Food Security in the Arab World

Description
most Arab countries to meet the growing needs for food commodities. The development of Arab food gap
made her a problem of food security. Because, the food gap converted from a commercial problem affect
the Arab balance of payments to an economic problem affect the economic development and, to a political
problem, Where insuring the required quantities of food commodities imported has become an exhibition
now to many of the potential political pressures. This necessitates, adopting an integral Arab agricultural
policies, to meet the growing food gap and achieve the Arab food security.

2214-4625/$ – see front matter ©2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2014.05.002
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +963-11-4410527; Mobile: +963-988425813 .
E-mail address: [email protected]
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
Conference Title
?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
Food Security in the Arab World
???? ??? *
????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? .
Roula Khoudari *
Student of Doctorate in Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Damascus university, Syria.

A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 06 July 2011
Received in revised form 18 December
2012
Accepted 28 February 2014

Keywords:
Food Security
Indicators
Causes
Results
Policies
Arab World

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A B S T R A C T
Arab countries suffer from gap of food due to the incapability of the agricultural productive powers in
most Arab countries to meet the growing needs for food commodities. The development of Arab food gap
made her a problem of food security. Because, the food gap converted from a commercial problem affect
the Arab balance of payments to an economic problem affect the economic development and, to a political
problem, Where insuring the required quantities of food commodities imported has become an exhibition
now to many of the potential political pressures. This necessitates, adopting an integral Arab agricultural
policies, to meet the growing food gap and achieve the Arab food security.
© 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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???? 2836.56 530.21 66.24 475.31 79.87 -54.90 13.63 2781.66 22.23 101.97
?????? 3911.56 0.00 0.00 402.68 23.93 402.68 23.93 4314.24 34.48 90.67
??????? 1458.34 237.66 16.89 208.1 18.97 -29.56 2.08 1428.78 11.42 102.07
????????? ???? 1097.68 305.33 38.4 102.78 17.5 -202.55 -20.90 895.13 7.15 122.63
????? ???? 9655.27 462.12 85.39 227.9 32.13 -234.22 -53.26 9421.05 75.29 102.49
??????? ???? 8170.73 1368.56 173.47 457.68 59.77 -910.88 -113.70 7259.85 58.02 112.55
(????)????? 801.87 0.00 0.00 1554.63 153.85 1554.63 153.85 2356.50 18.83 34.03
??????? ?????? ???? 602.87 120.52 75.45 548.23 167.52 427.71 92.07 1030.58 8.24 58.50
?????? ???? 1473.63 89.47 56.16 158.87 126.54 69.40 70.38 1543.03 12.33 95.50
?????? ??????? 1261.07 89.47 56.16 141.54 115.28 52.07 59.12 1313.14 10.49 96.03
??????? ?????? 212.56 0.00 0.00 17.33 11.26 17.33 11.26 229.89 1.84 92.46
?????? 879.78 92.51 46.14 25.6 12.31 -66.91 -33.83 812.87 6.50 108.23
????? 215.94 0.00 0.00 34.26 18.56 34.26 18.56 250.20 2.00 86.31
????????? ?????? 5773.48 0.00 0.00 1073.25 144.27 1073.25 144.27 6846.73 54.72 84.32
???????? ???????? ????? ???? 51029.23 3765.82 593.56 10406.60 1194.51 6640.78 600.95 57670.01 460.90 88.48
?????? ??????? ???? * .???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???????
??? ???????? ???? ??? :?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 1982 ( .

ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80 71
???? 2 - ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
??? ?? 2008 .
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%
?????? ???? 46679.71 2624.35 803.78 58770.44 19101.34 56146.09 18297.56 102825.80 299.11 45.40
??????? ????? 20427.67 864.59 279.61 29365.87 10542.91 28501.28 10263.30 48928.95 142.33 41.75
??????? ????? 7664.97 38.20 9.79 14077.01 3452.69 14038.81 3442.90 21703.78 63.13 35.32
???? 7670.87 1313.19 458.07 3988.44 2621.40 2675.25 2163.33 10346.12 30.10 74.14
?????? 3016.65 13.43 2.66 10984.71 2370.50 10971.28 2367.84 13987.93 40.69 21.57
??????? 11068.24 831.42 229.24 664.72 362.39 -166.70 133.15 10901.54 31.71 101.53
????????? ???? 1144.89 153.28 135.14 1045.33 637.45 892.05 502.31 2036.94 5.93 56.21
????? ???? 51674.12 3226.19 1772.42 2290.08 895.95 -936.11 -876.47 50738.01 147.59 101.84
??????? ???? 29873.10 2332.98 1269.13 2898.12 1687.71 565.14 418.58 30438.24 88.54 98.14
(????)????? 2906.83 1427.97 648.97 8492.83 3371.38 7064.86 2722.41 9971.69 29.01 29.15
??????? ?????? ???? 1786.37 851.10 1570.20 3921.79 4168.85 3070.69 2598.65 4857.06 14.13 36.78
?????? ???? 7426.01 94.91 181.65 1738.56 3279.91 1643.65 3098.26 9069.66 26.38 81.88
??????? ?????? 4622.74 37.28 70.41 750.74 1833.02 713.46 1762.61 5336.20 15.52 86.63
?????? ??????? 2803.27 57.63 111.24 987.82 1446.89 930.19 1335.65 3733.46 10.86 75.09
?????? 3883.92 867.88 2596.03 650.41 1017.50 -217.47 -1578.53 3666.45 10.67 105.93
????? 1487.42 51.36 58.47 69.77 170.28 18.41 111.81 1505.83 4.38 98.78
????????? ?????? 25186.63 2315.53 1009.65 13058.73 5444.53 10743.20 4434.88 35929.83 104.52 70.10
???????? ???????? ????? ???? 183117.24 14776.97 10274.68 93600.78 40137.29 78823.81 29862.61 261941.05 761.96 69.91
?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? * .???? ????
??? ???????? ???? ??? :?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2009 (? .

3.2 . :?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
3.2.1 . :?????
?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????
???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?
???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2008 ??
? 25 ( ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? .
????? ?? 1991 ??? ?? ???? 1985 ????? ??? 5542 ??? ?? ???? 2008 ???????)
??????? ??????? ???????? ? 1990 ? 2009 (? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? 6854
???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2008 ?? ? 6 ( ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? .
???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
?
???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????
???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????
????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????) 3 ( .
?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ?
2008 ?? ? 25 ( ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? .
????? ?? ??????? 191 ??? ?? ???? 1985 ????? ??? 304 ??? ?? ???? 2008 ???????)
???????? ??????? ??????? ? 1990 ? 2009 ? ( ??? . ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???
????? 658 ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 481 ???? ? 322 ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????
??? .???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??
?????? ??????? ??? 277 ? ???? 131 ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? 100 ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????) 3 ( .

72 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80
???? 3 - ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????
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????? 1345.50 120.10 21237.00 542.00 3630.26 92.65 4512.91 8.93 2.55 0.29
??????? 3277.50 170.29 250517.00 3504.00 47053.84 658.15 20576.66 5.20 1.40 0.27
??????? 379.28 9.12 24338.00 72.00 16731.75 49.50 7894.74 2.40 0.30 0.13
???? 3886.15 632.00 40885.00 3963.00 3931.02 381.04 6270.57 16.26 9.69 0.60
??????? 10315.00 2244.06 170300.00 11197.00 4893.68 321.75 4989.62 21.76 6.57 0.30
?????? 375.11 280.08 982.00 32.00 1370.30 44.65 114.25 74.67 3.26 0.04
???????? 7210.00 592.30 468800.00 10947.00 18897.89 441.29 18482.19 8.21 2.34 0.29
??????? 14095.00 6201.80 61085.00 17922.00 1560.10 457.73 2889.81 44.00 29.34 0.67
????? 5442.00 853.00 52582.00 10741.00 2283.49 466.45 12592.03 15.67 20.43 1.30
??????? 5200.19 3619.14 1300.00 820.00 105.11 66.30 226.57 69.60 63.08 0.91
?????? 10644.00 1443.00 110423.00 4477.00 3462.08 140.37 3102.56 13.56 4.05 0.30
???? 1125.00 236.93 59945.00 610.00 20905.55 212.73 2574.60 21.06 1.02 0.05
?????? 648.00 86.80 5099.00 234.55 1333.07 61.32 2702.19 13.40 4.60 0.34
??? 362.16 3.00 102303.00 74.00 70878.37 51.27 24666.67 0.83 0.07 0.08
?????? 2192.84 341.97 148165.00 268.00 42842.93 77.49 783.69 15.59 0.18 0.01
????? 1578.93 35.29 29620.00 2313.00 6154.96 480.64 65542.65 2.24 7.81 3.49
????? 1639.08 86.83 76732.00 1630.00 13043.98 277.09 18772.31 5.30 2.12 0.40
??? 20729.00 6372.00 162640.00 20520.00 2161.82 272.75 3220.34 30.74 12.62 0.41
?????? 11267.00 4608.20 85743.00 11202.00 2750.20 359.30 2430.88 40.90 13.06 0.32
????????? 634.90 330.00 3615.00 402.00 1175.51 130.72 1218.18 51.98 11.12 0.21
????? 4200.00 1260.00 28708.00 2972.00 1293.15 133.87 2358.73 30.00 10.35 0.35
??????? ????? ???? 106546.64 29525.91 1905019.00 104442.55 5541.52 303.81 3537.32 27.71 5.48 0.20
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????] * ??????? ?????? ?????? ????) = ÷ (???????? ??????? ????? × 1000 [
** ???????? ????????? ???????] ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? = ÷ [?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????
??? ???????? ???? ??? :?????? ??????? ????? ?????) 2010 ?( ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2009 (? .

