to 22.6 lakh customers in two thirds of Delhi. The
Company acquired assets, liabilities, proceedings and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board as
per the terms and conditions contained in the Transfer Scheme.
1.5.4 BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL)
BRPL distributes power to an area spread over 750 sq. km with a population density of 1360
per sq km. Its? over 12.2 lakh customers are spread 19 districts across South and West areas
including Alaknanda, Khanpur, Vasant Kunj, Saket, Nehru Place, Nizamuddin, Sarita Vihar,
Hauz Khas, R K Puram, Janakpuri, Najafgargh, Nangloi, Mundka, Punjabi Bagh, Tagore
Garden,Vikas Puri,Palam and Dwarka. Since taking over distribution, BSES? singular
mission has been to provide reliable and quality electricity supply. BSES has invested over
Rs 3500 crore on upgrading and augmenting the infrastructure which has resulted in a record
reduction of AT&C losses. From a high of 63. % AT&C losses in BYPL area the losses have
come down to 29.8% a record reduction around 33%.Similarly, in BRPL area AT&C losses
have been reduced from 52.% to 27.% - a record reduction of 29%.
1.5.5 BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)
BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230
per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas
including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road,
Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and
Karawal Nagar.
BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230
per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas
including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road,
Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and
Karawal Nagar.
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1.5.6 Geographical Reach
Figure 1: Delhi Distribution Area
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1.5.7 Business of the Organization
1.5.7.1 Delhi Supply Division:
Caters to an area of 950 sq. Kms.
Supply Area covers South Delhi, East Delhi, West Delhi and Central Delhi.
Consumers include houses, residential complexes, high rise buildings, commercial Complex
medium and large industrial houses, government establishment like Airport, Worship places,
Milk Dairy, Mother Dairy and Municipal Hospitals, Sewerage projects etc.
Caters to more than 22 lakh consumers.
Provides highly reliable and continuous supply.
All consumers are given metered supply only.
Reliability 99.99 %
1.5.7.2 Operational Statistics
SN Particular Unit BYPL (East&
Central)
BRPL(South
West)
BSES
Delhi
1. Area sq. km 200 750 950
2. Customer
density
Cons/sq
km
4230 1360 1964
3. Total Registered
Customers
Lacs 10.4 12.2 22.6
4. Peak Demand MW 900 1420 2320
5. Consumption per
year
MU 5000 8000 13000
Page | 19
Supply area 960 sq. kms(approx)
No. of Consumers Above 22 lakhs
Population covered Above 80 lakhs
System peak 5320 MW(approx)
Power Transformer 6024 MVA
No. of Dist. substations 9338(approx)
Dist Transformer capacity 5178.411 MVA
Power Factor 0.99
66 kV Capacitors 459.91 MVAr
33 kV Capacitors 226.52 MVAr
11 kV Capacitors 852.97 MVAr
LT Capacitors 297.20 MVAr
HT Mains 6285 kms (approx)
LT Mains 12240 kms(approx)
Street Light Poles 298089(approx)
Page | 20
1.5.8 DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
• 66/33/11 kV Sub Transmission Network.
• Receiving Stations.
• SALIENT FEATURES
1. Unit type system at 66/33/11 kV radial system
2. Open Ring type system at 11 kV Mesh Network.
3. Partial Ring type system at L T Secondary Distribution level.
4. Distribution system with overhead cum underground cable network.
1.5.9 CONSUMER PROFILE
Load Domestic Commercial Industrial
Key Consumer
Cell
Total
Company BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL
0-10 kw 751925 937092 228826 170057 35120 18171 1295 2555 1017166 1127875
11-44 kw 10729 40905 8358 14041 6593 6807 1377 3254 27057 65007
44-100
kw
87 96 195 230 407 587 2200 3721 2889 4634
>100 kw 0 0 0 0 0 0 348 1247 348 1247
Total 762741 978093 237379 184328 42120 25565 5220 10777 1047460 1198763
Page | 21
FIGURE 2 Consumer Profile
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
consumer
DOMESTIC
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
KEY CONSUMER
CELL
Page | 22
CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT STRUCTURE
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Jayant Sinha (Associate Vice President, Spanco Ltd.) states IT has the potential to contribute
significantly in the power reforms process, particularly in the areas of business process
automation, revenue and commercial management, distribution system automation, CRM
(Consumer Relationship Management), Smart Grid and AT&C (Aggregate Technical &
Commercial) loss reduction. The power distribution utilities in India have initiating major
reforms using IT as the key enabler for improving revenue collection, minimizing AT&C losses,
proper energy accounting and efficient consumer services.
This report reviews research literature pertaining to trust in automated systems. Based on the
review, we argue that trust in automation has many similarities with trust in the interpersonal
domain, but also several unique dynamics and influences. Existing research has focused
primarily on trust in automation that has an executive or control function, and to a lesser extent,
has considered trust in automation that is designed to present information to operators (e.g.
decision aids). We maintain that although there are many similarities between trust in automation
and interpersonal trust, the dynamics of trust in automation also have some distinct qualities.
Several models related to trust in automation have already been developed; in this report, a
comprehensive -- although still preliminary -- model of trust in military automation is proposed.
Several sets of factors are likely to impact on the development of trust in automation, including
properties of the automation, properties of the operator, and properties of the context in which
interaction with automation occurs. The consequences of trust in automation have yet to be fully
explored. Based on this review, measures and methods to study trust in automation are
considered, and a program of research to study trust in automated systems is described.
Creation of a Smart Grid provides utilities and their customers a significant improvement in
power reliability and services. To date, Smart Grid has attracted various researchers from
different perspectives. This paper presents a review of Smart Grid technologies and its
characteristics. An extensive literature review is introduced. One can see variety of problems and
Page | 23
challenges in the field of Smart Grid. Hence, this paper can provide a help to find a new research
point in this field.
2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research work carried out for this project was more of descriptive in nature. Since this
project is a study project, hence in this project the major task was collection of data, and
analysing this data and also studying impact of Automation and Smart Grid in Distribution
Sector.
• Study and analysis of reports
of BSES(Delhi).
• Search for Data and reports
available.
• Proper sorting and alignment
of appropriate data and reports.
• Collecting all the reports.
• Prepare a framework for
Automation.
• Automate the reports.
• Study about the Smart grid
implementation in Power
Sector.
• Analyse the Smart Grid
framework.
• Suggestions about the
improved working of the
Reports and Smart grid.
.
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CHAPTER 3
PERFORMANCE REPORTS ACROSS
BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS
3.1 REPORTS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL)
A Report is any informational work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with
the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable
form.
Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience.
Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The
audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in
government, business, education, science, and other fields.
Previously, the format of the reports prepared in BSES was different than what it is present.
The format of reports contain the following fields :--
1 . FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
2. AT & C LOSSES
3. BILLING
4. COLLECTIONS
5. METER READING AND BILL DISTRIBUTION
6. CUSTOMER CARE
7. NEW CONNECTIONS
8. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
These are the main reports that were included in the old format. These reports have many
parameters. Some of the main parameters include :--
1. Short Load Consumer Category
2. Medium Load Consumer Category
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3. Key Consumer Category
4. Sales
5. Purchase
6. Operating Costs
7. Bill Amendments Module
8. Collection Efficiency
9. Provisional Bills
10. Average Bills
11. Metering
12. Billing
13. Capex
Thus, here we come to know about the fact that all reports are prepared with the help of these
parameters.
