Description
India Infoline (IIFL) group, is a brokerage firm dealing in retail brokerage, institutional brokerage, consumer lending, institutional lending, realty and wealth management.
FINANCIAL STUDY ON DERIVATIVES INDIAINFOLINE
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION • • • Objectives of the Study Scope of the study Methodology
2 INDUSTRY PROFILE 3 COMPANY PROFILE 4.REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5. DATA ANALYSIS & PRESENTATION 6. CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS • Summary & Suggestions • Conclusions GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
A derivative security is a security whose value depends on the value of together more basic underlying variable. These are also known as contingent claims. Derivatives securities have been very successful in innovation in capital markets. The emergence of the market for derivative products most notably forwards, futures and options can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, financial markets are market by a very high degree of volatility. Though the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking – in asset prices. As instrument of risk management these generally don’t influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash-flow situation of risk-averse investor. Derivatives are risk management instruments which derives their value from an underlying asset. Underlying asset can be Bullion, Index, Share, Currency, Bonds, Interest, etc.
Objectives of the Study
? To understand the concept of the Financial Derivatives such as Futures and Options. ? To examine the advantage and the disadvantages of different strategies along with situations. ? To study the different ways of buying and selling of Options.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is limited to “Derivatives” With special reference to Futures in the Indian context and the IndiaInfoline has been taken as representative sample for the study.
The study cannot be said as totally perfect, any alteration may come. The study has only made humble attempt at evaluating Derivatives Markets only in Indian Context. The study is not based on the International perspective of the Derivatives Markets.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The type of research adopted is descriptive in nature and the data collected for this study is the secondary data i.e. from Newspapers, Magazines and Internet.
Limitations:
? The study was conducted in Hyderabad only. ? As the time was limited, study was confined to conceptual understanding of Derivatives market in India.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE The only stock exchanges operating in the 19 th century were those of Bombay set up in 1875 and Ahmedabad set up in 1894. These were organized as voluntary non profit-making association of
brokers to regulate and protect their interests. Before the control on securities trading became central subject under the constitution in 1950, it was a state subject and the Bombay securities contracts (control) Act of 1925 used to regulate trading in securities. Under this act, the Bombay stock exchange was recognized in 1927 and Ahmedabad in 1937. During the war boom, a number of stock exchanges were organized in Bombay, Ahmedabad and other centers, but they were not recognized. Soon after it became a central subject, central legislation was proposed and a committee headed by A.D. Gorwala went into the bill for securities regulation. On the basis of the committee’s recommendations and public discussion, the securities contracts (regulation) Act became law in 1956.
DEFINITION OF STOCK EXCHANGE “Stock exchange means any body or individuals whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities”.
It is an association of member brokers for the purpose of selfregulation and protecting the interests of its members. It can operate only if it is recognized by the Government under the securities contracts (regulation) Act, 1956. The recognition is granted under section 3 of the Act by the central government, Ministry of Finance. BYLAWS Besides the above act, the securities contracts (regulation) rules were also made in 1975 to regulative certain matters of trading on the stock exchanges. There are also bylaws of the exchanges, which are concerned with the following subjects. Opening / closing of the stock exchanges, timing of trading, regulation of blank transfers, regulation of Badla or carryover business, control of the settlement and other activities of the stock exchange, fixating of margin, fixation of market prices or making up prices, regulation of taravani business (jobbing), etc., regulation of brokers trading, brokerage chargers, trading rules on the exchange, arbitrage and settlement of disputes, settlement and clearing of the trading etc.
REGULATION OF STOCK EXCHANGES The securities contracts (regulation) act is the basis for
operations of the stock exchanges in India. No exchange can operate
legally without the government permission or recognition. Stock exchanges are given monopoly in certain areas under section 19 of the above Act to ensure that the control and regulation are facilitated. Recognition can be granted to a stock exchange provided certain conditions are satisfied and the necessary information is supplied to the government. Recognition can also be withdrawn, if necessary. Where there are no stock exchanges, the government licenses some of the brokers to perform the functions of a stock exchange in its absence. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI). SEBI was set up as an autonomous regulatory authority by the government of India in 1988 “to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matter connected therewith or incidental thereto”. It is empowered by two acts namely the SEBI Act, 1992 and the securities contract (regulation) Act, 1956 to perform the function of protecting investor’s rights and regulating the capital markets.
BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE This stock exchange, Mumbai, popularly known as “BSE” was established in 1875 as “The Native share and stock brokers association”, as a voluntary non-profit making association. It has an
evolved over the years into its present status as the premiere stock exchange in the country. It may be noted that the stock exchanges the oldest one in Asia, even older than the Tokyo stock exchange, which was founded in 1878. The exchange, while providing an efficient and transparent market for trading in securities, upholds the interests of the investors and ensures redressed of their grievances, whether against the companies or its own member brokers. It also strives to educate and enlighten the investors by making available necessary informative inputs and conducting investor education programs. A governing board comprising of 9 elected directors, 2 SEBI nominees, 7 public representatives and an executive director is the apex body, which decides is the apex body, which decides the policies and regulates the affairs of the exchange. The Exchange director as the chief executive offices is
responsible for the daily today administration of the exchange.
BSE INDICES: In order to enable the market participants, analysts etc., to track the various ups and downs in the Indian stock market, the Exchange has introduced in 1986 an equity stock index called BSESENSEX that subsequently became the barometer of the moments of
the share prices in the Indian stock market. It is a “Market capitalization weighted” index of 30 component stocks representing a sample of large, well-established and leading companies. The base year of sensex 1978-79. The Sensex is widely reported in both domestic and international markets through print as well as electronic media. Sensex is calculated using a market capitalization weighted method. As per this methodology the level of the index reflects the total market value of all 30-component stocks from different industries related to particular base period. The total market value of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the nu7mber of shared outstanding. Statisticians call index of a set of combined variables (such as price and number of shares) a composite Index. An indexed number is used to represent the results of this calculation in order to make the value easier to go work with and track over a time. It is much easier to graph a chart based on Indexed values than on based on actual valued world over majority of the well-known Indices are constructed using “Market capitalization weighted method”. In practice, the daily calculation of SENSEX is done by dividing the aggregate market value of the 30 companies in the index by a number called the Index Divisor. The divisor is the only link to the original base period value of the SENSEX. The Devisor keeps the Index comparable over a period value of time and if the references point for the entire Index maintenance adjustments. SENSEX is widely used to describe the mood in the Indian stock markets. Base year average is changed as per the formula new base year average = old base year average*(new market value / old market value). NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE
The NSE was incorporated in Nov, 1992 with an equity capital of Rs.25 crs. The international securities consultancy (ISC) of Hong Kong has helped in setting up NSE. ISC has prepared the detailed business plans and initialization of hardware and software systems. The promotions for NSE were financial institutions, insurances, companies, banks and SEBI capital market ltd, Infrastructure leasing and financial services ltd and stock holding corporations' ltd. It has been set up to strengthen the move towards
professionalization of the capital market as well as provide nation wide securities trading facilities to investors. NSE is not an exchange in the traditional sense where brokers own and manage the exchange. A two tier administrative set up involving a company board and a governing aboard of the exchange is envisaged. NSE is a national market for shares PSU bonds, debentures and government securities since infrastructure and trading facilities are provided. NSE-NIFTY: The NSE on Apr22, 1996 launched a new equity Index. The NSE50. The new Index which replaces the existing NSE-100 Index is expected to serve as an appropriate Index for the new segment of future and option. “NIFTY” mean National Index for fifty stocks. The NSE-50 comprises fifty companies that represent 20 board industry groups with an
aggregate market capitalization of around Rs 1, 70,000 crs. All companies included in the Index have a market capitalization in excess of Rs. 500 crs each and should have trade for 85% of trading days at an impact cost of less than 1.5%. The base period for the index is the close of price on Nov 3 1995, which makes one year of completion of operation of NSE’s capital market segment. The base value of the index has been set at 1000. NSE-MIDCAP INDEX: NSE madcap index or the junior nifty comprises 50 stocks that represent 21 board industry groups and will provide proper representation of the midcap segment of the Indian capital market. All stocks in the Index should have market capitalization of more than Rs.200 crs and should have traded 85% of the trading days at an impact cost of less than 2.5%.The base period for the index is Nov 4 1996, which signifies 2 years for completion of operations of the capital market segment of the operations. The base value of the Index has been set at 1000. Average daily turn over of the present scenario 258212 (Laces) and number of average daily trades 2160(Laces). At present there are 24 stock exchanges recognized under the securities contract (regulation Act, 1956).
COMPANY PROFILE
THE INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED Origin: India Infoline Ltd., was founded in 1995 by a group of professional with impeccable educational qualifications and professional credentials. Its institutional investors include Intel Capital (world's) leading
technology company, CDC (promoted by UK government), ICICI, TDA and Reeshanar. India Infoline group offers the entire gamut of investment products including stock broking, Commodities broking, Mutual Funds, Fixed Deposits, GOI Relief bonds, Post office savings and life Insurance. India Infoline is the leading corporate agent of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd., which is India' No. 1 Private sector life insurance company. Www.indiainfoline.com has been the only India Website to have been listed by none other than Forbes in it's 'Best of the Web' survey of global website, not just once but three times in a row and counting... “A must read for investors in south Asia” is how they choose to describe India Infoline. It has been rated as No.l the category of Business News in Asia by Alexia rating. Stock and Commodities broking is offered under the trade name 5paisa. India Infoline Commodities pvt Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd., holds membership of MCX and NCDEX
Main Objects of the Company Main objects as contained in its Memorandum or Association are: 1. To engage or undertake software and internet based services, data processing IT enabled services, software development services, selling advertisement space on the site, web consulting and related services including web designing and web maintenance, software product development and marketing,
software supply services, computer consultancy services, ECommerce of all types and including E-broking, electronic market financial research, intermediation business
business and management consultancy.
2. To undertake, conduct, study, carry on, help, promote any kind of research, probe, investigation, survey, developmental work on economy, industries, corporate business houses, agricultural and mineral, financial institutions, foreign financial institutions, capital market on matters related to investment decisions primary equity market, secondary equity market, debentures, bond, ventures, capital funding proposals, competitive analysis, preparations of corporate / industry profile etc. and trade / invest in researched securities VISION STATEMENT OF THE COMPANY: “Our vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space In India”.
Products: the India Infoline pvt ltd offers the following products A. E-broking. B. Distribution C. Insurance D. PMS
E. Mortgages A. E-Broking: It refers to Electronic Broking of Equities, Derivatives and Commodities under the brand name of 5paisa 1. Equities 2. Derivatives 3. Commodities B. Distribution: 1. Mutual funds 2. Govt of India bonds. 3. Fixed deposits C. Insurance: 1. Life insurance policies 2. General Insurance 3. Health Insurance Policies. THE CORPORATE STRUCTURE The India Infoline group comprises the holding company, India Infoline Ltd, which has 5 wholly-owned subsidiaries, engaged in distinct yet complementary businesses which together offer a whole bouquet of products and services to make your money grow. The corporate structure has evolved to comply with oddities of the regulatory framework but still beautifully help attain synergy and allow flexibility to adapt to dynamics of different businesses. The parent company, India Infoline Ltd owns and managers the web properties www.Indiainfoline.com and www.5paisa.com. It also undertakes research Customized and off-the-shelf.
Indian Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a member of BSE, NSE and DP with NSDL. Its business encompasses securities broking Portfolio Management services. India Infoline.com Distribution Co. Ltd., Mobilizes Mutual Funds and other personal investment products such as bonds, fixed deposits, etc. India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd. is the corporate agent of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, engaged in selling Life Insurance, General Insurance and Health Insurance products. India Infoline Commodities Pvt. Ltd. is a registered commodities broker MCX and offers futures trading in commodities. India Infoline Investment Services Pvt Ltd., is proving margin funding and NBFC services to the customers of India Infoline Ltd.,
Pictorial Representation of India Infoline Ltd
Management of India Infoline Ltd., India Infoline is a professionally managed Company. directors have impeccable academic professional track records. The
promoters who run the company/s day-to-day affairs as executive
Nirmal Jain, chairman and Managing Director, is a Chartered Accountant, (All India Rank 2); Cost Account, (All India Rank l) and has a post-graduate management degree from IIM Ahmedabad. He had a successful career with Hindustan Lever, where he inter alia handled Commodities trading and export business. Later he was CEO of an equity research organization. R. Venkataraman, Director, is armed with a post- graduate management degree from IIM Bangalore, and an Electronics Engineering degree from IIT, Kharagpur. He spent eight fruitful years in equity research sales and private equity with the cream of financial houses such as ICICI group, Barclays de Zoette and G.E. Capital The non-executive directors on the board bring a wealth of experience and expertise. Satpal khattar Reeshanar investments, Singapore The key management team comprises seasoned and qualified professionals. Mukesh SingPvt Ltd. Seshadri BharathanDistribution Co Ltd S SriramServices Dharmesh PandyaToral MunshiAnil MascarenhasVice President, Alternate Channel Vice President, Research Chief Editor Vice President, Technology President, Portfolio Management Sandeepa Vig Arora- Vice Director, India Infoline. Com Director, India Infoline Securities
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
DERIVATIVES:-
The emergence of the market for derivatives products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be tracked back to the willingness of riskaverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative product minimizes the impact of
fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of riskaverse investors. Derivatives are risk management instruments, which derive their value from an underlying asset. The underlying asset can be bullion, index, share, bonds, currency, interest, etc.. Banks, Securities firms, companies and investors to hedge risks, to gain access to cheaper money and to make profit, use derivatives. Derivatives are likely to grow even at a faster rate in future. DEFINITION Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, forex, commodity or any other asset.
1)
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCR Act) defines “derivative” to secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security.