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????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??
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???????? ??????? ? 2009 ?? ? 48 - 49 - 56 - 57 ( .
????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???
?????? 2005 - 2008 ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? . 2006 ? 2007
??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 10.8 ? % 21.4 ???? ???? ??? ?% 10.8 ?????? %
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??????? ? 2009 ? ? 2 - 3 ( ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? . 2007
? 2008 ??? 2.8 ? % 24.3 ???? ???? ??? ?% 2.8 ? ?????? % 11.8 ???????? ????? %
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ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80 73
???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? 2006 ? 2007 ?? ?????? ??????? ???
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? ????? 137.7 ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 142.2 ???? ??????? .????? 2005 ?????
???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? 8.8 ??? ?? % 2006 ????? ?
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3.3.1 . ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????? :????????
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?????? ??? ??? ??? 1970 - 2008 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????
?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? 460.90 ? ?? ???/?? ?? 1970 ??? 761.96
??? ?? ???/?? 2008 ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? .
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?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? 206.40 ??? ?? ???/?? 1970 ??? 299.11
??? ?? ???/?? 2008 ????? ? 346.70 ??????? ??????? ??? ???/?? ??????? ??????? ???????)
???????? ? 2008 ?? ? 40 ( ??? . ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?
????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? 48 ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? % 19 %
?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??
?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? 99.02 ??? ?? ???/?? 1970 ??? 142.33 ??? ?? ???/??
2008 ????? ? 94.50 ??????? ??????? ??? ???/?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ?
2008 ?? ? 40 ( ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? .
?? 22.23 ??? ?? ???/?? 1970 ??? 30.10 ?? ???/?? ??? 2008 ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?
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???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
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? 175 ( ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? . 1.84
??? ?? ???/?? 1970 ??? 10.86 ??? ?? ???/?? 2008 ????? ? 11.37 ??????? ??? ???/??
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2008 ?? ? 40 ( ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? .
???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
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1999 ?? ? 195 ( ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? . 6.50
??? ?? ???/?? 1970 ??? 10.67 ??? ?? ???/?? 2008 ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?
21.95 ???/?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2008 ?? ? 40 ( ??? ?????? ???? ???? .
??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????
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??? 2008 ????? ? 100.2 ??????? ??????? ??? ???/?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ?
2008 ?? ? 40 (
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???????? ??????? ? 2008 ?? ? 41 ( .
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2007 ???? 2940 ? ??? ????? .?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? 2780 ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????
??????? ??????? 2630 ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
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84.5 ??????? ????????? ?? % ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? 68.3 ?? % ????????? ??
????????? ?????? 69.8 ????????? ?? % ?? ????? .?????? ??????? ????? ????????? 15.5 %
? 31.7 ? % 30.2 ?? % ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2010 ? ? 37 ( ??? . ??? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 16.7 %
?? ??????? ????????? ?????? 38.1 ?? % ?????? ????????? 44.9 ?? % ?????? ???????)
???????? ??????? ??????? ? 2009 ?? ? 27 ( .