Now-a-days, the main reports that are prepared in BSES Power Distribution Business are :--
1 . CASH FLOW REPORT
2. AGGREGATE TECHNICAL & COMMERCIAL LOSS REPORT
3. COLLECTION REPORT
4. TECHNICAL REPORT
5. POWER PURCHASE REPORT
7. BULK SUPPLY TARIFF REPORT
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CASH FLOW REPORTS
Cash Flow Reports contain all the details about the receipts from operations, financing and
investments along with the payments for operations, financing and Capex.
Cash Flow Reports are prepared on Monthly Basis.
The main parameters of cash flow reports are :--
1 . Collection from Operations
2. Collection from Financing
3. Collection from Investments
AGGREGATE TECHNICAL & COMMERCIAL LOSS REPORT
AT&C Loss Report contains the following parameters: --
1. Energy Input
2. Energy Billed
3. Amount Billed
4. Amount Collected
5. Derivatives
6. AT&C Loss Comparison
On the basis of these parameters, 12 months rolling loss is calculated in %.
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COLLECTION REPORTS
Collection Reports contain the following parameters:--
1. Daily Revenue Collection Summary
2. Target Versus Actual Comparison
3. Last 5 year Comparison
4. YOY Comparison
5. Segment wise Comparison
Collection Reports are prepared daily.
Collection Reports are calculated in terms of month till date and year till date.
TECHNICAL REPORTS
Technical Reports contain the following parameters :--
1. Maximum Demand
2. Energy Consumption
3. Total units lost due to Outages
4. Total no current Complaints received
5. Total number of breakdown
6. Total number of cable faults
7. Street light complaints received
8. Total number of shutdowns
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POWER PURCHASE REPORT
Power Purchase Reports contain the following parameters:--
1. Source-Wise power purchase
2. Trader-Wise power purchase
3. Energy MUs
4. Cost
5. Rate at Source
6. Percentage Share
The transactions involved in these reports are :-
1. Bilateral
2. Exchange
3. Banking
4. UI (Unscheduled interchange)
BULK SUPPLY TARIFF REPORT
The Bulk Supply Tariff Reports contain the following parameters:--
1. Long term power purchase
2. Bilateral short term power purchase
3. Short term power purchase through power exchange
4. Banking arrangement
Page | 29
5. Intra state power purchase
6. UI Purchase
7. UI sale
8. Open access charges
3.2 SCORECARDS PREPARED IN BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION
BUSINESS
There are two types of scorecards prepared in BSES :-
1. Commercial Scorecards
2. Operations & maintenance Scorecards
The scorecard is a strategy performance management tool and a semi-standard structured reports
supported by design methods and automation tools.
The scorecards are used by the managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staffs
within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.
1 . COMMERCIAL SCORECARDS
Commercial scorecard deal with the performance cards like:--
1. Total Score
2. AMPS(Assistant manager power supply) score
3. CO (Commercial Officer) Score
4. CCO( Customer Care Officer) Score
Also it includes the Ranks i.e.
Page | 30
1. Division Rank
2. AMPS Rank
3. CO Rank
4. CCO Rank
2. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE SCORECARDS
O&M Scorecards deal with the performance card, ranking operational excellence , customer
service and energy audit.
The main parameters used are:--
1. T&D
2. Distributive Transformer Defective
3. R&M Expenses
4. % reduction in HT BDs
5. % reduction in LT BDs
6. Safety/Accident
7. Wrong closures
8. % HT Cable fault restoration in Freeze Panes from the menu.
? A vertical black line will appear between columns C and D and a horizontal line between
rows 3 and 4.
? Rows 1 to 3 and columns A to C are the frozen areas of the screen.
CHECK THE RESULTS
Use the scroll arrows to see the effect of freezing panes on a spreadsheet.
Scroll Down
Page | 44
Use the vertical scroll arrow in Excel to scroll down. Rows 1 to 3 should stay on screen,
including the months of the year while the numbers 1 to 9 disappear off the spreadsheet page.
Return to cell D4
Click on the Name Box above column A
Type D4 in the Name Box and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. The active cell becomes
D4 once again.
Scroll Across
Use the horizontal scroll arrow to scroll to the right. Column A should stay on the screen,
including the numbers, while the months of the year disappear off the spreadsheet page.
Page | 45
CHAPTER 4
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMART GRID
4.1 DEFINITION, BASICS & FEATURES :--
A Smart Grid can be defined as an interconnected system of information, communication
technologies and control systems used to interact with automation and business processes across
the entire power sector encompassing electricity generation, transmission, distribution and the
consumer. The idea of a Smart Grid is to make the existing grid infrastructure as efficient and
robust as possible, through the use of intelligence and automation, by encouraging active supply
and demand-side participation and by promoting innovative business practices and regulatory
environments that provide incentives for efficient production, transmission, distribution and
consumption of electricity across the entire value chain. The urgency for Smart Grids in India
emerges from the key challenges that the industry is currently facing. India operates the 3rd
largest transmission and distribution network in the world, yet faces a number of challenges such
as: inadequate access to electricity, supply shortfalls (peak and energy), huge network losses,
poor quality and reliability and rampant, theft. The evolution towards Smart Grid would address
these issues and transform the existing grid into a more efficient, reliable, safe and less
constrained grid that would help provide access to electricity to all.
The function of an Electrical grid is not a single entity but an aggregate of multiple networks
and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators employing varying levels of
communication and coordination, most of which is manually controlled. Smart grids increase
the connectivity, automation and coordination between these suppliers, consumers and
networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks.
• Transmission networks move electricity in bulk over medium to long distances, are
actively managed, and generally operate from 345kV to 800kV over AC and DC lines.
Page | 46
• Local networks traditionally moved power in one direction, "distributing" the bulk
power to consumers and businesses via lines operating at 132kV and lower.
This paradigm is changing as businesses and homes begin generating more wind and solar
electricity, enabling them to sell surplus energy back to their utilities. Modernization is
necessary for energy consumption efficiency, real time management of power flows and to
provide the bi-directional metering needed to compensate local producers of power.
Although transmission networks are already controlled in real time, many in the US and
European countries are antiquated by world standards, and unable to handle modern
challenges such as those posed by the intermittent nature of alternative electricity
generation, or continentalscale bulk energy transmission.
HISTORY
Today's alternatingcurrent powergrid evolved after 1896, based in part on NikolaTesla's
design published in 1888. Many implementation decisions that are still in use today were made
for the first time using the limited emerging technology available 120 years ago. Specific
obsolete power grid assumptions and features (like centralized unidirectional electricpower
transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control) represent a vision of what
was thought possible in the 19th century.
Over the past 50 years, electricity networks have not kept pace with modern
challenges, such as:
• security threats, from either energy suppliers or cyber attack
• national goals to employ alternative power generation sources whose intermittent
supply makes maintaining stable power significantly more complex
• conservation goals that seek to lessen peak demand surges during the day so that less
energy is wasted in order to ensure adequate reserves
• high demand for an electricity supply that is uninterruptible
The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005, when the article "Toward A
Smart Grid", authored by S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg appeared in the
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September/October issue of IEEE P&E Magazine .The term had been used previously and may
date as far back as 1998.
Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control,
metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, Automaticmeterreading was used for monitoring loads
from large customers, and evolved into the AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure of the 1990s,
whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smartmeters
add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as
a gateway to demandresponse-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home.
The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four, general
categories.
• Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.
• Enabling decentralizedpowergeneration so homes can be both an energy client and
supplier
(provide consumers with an interactive tool to manage energy usage, as netmetering).
• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side to allow supplier selection
(enables distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).
• Increase GDP by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs related to
renewableenergy industry manufacturing, plug-inelectricvehicles, solar panel and wind
turbine generation, energy conservation construction.
The emerging vision of the smart grid encompasses a broad set of applications, including
software, hardware, and technologies that enable utilities to integrate, interface with, and
intelligently control innovations.
4.2 SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN GENERATION ,
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION SECTOR
POWER GENERATION –
Power Generation has gained the most due to the entry of private players. The magnitude of
capacity being added each year has increased manifold when compared to previous planning
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periods. Also, with the use of new and more advanced technologies, efficiency of thermal power
plants has been improving and emission levels falling. Operational requirements related to
scheduling and dispatch are driving the implementation of automation across the power system
and for the Generators. All new plants now have sophisticated operational IT systems and the
existing generation fleet is slowly upgrading to match. Renewable Energy (RE) based electricity
generation has gained prominence over the years. Several fiscal and policy measures have been
introduced to promote RE. On an average, over 3000MW of RE installed capacity has been
added every year with major contribution from the wind energy segment. Solar energy is
gaining momentum through the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and state
policies. Given the economics of coal and gas, fuel security issues and environmental concerns
that are being faced, generation from renewable energy is increasingly assuming a central role in
power-system design. Smart RE Control Centres which can forecast and monitor RE availability
and potentially use energy storage to manage dispatch the of power to match grid conditions or
manage demand through Demand Response (DR) programs to match capacity availability are
expected to become critical to the future integration of RE in order to comply with the
requirements laid down by the Indian Electricity Grid Code.
POWER TRANSMISSION –
The transmission sector in India is moving towards higher voltage levels of 1200kV and is
introducing a higher level of automation and grid intelligence. Power Grid Corporation of India
Ltd (PGCIL) has already installed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Wide Area Monitoring
Systems (WAMS) on a pilot basis in select regions and is now pursuing a plan to install PMUs
nationwide. Significant technological advancements such as increasing the capacity of
transmission corridors through the use of Static VAR compensation and re-conductoring of lines
using High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) wires are also being taken up. Managing these
systems will require real-time monitoring and control only possible with a robust state-of-the-art
communication system. Power system operation is also under evaluation as a result of the
disturbance in July 2012 and it is expected that policy reform will lead to more system control
being given to the load dispatch centres and the phase out of the current.Unscheduled
Interchange (UI) mechanism designed to discourage DisComs and GenCos from deviating from
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published schedules. The UI mechanism is expected to be replaced by an ancillary services
market, which would be managed by the power exchanges, thus further liberalizing power
markets and providing greater transparency on costs and prices of services. Whilst in the
beginning generators are expected to provide these services, discussions are taking place to pave
the way for Demand Response programmes and Energy Storage facilities also to
participate in the ancillary services market.
POWER DISTRIBUTION –
The electricity distribution sector in India is currently in the worst shape, plagued by high
network and financial losses in almost all states. There is an urgent need to bring in new
technologies and systems to arrest these leaks. The Restructured A c c e l e r a t e d P owe r De v
e l o pme n t P r o g r am ( R - A PDR P ) ( s e e :http://www.apdrp.gov.in/) introduced by the
GoI was aimed at reducing the network losses to 15%. Part-A of the program is aimed at creating
IT Infrastructure and automation systems within utility operations, which until its introduction
was largely missing in most of the distribution utilities in the country. And part B is aimed at
strengthening the physical network. The R-APDRP is still under implementation and completion
is expected during the 12th Five Year Plan. Once completely implemented, the program would
provide a strong foundation for evolution to Smart Grids in the power distribution segment. For
the distribution sector, Smart Grids will mean the introduction of Demand Response programs,
managing the expected introduction of electric vehicles and integrating distributed energy
resources in a way that can help the DisComs balance local supply and demand and reduce peak
time consumption. For this to happen, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) will be required
as well as reliable communication infrastructure. Building to Grid (B2G) or development of
“Green Buildings” which can be incentivized to manage their consumption and even distributed
energy resources to match grids conditions will also play their part in helping DisComs to
manage supply and demand.
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS & BENEFITS OF SMART GRID
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Smart Grid benefits can be categorized into 5 types:
• Power reliability and power quality. The Smart Grid provides a reliable power supply
with fewer and briefer outages, “cleaner” power, and self-healing power systems, through the
use of digital information, automated control, condition-based maintenance and autonomous
systems.
• Safety and cyber security benefits. The Smart Grid continuously monitors itself to detect
unsafe or insecure situations that could detract from its high reliability and safe operation.
Higher cyber security is built in to all systems and operations including physical plant
monitoring, and privacy protection of all users and customers.
•Energy efficiency benefits. The Smart Grid is more efficient, providing reduced total energy
use, reduced peak demand, reduced energy losses, and the ability to induce end-user use
reduction instead of new generation in power system operations.
• Environmental and conservation benefits. The Smart Grid is “green”. It helps
reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants by reducing generation from inefficient
gasoline- powered vehicles with plug-in electric vehicles.
•Direct financial benefits. The Smart Grid offers direct economic benefits. Operations costs
are reduced or avoided. Customers have pricing choices and access to energy information.
Entrepreneurs accelerate technology introduction into the generation, distribution, storage, and
coordination of energy.
Stakeholder Benefits
The benefits from the Smart Grid can be categorized by the three primary stakeholder groups:
•Consumers. Consumers can balance their energy consumption with the real time supply
of energy. Variable pricing will provide consumer incentives to install their own infrastructure
that supports the Smart Grid. This infrastructure is necessary to not only take advantage of
lower- priced energy in off-peak hours, but also to minimize consumption of higher-priced
energy in peak conditions. Smart grid information infrastructure will support additional
services not available today.
•Utilities. Utilities can provide more reliable energy, particularly during challenging
emergency conditions, while managing their costs more effectively through efficiency
and information.
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• Manufacturers. Manufacturers must produce and service the myriad components
that actually comprise the Smart Grid. The burst of innovation in products will propel
producers to new business developments and existing business enhancements.
• Society. Society benefits from more reliable power for governmental services,
businesses, and consumers sensitive to power outage. Renewable energy, increased
efficiencies, and PHEV support will reduce environmental costs, including carbon
footprints.
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FIGURE 8 –Smart Grid Benefits
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A benefit to any one of these stakeholders can in turn benefit the others. Those benefits
that reduce costs for utilities lower prices, or prevent price increases, to
customers. Lower costs and decreased infrastructure requirements ameliorate social
justice concerns around energy to society. Reduced costs increase economic activity
which benefits society. Societal benefits of the Smart Grid can be indirect and hard to
quantify, but cannot be overlooked.