2)
A contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities. Emergence of financial derivative products Derivative products initially emerged as hedging devices against
fluctuations in commodity prices, and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. Financial derivatives came into spotlight in the post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products. In recent years, the market for financial derivatives has grown tremendously in terms of variety of instruments available, their complexity and also turnover. In the class of equity derivatives the world over, futures and options on stock indices have gained more popularity than on individual stocks, especially among institutional investors, who are major users of index-linked derivatives. Even small investors find these useful due to high correlation of the popular indexes with various portfolios and ease of use. The lower costs associated with index derivatives vis–a–vis derivative products based on individual securities is another reason for their growing use.
PARTICIPANTS: The following three broad categories of participants in the derivatives market. HEDGERS: Hedgers face risk associated with the price of an asset. They use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate this risk. SPECULATORS: Speculators wish to bet on future movements in the price of an asset. Futures and options contracts can give them an extra leverage; that is, they can increase both the potential gains and potential losses in a speculative venture. ARBITRAGERS: Arbitrageurs are in business to take of a discrepancy between prices in two different markets, if, for, example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take offsetting position in the two markets to lock in a profit.
FUNCTIONS OF DERIVATIVE MARKETS: The following are the various functions that are performed by the derivatives markets. They are: ? Prices in an organized derivatives market reflect the perception of market participants about the future and lead the price of underlying to the perceived future level. ? Derivatives market helps to transfer risks from those who have them but may not like them to those who have an appetite for them. ? Derivatives entrepreneurial activity. ? long run. Derivatives markets help increase saving and investment in trading acts as a catalyst for new
TYPES OF DERIVATIVES: The following are the various types of derivatives. They are: FORWARDS: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price. FUTURES:
A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset in a certain time at a certain price; they are standardized and traded on exchange.
OPTIONS: Options are of two types-calls and puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date. WARRANTS: Options generally have lives of up to one year; the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longer-dated options are called warrants and are generally traded over-the counter. LEAPS: The acronym LEAPS means long-term Equity Anticipation securities. These are options having a maturity of up to three years. BASKETS: Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. The underlying asset is usually a moving average of a basket of assets. Equity index options are a form of basket options.
SWAPS: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash floes in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. The two commonly used Swaps are: a) Interest rate Swaps: These entail swapping only the related cash flows between the parties in the same currency. b) Currency Swaps: These entail swapping both principal and interest between the parties, with the cash flows in on direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction. SWAPTION: Swaptions are options to buy or sell a swap that will become operative at the expiry of the options. Thus a swaption is an option on a forward swap.
RATIONALE BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVES: Holding portfolios of securities is associated with the risk of the possibility that the investor may realize his returns, which would be much lesser than what he expected to get. There are various factors, which affect the returns: 1. Price or dividend (interest) 2. Some are internal to the firm like3. Industrial policy
4. Management capabilities 5. Consumer’s preference 6. Labour strike, etc.
These forces are to a large extent controllable and are termed as non systematic risks. An investor can easily manage such non-systematic by having a well-diversified portfolio spread across the companies, industries and groups so that a loss in one may easily be compensated with a gain in other. There are yet other of influence which are external to the firm, cannot be controlled and affect large number of securities. They are termed as systematic risk. They are: 1. Economic 2. Political 3. Sociological changes are sources of systematic risk. For instance, inflation, interest rate, etc. their effect is to cause prices of nearly all-individual stocks to move together in the same manner. We therefore quite often find stock prices falling from time to time in spite of company’s earning rising and vice versa. Rational Behind the development of derivatives market is to manage this systematic risk, liquidity in the sense of being able to buy and sell relatively large amounts quickly without substantial price concession.
In debt market, a large position of the total risk of securities is systematic. Debt instruments are also finite life securities with limited marketability due to their small size relative to many common stocks. Those factors favour for the purpose of both portfolio hedging and speculation, the introduction of derivatives securities that is on some broader market rather than an individual security.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: The trading of derivatives is governed by the provisions contained in the SC R A, the SEBI Act, and the regulations framed there under the rules and byelaws of stock exchanges. Regulation for Derivative Trading: SEBI set up a 24 member committed under Chairmanship of Dr. L. C. Gupta develop the appropriate regulatory framework for derivative trading in India. The committee submitted its report in March 1998. On May 11, 1998 SEBI accepted the recommendations of the committee and approved the phased introduction of derivatives trading in India beginning with stock index Futures. SEBI also approved he “suggestive bye-laws” recommended by the committee for regulation and control of trading and settlement of Derivative contract. The provision in the SCR Act governs the trading in the securities. The amendment of the SCR Act to include “DERIVATIVES” within the ambit of
securities in the SCR Act made trading in Derivatives possible with in the framework of the Act. 1. Eligibility criteria as prescribed in the L. C. Gupta committee report may apply to SEBI for grant of recognition under section 4 of the SCR Act, 1956 to start Derivatives Trading. The derivative exchange/segment should have a separate governing council and
representation of trading/clearing member shall be limited to maximum 40% of the total members of the governing council. The exchange shall regulate the sales practices of its members and will obtain approval of SEBI before start of Trading in any derivative contract. 2. 3. The exchange shall have minimum 50 members. The members of an existing segment of the exchange will not automatically become the members of the derivatives segment. The members of the derivatives segment need to fulfill the eligibility conditions as lay down by the L. C. Gupta committee. 4. The clearing and settlement of derivatives trades shall be through a SEBI approved clearing corporation/clearing house. Clearing Corporation/Clearing House complying with the eligibility conditions as lay down By the committee have to apply to SEBI for grant of approval. 5. Derivatives broker/dealers and Clearing members are required to seek registration from SEBI.
6.
The Minimum contract value shall not be less than Rs.2 Lakh. Exchange should also submit details of the futures contract they purpose to introduce.
7.
The
trading
members
are
required
to
have
qualified approved user and sales persons who have passed a certification programme approved by SEBI
Introduction to futures and options In recent years, derivatives have become increasingly important in the field of finance. While futures and options are now actively traded on many exchanges, forward contracts are popular on the OTC market. In this chapter we shall study in detail these three derivative contracts. Forward contracts A forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified future date for a specified price. One of the parties to the contract assumes a long position and agrees to buy the underlying asset on a certain specified future date for a certain specified price. The other party assumes a short position and agrees to sell the asset on the same date for the same price. Other contract details like delivery date, price and quantity are negotiated bilaterally by the
parties to the contract. The forward contracts are normally traded outside the exchanges. The salient features of forward contracts are: They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter–party risk. Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. The contract price is generally not available in public domain. On the expiration date, the contract has to be settled by delivery of the asset. If the party wishes to reverse the contract, it has to compulsorily go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. However forward contracts in certain markets have become very standardized, as in the case of foreign exchange, thereby reducing transaction costs and increasing transactions volume. This process of standardization reaches its limit in the organized futures market. Forward contracts are very useful in hedging and speculation. The classic hedging application would be that of an exporter who expects to receive payment in dollars three months later. He is exposed to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. By using the currency forward market to sell dollars forward, he can lock on to a rate today and reduce his uncertainty. Similarly an importer who is required to make
a payment in dollars two months hence can reduce his exposure to exchange rate fluctuations by buying dollars forward. If a speculator has information or analysis, which forecasts an upturn in a price, then he can go long on the forward market instead of the cash market. The speculator would go long on the forward, wait for the price to rise, and then take a reversing transaction to book profits. Speculators may well be required to deposit a margin upfront. However, this is generally a relatively small proportion of the value of the assets underlying the forward contract. The use of forward markets here supplies leverage to the speculator.
Limitations of forward markets Forward markets world-wide are afflicted by several problems: ? Lack of centralization of trading, ? Illiquidity, and ? Counterparty risk In the first two of these, the basic problem is that of too much flexibility and generality. The forward market is like a real estate market in that any two consenting adults can form contracts against each other. This often makes them design terms of the deal which are very convenient in that specific situation, but makes the contracts nontradable.
Counterparty risk arises from the possibility of default by any one party to the transaction. When one of the two sides to the transaction declares bankruptcy, the other suffers. Even when forward markets trade
standardized contracts, and hence avoid the problem of illiquidity, still the counterparty risk remains a very serious
Introduction to futures Futures markets were designed to solve the problems that exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts, the exchange specifies certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered, (or which can be used for reference purposes in settlement) and a standard timing of such settlement. A futures contract may be offset prior to maturity by entering into an equal and opposite transaction. More than 99% of futures transactions are offset this way.
Distinction between futures and forwards
Forward contracts are often confused with futures contracts. The confusion is primarily because both serve essentially the same economic functions of allocating risk in the presence of future price uncertainty. However futures are a significant improvement over the forward contracts as they eliminate counterparty risk and offer more liquidity as they are exchange traded. Above table lists the distinction between the two
DEFINITION: A Futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset a certain time in the future at a certain price. To
facilitate liquidity in the futures contract, the exchange specifies certain standard features of the contract. contract are: ? ? Quantity of the underlying Quality of the underlying The standardized items on a futures
? ? ?
The date and the month of delivery The units of price quotations and minimum price change Location of settlement FEATURES OF FUTURES:
? ? ? ?
Futures are highly standardized. The contracting parties need to pay only margin money. Hedging of price risks. They have secondary markets to.
TYPES OF FUTURES: On the basis of the underlying asset they derive, the financial futures are divided into two types: ? ? Stock futures Index futures Parties in the futures contract: There are two parties in a future contract, the buyer and the seller. The
buyer of the futures contract is one who is LONG on the futures contract and the seller of the futures contract is who is SHORT on the futures contract.
The pay off for the buyer and the seller of the futures of the contracts are as follows: PAY-OFF FOR A BUYER OF FUTURES:
profit
FP F 0 S2 S1 FL
loss
CASE 1:-The buyer bought the futures contract at (F); if the future price goes to S1 then the buyer gets the profit of (FP). CASE 2:-The buyer gets loss when the future price goes less then (F), if the future price goes to S2 then the buyer gets the loss of (FL).
PAY-OFF FOR A SELLER OF FUTURES:
profit
FL S2 F FP S1
loss
F – FUTURES PRICE
S1, S2 – SETTLEMENT PRICE
CASE 1:- The seller sold the future contract at (F); if the future goes to S1 then the seller gets the profit of (FP). CASE 2:- The seller gets loss when the future price goes greater than (F), if the future price goes to S2 then the seller gets the loss of (FL).
MARGINS: Margins are the deposits which reduce counter party risk, arise in a futures contract. These margins are collected in order to eliminate the counter
party risk. There are three types of margins: 1) Initial Margins: Whenever a futures contract is signed, both buyer and seller are required to post initial margins. Both buyer and seller are required to make security
deposits that are intended to guarantee that they will in fact be able to fulfill their obligation. These deposits are initial margins. 2) Marking to market margins: The process of adjusting the equity in an investor’s account in order to reflect the change in the settlement price of futures contract is known as MTM margin.
3) Maintenance margin: The investor must keep the futures account equity equal to or greater than certain percentage of the amount deposited as initial margin. If the equity goes less than that percentage of initial margin, then the investor receives a call for an additional deposit of cash known as maintenance margin to bring the equity up to the initial margin.
PRICING THE FUTURES: The Fair value of the futures contract is derived from a model knows as the cost of carry model. This model gives the fair value of the contract. Cost of Carry: F=S (1+r-q) Where F- Futures price S- Spot price of the underlying r- Cost of financing q- Expected Dividend yield t - Holding Period.
t
FUTURES TERMINOLOGY:
Spot price: The price at which an asset trades in the spot market. Futures price: The price at which the futures contract trades in the futures market.
Contract cycle: Contract cycle is the period over which contract trades. The index futures contracts on the NSE have one- month, two –month and three-month expiry cycle which expire on the last Thursday of the month. Thus a January
expiration contract expires on the last Thursday of January and a February expiration contract ceases trading on the last Thursday of February. On the Friday following the last Thursday, a new contract having a three-month expiry is introduced for trading. Expiry date: It is the date specifies in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist. Contract size: The amount of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. For instance, the contract size on NSE’s futures market is 100 nifties. Basis: In the context of financial futures, basis can be defined as the futures price minus the spot price. The will be a different basis for each delivery month for
each contract, In a normal market, basis will be positive. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed spot prices. Cost of carry: The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of what is known as the cost of carry. This measures the storage cost plus the interest that is paid to finance the asset less the income earned on the asset.
Open Interest: Open Interest is the total outstanding long or short position in the market at any specific time. As total long positions in the market would be equal to short positions, for calculation of open interest, only one side of the contract is counter.
INTRODUCTION TO OPTIONS:
DEFINITION: Option is a type of contract between two persons where one grants the other the right to buy a specific asset at a specific price within a specific time period. Alternatively the contract may grant the other person the right to sell a specific asset at a specific price within a specific time
period. In order to have this right. The option buyer has to pay the seller of the option premium The assets on which option can be derived are stocks, commodities, indexes etc. If the underlying asset is the financial asset, then the option are
financial option like stock options, currency options, index options etc, and if options like commodity option.
PROPERTIES OF OPTION: Options have several unique properties that set them apart from other securities. The following are the properties of option: • • • Limited Loss High leverages potential Limited Life
PARTIES IN AN OPTION CONTRACT: 1. Buyer of the option: The buyer of an option is one who by paying option premium buys the right but not the obligation to exercise his option on seller/writer. 2. Writer/seller of the option: The writer of the call /put options is the one who receives the option premium and is their by obligated to sell/buy the asset if the buyer exercises the option on him
TYPES OF OPTIONS: The options are classified into various types on the basis of various variables. The following are the various types of options. 1. On the basis of the underlying asset: On the basis of the underlying asset the option are divided in to two types: • INDEX OPTIONS The index options have the underlying asset as the index.