74 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80
???? 4 - ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? 2007-1969 .
?????
???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
(?????/????? ?????? ????)
???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
(?????/????? ????)
?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
(?????/????? ????)
1971-
1969
1981-
1979
1992-
1990
1997-
1995
2002-
2000
2007-
2005
1971-
1969
1981-
1979
1992-
1990
1997-
1995
2002-
2000
2007-
2005
1971-
1969
1981-
1979
1992-
1990
1997-
1995
2002-
2000
2007-
2005
????? 2240 2610 2840 2700 2740 2980 62 67 76 71 71 76 52 62 74 76 84 89
??????? 2990 3300 3160 3130 3120 3140 82 104 102 103 102 104 97 130 108 102 86 84
???? 2340 2820 3120 3220 3250 3310 60 77 85 88 90 93 63 70 83 86 93 90
??????? 1820 2640 2890 2880 2990 3110 48 67 78 78 81 86 36 62 72 68 70 67
?????? 1700 1700 1720 1860 2030 2260 40 44 41 41 47 58 36 36 38 53 58 68
???????? 1900 2900 2850 2940 3010 3130 49 77 78 81 81 87 33 76 82 76 87 87
??????? 2050 2180 1960 2100 2140 2270 58 63 61 67 69 73 62 75 54 62 68 65
????? 2380 2950 2830 2980 3030 3050 65 80 71 72 75 80 60 83 85 99 102 103
??????? ? 1650 ? ? ? 1762 ? 55 ? ? ? 52 ? 64 ? ? ? 59
?????? ? 2840 ? ? ? ? ? 75 ? ? ? ? ? 58 ? ? ? ?
?????? ? ? ? 1930 2160 2130 ? ? ? 57 60 59 ? ? ? 52 60 55
?????? 2590 2980 2350 3010 2970 3040 75 92 72 94 86 93 69 88 76 97 101 100
????? 2330 2710 3010 3010 3070 3110 60 75 76 80 83 84 63 82 99 98 110 109
????? 2440 3450 3180 3170 3110 3140 60 90 80 80 77 77 70 109 93 92 93 95
??? 2350 2900 3090 3210 3230 3160 64 72 82 88 90 91 47 65 54 54 54 53
?????? 2470 2750 3000 3030 3090 3230 65 72 84 81 84 89 43 52 57 59 60 62
????????? 1870 2050 2580 2700 2770 2820 73 71 80 78 83 86 50 55 65 67 71 77
????? 1780 1970 1980 1980 2010 2030 50 59 54 53 56 54 30 37 39 35 40 46
?????? ?????? 2020 2950 2850 2960 3020 3130 53 81 80 85 84 90 39 82 85 81 88 88
??????? ????? 2200 2660 2780 2850 2890 2940 55 65 76 78 80 83 45 61 64 65 68 68
??????? ????? 2110 2310 2440 2550 2570 2630 52 55 61 66 68 70 32 40 52 58 61 66
???????? ????? ? ? 3210 3210 3340 3420 ? ? 98 98 101 103 ? ? 117 117 125 131
?????? ? ? 2610 2690 2730 2780 ? ? 70 73 75 77 ? ? 66 70 74 79
:?????? FAO, 2005, 2010a, 2011) ( .

4 . ????? ??? ????? :?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????
??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????
??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???
????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? .???...???????
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? 5.48 ??? ?? % 2008 ? ????) 3 ( ?? ??? ?
???? 12.2 ??? ?? % 1990 ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2001 ? ? 57 ( ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? .
?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? :
1 . ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
1415 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 197 ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? 71.2 ??? ?? ????? ????? 2008 ????? ?
36.14 ??????? ?????? .% ???????
?
??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? 55 ?? %
????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? 16.8 ?????? % ???????? ????????
? 28.2 ?????? % ????????) ????? ??? ?? (?????? ??? 2008 ?????? ????? ?????) ?
2010 ? ? 47 - 48 ( ??? . ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
????????
?
????
?
???????
5
?????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 3.3 ?? %
????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 180 ( ????? ??? 5 ?? % ??? 2008
?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 48 ( ??? . ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? 15 ???? .% ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ???????? ????? 1.5 ?% ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? 2.9 ???? ?%
??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 180 ( . ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????
????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? 0.30 ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2009 ? ? 180 ( ??? 0.18 ????? ?? ??? 2008 ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ?
? 60 ( ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? .??????