Other stakeholders also benefit from the Smart Grid. Regulators can benefit from the
transparency and audit-ability of Smart Grid information. Vendors and integrators
benefit from business and product opportunities around Smart Grid components and
systems.
Modern Grid Initiative Smart Grid
Characteristics
The MGI developed a list of seven behaviors that define the Smart Grid. Those
working in each area of the Smart Grid can evaluate their work by reference to these
behaviors. These behaviors match those defined by similar initiatives and workgroups.
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The characteristics (or the behaviors) of the Smart Grid as defined by MGI are:
•Enable Active Participation by Consumers. The Smart Grid motivates and includes
customers, who are an integral part of the electric power system. The smart grid consumer is
informed, modifying the way they use and purchase electricity. They have choices, incentives,
and disincentives to modify their purchasing patterns and behavior. These choices help drive
new technologies and markets.
•Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options. The Smart Grid accommodates
all generation and storage options. It supports large, centralized power plants as well as
Distributed Energy Resources (DER). DER may include system aggregators with an array of
generation systems or a farmer with a windmill and some solar panels. The Smart Grid
supports all generation options. The same is true of storage, and as storage technologies
mature, they will be an integral part of the overall Smart Grid solution set.
•Enable New Products, Services, and Markets. The Smart Grid enables a market system
that provides cost-benefit tradeoffs to consumers by creating opportunities to bid for competing
services. As much as possible, regulators, aggregators and operators, and consumers can modify
the rules of business to create opportunity against market conditions. A flexible, rugged market
infrastructure exists to ensure continuous electric service and reliability, while also
providing profit or cost reduction opportunities for market participants. Innovative products and
services provide 3rd party vendors opportunities to create market penetration opportunities and
consumers with choices and clever tools for managing their electricity costs and usage.
• Provide Power Quality for the Digital Economy. The Smart Grid provides reliable power
that is relatively interruption-free. The power is “clean” and disturbances are minimal. Our
global competitiveness demands relatively fault-free operation of the digital devices that power
the productivity of our 21st century economy.
• Optimize Asset Utilization and Operate Efficiently. The Smart Grid optimizes assets
and operates efficiently. It applies current technologies to ensure the best use of assets. Assets
operate and integrate well with other assets to maximize operational efficiency and reduce costs.
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Routine maintenance and self-health regulating abilities allow assets to operate longer with less
human interaction.
• Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances (Self-heal). The Smart Grid
independently identifies and reacts to system disturbances and performs mitigation efforts to
correct them. It incorporates an engineering design that enables problems to be isolated,
analyzed, and restored with little or no human interaction. It performs continuous predictive
analysis to detect existing and future problems and initiate corrective actions. It will react
quickly to electricity losses and optimize restoration exercises.
Operate Resiliently to Attack and Natural Disaster. The Smart Grid resists attacks on both
the physical infrastructure (substations, poles, transformers, etc.) and the cyber-structure
(markets, systems, software, communications). Sensors, cameras, automated switches, and
intelligence are built into the infrastructure to observe, react, and alert when threats are
recognized within the system. The system is resilient and incorporates self-healing
technologies to resist and react to natural disasters. Constant monitoring and self-testing are
conducted against the system to mitigate malware and hackers.
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4.4 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and
telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations. In general, smart grid
technology can be grouped into five key areas:
1. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been developed in
an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected via
modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation
automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA), Geographic Information System(GIS),energy management systems, wireless mesh
networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics.
Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information and data exchange to
optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
2. Sensing and measurement
Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy
theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor
meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line
rating (typically based on online readings by Distributedtemperaturesensing combined with
Realtimethermalrating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-
of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology,
and Digitalprotectiverelays.
SmartMeters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in real
time. Smart meters are similar to AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure meters and provide a
communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets (smartsocket) and
other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times
of peak demand.
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PMU –
High speed sensors called PMUs distributed throughout their network can be used to
monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Phasors are
representations of the waveforms of alternating current, which ideally in real-time, are
identical everywhere on the network and conform to the most desirable shape. In the 1980s, it
was realized that the clock pulses from global positioningsystem(GPS) satellites could be used
for very precise time measurements in the grid. With large numbers of PMUs and the ability to
compare shapes from alternating current readings everywhere on the grid, research suggests
that automated systems will be able to revolutionize the management of power systems by
responding to system conditions in a rapid, dynamic fashion.
A Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) is a network of PMUS that can provide
real-time monitoring on a regional and national scale. Many in the power systems engineering
community believe that the Northeast blackout of2003 would have been contained to a much
smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network was in place.
3. Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics
components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies within
these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices,
high voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors,
and “intelligent” appliances.
4. Advanced control
Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid
disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key
areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent
agents (control systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and
operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc). Using
artificialintelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid in China created a wide area
protection system that is rapidly able to accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it
.
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The Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity- based
successivelinearprogramming method to reliably determine the optimal control solution.
5. Improved interfaces and decision support
Information systems that reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to
effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables. Technologies
include visualization techniques that reduce large quantities of data into easily understood visual
formats, software systems that provide multiple options when systems operator actions are
required, and simulators for operational training and “what-if”analysis.
The deployment of these technology solutions is expected to create improvements in
the six key value areas —
1.Reliability,
2.Economics,
3.Efficiency,
4.Environmental,
5.Safety, and
6.Security
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FIGURE 9 – Technologies of Smart Grid
4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED WHILE DESIGNING SMART
GRID
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The Smart Grid poses many procedural and technical challenges as we migrate from the
current grid with its one-way power flows from central generation to dispersed loads, toward a
new grid with two-way power flows, two-way and peer to peer customer interactions, and
distributed generation. These challenges cannot be taken lightly – the Smart Grid will entail
a fundamentally different paradigm for energy generation, delivery, and use.
Procedural Challenges
The procedural challenges to the migration to a smart grid are enormous, and all need to be
met as the Smart Grid evolves:
• Broad Set of Stakeholders: The Smart Grid will affect every person and every business in
the United States. Although not every person will participate directly in the development of the
Smart Grid, the need to understand and address the requirements of all these stakeholders will
require significant efforts.
• Complexity of the Smart Grid: The Smart Grid is a vastly complex machine, with some
parts racing at the speed of light. Some aspects of the Smart Grid will be sensitive to human
response and interaction, while others need instantaneous, automated responses. The smart grid
will be driven by forces ranging from financial pressures to environmental requirements.
•Transition to Smart Grid: The transition to the Smart Grid will be lengthy. It is impossible
(and unwise) to advocate that all the existing equipment and systems to be ripped out and
replaced at once. The smart grid supports gradual transition and long coexistence of diverse
technologies, not only as we transition from the legacy systems and equipment of today, but as
we move to those of tomorrow. We must design to avoid unnecessary expenses and
unwarranted decreases in reliability, safety, or cyber security.
• Ensuring Cyber Security of Systems. Every aspect of the Smart Grid must be secure.
Cyber security technologies are not enough to achieve secure operations without policies, on-
going risk assessment, and training. The development of these human-focused procedures takes
time—and needs to take time—to ensure that they are done correctly.