•
STOCK OPTIONS:
A stock option gives the buyer of the option the right to buy/sell stock at a specified price. Stock option are options on the individual stocks, there are currently more than 150 stocks, there are currently more than 150 stocks are trading in the segment. II. On the basis of the market movements: On the basis of the market movements the option are divided into two types. They are: • CALL OPTION: A call option is bought by an investor when he seems that the stock price moves upwards. A call option gives the holder of the option the right
but not the obligation to buy an asset by a certain date for a certain price.
•
PUT OPTION: A put option is bought by an investor when he seems that the stock price
moves downwards.
A put options gives the holder of the option right but
not the obligation to sell an asset by a certain date for a certain price.
III. On the basis of exercise of option: On the basis of the exercising of the option, the options are classified into two categories.
•
AMERICAN OPTION:
American options are options that can be exercised at any time up to the expiration date, all stock options at NSE are American. • EUOROPEAN OPTION:
European options are options that can be exercised only on the expiration date itself. European options are easier to analyze than American options.all index options at NSE are European. PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR BUYER OF A CALL OPTION: The pay-off of a buyer options depends on a spot price of a underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of buyer of a call option.
Profit
ITM SR 0 E1 SP loss OTM ATM E2 S
S
-
Strike price Premium/ Loss Spot price 1 Spot price 2
OTM ATM ITM -
-
Out of the money At the money In the money
SP E1 E2-
-
SR- profit at spot price E1 CASE 1: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (S). the buyer gets profit of (SR), if price increases more than E1 then profit also increase more than SR.
CASE 2: (Spot price < Strike price) As a spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is less than strike price (s)
The buyer gets loss of (SP), if price goes down less than E2 then also his loss is limited to his premium (SP)
PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR SELLER OF A CALL OPTION: The pay-off of seller of the call option depends on the spot price of the underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of seller of a call option:
profit SR OTM S E1 SP ITM ATM E2
loss S SP E1 Strike price Premium /profit Spot price 1 E2 SR Loss at spot price E2 ITM ATM OTM Spot price 2 In the money At the money Out of the money
CASE 1: (Spot price < Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying is less than strike price (S). the seller gets the profit of (SP), if the price decreases less than E1 then also profit of the seller does not exceed (SP). CASE 2: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (S) the seller gets loss of (SR), if price goes more than E2 then the loss of the seller also increase more than (SR).
PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR BUYER OF A PUT OPTION:
The pay-off of the buyer of the option depends on the spot price of the underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of the buyer of a call option. Profit Profit
SP E1 ITM SR S ATM OTM E2
loss
S SP E1 E2 SR
-
Strike price Premium /profit Spot price 1 Spot price 2 Profit at spot price E1
ITM OTM ATM -
-
In the money Out of the money
At the money
CASE 1: (Spot price < Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying asset is less than strike price (S). the buyer gets the profit (SR), if price decreases less than E1 then profit also increases more than (SR).
CASE 2: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (s), the buyer gets loss of (SP), if price goes more than E2 than the loss of the buyer is limited to his premium (SP)
PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR SELLER OF A PUT OPTION: The pay-off of a seller of the option depends on the spot price of the underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of seller of a put option:
profit SP E1 OTM S ATM ITM E2
SR Loss
S SP E1 E2
-
Strike price Premium/ profit Spot price 1 Spot price 2 Loss at spot price E1
ITM ATM OTM -
-
In the money At the money Out of the money
SR -
CASE 1: (Spot price < Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying asset is less than strike price (S), the seller gets the loss of (SR), if price decreases less than E1 than the loss also increases more than (SR). CASE 2: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (S), the seller gets profit of (SP), if price goes more than E2 than the profit of seller is limited to his premium (SP). Factors affecting the price of an option:
The following are the various factors that affect the price of an option they are: Stock price: The pay –off from a call option is a amount by which the stock price exceeds the strike price. Call options therefore become more valuable as the stock price increases and vice versa. The pay-off from a put option is the amount; by which the strike price exceeds the stock price. Put options therefore become more valuable as the stock price increases and vice versa. Strike price: In case of a call, as a strike price increases, the stock price has to make a larger upward move for the option to go in-the-money. Therefore, for a call, as the strike price increases option becomes less valuable and as strike price decreases, option become more valuable. Time to expiration: Both put and call American options become more valuable as a time to expiration increases. Volatility: The volatility of a stock price is measured of uncertain about future stock price movements. As volatility increases, the chance that the stock will do very well or very poor increases. The value of both calls and puts therefore increase as volatility increase. Risk-free interest rate: The put options prices decline as the risk-free rate increases where as the prices of call always increase as the risk-free interest rate increases.
Dividends: Dividends have the effect of reducing the stock price on the xdividend rate. This has a negative effect on the value of call options and a positive effect on the value of put options.
PRICING OPTIONS The black- scholes formula for the price of European calls and puts on a nondividend paying stock are:
CALL OPTION: C = SN(D1)-Xe-r t N(D2)
PUT OPTION P = Xe-r t N(-D2)-SN(-D2) Where C = VALUE OF CALL OPTION S = SPOT PRICE OF STOCK N= NORMAL DISTRIBUTION V= VOLATILITY X = STRIKE PRICE r = ANNUAL RISK FREE RETURN t = CONTRACT CYCLE
d1 = Ln (S/X) + (r+ v2/2)t
d2 = d1- v\/
Options Terminology: Strike price: The price specified in the options contract is known as strike price or Exercise price. Options premium: Option premium is the price paid by the option buyer to the option seller. Expiration Date: The date specified in the options contract is known as expiration date. In-the-money option: An In the money option is an option that would lead to positive cash inflow to the holder if it exercised immediately. At-the-money option: At the money option is an option that would lead to zero cash flow if it is exercised immediately. Out-of-the-money option: An out-of-the-money option is an option that would lead to negative cash flow if it is exercised immediately. Intrinsic value of money:
The intrinsic value of an option is ITM, If option is ITM. If the option is OTM, its intrinsic value is zero. Time value of an option: The time value of an option is the difference between its premium and its intrinsic value
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF ICICI: The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the profit/loss position of futures and options. This analysis is based on sample data taken of ICICI BANK scrip. This analysis considered the Jan 2008 contract of ICICI BANK. The lot size of ICICI BANK is 175, the time period in which this analysis done is from 28-12-2007 to 31.01.08.
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 1226.7 1238.7 1228.75 1267.25 1228.95 1286.3 1362.55 1339.95 1307.95 1356.15 1435 1410 1352.2 1368.3 1322.1 1248.85 1173.2 1124.95 1151.45 1131.85 1261.3 1273.95 1220.45 1187.4 1147
Future price 1227.05 1239.7 1233.75 1277 1238.75 1287.55 1358.9 1338.5 1310.8 1358.05 1438.15 1420.75 1360.1 1375.75 1332.1 1256.45 1167.85 1127.85 1156.35 1134.5 1265.6 1277.3 1223.85 1187.4 1145.9
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF ICICI FUTURES
1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000
ec -0 7 Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n 1 1 - 08 -J an 15 -08 -J an 17 -08 -J an 21 -08 -J an -0 23 8 -J an 25 -08 -J an 29 -08 -J an 31 -08 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Future price
28 -D
1-
CONTRACT DATES
Graph:1
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS: If a person buys 1 lot i.e. 175 futures of ICICI BANK on 28th Dec, 2007 and sells on 31st Jan, 2008 then he will get a loss of 1145.9-1227.05 = -81.15 per share. So he will get a loss of 14201.25 i.e. -81.15 * 175 If he sells on 14th Jan, 2007 then he will get a profit of 1420.75-1227.05 = 193.7 i.e. a profit of 193.7 per share. So his total profit is 33897.5 i.e. 193.7 * 175
The closing price of ICICI BANK at the end of the contract period is 1147 and this is considered as settlement price. The following table explains the market price and premiums of calls. • The first column explains trading date • Second column explains the SPOT market price in cash segment on that date. • The third column explains call premiums amounting prices; 1200, 1230, 1260, 1290, 1320 and 1350. Call options: at these strike
Strike prices Table:
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 1226.7 1238.7 1228.75 1267.25 1228.95 1286.3 1362.55 1339.95 1307.95 1356.15 1435 1410 1352.2 1368.3 1322.1 1248.85 1173.2 1124.95 1151.45 1131.85 1261.3 1273.95 1220.45 1187.4 1147
1200 67.85 74.65 62 100.9 75 109.6 170 140 140 160.6 250.7 240 155 128.4 128.4 128.4 52 44.15 50.25 40.4 80.5 91.85 46 18.65 0.45
1230 53.05 58.45 56.85 75.55 60.1 91.05 143.3 119.3 5 101 131 151.8 213.5 150.0 5 140 140 60 36.5 31.05 39.3 22 62 61.65 25.95 9.05 0.5
1260 39.65 44.05 39.2 63.75 45.85 68.25 120 100 74.35 110 188.9 148 107.5 90 95 54 26.3 22.55 23.25 17.05 40.85 44.8 17.45 4.5 1
1290
1320
1350 18.5 19.25 18.8 27.4 22.5 29.15 62.35 42.85 33.15 53.1 104.55 88.2 52.65 60.95 39.15 19.3 9.95 6.7 8.6 5.1 9.75 11.35 2.95 0.2 0.2
32.25 24.2 32.75 23.85 30 22.9 49.1 36.55 34.5 26.4 51.35 38.6 100 79.4 85 59.2 62.05 46.65 95.45 70.85 164.7 130.9 134.9 96 134.9 66 63 67.5 37.95 24.45 12.45 17 12.1 24.55 31.4 10.5 1.4 1.4 78.2 50.2 29.15 14.55 10.35 16.35 9.45 16.15 20.25 4.05 0.75 0.1
CALL OPTION BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
Those who have purchase call option at a strike price of 1260, the premium payable is 39.65
?
On the expiry date the spot market price enclosed at 1147. As it is out of the money for the buyer and in the money for the seller, hence the buyer is in loss.
?
So the buyer will lose only premium i.e. 39.65 per share. So the total loss will be 6938.75 i.e. 39.65*175
SELLERS PAY OFF: ? ? As Seller is entitled only for premium if he is in profit. So his profit is only premium i.e. 39.65 * 175 = 6938.75
Put options:
Strike prices Table: 3 Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08 Market price 1226.7 1238.7 1228.75 1267.25 1228.95 1286.3 1362.55 1339.95 1307.95 1356.15 1435 1410 1352.2 1368.3 1322.1 1248.85 1173.2 1124.95 1151.45 1131.85 1261.3 1273.95 1220.45 1187.4 1147 1200 1230 39.05 34.4 32.1 22.6 32 17.65 12.4 10.15 11.9 9 3.75 3.75 6.45 8 7.3 18.15 103.5 110 71 99 15.9 16.7 18 27.5 50 181.05 181.05 181.05 25.50 38.00 25.00 12.60 12.00 15.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 36.60 70.00 138.90 138.90 138.90 26.35 19.00 38.00 60.00 60.00 1260 178.8 178.8 178.8 178.8 178.8 37.05 20.15 20.05 26.5 15 10 8.5 10 11.25 17.8 35 69.65 138.6 135 135 33 30 50 85.2 85.2 1290 197.15 197.15 197.15 41.55 82 82 34.85 30 36 25.2 8.9 12 17.45 13.3 25.45 67.85 135.05 170.05 150 150 50.05 45 45 120 120 1320 190.85 190.85 190.85 190.85 190.85 190.85 43.95 42 51 33.7 12.75 12.4 23.1 22.55 38.25 76.05 151.35 210 210 210 210 55 100 145.05 145.05 1350 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 47.8 18.35 22.45 38.3 35.35 56.4 112.2 223.4 280 200 200 200 81.45 145 145 145
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
PUT OPTION
BUYERS PAY OFF: ? As brought 1 lot of ICICI that is 175, those who buy for 1200 paid 39.05 premium per share. ? Settlement price is 1147 Strike price Spot price 1200.00 1147.00 53.00 Premium (-) 39.05 13.95 x 175= 2441.25
Buyer Profit = Rs. 2441.25
Because it is positive it is in the money contract hence buyer will get more profit, incase spot price decreases, buyer’s profit will increase.
SELLERS PAY OFF:
?
It is in the money for the buyer so it is in out of the money for the seller, hence he is in loss.
?
The loss is equal to the profit of buyer i.e. 2441.25.
GARPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMNTS OF SPOT & FUTURE
1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000
ec -0 7 1Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n 1 1 - 08 -J an -0 15 8 -J an 17 -08 -J an -0 21 8 -J an 23 -08 -J an -0 25 8 -J an -0 29 8 -J an 31 -08 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Market price Future price
28 -D
CONTRACT DATES
Graph:2
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? The future price of ICICI is moving along with the market price. ? If the buy price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the buyer of a future gets profit. ? If the selling price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the seller incur losses.
ANALYSIS OF SBI:The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the profit/loss position of futures and options. This analysis is based on sample data taken of SBI scrip. This analysis considered the Jan 2007 contract of SBI. The lot size of SBI is 132, the time period in which this analysis done is from 28-12-2007 to 31.01.08.