5
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????
???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????
?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 59 - 60 ( .
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80 75
????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?????? .??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??
?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????
??? ?? ?????? 2008 ??? 1.56 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????/?? 1.41 ?? ?????/??
? ????????? ????? 3.61 ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????/?? 3.96 ????????? ????? ?? ?????/??
? 3.54 ??? ?????? ?? ?????/?? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 60 ( ? ? 2.55 ?????/??
? ???????? ????? ?? 5.10 ???????? ????? ?? ?????/?? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ?
? 188 ( ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? . 2008 ??? 2.07 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????/??
2.23 ? ????????? ????? ?? ?????/?? 2.87 ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????/?? 4.03 ? ?????/?
? ????????? ????? ?? 3.09 ??? ?????? ?? ?????/?? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 60 ( ?
? 2.32 ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????/?? 5.70 ???????? ????? ?? ?????/?? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2009 ? ? 188 ( ??????? . ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
??????? ??? 25 ? % 50 ?? % ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 188 ( .
????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????
?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? .??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????
?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
?
???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ? 17 ? ?????? ?? % 23 ? ??????? ?? % 58 ????? ?? %
?????? ????? ?????) ? 2005 ? ? 19 - 20 ( . ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
.???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??
?
?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????
?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????
???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????) ? 1991 ? ? 64 ( .
2 ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? . ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
????? ??????
?
????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? .?????? ????
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? 338 ??????
3
???? ????? 2 ?? %
?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? .?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? 760 ?
3
??
??? ?? ????? 2007 ? ??? ?? ??? 1107 ?
3
?? ??? ?? ????? 1990 ????? ? 7000 ?
3
?????

?
????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? 2007 ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 184 - 185 ( ??? ?
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? 624 ?
3
?? ??? ?? ????? 2030
?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 49 ( ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? .
????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???
?
?????
??? ?? (??????? ???????? ????? ??) ??? ???? ?? ?????? 1955 ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?
??? 1990 .(?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????)
??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? 2025
6
.
????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 296 ? ?????
3
?
?
????? ??? ???????
????? ???? 70 ?? % ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? .??????? ?????? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? 89 ?? % ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????
??????? 6 ???? ?% ??????? ?????? 5 % ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 50 ( ????? .
????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ???????
????????? ??
?
????? ??????? ??????? 50 ????? % ???? ?????? ?
?
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????
???? ???? ?????? .????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2009 ? ? 44 ( . ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? 70 %
???? ??? ??? ????? ????? 50 ????? ?
3
?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????
?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 185 ( ?? ??? . ????? ?????? ??????? ??
??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???

6
?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????
?
???? 50
?
?????
?
???? ???? ??????)
??????? ??????? ? 2009 ? ? 140 - 144 ( .
?????? ?????? ???????? ????? 369 ? ?????
3
?? ??? 2020 ? ?? ???? ????? ???????
????????
?
????? ?? .??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 185 ( .
3 . ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ?? ?????????
???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????
7
????? ??????
??????? ??? 15 – 64 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 52 ?? % ?????? ??? ????????? ??????
??? 2008 ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 56 ( ???? ??? . ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????
?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 28.6 ??? ?? % 2008 ?????? ??? ?
????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????
8
?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????
??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????
???????? ????? ??
9
. ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? 47.7 ?????
??? ?? ???? 2008 ???) ???? 52 ?????? ?? % ?????? ??? ?(????????? ????? 29.5 ?????

?
???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????) 3 ( ??? ????? .
????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????) ?
2010 ? ? 56 ( ??
?
???? ????
?
????? ??
?
???? ?????? ????? ????? . ???? ??????? ???? ?
? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? .????? ?????? ?? ????
???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????)
??????? ???? ???????? ? 1995 ? ? 28 ( .
?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????
?
?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??
???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????
????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
10
??? ? ?????
?
???? ??? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2006 ? ? 47 ( ?????? ???? ????? ????? .
????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? 10 ??? % ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??
??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2008 ? ? 50 ( ????? ??? ?
????? ?? ??????? ?? 1560 ??? ?? ???? 1995 ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2007 ? ??????
(??????? ????? ??? ? 3537 ??? ?? ???? 2008 ? ????) 3 ( ???? ????? ??????? .
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??????? ???? 2008 ?? ????? ???
??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??
?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?) ?????? ????? ???? ? 2007 ? ? 53 ( ????????? .
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???
??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????) 3 ( ???????? ????? ???? ?
???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????
???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????) ?????? ? ? 2007 ? ? 53 ( .