• Consensus on Standards. Standards are built on the consensus of many stakeholders over
time; mandating technologies can appear to be an adequate short cut. Consensus-based
standards deliver better results over.
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• Development and Support of Standards. The open process of developing a standard
benefits from the expertise and insights of a broad constituency. The work is challenging and
time consuming but yields results more reflective of a broad group of stakeholders, rather than
the narrow interests of a particular stakeholder group. Ongoing engagement by user groups and
other. organizations enables standards to meet broader evolving needs beyond those of
industry stakeholders. Both activities are essential to the development of strong standards.
•Research and Development. The smart grid is an evolving goal; we cannot know all that
the Smart Grid is or can do. The smart grid will demand continuing R&D to assess the evolving
benefits and costs, and to anticipate the evolving requirements.
• Regulatory and Policy. To maintain a consistent regulatory and energy policy framework
over a transition period that will be lengthy. Further, to achieve a National modernization of the
distribution grid since the regulation of the grid is delegated to local and statewide authorities.
Technical Challenges to Achieving the Smart Grid
Technical challenges include the following:
•Smart equipment. Smart equipment refers to all field equipment which is computer-based
or microprocessor-based, including controllers, remote terminal units (RTUs), intelligent
electronic devices (IEDs). It includes the actual power equipment, such as switches, capacitor
banks, or breakers. It also refers to the equipment inside homes, buildings and industrial
facilities. Smart Equipment also includes previously electromechanical switches, reclosers,
voltage controllers, and other actuated hardware that have been retrofitted with sensors and
controls used to monitor state, transmit that state to an external analysis point, and execute
control commands returned from that point. Some of these packages are outfitted with local
intelligence, used to carry out analysis and instructions when remote analysis is unnecessary or
not economical. This embedded computing equipment must be robust to handle future
applications for many years without being replaced.
• Communication systems. Communication systems refer to the media and to the
developing communication protocols. These technologies are in various stages of maturity.
The smart grid must be robust enough to accommodate new media as they emerge from the
communications industries and while preserving interoperable, secured systems.
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•Data management. Data management refers to all aspects of collecting, analyzing, storing,
and providing data to users and applications, including the issues of data identification,
validation, accuracy, updating, time-tagging, consistency across databases, etc. Data
management methods which work well for small amounts of data often fail or become too
burdensome for large amounts of data – and distribution automation and customer information
generate lots of data. In many cases entirely new data models and techniques (such as data-
warehousing and data-mining) are being applied in order to handle the immense amount of
synchronization and reconciliation required between legacy and emerging databases. Data
management is among the most time- consuming and difficult task in many of the functions
and must be addressed in a way that will scale to immense size.
Cyber Security. Cyber security addresses the prevention of damage to, unauthorized use
of, exploitation of, and, if needed, the restoration of electronic information and communications
systems and services (and the information contained therein) to ensure confidentiality, integrity,
and availability.
• Information and Data privacy. The protection and stewardship of privacy is a
significant concern in a widely interconnected system of systems that is represented by the
Smart Grid. Data integrity and non-repudiation is needed for succinct, reliable communication
across the grid. Additionally, care must be taken to ensure that access to information is not an
all or nothing at all choice since various stakeholders will have differing rights to information
from the Smart Grid.
• Software applications. Software applications refer to programs, algorithms, calculations,
and data analysis. Applications range from low level control algorithms to massive transaction
processing. Application requirements are becoming more sophisticated to solve increasingly
complex problems, are demanding ever more accurate and timely data, and must deliver results
more quickly and accurately. One of the most prominent software development evolutions is
shifting from a peer-to-peer integration environment to a services oriented architecture
(SOA) built upon on a robust analysis, simulation, and data management infrastructure.
Software engineering at this scale and rigor is still emerging as a discipline. Software
applications are at the core of every function and node of the Smart Grid.
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4.6 BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION
The barriers t h a t are holding back the implementation of smart grids include mainly the
issue of regulatory framework that is out of sync with today’s industry needs and society’s
broader environmental objectives.
In the following section, the current challenges that are holding back investments in smart grids
will be examined.There are a number of factors that, in combination, are acting as a brake on
smart grid investment, most of which are institutional and relate to the regulatory and policy
frameworks that have evolved to support the existing power delivery system. Seven areas
have been identified that will need to be addressed before smart grids become more widely
adopted:
1.Policy and regulation – In many cases, utilities do not get as far as a business case for the
smart grid as there are regulatory and policy barriers in place that either create reverse incentives
or fail to create sufficient positive incentives for private sector investment.
2. Business case – Where policy-makers and utility executives are aware of the role that smart
grids can play, they are often unable to make the business case for smart grid investments.
Within the business case, two factors operate: first, the capital and operating costs are too high,
as suppliers have not been able to achieve scale economies in production and delivery risk is
priced in; and second, only those benefits that are economically tangible are factored in, while
other ancillary and non-financial benefits are not included (e.g. the carbon benefits) or are
aligned to the appropriate value-chain players.
3. Technology maturity and delivery risk – A smart grid brings together a number of
technologies (communications, power electronics, software, etc.) at different stages of the
technology maturity lifecycle. In some cases, these technologies have significant
technology risks associated with them because agreed standards have not emerged. In
addition, there are only a handful of examples of large scale implementation of more than
50,000 premises and therefore there continues to be significant delivery risk priced in to the
estimates.
4. Lack of awareness – Consumers and policy-makers are becoming increasingly aware of the
challenges posed by climate change and the role of greenhouse gas emissions in creating the
problem. In some cases, they are aware of the role of renewable generation and energy
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efficiency in combating climate change. It is much less common that they are also aware of the
way that power is delivered to the home and the role of smart grids in enabling a low-carbon
future.
5. Access to affordable capital – Utility companies are generally adept at tapping the capital
markets; however, where delivery risks are high and economic frameworks are variable, the
relative cost of capital may be higher than normal, which acts as a deterrent to investment.
Stable frameworks and optimum allocation of risk between the customer, the utility and
government will be the key to accessing the cheapest capital possible. In the case of
municipalities and cooperatives, this challenge may become amplified as the ability to manage
delivery risk is reduced.
6. Skills and knowledge – In the longer term, a shortfall is expected in critical skills that will be
required to architect and build smart grids. As experienced power system engineers
approach retirement, companies will need to transition the pool of engineering skills to include
power electronics, communications and data management and mining. System operators will
need to manage networks at different levels of transition and learn to operate using advanced
visualization and decision support.
7. Cyber-security and data privacy – Digital communication networks and more granular and
frequent information on consumption patterns raise concerns in some quarters of cyber-
insecurity and potential for misuse of private data. These issues are not unique to smart grids
but are cause for concern on what is a critical network infrastructure. Of the seven barriers
outlined above, the first three pose the most significant hurdles, but, if addressed, will go a
long way towards creating an environment that will encourage investment in smart grids. None
of these barriers is insurmountable; however, it is important to understand the root cause of the
issues before developing strategies to break them down. In the following sections, each area will
be looked at in more detail with examples that highlight the challenge.