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market Price 2377.55 2371.15 2383.5 2423.35 2395.25 2388.8 2402.9 2464.55 2454.5 2409.6 2434.8 2463.1 2423.45 2415.55 2416.35 2362.35 2196.15 2137.4 2323.75 2343.15 2407.4 2313.35 2230.7 2223.95 2167.35
Future price 2413.7 2409.2 2413.45 2448.45 2416.35 2412.5 2419.15 2478.55 2473.1 2411.15 2454.4 2468.4 2421.85 2432.3 2423.05 2370.35 2192.3 2135.2 2316.95 2335.35 2408.9 2305.5 2230.5 2217.25 2169.9
Table: 4
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF SBI FUTURES
2500 2450 2400 2350 2300 2250 2200 2150 2100 2050 2000
08 08 08 -0 7 08 an -0 8 15 -J an -0 8 17 -J an -0 8 21 -J an -0 8 23 -J an -0 8 25 -J an -0 8 29 -J an -0 8 31 -J an -0 8 Ja nJa nJa nJa nec
PRICE
Future price
28 -D
11 -J
1-
3-
7-
9-
CONTRACT DATES
Graph: 3
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS: If a person buys 1 lot i.e. 350 futures of SBI on 28 th Dec, 2007 and sells on 31st Jan, 2008 then he will get a loss of 2169.9-2413.7 = 243.8 per share. So he will get a profit of 32181.60 i.e. 243.8 * 132 If he sells on 15th Jan, 2008 then he will get a profit of 2468.4-2413.7 = 54.7 i.e. a profit of 54.7 per share. So his total profit is 7220.40 i.e. 54.7 * 132 The closing price of SBI at the end of the contract period is 2167.35 and this is considered as settlement price. The following table explains the market price and premiums of calls.
• The first column explains trading date • Second column explains the SPOT market price in cash segment on that date. • The third column explains call premiums amounting prices; 2340, 2370, 2400, 2430, 2460 and 2490. Call options: at these strike
Strike prices
Table: 5
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market Price 2377.55 2371.15 2383.5 2423.35 2395.25 2388.8 2402.9 2464.55 2454.5 2409.6 2434.8 2463.1 2423.45 2415.55 2416.35 2362.35 2196.15 2137.4 2323.75 2343.15 2407.4 2313.35 2230.7 2223.95 2167.35
2340 145 145 134 189.8 189.8 189.8 189.8 190 170 170 160 218.5 218.5 96 96 96 22.25 22.25 22.25 104 113.7 0 13 13 13
2370 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 190 190 190 190 98 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 0 15 15 15
2400 104.35 102.95 101.95 123.25 98.45 100.95 95.55 128.55 126.75 84 108.85 110.8 87.85 102.15 91.85 62.1 25.3 21.05 47.05 48.2 61.65 0 9 9 9
2430 108 108 108 105.8 93.6 86 88.15 118.3 121 72.25 94.95 90.2 75 95.45 80 50.55 15 15 15 40 48.75 0 0 0 0
2460 79 72 69.85 90.25 76.6 74.8 76.15 99.85 92.15 58.8 74.65 81.5 62.65 68.5 66 44 11.7 11.7 32.65 26.45 39.8 0 0 0 0
2490 68 59 59 76.55 60.05 60.05 61.1 84.8 77.45 51.85 64.85 64.8 55.3 61.95 55 30 29 10 29.3 26.3 27.65 0 0 0 0
CALL OPTION BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
Those who have purchased call option at a strike price of 2400, the premium payable is 104.35
?
On the expiry date the spot market price enclosed at 2167.65. As it is out of the money for the buyer and in the money for the seller, hence the buyer is in loss.
?
So the buyer will lose only premium i.e. 104.35 per share. So the total loss will be 13774.2 i.e. 104.35*132
SELLERS PAY OFF:
? ?
As Seller is entitled only for premium if he is in profit. So his profit is only premium i.e. 104.35 * 132 = 13774.2
Put options:
Strike prices
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market Price 2377.55 2371.15 2383.5 2423.35 2395.25 2388.8 2402.9 2464.55 2454.5 2409.6 2434.8 2463.1 2423.45 2415.55 2416.35 2362.35 2196.15 2137.4 2323.75 2343.15 2407.4 2313.35 2230.7 2223.95 2167.35
2340 362.75 362.75 362.75 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 75.9 75.9 75.9 170 170 170 170 33.9 0 61.6 61.6 61.6
2370 306.9 306.9 306.9 40 40 40 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 70 139.3 139.3 139.3 139.3 139.3 0 80.8 80.8 80.8
2400
2430
2460 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 100 75.3 112.8 78.3 71.35 100 135 96.55 96.55 299 299 299 120 120 0 0 0 0
2490 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 100 125 100 128 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 0 0 0 0
90 303 90.6 303 84.95 303 73.55 303 86 303 87.35 303 79 303 50.7 303 56.8 303 74.25 303 53.15 41 44.25 59.95 69.6 78 65.05 78 70.45 78 95.05 118 223.8 118 300 118 150 118 117.7 118 52.45 118 0 0 88 0 88 0 88 0
Table: 6
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
PUT OPTION
BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
As brought 1 lot of SBI that is 132, those who buy for 2400 paid 90 premium per share.
?
Settlement price is 2167.35 Spot price Strike price 2400.00 2167.35 232.65 Premium (-) 90.00 142.65 x 132= 18829.8
Buyer Profit = Rs. 18829.8
Because it is positive it is in the money contract hence buyer will get more profit, incase spot price increase buyer profit also increase.
SELLERS PAY OFF: ? It is in the money for the buyer so it is in out of the money for the seller, hence he is in loss. ? The loss is equal to the profit of buyer i.e. 18829.8.
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF SPOT AND FUTURE
2500 2450 2400 2350 2300 2250 2200 2150 2100 2050 2000
ec -0 7 1Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n 11 -08 -J an 15 -08 -J an 17 -08 -J an -0 21 8 -J an 23 -08 -J an 25 -08 -J an -0 29 8 -J an 31 -08 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Market Price Future price
28 -D
CONTRACT DATES
Graph:4
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? The future price of SBI is moving along with the market price. ? If the buy price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the buyer of a future gets profit. ? If the selling price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the seller incur losses
ANALYSIS OF YES BANK:The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the profit/loss position of futures and options. This analysis is based on sample data taken of YES BANK scrip. This analysis considered the Jan 2008 contract of YES BANK. The lot size of YES BANK is 1100, the time period in which this analysis done is from 28-12-2007 to 31.01.08.
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 249.85 249.3 258.35 265.75 260.7 260.05 263.4 260.2 260.1 259.4 258.45 257.7 258.25 250.75 252.3 248 227.3 209.95 223.15 220.65 232.6 243.7 244.45 244.45 251.45
future price 252.5 251.15 260.85 268.1 262.85 261.55 264.4 261.1 262.2 260.2 260.35 259.95 260.25 254 254.25 248.05 225.4 209.85 218.1 216.75 230.5 242.35 242.95 241.4 250.35
Table:7
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF YES BANK FUTURES
280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200
ec -0 7 1Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n08 11 -J an -0 8 15 -J an -0 17 8 -J an -0 8 21 -J an -0 23 8 -J an -0 8 25 -J an -0 29 8 -J an -0 8 31 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Future price
28 -D
CONTRACT DATES
Graph: 5
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS:
If a person buys 1 lot i.e. 1100 futures of YES BANK on 28 th Dec, 2007 and sells on 31st Jan, 2008 then he will get a loss of 250.35-252.50 = -2.15 per share. So he will get a loss of 2365.00 i.e. -2.15 * 1100 If he sells on 15th Jan, 2008 then he will get a profit of 260.25-252.50 = 7.75 i.e. a profit of 16.15 per share. So his total loss is 8525.00 i.e. 7.75 * 1100 The closing price of YES BANK at the end of the contract period is 251.45 and this is considered as settlement price.
The following table explains the market price and premiums of calls. • The first column explains trading date • Second column explains the SPOT market price in cash segment on that date. • The third column explains call premiums amounting prices; 230, 240, 250, 260, 270 and 280. at these strike
Call options:
Strike prices Table: 8
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS CALL OPTION
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 249.85 249.3 258.35 265.75 260.7 260.05 263.4 260.2 260.1 259.4 258.45 257.7 258.25 250.75 252.3 248 227.3 209.95 223.15 220.65 232.6 243.7 244.45 244.45 251.45
230 17.05 16.45 22.15 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 6 6 6 6 6 15.95 15.95 15.95 29.15
240 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45
250 13.1 12.45 16.3 24.9 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 5 4.7
260 9 9 11.6 16 13 12.2 12.2 9.95 10.95 17.5 10.75 9 14 5.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 8 8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 5
270 18.55 18.55 18.55 14.5 5.1 5.15 9.25 7.45 6.45 8 5.05 5.05 8.25 4 5.5 5.5 1.5 1.5 4.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 0.8
280 15 15 15 15 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0.5
BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
As brought 1 lot of YES BANK that is 1100, those who buy for 280 paid 17.05 premium per share.
?
Settlement price is 251.45
Spot price Strike price
251.45 230.00 21.45
Premium (-)
17.05 4.40 x 1100= 4840
Buyer Profit = Rs. 4840 Because it is positive it is in the money contract hence buyer will get more profit, incase spot price increase buyer profit also increase. SELLERS PAY OFF: ? It is in the money for the buyer so it is in out of the money for the seller, hence he is in loss. ? The loss is equal to the profit of buyer i.e. 4840.
Put options:
Strike prices Table: 9
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 249.85 249.3 258.35 265.75 260.7 260.05 263.4 260.2 260.1 259.4 258.45 257.7 258.25 250.75 252.3 248 227.3 209.95 223.15 220.65 232.6 243.7 244.45 244.45 251.45
230 6.95 6.2 4.3 3 3.45 3.15 2.1 2.2 1.85 1.65 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.15 1.5 9.75 22.15 13 13.8 7 1.6 0.75 0.15 0
240 10.55 9.75 7.05 5.1 5.9 5.5 3.95 4.25 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.7 2.2 3.85 3.05 3.95 16.2 30.8 20 21.3 12.6 4.6 3.05 1.65 0
250 15.15 14.35 10.75 8.1 9.3 8.9 6.85 7.4 6.85 6.55 6.3 5.6 4.95 7.8 6.65 8.3 24.1 40.1 28.25 30 19.85 10 8.3 6.95 0
260 20.75 20 15.5 12.1 13.75 13.4 10.9 11.75 11.2 10.95 10.8 10.15 9.35 13.6 12.15 14.7 33 49.8 37.25 39.4 28.3 17.55 16.2 15.65 0
270 27.25 26.6 21.25 17.1 19.3 19 16.15 17.45 16.9 16.75 16.8 16.35 15.55 20.95 19.4 22.75 42.5 59.65 46.8 49.1 37.6 26.6 25.6 25.5 0
280 34.5 34.1 27.9 23.1 25.8 25.65 22.55 24.25 23.8 23.8 24.05 23.95 23.2 29.55 27.95 31.8 52.25 69.6 56.55 59 47.25 36.25 35.45 35.5 0
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
PUT OPTION BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
Those who have purchase put option at a strike price of 250, the premium payable is 15.15
?
On the expiry date the spot market price enclosed at 251.45. As it is out of the money for the buyer and in the money for the seller, hence the buyer is in loss.
?
So the buyer will lose only premium i.e. 15.15 per share. So the total loss will be 16665 i.e. 15.15*1100
SELLERS PAY OFF:
? ?
As Seller is entitled only for premium if he is in profit. So his profit is only premium i.e. 15.15 * 1100 = 16665
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE M OVEMENTS OF SPOT & FUTURES
280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200
08 08 08 9Ja n 1 1 -0 8 -J an -0 15 8 -J an -0 17 8 -J an 21 -08 -J an -0 23 8 -J an -0 25 8 -J an 29 -08 -J an -0 31 8 -J an -0 8 Ja n-0 7 Ja nJa nec
PRICE
Market price Future price
28 -D
1-
3-
7-
CONTRACT DATES
Graph: 6
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? The future price of YES BANK is moving along with the market price. ? If the buy price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the buyer of a future gets profit. ? If the selling price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the seller incur losses.
SUMMARY
? Derivatives
market
is
an
innovation
to
cash
market.
Approximately its daily turnover reaches to the equal stage of cash market. The average daily turnover of the NSE derivative segments
? In cash market the profit/loss of the investor depends on the market price of the underlying asset. The investor may incur
huge profits or he may incur huge losses. But in derivatives segment the investor enjoys huge profits with limited downside.
? In cash market the investor has to pay the total money, but in derivatives the investor has to pay premiums or margins, which are some percentage of total contracts.
? Derivatives are mostly used for hedging purpose.
? In derivative segment the profit/loss of the option writer purely depends on the fluctuations of the underlying asset.
SUGESSTIONS
? The derivatives market is newly started in India and it is not known by every investor, so SEBI has to take steps to create awareness segment. among the investors about the derivative
? In order to increase the derivatives market in India, SEBI should revise some of their regulations like contract size, participation of FII in the derivatives market.
? Contract size should be minimized because small investors cannot afford this much of huge premiums.
? SEBI has to take further steps in the risk management mechanism.
? SEBI has to take measures to use effectively the derivatives segment as a tool of hedging.
CONCLUSION
? In bullish market the call option writer incurs more losses so the investor is suggested to go for a call option to hold, where as the put option holder suffers in a bullish market, so he is suggested to write a put option.
? In bearish market the call option holder will incur more losses so the investor is suggested to go for a call option to write, where as the put option writer will get more losses, so he is suggested to hold a put option.