7
??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2008 ? ? 49 ( .
8
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? 52.7 ???????? ????? ?? %
? 51.6 ???????? ????? ?? % ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 186 ( ? ? 41.3 ????????? ????? ?? %
? 51.8 ? ???????? ????? ?? % 49.5 ? ????????? ????? ?? % 49.5 ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??%
2008 ?????) ?????? ????? ? 2010 ? ? 56 ( .
9
???? 7.2 ??? ???? 1000 ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ? 2008 ??
? 11 ( ????? ? 27.9 ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? 434.6 ? ???????? ?? ???? 257.6 ????
? ???????? ?? 154.2 ? ???????? ?? ???? 78.6 ?? ?? ???? ? ?????? 62.3 ? ?????? ?? ???? 20.2
??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 2006 FAO, 2010b) ( .
10
?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? 27.7 ?? % ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??
????????? ????) 3 ( ? ????? 53.7 ? ???????? ????? ?? % 7.3 ???????? ????? ?? % ?????) ?????
?????? ? 2009 ? ? 186 ( ? ? 54 ? ????????? ????? ?? % 51.5 ? ???????? ????? ?? % 6.3 ?? %
? ????????? ????? 40.6 ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? % 2008 ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ?
? 56 - 57 ( .
76 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
.???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??
?
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
????? ???????? 18 ?? % ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????
16 ?? % ??????? ?????? 20 ?? % ???????? ?????? 60 ???????? ?? % ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2010 ? ? 60 ( . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
??????? ?????? ???
?
???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????
??????? .?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????
?? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????
???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 187 ( .
??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? 0.33 ??? ?? 1990 ?????)
?????? ????? ? 2003 ? (??????? ?????? ??? 0.20 ?? ??? 2008 ??????? . ??? ???? ???????
???? ??? ????? ???????? ????) 3 ( ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? .
????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2002 ?
? 37 ( .
4 ???? . ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????
?????? ????? .??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????
?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????
50 ? ?% 30 ? ?% 60 ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? % ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ?
2009 ?? ? 63 ( ?????? . ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????
??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??
?????? ?????? ??????
11
. ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????
??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????
??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ?
? 187 ( . ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????
?
???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???
??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? .???????? ??? ?????
?
???? ??????? ????
?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????)
?????? ????? ? 2008 ? ? 51 ( ????? . ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
12
???????
??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????
????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????
?
????
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???
?
??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 187 ( .
5 ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? . ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????

11
????? ????? 25 ?? % ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? 76 ???? % ?? ???? ???
??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 190 ( ?????? . ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????
????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????
?? ?????? .??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? .
?
????? ????? ????? ??????

?
??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? .???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? .??????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??
?????? ?????? ????? 33 ??????? .% ??? ??? ?????? 34 ? % 67 ?? ?? % ??????? ?? ????
???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 67 % ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????? ?????) ? 2007 ? ? 55 ( .
12
?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? 5 ?% ????? 0.9 ?????????? ?????? %
?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 2.3 ????? .
?
????? % ??????? ??? ??????? ?
???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2008 ? ? 50 - 51 ( .
??? .???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????
????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? .??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????
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???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????) ????? ?
?????? ? 2009 ? ? 190 ( .
6 ???? . ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????
?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? 0.3 ?????? ?? % ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
????? 3 ?? % ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 189 ( . ????? ????? ?????
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????
???????? ?????? 45 ??????? ?? % ?? ????? ???????? ?????? 7 ?? % ??????? ?? ?????
???????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 190 ( ?????? . ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??
????? ???????
?
???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? .????????? ????
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????
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??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? 0.3 ????? ?% 31 %
?? ??????? ???????? ? 10 ????? ?? % ??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2008 ? ? 53 ( ?????? .
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????
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?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? . ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????
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??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? .???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????
?????? ? ????? ?????
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?????? ????? ???????
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???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????)
?????? ????? ? 2008 ? ? 53 ( .
7 ??? . ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? .???????? ???? ??????
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? .?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 15 ?????? ?????? ?? %
??????? ?????? 25 ? ??????? % 40 ???? ?? ??? ?? .??????? % ?????? ?? ?????? ????
???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? 5 ??? % 20 ?% ????? ?????? ????? ??
?? ??????? ??? 20 % ??? 50 ?% ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 100 % ?????? ????? ?????) ?
2009 ? ? 190 - 191 ( ????? . ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???
??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??
??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????
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?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????
???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 191 ( .
8 ????? . ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? 2000 -
2008 ? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??
????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 5 ? % 8 ??? %
?? ???? ?????? .?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????
????????? ??? .???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ??? 90 ? % 95 ?% ??? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? 5 ??? %
10 % ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 72 ( . ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????