4.7 REGULATORY SUPPORT FOR SMART GRID PROJECTS IN
INDIA
The development of a dynamic regulatory environment is a pre-requisite to stimulate the market
towards Smart Grids in India. Providing clear signals to different stakeholders such as utilities,
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investors and technology providers of the direction of the market and thus providing some
certainty and confidence for the necessary investments. Through incentives and performance
guarantees, consumers can be motivated to also take an active role and demonstrable cost
benefits will convince regulators of the necessary investment requirements.
Regulatory support for Smart Grids is required across 3 key dimensions:
(i) Economic Regulation;
(ii) Safety and Standards; and
(iii) Awareness and Capacity Building
Consumer awareness and capacity building at all levels will need to be pursued
throughout to ensure buy-in and involvement.It is important to mention that many regulatory
instruments will need to be interrelated,and hence coherence across these will be necessary.
Within India several entities including ISGTF, BIS and CEA have already been working on a
wide range of activities covering the different instruments required under the above framework.
However, there is still a need for an institutional setup that ensures strong coordination among
all.
The following section lists out the key regulatory challenges being faced by the
Industry related to Smart Grid deployment:--
CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS:-
1.CHALLENGE –
Several of the Smart Grid initiatives such as Demand Response and peak load management
require adoption of dynamic/ time of use (TOU)/ time of day (TOD) tariffs, which are currently
absent in many states.
INTERVENTION-
Introduction of appropriate tariff structures. Initially, participation in programs could be
voluntary. Such efforts should be coordinated through the Forum of Regulators.
2. CHALLENGE –
Implementation of Smart Grid applications will require incurring capital expenditure. The
regulatory guidelines in normal course would permit investments if the benefits outweigh the
cost. However some benefits are intangible so in order to promote demonstration projects, liberal
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investment approval regulations are required to reflect the uncertainty associated with new
technologies, new applications and the foreseen benefits.
INTERVENTION –
Development of a conducive investment approval framework to promote innovation.
Introduction of performance and service related incentives such as power quality and peak
power. Recognition of transverse and less tangible benefits such as reducing emissions.
3. CHALLENGE –
Interoperability ensures compatibility between new systems, applications and communication
technologies with old ones and among themselves. A lack of interoperability standards leads to
deployment of technologies which are either not compatible with the existing system or may not
have adequate interface facilities defeating the basic objective of Smart Grids to communicate
between different components on real time basis. One of the problems that faced with
implementation of R-APDRP was the in-ability to read proprietary data from meters and lack of
standardization in metering. In R-APDRP, while the issue was addressed to some extent by the
adoption of IEC 62056 / Indian Companion Standard to BIS, this was limited to distribution
transformer (DT) level.
INTERVENTION –
Interoperability standards for various applications/equipment. Definition of an interoperability
roadmap at national level that maps out and comprehensively addresses various use
cases/applications and presents an action plan for large scale deployment.
5 . CHALLENGE –
Various Smart Grid deployments will demand different levels of user access, access points and
security. Uniformity in such standards is much needed to ensure the smooth interaction of
multiple systems and protection of data as well as operational systems/resilience to attack.
INTERVENTION –
Regulations/standards for Cyber Security to ensure coordinated development across various
Smart Grid applications. Current pilot projects could be used as test cases.
6 . CHALLENGE –
Standards for integrating EVs as well as all distributed energy resources need to be defined to
ensure the protection of the grid.
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INTERVENTION –
Grid code needs to be defined in consultation with EV manufacturers, charging station
operators/aggregators and grid operators.
7. CHALLENGE –
Implementation of Smart Grids will facilitate consumer participation with multiple options
regarding provision of electricity or curtailment of load related to price, energy efficiency,
renewable content etc. In this context, issues related to the roles and responsibilities of different
stakeholders in: creating awareness, rules for enrolling consumers in programs, data protection
etc. need to be defined.
INTERVENTION –
Capacity Building is required for all stakeholders including policy makers, regulators, utilities,
industry, research and academia and should cover: rate design, methods for approval of
investments, technical standards, updates on new concepts and technology, roles and
responsibilities of different stakeholders etc. Training of utility officials is required at all levels
of management from senior management to field level officials and should cover: emerging
technologies, operation of new systems, data management, data analysis etc. Education of
consumers on the benefits of Smart Grids and how they can improve their electricity usage
experience through availability of reliable and quality power and reduce electricity bills.
4.8 SMART GRID PILOT PROJECTS RUNNING IN INDIA
There are 14 SMART GRID pilot projects running in India now-a-days. These include :--
1 . AP CPDCL (ANDHRA PRADESH) –
Location - Jeedimetla Industrial Area
Project Summary – The Project proposes covering 11,904 consumers. The proposed project area
is covered under RAPDRP Scheme; DAS, IT and SCADA shall be implemented . The
functionalities of Peak load management, Power Quality and Outage Management are proposed
by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and
Industrial Consumers.
Benefits envisaged –
1. Reduced AT&C loss
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2. Reduced purchase of high cost power at peak hours.
2. APDCL ASSAM –
Location – Guwahati distribution region
Project summary –
The pilot project covers 15,000 consumers involving 90MUs of input energy.
APDCL is in the process IT Implementation under R-APDRP and SCADA/DMS
implementation is also to be taken up shortly.
APDCL has proposed the functionality of Peak Load Management using Industrial and
Residential AMI, Integration of Distributed Generation (Solar and available back-up DG Set)
and Outage Management system. The utility has envisaged that Power Quality Monitoring will
be a by-product of the deployment.
Benefits envisaged –
1. Increased available energy during peak time
2. Revenue increase through Power Quality measurements and power factor penalty
3. Reduction in AT&C Losses
4. Reduction in interest payments due to deferred Capital Investment in sub-transmission
networks
5. Improvement of availability (reduction of Customer Minutes Lost)
6. Improved management of power procurement options
7. Unscheduled Interchange using Short Term Load Forecasts
3 . CSPDCL CHHATTISGARH –
Location –Siltara – Urla area of Raipur District (Chhattisgarh State)
Project Summary –The pilot project includes installing smart meters at 508 H.T. & L.T Industrial
Consumer premises as well as Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) at 83 DTs. The area has around
2140.86 MU input energy consumption.
The proposed project area is not covered under RAPDRP Scheme. The functionality of Peak
load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for
Industrial Consumers.
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Benefits envisaged –
1. Reducing Distribution T&D losses
2. Reducing Peak load consumption through shifting of Peak Load demand to a non-peak time
thereby saving UI charges
3. Reducing cost of billing
4 . UGVCL GUJARAT –
Location –Naroda of Sabarmati circle which is an industrial and residential area and Deesa of
Palanpur circle which is an agricultural area
Project Summary –Project proposes covering 20,524 consumers in Naroda and 18,898
agricultural unmetered consumers in Deesa-II division and accounting for input energy of around
1700MU (Naroda : 374.52 MU &Deesa : 1321.27 MU for 2010-11). The functionalities of Peak
load management, Outage Management, Power Quality Management are proposed by
implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Industrial, Commercial and
Residential Consumers.