? In the above analysis the market price of YES bank is having low volatility, so the call option writer enjoys more profits to holders
GLOSSARY
Derivatives - Derivatives are instruments that derive their value and payoff from another asset, called underlying asset. Call Option – the option to buy an asset is known as a call option Put option – the option to an asset is called a put option. Exercise Prices – The price at which option can be exercised is called an exercise price or a strike price. European option – Where an option is allowed to be exercised only on the maturity date, it is called a European option American option – When the option can be exercised any time before its maturity, it is called an American Option. In-the-money option – A put or a call option is said to in-the-option when it is advantageous for the investor to exercise it. In the case of in-the-money call option, the exercise price is less than the current value of the underlying asset, while in the case of the in-the-money put options; the exercise price is higher than the current value of stage underlying asset. Out-of-the money option – A put or call option is out-of-the-money if it is not advantageous for the investor to exercise it. In the case of the out-of-the-money call option, the exercise price is less than the
current value of the underlying asset, While in the case of the out – ofthe-money put option, the exer4cise price is lower than the current value of the underlying asset. At-the-option – When the holder of a put or a call option does not lose of gain whether of not he exercises his option, the option is said to be at-the-money. In the case of the out-of-the-money option the exercise price is equal to the current value of the underlying asset. Straddle – The investor can also create a portfolio of a call and a put with the same exercise price. This is called a straddle. Spread – If call and put with different exercise price are combined, it is called a spread. Strip – A strips is a combination of two puts and one call with the same exercise price and the expiration date. Strap – A strap, on the other hand, entails combing two calls and one put. SWAPS – Swaps are similar to futures and forwards contracts in providing hedge against financial risk. A swap is an agreement between two parties, called counterparties, to trade cash flows over a period of time. Currency Swaps – Currency swaps involves an exchange of
payments in one currency for cash payments in another currency.
Butterfly Spread – A long butterfly spread involves buying a call with a low exercise4 price, buying a call with a high exercise price and selling tow calls with an exercise price in between the two. A short butterfly spread involves the opposite position; that is selling call with low exercise price, selling a call with a high exercise price and buying two calls with an exercise price in between the two. Collars – A collars involves a strategy of limiting a portfolio’s value between to bounds. Bullish spread – An investor may be expecting the price of an underlying share to rise. But he may not like to take higher risk. Bearish Spread – An investor, who is expecting a share of index to fall, may sell the higher-*priced option and buy the lower-price option. Index options – Index options are call or put options on the stock markets indices. In India, there are options on the Bombay Stock Exchange, Sensex and the national Stock Exchange, Nifty. Premium – The price of an option contract, determined on the exchange which the buyer of the option pays to the options writer for the fights to the option contract. Futures – Futures is a financial contract which derives its value for the underlying asset.
Financial Futures – Futures are traded in a wide variety of commodities: wheat, sugar, gold, silver, copper, oranges, coco, oil soybean etc. Forward – In a forward contract, two parties agree to buy or sell some underlying asset on some future date at a stated price and quantity. Index futures – Index futures is one of the most successful financial innovation of the financial market. In 1982, the stock index future was introduced. Margin – Depending upon the nature of the buyer and seller the margin requirement to deposit with the stock exchange is fixed. Market to Market – A process of valuing an open position on a futures market against the ruling price of the contract at that time, in order to determine the size of the margin call. Badla – Badla is a part of the cash market. It provided the facility of borrowing and lending of shares and funds. Hedging – Hedging is the term used for reducing risk by using derivatives. Nifty – Nifty has been selected as the base for the stock index futures. Nifty contains a well-diversified portfolio of 50 stocks.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:? Derivatives Dealers Module Work Book - NCFM ? Financial Febket and Services - GORDAN & NATRAJAN ? Financial Management - PRASANNA CHANDRA News Papers:THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS BUSINESSWORLD ECONOMIC TIMES WEB SITES:WWW.indiainfoline.com WWW.hseindia.org WWW.nseindia.com WWW.bseindia.Com WWW.derivatives.com
doc_163533966.doc
India Infoline (IIFL) group, is a brokerage firm dealing in retail brokerage, institutional brokerage, consumer lending, institutional lending, realty and wealth management.
FINANCIAL STUDY ON DERIVATIVES INDIAINFOLINE
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION • • • Objectives of the Study Scope of the study Methodology
2 INDUSTRY PROFILE 3 COMPANY PROFILE 4.REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5. DATA ANALYSIS & PRESENTATION 6. CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS • Summary & Suggestions • Conclusions GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
A derivative security is a security whose value depends on the value of together more basic underlying variable. These are also known as contingent claims. Derivatives securities have been very successful in innovation in capital markets. The emergence of the market for derivative products most notably forwards, futures and options can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, financial markets are market by a very high degree of volatility. Though the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking – in asset prices. As instrument of risk management these generally don’t influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash-flow situation of risk-averse investor. Derivatives are risk management instruments which derives their value from an underlying asset. Underlying asset can be Bullion, Index, Share, Currency, Bonds, Interest, etc.
Objectives of the Study
? To understand the concept of the Financial Derivatives such as Futures and Options. ? To examine the advantage and the disadvantages of different strategies along with situations. ? To study the different ways of buying and selling of Options.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is limited to “Derivatives” With special reference to Futures in the Indian context and the IndiaInfoline has been taken as representative sample for the study.
The study cannot be said as totally perfect, any alteration may come. The study has only made humble attempt at evaluating Derivatives Markets only in Indian Context. The study is not based on the International perspective of the Derivatives Markets.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The type of research adopted is descriptive in nature and the data collected for this study is the secondary data i.e. from Newspapers, Magazines and Internet.
Limitations:
? The study was conducted in Hyderabad only. ? As the time was limited, study was confined to conceptual understanding of Derivatives market in India.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE The only stock exchanges operating in the 19 th century were those of Bombay set up in 1875 and Ahmedabad set up in 1894. These were organized as voluntary non profit-making association of
brokers to regulate and protect their interests. Before the control on securities trading became central subject under the constitution in 1950, it was a state subject and the Bombay securities contracts (control) Act of 1925 used to regulate trading in securities. Under this act, the Bombay stock exchange was recognized in 1927 and Ahmedabad in 1937. During the war boom, a number of stock exchanges were organized in Bombay, Ahmedabad and other centers, but they were not recognized. Soon after it became a central subject, central legislation was proposed and a committee headed by A.D. Gorwala went into the bill for securities regulation. On the basis of the committee’s recommendations and public discussion, the securities contracts (regulation) Act became law in 1956.
DEFINITION OF STOCK EXCHANGE “Stock exchange means any body or individuals whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities”.
It is an association of member brokers for the purpose of selfregulation and protecting the interests of its members. It can operate only if it is recognized by the Government under the securities contracts (regulation) Act, 1956. The recognition is granted under section 3 of the Act by the central government, Ministry of Finance. BYLAWS Besides the above act, the securities contracts (regulation) rules were also made in 1975 to regulative certain matters of trading on the stock exchanges. There are also bylaws of the exchanges, which are concerned with the following subjects. Opening / closing of the stock exchanges, timing of trading, regulation of blank transfers, regulation of Badla or carryover business, control of the settlement and other activities of the stock exchange, fixating of margin, fixation of market prices or making up prices, regulation of taravani business (jobbing), etc., regulation of brokers trading, brokerage chargers, trading rules on the exchange, arbitrage and settlement of disputes, settlement and clearing of the trading etc.
REGULATION OF STOCK EXCHANGES The securities contracts (regulation) act is the basis for
operations of the stock exchanges in India. No exchange can operate
legally without the government permission or recognition. Stock exchanges are given monopoly in certain areas under section 19 of the above Act to ensure that the control and regulation are facilitated. Recognition can be granted to a stock exchange provided certain conditions are satisfied and the necessary information is supplied to the government. Recognition can also be withdrawn, if necessary. Where there are no stock exchanges, the government licenses some of the brokers to perform the functions of a stock exchange in its absence. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI). SEBI was set up as an autonomous regulatory authority by the government of India in 1988 “to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matter connected therewith or incidental thereto”. It is empowered by two acts namely the SEBI Act, 1992 and the securities contract (regulation) Act, 1956 to perform the function of protecting investor’s rights and regulating the capital markets.
BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE This stock exchange, Mumbai, popularly known as “BSE” was established in 1875 as “The Native share and stock brokers association”, as a voluntary non-profit making association. It has an
evolved over the years into its present status as the premiere stock exchange in the country. It may be noted that the stock exchanges the oldest one in Asia, even older than the Tokyo stock exchange, which was founded in 1878. The exchange, while providing an efficient and transparent market for trading in securities, upholds the interests of the investors and ensures redressed of their grievances, whether against the companies or its own member brokers. It also strives to educate and enlighten the investors by making available necessary informative inputs and conducting investor education programs. A governing board comprising of 9 elected directors, 2 SEBI nominees, 7 public representatives and an executive director is the apex body, which decides is the apex body, which decides the policies and regulates the affairs of the exchange. The Exchange director as the chief executive offices is
responsible for the daily today administration of the exchange.
BSE INDICES: In order to enable the market participants, analysts etc., to track the various ups and downs in the Indian stock market, the Exchange has introduced in 1986 an equity stock index called BSESENSEX that subsequently became the barometer of the moments of
the share prices in the Indian stock market. It is a “Market capitalization weighted” index of 30 component stocks representing a sample of large, well-established and leading companies. The base year of sensex 1978-79. The Sensex is widely reported in both domestic and international markets through print as well as electronic media. Sensex is calculated using a market capitalization weighted method. As per this methodology the level of the index reflects the total market value of all 30-component stocks from different industries related to particular base period. The total market value of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the nu7mber of shared outstanding. Statisticians call index of a set of combined variables (such as price and number of shares) a composite Index. An indexed number is used to represent the results of this calculation in order to make the value easier to go work with and track over a time. It is much easier to graph a chart based on Indexed values than on based on actual valued world over majority of the well-known Indices are constructed using “Market capitalization weighted method”. In practice, the daily calculation of SENSEX is done by dividing the aggregate market value of the 30 companies in the index by a number called the Index Divisor. The divisor is the only link to the original base period value of the SENSEX. The Devisor keeps the Index comparable over a period value of time and if the references point for the entire Index maintenance adjustments. SENSEX is widely used to describe the mood in the Indian stock markets. Base year average is changed as per the formula new base year average = old base year average*(new market value / old market value). NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE
The NSE was incorporated in Nov, 1992 with an equity capital of Rs.25 crs. The international securities consultancy (ISC) of Hong Kong has helped in setting up NSE. ISC has prepared the detailed business plans and initialization of hardware and software systems. The promotions for NSE were financial institutions, insurances, companies, banks and SEBI capital market ltd, Infrastructure leasing and financial services ltd and stock holding corporations' ltd. It has been set up to strengthen the move towards
professionalization of the capital market as well as provide nation wide securities trading facilities to investors. NSE is not an exchange in the traditional sense where brokers own and manage the exchange. A two tier administrative set up involving a company board and a governing aboard of the exchange is envisaged. NSE is a national market for shares PSU bonds, debentures and government securities since infrastructure and trading facilities are provided. NSE-NIFTY: The NSE on Apr22, 1996 launched a new equity Index. The NSE50. The new Index which replaces the existing NSE-100 Index is expected to serve as an appropriate Index for the new segment of future and option. “NIFTY” mean National Index for fifty stocks. The NSE-50 comprises fifty companies that represent 20 board industry groups with an
aggregate market capitalization of around Rs 1, 70,000 crs. All companies included in the Index have a market capitalization in excess of Rs. 500 crs each and should have trade for 85% of trading days at an impact cost of less than 1.5%. The base period for the index is the close of price on Nov 3 1995, which makes one year of completion of operation of NSE’s capital market segment. The base value of the index has been set at 1000. NSE-MIDCAP INDEX: NSE madcap index or the junior nifty comprises 50 stocks that represent 21 board industry groups and will provide proper representation of the midcap segment of the Indian capital market. All stocks in the Index should have market capitalization of more than Rs.200 crs and should have traded 85% of the trading days at an impact cost of less than 2.5%.The base period for the index is Nov 4 1996, which signifies 2 years for completion of operations of the capital market segment of the operations. The base value of the Index has been set at 1000. Average daily turn over of the present scenario 258212 (Laces) and number of average daily trades 2160(Laces). At present there are 24 stock exchanges recognized under the securities contract (regulation Act, 1956).
COMPANY PROFILE
THE INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED Origin: India Infoline Ltd., was founded in 1995 by a group of professional with impeccable educational qualifications and professional credentials. Its institutional investors include Intel Capital (world's) leading
technology company, CDC (promoted by UK government), ICICI, TDA and Reeshanar. India Infoline group offers the entire gamut of investment products including stock broking, Commodities broking, Mutual Funds, Fixed Deposits, GOI Relief bonds, Post office savings and life Insurance. India Infoline is the leading corporate agent of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd., which is India' No. 1 Private sector life insurance company. Www.indiainfoline.com has been the only India Website to have been listed by none other than Forbes in it's 'Best of the Web' survey of global website, not just once but three times in a row and counting... “A must read for investors in south Asia” is how they choose to describe India Infoline. It has been rated as No.l the category of Business News in Asia by Alexia rating. Stock and Commodities broking is offered under the trade name 5paisa. India Infoline Commodities pvt Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline Ltd., holds membership of MCX and NCDEX
Main Objects of the Company Main objects as contained in its Memorandum or Association are: 1. To engage or undertake software and internet based services, data processing IT enabled services, software development services, selling advertisement space on the site, web consulting and related services including web designing and web maintenance, software product development and marketing,
software supply services, computer consultancy services, ECommerce of all types and including E-broking, electronic market financial research, intermediation business
business and management consultancy.
2. To undertake, conduct, study, carry on, help, promote any kind of research, probe, investigation, survey, developmental work on economy, industries, corporate business houses, agricultural and mineral, financial institutions, foreign financial institutions, capital market on matters related to investment decisions primary equity market, secondary equity market, debentures, bond, ventures, capital funding proposals, competitive analysis, preparations of corporate / industry profile etc. and trade / invest in researched securities VISION STATEMENT OF THE COMPANY: “Our vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space In India”.