?
???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????
??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? .???????? ??? ???????? ???
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????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80 77
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???
???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????) ?????? ? 2009 ? ? 192 -
193 ( ???? ??? . ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 16.2 ????? ???? ?? ???
2008 ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? 6 % ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 72 ( ?
??? ??
?
????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????
???????? ????? ????) 3 ( ????? ????? ? 5.9 ??? ?? ???? ????? 2004 ?????? ? 2.9 ?????
??? ?? ???? 2002 ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ? 9 % ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2007 ? ? 67 ( ????? . ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????
?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????
???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????
?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????
???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ? ? 72 ( . ??? ?? ???? ??? ???
?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????
??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????
???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??
?
???? ????????? ????????
?????????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2009 ? ? 192 ( .
9 ????? . ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????
???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? 82 ?? % ???? ??????? ??????? ?????)
?????? ????? ? 2010 ? ? 72 ( ?? ? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
?????? ????? ?????) ? 2008 ? ? 54 ( . ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????
??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2010 ?
? 72 ( .
10 ????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???
??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? .??????
??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? 70 ?? % ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????
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????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2009 ? ? 193 - 194 ( .

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??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????)
?????? ? 2004 ? ? 25 ( ?????? . ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????
??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????????
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??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????) ? 2004 ? ? 25 ( .
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??????
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????? ????? ??? ?
?
???????? 30 ??? ?? ???? ????? 2008 ?????? ? 25 ???? ?????
??? ?? 2007 ?????? ? 14 – 18 ?????? ???
?
????? ???? ????? 2000 - 2006
13
?????? ?????? ?
) ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? :????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???

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????) ? 1998 ? ? 36 ( .
?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?
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?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? » ? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? «
???????) ? 1994 ? ? 176 ( ? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? . ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?
?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? .??????? ?????? ?????? ???
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???????? ??????? ? ???) ? 1992 ? ? 151 ( ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? .
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???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????
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13
????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? 10 – 13 ?????? ???
?
????? ???? ????? 1980 - 1999 ?
?????? 0.6 - 8 ?????? ???
?
????? ???? ????? 1970 - 1979 ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ?
1981 ? 1982 ? 1983 ? 1984 ? 1985 ? 1986 ? 1987 ? 1988 ? 1989 ? 1990 ? 1991 ?? 1992 ?
1993 ? 1994 ?? 1995 ?? 1996 ?? 1997 ? 1998 ?? 1999 ?? 2000 ? 2001 ? 2002 ? 2003 ?
2004 ? 2005 ? 2006 ? 2007 ? 2008 ?? 2009 (? .
78 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80
.?????? ???? ???? ?????? Kissinger ????? ???
?
???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?
??? ?????? ?????? 1973 ????? ???) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? (????
??????? ???? ????) ? 1998 ? ? 37 ( ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?
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??? ?? ????? ???? 1980 ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????
????????? ?? ????? ????????) ? 1987 ? ? 194 ( . ???? ??? ? ??? ?????? Kissinger
(1982, pp.246-255) ??? ??????? ????? ?? (???????) ??????? ????? ??????? ??
?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? .??
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?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? 400 ??? ??
1968 ??? ??? 35 ??? ??
?
???? 1973 ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? .
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? .???????? ????????
??? ??????? ??????? ) 1995 ? ? 341 - 342 ( ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?
????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? 200 ???
?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ??? .??????? ??? ?????? ??
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??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???
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:
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.(???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????)
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??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 6829 ??? ?? ???? ????? 2009 FAO, 2011) ( .
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ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80 79
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.(???...??????
4 ?????) ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? . – ???? ?? ??? ?(?????
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9 ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? .
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10 ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? .
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???? ???? ?????? .?
11 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? .
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12 .???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .
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??????? ??????? ????) ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?(????????
?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??
???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? .????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
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??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????