Some additional functionalities like Load forecasting and Asset Management are also
proposed and functionalities of load forecasting, peak power management and outage
management are also considered at utility level which will impact all consumers of utility (i.e. 27
lac consumers) indirectly. Renewable energy integration has also been proposed to be carried out
at Patan Solar Park and few roof top installations at some of the universities.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses
2. Savings in Peak Power Purchase cost by reduction of peak load
3. Reduction in Transformer failure rate
4. Reduction in number of outages
5. Reduction in Meter Reading cost, Cost of payment collection etc.
5 . UHBVN HARYANA –
Location –Panipat City Subdivision (Haryana State)
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Project Summary –The pilot project covers 30,544 consumers and distribution system of 531
DTs. The area has around 131.8 MU input energy consumption. The proposed project area is
covered under R-APDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The
functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged -
1. Reduced Distribution Losses
2. Reduced Peak Load Consumption
3. Reduced Cost of Billing
6 . HPSEB HIMACHAL PRADESH –
Location – Industrial town of KalaAmb
Project Summary – The pilot project covers 650 consumers and having annual input energy of
533 Mus. The functionality of peak load management and outage management is proposed by
implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Industrial Consumers, Distribution
Automation and Substation Automation and power quality management by deploying Power
Quality meters at HT consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Shifting peak load
2. Reduction in penalties
3. Reduction in outages
7. KSEB KERALA –
Location – Selected Distribution Section offices spread over the geographical area of Kerala
State
Project Summary - Pilot is proposed for around 25078 LT Industrial consumers of Selected
Distribution Section offices spread over the geographical area of Kerala State. The input energy
for the total scheme area is mentioned as 2108 MUs and for the LT Industrial consumers is
mentioned as 376 MUs. Part of this area is covered in R APDRP scheme. By implementing
Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) it is proposed to provide quality service.
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prevent tampering and unauthorized usage of load, accurate and timely metering and billing,
avoiding costly field visits of Sub Engineers for meter reading, reducing supply restoration time,
peak load management through load restriction for Remote Disconnection/Reconnection and
Time of Day tariff.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses through reduction in loss due to manual error, tampers, thefts,
short assessment etc.,
2. Savings on employee and travel cost for meter reading
3. Introducing incremental tariff for peak hours through TOD Tariff
8. MSEDCL MAHARASHTRA –
Location - Baramati Town
Project Summary – Project proposes covering 25,629 consumers with a mix of residential,
commercial and industrial consumers and input energy of 261.6 MU. The functionality of
Outage management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for
Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. In addition MSEDCL has proposed to
leverage AMI for Remote connect/disconnect of customers, Monitoring the consumption pattern,
Tamper detection, Contract load monitoring, Load curtailment program i.e. reduced power
supply instead of no power scenario, Time of Use Metering and Dynamic and Real Time Pricing,
Demand forecasting etc.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses
2. Reduction in requirement of field staff through proper management of unforeseen outages
3. Improvement in reliability parameters like SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI etc.
4. Reduction in Meter Reading cost, bringing efficiency in meter reading etc.
9. CESC MYSORE –
Location – Additional City Area Division (ACAD), Mysore
Project Summary – Project involves 21,824 consumers with a good mix of residential,
commercial, industrial and agricultural consumers including 512 irrigation pump sets covering
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over 14 feeders and 473 distribution transformers and accounting for input energy of 151.89 MU.
The functionalities of Peak load management, Outage Management are proposed by
implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and
Industrial Consumers and Integration to Distributed .
Generation / Micro Grid Integration. Some additional functionality like Agriculture DSM with
community Portal, Consumer Portal to Support DSM/DR, Employee portal for Knowledge
Sharing and Benefit realization, KPI based MIS and Data Analytics for decision Support are also
proposed.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses
2. Shifting of load in industrial and domestic consumer during peak hours
3. Reduction in number of transformer failure
4. Reduction in Meter Reading cost
5. Reduction in unforeseen outages and also recovery time for unforeseen outages.
10.ELECTRICITY DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF PUDUCHERRY, (PED) –
Location – Division 1 of Puducherry
Project Summary –Project proposes covering 87031 no. of consumers with dominant being
domestic consumers (79%). The area has around 367 MU input energy consumption. The
proposed project area is also covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system
strengthening which is likely to be completed in 2013. The module of Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers are proposed to be
implemented to assist with consumer issues like event management & prioritizing, billing cycle
review and revenue collection efficiency for Energy auditing and AT&C loss reduction.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in Distribution Losses
2. Reducing cost of billing
3. Increasing revenue collection efficiency
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11. PSPCL PUNJAB –
Location –Industrial Division of City Circle Amritsar
Project Summary –The functionality of Outage Management (OM) is proposed to be
implemented in the project area for all the 85746 consumers and distribution system in area
using AMI by installing 9000 Smart Meters and by Transformer Monitoring. The proposed
project area is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for SCADA Implementation and GIS Mapping.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in feeder outage restoration time
2. Reduction in transformers outages and transformer outage restoration time
12. JVVNL RAJASTHAN –
Location –VKIA Jaipur
Project Summary –Project proposes covering 2646 no. of consumers, dominated by Industrial
consumers (56.46%) and around 374.68 MU input energy consumption. Proposed project area is
also covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The
functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduction in AT&C losses.
2. Reduction in Peak load consumption through shifting of Peak Load demand .
13 . TSECL TRIPURA –
Location – Electrical Division No.1, of Agartala town
Project Summary –The pilot project covers 46,071 no. of consumers. The proposed project area
is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The
functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1. Reduced Distribution Losses
2. Reduced Peak load consumption
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3. Reduced cost of billing
14 . WBSEDCL WEST BENGAL –
Location –Siliguri Town in Darjeeling District
Project Summary –The pilot project proposes to take up 4 nos. of 11 KV feeders for
implementation of Smart Grid covering 4404 consumers. The area has 42 MU input energy
consumption. The utiliy has proposed the functionality of AT&C loss reduction and Peak Load
Management using Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential and Industrial
Consumers.
Benefits Envisaged –
1.Reduced Distribution Losses .
2.Reduction in AT&C Losses.
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FIGURE 10 – Technologies contributions to Smart Grid
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4.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
1. Smart Grid Venture Capital funding totalled $50 million in Q2 2013 –
Smart grid venture capital (VC) funding in the second quarter of 2013, totalled $50 million in ten
deals, according to Mercom Capital Group, llc, a global clean energy communications and
consulting firm. Except for one quarter, the third quarter of 2012, VC funding has been stuck in
the $50-$70 million range with 9-12 deals for almost two years, said Mercom.
2. Holland's Power Matching City has entered its second phase with pilots –
Holland's Power Matching City has entered its second phase with pilots in two more Dutch
cities, Groningen and Hoogkerk .
Residents will be able to view their own energy consumption data on tablet computers. The pilot
will also test consumer demand for renewable energy. As the name implies, the project
automatically matches supply and demand, both within each household and between households.
Power Matching City will test and balance a wide variety of equipment, including smart
appliances, electric vehicles, energy storage, demand response, "hybrid' heat pumps, and
combined heat and power. The project consortium includes several utilities and universities.