Products: the India Infoline pvt ltd offers the following products A. E-broking. B. Distribution C. Insurance D. PMS
E. Mortgages A. E-Broking: It refers to Electronic Broking of Equities, Derivatives and Commodities under the brand name of 5paisa 1. Equities 2. Derivatives 3. Commodities B. Distribution: 1. Mutual funds 2. Govt of India bonds. 3. Fixed deposits C. Insurance: 1. Life insurance policies 2. General Insurance 3. Health Insurance Policies. THE CORPORATE STRUCTURE The India Infoline group comprises the holding company, India Infoline Ltd, which has 5 wholly-owned subsidiaries, engaged in distinct yet complementary businesses which together offer a whole bouquet of products and services to make your money grow. The corporate structure has evolved to comply with oddities of the regulatory framework but still beautifully help attain synergy and allow flexibility to adapt to dynamics of different businesses. The parent company, India Infoline Ltd owns and managers the web properties www.Indiainfoline.com and www.5paisa.com. It also undertakes research Customized and off-the-shelf.
Indian Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a member of BSE, NSE and DP with NSDL. Its business encompasses securities broking Portfolio Management services. India Infoline.com Distribution Co. Ltd., Mobilizes Mutual Funds and other personal investment products such as bonds, fixed deposits, etc. India Infoline Insurance Services Ltd. is the corporate agent of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, engaged in selling Life Insurance, General Insurance and Health Insurance products. India Infoline Commodities Pvt. Ltd. is a registered commodities broker MCX and offers futures trading in commodities. India Infoline Investment Services Pvt Ltd., is proving margin funding and NBFC services to the customers of India Infoline Ltd.,
Pictorial Representation of India Infoline Ltd
Management of India Infoline Ltd., India Infoline is a professionally managed Company. directors have impeccable academic professional track records. The
promoters who run the company/s day-to-day affairs as executive
Nirmal Jain, chairman and Managing Director, is a Chartered Accountant, (All India Rank 2); Cost Account, (All India Rank l) and has a post-graduate management degree from IIM Ahmedabad. He had a successful career with Hindustan Lever, where he inter alia handled Commodities trading and export business. Later he was CEO of an equity research organization. R. Venkataraman, Director, is armed with a post- graduate management degree from IIM Bangalore, and an Electronics Engineering degree from IIT, Kharagpur. He spent eight fruitful years in equity research sales and private equity with the cream of financial houses such as ICICI group, Barclays de Zoette and G.E. Capital The non-executive directors on the board bring a wealth of experience and expertise. Satpal khattar Reeshanar investments, Singapore The key management team comprises seasoned and qualified professionals. Mukesh SingPvt Ltd. Seshadri BharathanDistribution Co Ltd S SriramServices Dharmesh PandyaToral MunshiAnil MascarenhasVice President, Alternate Channel Vice President, Research Chief Editor Vice President, Technology President, Portfolio Management Sandeepa Vig Arora- Vice Director, India Infoline. Com Director, India Infoline Securities
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
DERIVATIVES:-
The emergence of the market for derivatives products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be tracked back to the willingness of riskaverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative product minimizes the impact of
fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of riskaverse investors. Derivatives are risk management instruments, which derive their value from an underlying asset. The underlying asset can be bullion, index, share, bonds, currency, interest, etc.. Banks, Securities firms, companies and investors to hedge risks, to gain access to cheaper money and to make profit, use derivatives. Derivatives are likely to grow even at a faster rate in future. DEFINITION Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, forex, commodity or any other asset.
1)
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCR Act) defines “derivative” to secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security.
2)
A contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities. Emergence of financial derivative products Derivative products initially emerged as hedging devices against
fluctuations in commodity prices, and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. Financial derivatives came into spotlight in the post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products. In recent years, the market for financial derivatives has grown tremendously in terms of variety of instruments available, their complexity and also turnover. In the class of equity derivatives the world over, futures and options on stock indices have gained more popularity than on individual stocks, especially among institutional investors, who are major users of index-linked derivatives. Even small investors find these useful due to high correlation of the popular indexes with various portfolios and ease of use. The lower costs associated with index derivatives vis–a–vis derivative products based on individual securities is another reason for their growing use.
PARTICIPANTS: The following three broad categories of participants in the derivatives market. HEDGERS: Hedgers face risk associated with the price of an asset. They use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate this risk. SPECULATORS: Speculators wish to bet on future movements in the price of an asset. Futures and options contracts can give them an extra leverage; that is, they can increase both the potential gains and potential losses in a speculative venture. ARBITRAGERS: Arbitrageurs are in business to take of a discrepancy between prices in two different markets, if, for, example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take offsetting position in the two markets to lock in a profit.
FUNCTIONS OF DERIVATIVE MARKETS: The following are the various functions that are performed by the derivatives markets. They are: ? Prices in an organized derivatives market reflect the perception of market participants about the future and lead the price of underlying to the perceived future level. ? Derivatives market helps to transfer risks from those who have them but may not like them to those who have an appetite for them. ? Derivatives entrepreneurial activity. ? long run. Derivatives markets help increase saving and investment in trading acts as a catalyst for new
TYPES OF DERIVATIVES: The following are the various types of derivatives. They are: FORWARDS: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price. FUTURES:
A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset in a certain time at a certain price; they are standardized and traded on exchange.
OPTIONS: Options are of two types-calls and puts. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date. WARRANTS: Options generally have lives of up to one year; the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longer-dated options are called warrants and are generally traded over-the counter. LEAPS: The acronym LEAPS means long-term Equity Anticipation securities. These are options having a maturity of up to three years. BASKETS: Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. The underlying asset is usually a moving average of a basket of assets. Equity index options are a form of basket options.
SWAPS: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash floes in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. The two commonly used Swaps are: a) Interest rate Swaps: These entail swapping only the related cash flows between the parties in the same currency. b) Currency Swaps: These entail swapping both principal and interest between the parties, with the cash flows in on direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction. SWAPTION: Swaptions are options to buy or sell a swap that will become operative at the expiry of the options. Thus a swaption is an option on a forward swap.
RATIONALE BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVES: Holding portfolios of securities is associated with the risk of the possibility that the investor may realize his returns, which would be much lesser than what he expected to get. There are various factors, which affect the returns: 1. Price or dividend (interest) 2. Some are internal to the firm like3. Industrial policy
4. Management capabilities 5. Consumer’s preference 6. Labour strike, etc.
These forces are to a large extent controllable and are termed as non systematic risks. An investor can easily manage such non-systematic by having a well-diversified portfolio spread across the companies, industries and groups so that a loss in one may easily be compensated with a gain in other. There are yet other of influence which are external to the firm, cannot be controlled and affect large number of securities. They are termed as systematic risk. They are: 1. Economic 2. Political 3. Sociological changes are sources of systematic risk. For instance, inflation, interest rate, etc. their effect is to cause prices of nearly all-individual stocks to move together in the same manner. We therefore quite often find stock prices falling from time to time in spite of company’s earning rising and vice versa. Rational Behind the development of derivatives market is to manage this systematic risk, liquidity in the sense of being able to buy and sell relatively large amounts quickly without substantial price concession.
In debt market, a large position of the total risk of securities is systematic. Debt instruments are also finite life securities with limited marketability due to their small size relative to many common stocks. Those factors favour for the purpose of both portfolio hedging and speculation, the introduction of derivatives securities that is on some broader market rather than an individual security.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: The trading of derivatives is governed by the provisions contained in the SC R A, the SEBI Act, and the regulations framed there under the rules and byelaws of stock exchanges. Regulation for Derivative Trading: SEBI set up a 24 member committed under Chairmanship of Dr. L. C. Gupta develop the appropriate regulatory framework for derivative trading in India. The committee submitted its report in March 1998. On May 11, 1998 SEBI accepted the recommendations of the committee and approved the phased introduction of derivatives trading in India beginning with stock index Futures. SEBI also approved he “suggestive bye-laws” recommended by the committee for regulation and control of trading and settlement of Derivative contract. The provision in the SCR Act governs the trading in the securities. The amendment of the SCR Act to include “DERIVATIVES” within the ambit of
securities in the SCR Act made trading in Derivatives possible with in the framework of the Act. 1. Eligibility criteria as prescribed in the L. C. Gupta committee report may apply to SEBI for grant of recognition under section 4 of the SCR Act, 1956 to start Derivatives Trading. The derivative exchange/segment should have a separate governing council and
representation of trading/clearing member shall be limited to maximum 40% of the total members of the governing council. The exchange shall regulate the sales practices of its members and will obtain approval of SEBI before start of Trading in any derivative contract. 2. 3. The exchange shall have minimum 50 members. The members of an existing segment of the exchange will not automatically become the members of the derivatives segment. The members of the derivatives segment need to fulfill the eligibility conditions as lay down by the L. C. Gupta committee. 4. The clearing and settlement of derivatives trades shall be through a SEBI approved clearing corporation/clearing house. Clearing Corporation/Clearing House complying with the eligibility conditions as lay down By the committee have to apply to SEBI for grant of approval. 5. Derivatives broker/dealers and Clearing members are required to seek registration from SEBI.
6.
The Minimum contract value shall not be less than Rs.2 Lakh. Exchange should also submit details of the futures contract they purpose to introduce.
7.
The
trading
members
are
required
to
have
qualified approved user and sales persons who have passed a certification programme approved by SEBI
Introduction to futures and options In recent years, derivatives have become increasingly important in the field of finance. While futures and options are now actively traded on many exchanges, forward contracts are popular on the OTC market. In this chapter we shall study in detail these three derivative contracts. Forward contracts A forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified future date for a specified price. One of the parties to the contract assumes a long position and agrees to buy the underlying asset on a certain specified future date for a certain specified price. The other party assumes a short position and agrees to sell the asset on the same date for the same price. Other contract details like delivery date, price and quantity are negotiated bilaterally by the
parties to the contract. The forward contracts are normally traded outside the exchanges. The salient features of forward contracts are: They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter–party risk. Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. The contract price is generally not available in public domain. On the expiration date, the contract has to be settled by delivery of the asset. If the party wishes to reverse the contract, it has to compulsorily go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. However forward contracts in certain markets have become very standardized, as in the case of foreign exchange, thereby reducing transaction costs and increasing transactions volume. This process of standardization reaches its limit in the organized futures market. Forward contracts are very useful in hedging and speculation. The classic hedging application would be that of an exporter who expects to receive payment in dollars three months later. He is exposed to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. By using the currency forward market to sell dollars forward, he can lock on to a rate today and reduce his uncertainty. Similarly an importer who is required to make
a payment in dollars two months hence can reduce his exposure to exchange rate fluctuations by buying dollars forward. If a speculator has information or analysis, which forecasts an upturn in a price, then he can go long on the forward market instead of the cash market. The speculator would go long on the forward, wait for the price to rise, and then take a reversing transaction to book profits. Speculators may well be required to deposit a margin upfront. However, this is generally a relatively small proportion of the value of the assets underlying the forward contract. The use of forward markets here supplies leverage to the speculator.
Limitations of forward markets Forward markets world-wide are afflicted by several problems: ? Lack of centralization of trading, ? Illiquidity, and ? Counterparty risk In the first two of these, the basic problem is that of too much flexibility and generality. The forward market is like a real estate market in that any two consenting adults can form contracts against each other. This often makes them design terms of the deal which are very convenient in that specific situation, but makes the contracts nontradable.
Counterparty risk arises from the possibility of default by any one party to the transaction. When one of the two sides to the transaction declares bankruptcy, the other suffers. Even when forward markets trade
standardized contracts, and hence avoid the problem of illiquidity, still the counterparty risk remains a very serious
Introduction to futures Futures markets were designed to solve the problems that exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts, the exchange specifies certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered, (or which can be used for reference purposes in settlement) and a standard timing of such settlement. A futures contract may be offset prior to maturity by entering into an equal and opposite transaction. More than 99% of futures transactions are offset this way.
Distinction between futures and forwards
Forward contracts are often confused with futures contracts. The confusion is primarily because both serve essentially the same economic functions of allocating risk in the presence of future price uncertainty. However futures are a significant improvement over the forward contracts as they eliminate counterparty risk and offer more liquidity as they are exchange traded. Above table lists the distinction between the two
DEFINITION: A Futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset a certain time in the future at a certain price. To
facilitate liquidity in the futures contract, the exchange specifies certain standard features of the contract. contract are: ? ? Quantity of the underlying Quality of the underlying The standardized items on a futures
? ? ?
The date and the month of delivery The units of price quotations and minimum price change Location of settlement FEATURES OF FUTURES:
? ? ? ?
Futures are highly standardized. The contracting parties need to pay only margin money. Hedging of price risks. They have secondary markets to.
TYPES OF FUTURES: On the basis of the underlying asset they derive, the financial futures are divided into two types: ? ? Stock futures Index futures Parties in the futures contract: There are two parties in a future contract, the buyer and the seller. The
buyer of the futures contract is one who is LONG on the futures contract and the seller of the futures contract is who is SHORT on the futures contract.
The pay off for the buyer and the seller of the futures of the contracts are as follows: PAY-OFF FOR A BUYER OF FUTURES:
profit
FP F 0 S2 S1 FL
loss
CASE 1:-The buyer bought the futures contract at (F); if the future price goes to S1 then the buyer gets the profit of (FP). CASE 2:-The buyer gets loss when the future price goes less then (F), if the future price goes to S2 then the buyer gets the loss of (FL).
PAY-OFF FOR A SELLER OF FUTURES:
profit
FL S2 F FP S1
loss
F – FUTURES PRICE
S1, S2 – SETTLEMENT PRICE
CASE 1:- The seller sold the future contract at (F); if the future goes to S1 then the seller gets the profit of (FP). CASE 2:- The seller gets loss when the future price goes greater than (F), if the future price goes to S2 then the seller gets the loss of (FL).