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????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????
.????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
?
?????
:???????
?????? ) .??????? ??????? ???? 2009 .( ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? 2009 : ??? ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ?????? . .??????? ??????? ???? ?????? :?????http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/regional/arabstates/name,3442,en.html
???? ? ???? ) . 1989 ( . ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? . .
??????? ? ?????? ??? ) . 2003 ( . ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? . .????
??????? ? ?????? ??? ? ? ??????? ? ???? ???? ) . 2006 ( . ?????? ??? .???? ????? :???? .
??????? ? ???? ????? ) . 1994 ( .?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? . ???? ????
????? ? 78 ? 176 - 185 .
??????? ????? ????? ) . 2009 ( . ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? . : ??????? ????? ????? .
??????? ????? ????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ) . 2009 ( . ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??????? ???? :??????? ??????? . : ? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? .
???? ? ???? ??? ???? ) . 1985 ( . ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? 2000 ????? :?????? .
?????? ?????? ?????? .
?????? ? ????? ) . 1993 ( .?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? . ????? ???? ???? ? 75 ? 23 - 36 .
??????? ? ???? ) . 1991 ( .?????? ??????? ???? ??? . ?????? ???? ? 84 ? 56 - 65 .
???? ? ????? ) . 1996 ( ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? .
????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ? 211 ? 105 - 128 .
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2001 ( . ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? 2001 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2001
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2002 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2002 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2002
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2003 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2003 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2003
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2004 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2004 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2004
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2005 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2005 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2005
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2006 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2006 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2006
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2007 ( . ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? 2007 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2007
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2008 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2008 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2008
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2009 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2009 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2009
?????? ????? ????? ) . 2010 ( . ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 2010 . :??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? .http://www.arabmonetaryfund.org/ar/jerep/2010
? ??? ? ???? ??????? ) . 1992 ( . ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? :??????? .
?????? .
??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ) . 1993 ( . ??? ??????? 2000 ???? . : ?????? ?????
??? ???? ???????? ???? .
80 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 67–80
??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ) . 1995 ( . ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????
????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? . : ???? ???????? ?????? ?????
.???????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1981 ( . ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ) ?????? 1 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1982 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 2 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ) 1983 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 3 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1984 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 4 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ) . 1985 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 5 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1986 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 6 ( .
??????? : ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1987 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 7 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1988 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 8 ( .
??????? : ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1989 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 9 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1990 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 10 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1991 (? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????
1991 ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1991 (? . ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????
) ?????? 11 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1991 (? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 1990 .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1992 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ??????
12 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1993 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 13 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1994 (? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????
1993 ??????? . : .???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1994 (? . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????
) ?????? 14 ( ??????? . : ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1995 (? . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ??????
15 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1995 (? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 1994 .
?????? ? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1996 (? . ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? .
??????? : .???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1996 (? . ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?
) ?????? 16 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1997 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 17 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1998 (? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ) ??????
18 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1998 (? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 1997 .
??????? : .???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1999 (? . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ??????
19 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 1999 (? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 1998 .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ) . 2000 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 20 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2001 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 21 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ) . 2002 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 22 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2003 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 23 ( .
??????? : ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2004 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 24 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2005 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 25 ( .
??? ???? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2006 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 26 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/AASYXX.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2007 ( . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ?????? 27 ( .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/AASYXX.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2008 (? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????
2007 ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/publications.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2008 (? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????
) ?????? 28 ( ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/AASYXX.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2008 (? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 2007 .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/publications.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2009 (? . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ) ??????
29 ( ??????? . : ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? .http://www.aoad.org/AASYXX.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2009 (? . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 2008 .
??????? : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/publications.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2009 (? . ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? . : ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/publications.htm
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ) . 2010 ( . ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? 2009 ??????? . :
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .http://www.aoad.org/publications.htm
??????? ? ??????? ) . 1995 ( . ????? ??? ???? ???? ????) ??????? (????? ? ????? ?????? ??? :???? .
?????????? ??????? ????????? .
?????? ? ????? ???? ) . 1998 ( . ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
(?????? ??? ???????) ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? :??????? ??????? ??????? .
.???????????
?????? ? ???? ???? ) . 1993 ( . ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? :???? .
?????? .
???? ? ??? ) . 1998 ( . ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? :?????
.???????
???????? ? ???? ???? ) . 1987 ( ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? . 2000 . ?????
?????? ?????????? ? 21 – 22 ? 193 - 223 .
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28, 2010 Fromhttp://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity.
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