3. National Grid makes sustainability hub part of its smart grid pilot –
National Grid today unveiled plans for the future home of its Sustainability Hub, a 2,200 square-
foot facility centrally located within the company’s smart grid pilot area in Worcester, Mass. The
space, located at 912 Main Street, has been donated by Clark University and will connect the
community and customers under one roof to provide interactive education about energy
efficiency and emerging technologies. It is an integral part of the company’s smart grid pilot –
now known as the Smart Energy Solutions Program – for 15,000 customers who choose to
participate .
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4.10 INDIAN SMART GRID FORUM
Union Minister of Power Shri Sushil kumar Shinde launched the India Smart Grid Forum, the
first initiative of its kind in the power sector, in New Delhi on 26
th
May , 2010.
'Smart' and 'Intelligent' are becoming the buzz words for Indian Power Sector
because deployment and adoption of latest technologies will help it to leap forward into a
new orbit. Smart Grid will bring ICT and Power Technologies in unison and establish a
comprehensive power infrastructure.
Objective:
1. The proposed India Smart Grid Forum will be a non-profit voluntary consortium of public
and private stakeholders with the prime objective of accelerating development of Smart Grid
technologies in the Indian Power Sector.
2. The goal of the Forum would be to help the Indian power sector to deploy Smart Grid
technologies in an efficient, cost-effective, innovative and scalable manner by bringing
together all the key stakeholders and enabling technologies.
3. The India Smart Grid Forum will coordinate and cooperate with relevant global and
Indian bodies to leverage global experience and standards where ever available or helpful,
and will highlight any gaps in the same from an Indian perspective.
4. Governance of the Forum will be overseen by a Board of Governors / Directors. Initially
there will be 7 members in Board of Governors, 5 of which will be elected and other two being
representatives of Ministry of Power and Power Finance Corporation (PFC).
5. The Forum will operate in a hierarchical or layered structure with different working groups
focusing on different aspects of Smart Grid. A Core Group will comprise of Founding
Members and will be responsible for overall coordination of the working groups. Members of
core committee and working groups will be decided by elections and few nominations from
Government agencies. Nominations from Government agencies will be done by MoP / PFC.
6. Forum will be open for voluntary memberships from all appropriate interested entities. There
will be different categories of membership with different rights and responsibilities based on
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the entity size and other status such as government, regulator, non-profit organisations,
industry, utility etc.
7. Secretariat of the Forum will be initially at PFC, New Delhi. CSTEP will be the knowledge
partner and Advisor for the Forum. The terms of engagement will be finalised by PFC and later
reviewed by Smart Grid Forum.
8. Funding of the Forum will be from the annual membership fee from all members (except
those specifically exempted) based on their categories. Initial funding of the Forum has been
proposed through Ministry of Power, who will be the Patron of the Forum.
9. Initially the Forum will be open by invitation and a temporary President of forum will be
appointed. Invitation will be sent to selected state power utilities, private power utilities,
power sector PSUs, empanelled System Integrators, SCADA Consultants and Implementing
Agencies of R-APDRP, selected educational and research institutes, NGOs, CEA, CERC,
CPRI and FICCI After 1st meeting, forum will operate by election of core committee members
and full fledged chairman. MoP, PFC and REC will be permanent invitees and members of the
forum. Ministry of Power will be Patron of the Forum.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & THE WAY FORWARD
5.1 CONCLUSION
Distributed energy resources: The ability to connect distributed generation, storage, and
renewable resources is becoming more standardized and cost effective. While the
penetration level remains low, the area is experiencing high growth. Several other concepts
associated with a smart grid are in a nascent phase of deployment these include the
integration of microgrids, electric vehicles, and demand response initiatives, including grid-
sensitive appliances.
Electricity infrastructure: Those smart grid areas that fit within the traditional electricity utility
business and policy model have a history of automation and advanced
communication deployment to build upon. Advanced metering infrastructure is taking
automated meter reading approaches to a new level, and is seen as a necessary step to enabling
dynamic pricing and consumer participation mechanisms. Though penetration of these systems
is still low, the growth and attention by businesses and policymakers is strong. Transmission
substation automation remains strong with greater levels of information exchanged with control
centers. Cost/benefit thresholds are now encouraging greater levels of automation at the
distribution substation level. While reliability indices show some slight degradation,
generation and electricity transport efficiencies are improving.
Business and policy: The business cases, financial resources, paths to deployment, and
models for enabling governmental policy are only now emerging with experimentation. This is
true of the regulated and non-regulated aspects of the electric system. Understanding and
articulating the environmental and consumer perspectives also remains in its infancy, though
recent reports and deliberations indicate that significant attention is beginning to be given to
these issues.
High-tech culture change: A smart grid is socially transformational. As with the Internet or
cell phone communications, our experience with electricity will change dramatically. To
successfully integrate high levels of automation requires cultural change. The integration
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of automation systems within and between the electricity delivery infrastructure, distributed
resources, and end- use systems needs to evolve from specialized interfaces to embrace
solutions that recognize well- accepted principles, methodology, and tools that are commonly
recognized by communications, information technology, and related disciplines that enable
interactions within all economic sectors and individual businesses.
The solutions to improving physical and cyber security, information privacy, and
interoperability (conveniently connect and work within a collaborative system) require
disciplines and best practices that are subscribed to by all stakeholders. A cross
disciplinary change that instills greater interaction among all the stakeholders is a necessary
characteristic as we advance toward a smart grid. Progress in areas such as cyber security
and interoperability is immature and difficult to measure, though improved approaches for
future measurements are proposed.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
1) To Automate all the Reports of the company so that work can be done without error.
2) Promote the Smart Grids Vision to all stakeholders – it is vital that there is ‘buy-in’ to the Smart
Grids Vision across all stakeholders for it to be successful.
3) Encourage innovation by network companies and stakeholders – only the network companies can
actually deliver the Vision. They must be motivated for that.
4) Encourage a pan-European approach to the Smart Grids ‘project’ – a sustainable future for
Europe will increasingly depend on open energy trading. Co-operation between Member States will be
increasingly important.
5) Encourage early deployment of Smart Grids technologies and solutions through demonstration
projects – ”de-risking” technologies requires demonstration on real networks. Demonstration projects are
vital to achieve widespread adoption.
6) Further develop the Smart Grids Business Opportunities to build the case for deployment – new
approaches are needed to take account of the wider benefits of Smart Grids.
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7) Engage the demand side – it is a vital part of the Smart Grids Vision to promote active demand side /
user participation.
8) Address technical standards in the electricity and telecommunications sectors - engage the
standards and regulatory bodies from both sectors to ensure that they are in line with the Smart Grids
Vision and its needs.
9) Understand and manage the environmental impacts of network development – stakeholders’
concerns must be understood and addressed appropriately.
10) Promote open access to network performance data – vital for effective functioning of the market,
for grid operational security but also for the effective R&D.
11) Develop the “skills” base in the electricity networks sector – without resolving this problem of
resources, any progress will be severely constrained.
5.3 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Following Websites has been used for reference :--
1 . www.bsesdelhi.com
2. www.smartgridnews.com
3. www.drsgcoalition.org
4 . www.sgiclearinghouse.org
5 . www.isgf.com
6. Smart infrastructure: the future, The Royal Academy of Engineering, Jan. 2012.
7 .SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age
8. The Smart Grid Vision For India’s Power Sector – A White Paper
9. ieeexplore.ieee.org
10. www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca
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