MARGINS: Margins are the deposits which reduce counter party risk, arise in a futures contract. These margins are collected in order to eliminate the counter
party risk. There are three types of margins: 1) Initial Margins: Whenever a futures contract is signed, both buyer and seller are required to post initial margins. Both buyer and seller are required to make security
deposits that are intended to guarantee that they will in fact be able to fulfill their obligation. These deposits are initial margins. 2) Marking to market margins: The process of adjusting the equity in an investor’s account in order to reflect the change in the settlement price of futures contract is known as MTM margin.
3) Maintenance margin: The investor must keep the futures account equity equal to or greater than certain percentage of the amount deposited as initial margin. If the equity goes less than that percentage of initial margin, then the investor receives a call for an additional deposit of cash known as maintenance margin to bring the equity up to the initial margin.
PRICING THE FUTURES: The Fair value of the futures contract is derived from a model knows as the cost of carry model. This model gives the fair value of the contract. Cost of Carry: F=S (1+r-q) Where F- Futures price S- Spot price of the underlying r- Cost of financing q- Expected Dividend yield t - Holding Period.
t
FUTURES TERMINOLOGY:
Spot price: The price at which an asset trades in the spot market. Futures price: The price at which the futures contract trades in the futures market.
Contract cycle: Contract cycle is the period over which contract trades. The index futures contracts on the NSE have one- month, two –month and three-month expiry cycle which expire on the last Thursday of the month. Thus a January
expiration contract expires on the last Thursday of January and a February expiration contract ceases trading on the last Thursday of February. On the Friday following the last Thursday, a new contract having a three-month expiry is introduced for trading. Expiry date: It is the date specifies in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist. Contract size: The amount of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. For instance, the contract size on NSE’s futures market is 100 nifties. Basis: In the context of financial futures, basis can be defined as the futures price minus the spot price. The will be a different basis for each delivery month for
each contract, In a normal market, basis will be positive. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed spot prices. Cost of carry: The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of what is known as the cost of carry. This measures the storage cost plus the interest that is paid to finance the asset less the income earned on the asset.
Open Interest: Open Interest is the total outstanding long or short position in the market at any specific time. As total long positions in the market would be equal to short positions, for calculation of open interest, only one side of the contract is counter.
INTRODUCTION TO OPTIONS:
DEFINITION: Option is a type of contract between two persons where one grants the other the right to buy a specific asset at a specific price within a specific time period. Alternatively the contract may grant the other person the right to sell a specific asset at a specific price within a specific time
period. In order to have this right. The option buyer has to pay the seller of the option premium The assets on which option can be derived are stocks, commodities, indexes etc. If the underlying asset is the financial asset, then the option are
financial option like stock options, currency options, index options etc, and if options like commodity option.
PROPERTIES OF OPTION: Options have several unique properties that set them apart from other securities. The following are the properties of option: • • • Limited Loss High leverages potential Limited Life
PARTIES IN AN OPTION CONTRACT: 1. Buyer of the option: The buyer of an option is one who by paying option premium buys the right but not the obligation to exercise his option on seller/writer. 2. Writer/seller of the option: The writer of the call /put options is the one who receives the option premium and is their by obligated to sell/buy the asset if the buyer exercises the option on him
TYPES OF OPTIONS: The options are classified into various types on the basis of various variables. The following are the various types of options. 1. On the basis of the underlying asset: On the basis of the underlying asset the option are divided in to two types: • INDEX OPTIONS The index options have the underlying asset as the index.
•
STOCK OPTIONS:
A stock option gives the buyer of the option the right to buy/sell stock at a specified price. Stock option are options on the individual stocks, there are currently more than 150 stocks, there are currently more than 150 stocks are trading in the segment. II. On the basis of the market movements: On the basis of the market movements the option are divided into two types. They are: • CALL OPTION: A call option is bought by an investor when he seems that the stock price moves upwards. A call option gives the holder of the option the right
but not the obligation to buy an asset by a certain date for a certain price.
•
PUT OPTION: A put option is bought by an investor when he seems that the stock price
moves downwards.
A put options gives the holder of the option right but
not the obligation to sell an asset by a certain date for a certain price.
III. On the basis of exercise of option: On the basis of the exercising of the option, the options are classified into two categories.
•
AMERICAN OPTION:
American options are options that can be exercised at any time up to the expiration date, all stock options at NSE are American. • EUOROPEAN OPTION:
European options are options that can be exercised only on the expiration date itself. European options are easier to analyze than American options.all index options at NSE are European. PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR BUYER OF A CALL OPTION: The pay-off of a buyer options depends on a spot price of a underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of buyer of a call option.
Profit
ITM SR 0 E1 SP loss OTM ATM E2 S
S
-
Strike price Premium/ Loss Spot price 1 Spot price 2
OTM ATM ITM -
-
Out of the money At the money In the money
SP E1 E2-
-
SR- profit at spot price E1 CASE 1: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (S). the buyer gets profit of (SR), if price increases more than E1 then profit also increase more than SR.
CASE 2: (Spot price < Strike price) As a spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is less than strike price (s)
The buyer gets loss of (SP), if price goes down less than E2 then also his loss is limited to his premium (SP)
PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR SELLER OF A CALL OPTION: The pay-off of seller of the call option depends on the spot price of the underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of seller of a call option:
profit SR OTM S E1 SP ITM ATM E2
loss S SP E1 Strike price Premium /profit Spot price 1 E2 SR Loss at spot price E2 ITM ATM OTM Spot price 2 In the money At the money Out of the money
CASE 1: (Spot price < Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying is less than strike price (S). the seller gets the profit of (SP), if the price decreases less than E1 then also profit of the seller does not exceed (SP). CASE 2: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (S) the seller gets loss of (SR), if price goes more than E2 then the loss of the seller also increase more than (SR).
PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR BUYER OF A PUT OPTION:
The pay-off of the buyer of the option depends on the spot price of the underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of the buyer of a call option. Profit Profit
SP E1 ITM SR S ATM OTM E2
loss
S SP E1 E2 SR
-
Strike price Premium /profit Spot price 1 Spot price 2 Profit at spot price E1
ITM OTM ATM -
-
In the money Out of the money
At the money
CASE 1: (Spot price < Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying asset is less than strike price (S). the buyer gets the profit (SR), if price decreases less than E1 then profit also increases more than (SR).
CASE 2: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (s), the buyer gets loss of (SP), if price goes more than E2 than the loss of the buyer is limited to his premium (SP)
PAY-OFF PROFILE FOR SELLER OF A PUT OPTION: The pay-off of a seller of the option depends on the spot price of the underlying asset. The following graph shows the pay-off of seller of a put option:
profit SP E1 OTM S ATM ITM E2
SR Loss
S SP E1 E2
-
Strike price Premium/ profit Spot price 1 Spot price 2 Loss at spot price E1
ITM ATM OTM -
-
In the money At the money Out of the money
SR -
CASE 1: (Spot price < Strike price) As the spot price (E1) of the underlying asset is less than strike price (S), the seller gets the loss of (SR), if price decreases less than E1 than the loss also increases more than (SR). CASE 2: (Spot price > Strike price) As the spot price (E2) of the underlying asset is more than strike price (S), the seller gets profit of (SP), if price goes more than E2 than the profit of seller is limited to his premium (SP). Factors affecting the price of an option:
The following are the various factors that affect the price of an option they are: Stock price: The pay –off from a call option is a amount by which the stock price exceeds the strike price. Call options therefore become more valuable as the stock price increases and vice versa. The pay-off from a put option is the amount; by which the strike price exceeds the stock price. Put options therefore become more valuable as the stock price increases and vice versa. Strike price: In case of a call, as a strike price increases, the stock price has to make a larger upward move for the option to go in-the-money. Therefore, for a call, as the strike price increases option becomes less valuable and as strike price decreases, option become more valuable. Time to expiration: Both put and call American options become more valuable as a time to expiration increases. Volatility: The volatility of a stock price is measured of uncertain about future stock price movements. As volatility increases, the chance that the stock will do very well or very poor increases. The value of both calls and puts therefore increase as volatility increase. Risk-free interest rate: The put options prices decline as the risk-free rate increases where as the prices of call always increase as the risk-free interest rate increases.
Dividends: Dividends have the effect of reducing the stock price on the xdividend rate. This has a negative effect on the value of call options and a positive effect on the value of put options.
PRICING OPTIONS The black- scholes formula for the price of European calls and puts on a nondividend paying stock are:
CALL OPTION: C = SN(D1)-Xe-r t N(D2)
PUT OPTION P = Xe-r t N(-D2)-SN(-D2) Where C = VALUE OF CALL OPTION S = SPOT PRICE OF STOCK N= NORMAL DISTRIBUTION V= VOLATILITY X = STRIKE PRICE r = ANNUAL RISK FREE RETURN t = CONTRACT CYCLE
d1 = Ln (S/X) + (r+ v2/2)t
d2 = d1- v\/
Options Terminology: Strike price: The price specified in the options contract is known as strike price or Exercise price. Options premium: Option premium is the price paid by the option buyer to the option seller. Expiration Date: The date specified in the options contract is known as expiration date. In-the-money option: An In the money option is an option that would lead to positive cash inflow to the holder if it exercised immediately. At-the-money option: At the money option is an option that would lead to zero cash flow if it is exercised immediately. Out-of-the-money option: An out-of-the-money option is an option that would lead to negative cash flow if it is exercised immediately. Intrinsic value of money:
The intrinsic value of an option is ITM, If option is ITM. If the option is OTM, its intrinsic value is zero. Time value of an option: The time value of an option is the difference between its premium and its intrinsic value
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF ICICI: The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the profit/loss position of futures and options. This analysis is based on sample data taken of ICICI BANK scrip. This analysis considered the Jan 2008 contract of ICICI BANK. The lot size of ICICI BANK is 175, the time period in which this analysis done is from 28-12-2007 to 31.01.08.
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 1226.7 1238.7 1228.75 1267.25 1228.95 1286.3 1362.55 1339.95 1307.95 1356.15 1435 1410 1352.2 1368.3 1322.1 1248.85 1173.2 1124.95 1151.45 1131.85 1261.3 1273.95 1220.45 1187.4 1147
Future price 1227.05 1239.7 1233.75 1277 1238.75 1287.55 1358.9 1338.5 1310.8 1358.05 1438.15 1420.75 1360.1 1375.75 1332.1 1256.45 1167.85 1127.85 1156.35 1134.5 1265.6 1277.3 1223.85 1187.4 1145.9
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF ICICI FUTURES
1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000
ec -0 7 Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n 1 1 - 08 -J an 15 -08 -J an 17 -08 -J an 21 -08 -J an -0 23 8 -J an 25 -08 -J an 29 -08 -J an 31 -08 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Future price
28 -D
1-
CONTRACT DATES
Graph:1
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS: If a person buys 1 lot i.e. 175 futures of ICICI BANK on 28th Dec, 2007 and sells on 31st Jan, 2008 then he will get a loss of 1145.9-1227.05 = -81.15 per share. So he will get a loss of 14201.25 i.e. -81.15 * 175 If he sells on 14th Jan, 2007 then he will get a profit of 1420.75-1227.05 = 193.7 i.e. a profit of 193.7 per share. So his total profit is 33897.5 i.e. 193.7 * 175
The closing price of ICICI BANK at the end of the contract period is 1147 and this is considered as settlement price. The following table explains the market price and premiums of calls. • The first column explains trading date • Second column explains the SPOT market price in cash segment on that date. • The third column explains call premiums amounting prices; 1200, 1230, 1260, 1290, 1320 and 1350. Call options: at these strike
Strike prices Table:
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 1226.7 1238.7 1228.75 1267.25 1228.95 1286.3 1362.55 1339.95 1307.95 1356.15 1435 1410 1352.2 1368.3 1322.1 1248.85 1173.2 1124.95 1151.45 1131.85 1261.3 1273.95 1220.45 1187.4 1147
1200 67.85 74.65 62 100.9 75 109.6 170 140 140 160.6 250.7 240 155 128.4 128.4 128.4 52 44.15 50.25 40.4 80.5 91.85 46 18.65 0.45
1230 53.05 58.45 56.85 75.55 60.1 91.05 143.3 119.3 5 101 131 151.8 213.5 150.0 5 140 140 60 36.5 31.05 39.3 22 62 61.65 25.95 9.05 0.5
1260 39.65 44.05 39.2 63.75 45.85 68.25 120 100 74.35 110 188.9 148 107.5 90 95 54 26.3 22.55 23.25 17.05 40.85 44.8 17.45 4.5 1
1290
1320
1350 18.5 19.25 18.8 27.4 22.5 29.15 62.35 42.85 33.15 53.1 104.55 88.2 52.65 60.95 39.15 19.3 9.95 6.7 8.6 5.1 9.75 11.35 2.95 0.2 0.2
32.25 24.2 32.75 23.85 30 22.9 49.1 36.55 34.5 26.4 51.35 38.6 100 79.4 85 59.2 62.05 46.65 95.45 70.85 164.7 130.9 134.9 96 134.9 66 63 67.5 37.95 24.45 12.45 17 12.1 24.55 31.4 10.5 1.4 1.4 78.2 50.2 29.15 14.55 10.35 16.35 9.45 16.15 20.25 4.05 0.75 0.1
CALL OPTION BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
Those who have purchase call option at a strike price of 1260, the premium payable is 39.65
?
On the expiry date the spot market price enclosed at 1147. As it is out of the money for the buyer and in the money for the seller, hence the buyer is in loss.
?
So the buyer will lose only premium i.e. 39.65 per share. So the total loss will be 6938.75 i.e. 39.65*175
SELLERS PAY OFF: ? ? As Seller is entitled only for premium if he is in profit. So his profit is only premium i.e. 39.65 * 175 = 6938.75
Put options:
Strike prices Table: 3 Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08 Market price 1226.7 1238.7 1228.75 1267.25 1228.95 1286.3 1362.55 1339.95 1307.95 1356.15 1435 1410 1352.2 1368.3 1322.1 1248.85 1173.2 1124.95 1151.45 1131.85 1261.3 1273.95 1220.45 1187.4 1147 1200 1230 39.05 34.4 32.1 22.6 32 17.65 12.4 10.15 11.9 9 3.75 3.75 6.45 8 7.3 18.15 103.5 110 71 99 15.9 16.7 18 27.5 50 181.05 181.05 181.05 25.50 38.00 25.00 12.60 12.00 15.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 36.60 70.00 138.90 138.90 138.90 26.35 19.00 38.00 60.00 60.00 1260 178.8 178.8 178.8 178.8 178.8 37.05 20.15 20.05 26.5 15 10 8.5 10 11.25 17.8 35 69.65 138.6 135 135 33 30 50 85.2 85.2 1290 197.15 197.15 197.15 41.55 82 82 34.85 30 36 25.2 8.9 12 17.45 13.3 25.45 67.85 135.05 170.05 150 150 50.05 45 45 120 120 1320 190.85 190.85 190.85 190.85 190.85 190.85 43.95 42 51 33.7 12.75 12.4 23.1 22.55 38.25 76.05 151.35 210 210 210 210 55 100 145.05 145.05 1350 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 191.8 47.8 18.35 22.45 38.3 35.35 56.4 112.2 223.4 280 200 200 200 81.45 145 145 145
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
PUT OPTION
BUYERS PAY OFF: ? As brought 1 lot of ICICI that is 175, those who buy for 1200 paid 39.05 premium per share. ? Settlement price is 1147 Strike price Spot price 1200.00 1147.00 53.00 Premium (-) 39.05 13.95 x 175= 2441.25
Buyer Profit = Rs. 2441.25
Because it is positive it is in the money contract hence buyer will get more profit, incase spot price decreases, buyer’s profit will increase.
SELLERS PAY OFF:
?
It is in the money for the buyer so it is in out of the money for the seller, hence he is in loss.
?
The loss is equal to the profit of buyer i.e. 2441.25.
GARPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMNTS OF SPOT & FUTURE
1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000
ec -0 7 1Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n 1 1 - 08 -J an -0 15 8 -J an 17 -08 -J an -0 21 8 -J an 23 -08 -J an -0 25 8 -J an -0 29 8 -J an 31 -08 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Market price Future price
28 -D
CONTRACT DATES
Graph:2
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? The future price of ICICI is moving along with the market price. ? If the buy price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the buyer of a future gets profit. ? If the selling price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the seller incur losses.
ANALYSIS OF SBI:The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the profit/loss position of futures and options. This analysis is based on sample data taken of SBI scrip. This analysis considered the Jan 2007 contract of SBI. The lot size of SBI is 132, the time period in which this analysis done is from 28-12-2007 to 31.01.08.
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market Price 2377.55 2371.15 2383.5 2423.35 2395.25 2388.8 2402.9 2464.55 2454.5 2409.6 2434.8 2463.1 2423.45 2415.55 2416.35 2362.35 2196.15 2137.4 2323.75 2343.15 2407.4 2313.35 2230.7 2223.95 2167.35
Future price 2413.7 2409.2 2413.45 2448.45 2416.35 2412.5 2419.15 2478.55 2473.1 2411.15 2454.4 2468.4 2421.85 2432.3 2423.05 2370.35 2192.3 2135.2 2316.95 2335.35 2408.9 2305.5 2230.5 2217.25 2169.9
Table: 4
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF SBI FUTURES
2500 2450 2400 2350 2300 2250 2200 2150 2100 2050 2000
08 08 08 -0 7 08 an -0 8 15 -J an -0 8 17 -J an -0 8 21 -J an -0 8 23 -J an -0 8 25 -J an -0 8 29 -J an -0 8 31 -J an -0 8 Ja nJa nJa nJa nec
PRICE
Future price
28 -D
11 -J
1-
3-
7-
9-
CONTRACT DATES
Graph: 3
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS: If a person buys 1 lot i.e. 350 futures of SBI on 28 th Dec, 2007 and sells on 31st Jan, 2008 then he will get a loss of 2169.9-2413.7 = 243.8 per share. So he will get a profit of 32181.60 i.e. 243.8 * 132 If he sells on 15th Jan, 2008 then he will get a profit of 2468.4-2413.7 = 54.7 i.e. a profit of 54.7 per share. So his total profit is 7220.40 i.e. 54.7 * 132 The closing price of SBI at the end of the contract period is 2167.35 and this is considered as settlement price. The following table explains the market price and premiums of calls.
• The first column explains trading date • Second column explains the SPOT market price in cash segment on that date. • The third column explains call premiums amounting prices; 2340, 2370, 2400, 2430, 2460 and 2490. Call options: at these strike
Strike prices
Table: 5
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market Price 2377.55 2371.15 2383.5 2423.35 2395.25 2388.8 2402.9 2464.55 2454.5 2409.6 2434.8 2463.1 2423.45 2415.55 2416.35 2362.35 2196.15 2137.4 2323.75 2343.15 2407.4 2313.35 2230.7 2223.95 2167.35
2340 145 145 134 189.8 189.8 189.8 189.8 190 170 170 160 218.5 218.5 96 96 96 22.25 22.25 22.25 104 113.7 0 13 13 13
2370 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 190 190 190 190 98 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 0 15 15 15
2400 104.35 102.95 101.95 123.25 98.45 100.95 95.55 128.55 126.75 84 108.85 110.8 87.85 102.15 91.85 62.1 25.3 21.05 47.05 48.2 61.65 0 9 9 9
2430 108 108 108 105.8 93.6 86 88.15 118.3 121 72.25 94.95 90.2 75 95.45 80 50.55 15 15 15 40 48.75 0 0 0 0
2460 79 72 69.85 90.25 76.6 74.8 76.15 99.85 92.15 58.8 74.65 81.5 62.65 68.5 66 44 11.7 11.7 32.65 26.45 39.8 0 0 0 0
2490 68 59 59 76.55 60.05 60.05 61.1 84.8 77.45 51.85 64.85 64.8 55.3 61.95 55 30 29 10 29.3 26.3 27.65 0 0 0 0
CALL OPTION BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
Those who have purchased call option at a strike price of 2400, the premium payable is 104.35
?
On the expiry date the spot market price enclosed at 2167.65. As it is out of the money for the buyer and in the money for the seller, hence the buyer is in loss.
?
So the buyer will lose only premium i.e. 104.35 per share. So the total loss will be 13774.2 i.e. 104.35*132
SELLERS PAY OFF:
? ?
As Seller is entitled only for premium if he is in profit. So his profit is only premium i.e. 104.35 * 132 = 13774.2
Put options:
Strike prices
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market Price 2377.55 2371.15 2383.5 2423.35 2395.25 2388.8 2402.9 2464.55 2454.5 2409.6 2434.8 2463.1 2423.45 2415.55 2416.35 2362.35 2196.15 2137.4 2323.75 2343.15 2407.4 2313.35 2230.7 2223.95 2167.35
2340 362.75 362.75 362.75 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 75.9 75.9 75.9 170 170 170 170 33.9 0 61.6 61.6 61.6
2370 306.9 306.9 306.9 40 40 40 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 70 139.3 139.3 139.3 139.3 139.3 0 80.8 80.8 80.8
2400
2430
2460 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 218.05 100 75.3 112.8 78.3 71.35 100 135 96.55 96.55 299 299 299 120 120 0 0 0 0
2490 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 221.95 100 125 100 128 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 0 0 0 0
90 303 90.6 303 84.95 303 73.55 303 86 303 87.35 303 79 303 50.7 303 56.8 303 74.25 303 53.15 41 44.25 59.95 69.6 78 65.05 78 70.45 78 95.05 118 223.8 118 300 118 150 118 117.7 118 52.45 118 0 0 88 0 88 0 88 0
Table: 6
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
PUT OPTION
BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
As brought 1 lot of SBI that is 132, those who buy for 2400 paid 90 premium per share.
?
Settlement price is 2167.35 Spot price Strike price 2400.00 2167.35 232.65 Premium (-) 90.00 142.65 x 132= 18829.8
Buyer Profit = Rs. 18829.8
Because it is positive it is in the money contract hence buyer will get more profit, incase spot price increase buyer profit also increase.
SELLERS PAY OFF: ? It is in the money for the buyer so it is in out of the money for the seller, hence he is in loss. ? The loss is equal to the profit of buyer i.e. 18829.8.
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF SPOT AND FUTURE
2500 2450 2400 2350 2300 2250 2200 2150 2100 2050 2000
ec -0 7 1Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n 11 -08 -J an 15 -08 -J an 17 -08 -J an -0 21 8 -J an 23 -08 -J an 25 -08 -J an -0 29 8 -J an 31 -08 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Market Price Future price
28 -D
CONTRACT DATES
Graph:4
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? The future price of SBI is moving along with the market price. ? If the buy price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the buyer of a future gets profit. ? If the selling price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the seller incur losses
ANALYSIS OF YES BANK:The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the profit/loss position of futures and options. This analysis is based on sample data taken of YES BANK scrip. This analysis considered the Jan 2008 contract of YES BANK. The lot size of YES BANK is 1100, the time period in which this analysis done is from 28-12-2007 to 31.01.08.
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 249.85 249.3 258.35 265.75 260.7 260.05 263.4 260.2 260.1 259.4 258.45 257.7 258.25 250.75 252.3 248 227.3 209.95 223.15 220.65 232.6 243.7 244.45 244.45 251.45
future price 252.5 251.15 260.85 268.1 262.85 261.55 264.4 261.1 262.2 260.2 260.35 259.95 260.25 254 254.25 248.05 225.4 209.85 218.1 216.75 230.5 242.35 242.95 241.4 250.35
Table:7
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE MOVEMENTS OF YES BANK FUTURES
280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200
ec -0 7 1Ja n08 3Ja n08 7Ja n08 9Ja n08 11 -J an -0 8 15 -J an -0 17 8 -J an -0 8 21 -J an -0 23 8 -J an -0 8 25 -J an -0 29 8 -J an -0 8 31 -J an -0 8
PRICE
Future price
28 -D
CONTRACT DATES
Graph: 5
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS:
If a person buys 1 lot i.e. 1100 futures of YES BANK on 28 th Dec, 2007 and sells on 31st Jan, 2008 then he will get a loss of 250.35-252.50 = -2.15 per share. So he will get a loss of 2365.00 i.e. -2.15 * 1100 If he sells on 15th Jan, 2008 then he will get a profit of 260.25-252.50 = 7.75 i.e. a profit of 16.15 per share. So his total loss is 8525.00 i.e. 7.75 * 1100 The closing price of YES BANK at the end of the contract period is 251.45 and this is considered as settlement price.
The following table explains the market price and premiums of calls. • The first column explains trading date • Second column explains the SPOT market price in cash segment on that date. • The third column explains call premiums amounting prices; 230, 240, 250, 260, 270 and 280. at these strike
Call options:
Strike prices Table: 8
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS CALL OPTION
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 249.85 249.3 258.35 265.75 260.7 260.05 263.4 260.2 260.1 259.4 258.45 257.7 258.25 250.75 252.3 248 227.3 209.95 223.15 220.65 232.6 243.7 244.45 244.45 251.45
230 17.05 16.45 22.15 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 31.45 6 6 6 6 6 15.95 15.95 15.95 29.15
240 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45 32.45
250 13.1 12.45 16.3 24.9 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 5 4.7
260 9 9 11.6 16 13 12.2 12.2 9.95 10.95 17.5 10.75 9 14 5.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 8 8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 5
270 18.55 18.55 18.55 14.5 5.1 5.15 9.25 7.45 6.45 8 5.05 5.05 8.25 4 5.5 5.5 1.5 1.5 4.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 0.8
280 15 15 15 15 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0.5
BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
As brought 1 lot of YES BANK that is 1100, those who buy for 280 paid 17.05 premium per share.
?
Settlement price is 251.45
Spot price Strike price
251.45 230.00 21.45
Premium (-)
17.05 4.40 x 1100= 4840
Buyer Profit = Rs. 4840 Because it is positive it is in the money contract hence buyer will get more profit, incase spot price increase buyer profit also increase. SELLERS PAY OFF: ? It is in the money for the buyer so it is in out of the money for the seller, hence he is in loss. ? The loss is equal to the profit of buyer i.e. 4840.
Put options:
Strike prices Table: 9
Date 28-Dec-07 31-Dec-07 1-Jan-08 2-Jan-08 3-Jan-08 4-Jan-08 7-Jan-08 8-Jan-08 9-Jan-08 10-Jan-08 11-Jan-08 14-Jan-08 15-Jan-08 16-Jan-08 17-Jan-08 18-Jan-08 21-Jan-08 22-Jan-08 23-Jan-08 24-Jan-08 25-Jan-08 28-Jan-08 29-Jan-08 30-Jan-08 31-Jan-08
Market price 249.85 249.3 258.35 265.75 260.7 260.05 263.4 260.2 260.1 259.4 258.45 257.7 258.25 250.75 252.3 248 227.3 209.95 223.15 220.65 232.6 243.7 244.45 244.45 251.45
230 6.95 6.2 4.3 3 3.45 3.15 2.1 2.2 1.85 1.65 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.15 1.5 9.75 22.15 13 13.8 7 1.6 0.75 0.15 0
240 10.55 9.75 7.05 5.1 5.9 5.5 3.95 4.25 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.7 2.2 3.85 3.05 3.95 16.2 30.8 20 21.3 12.6 4.6 3.05 1.65 0
250 15.15 14.35 10.75 8.1 9.3 8.9 6.85 7.4 6.85 6.55 6.3 5.6 4.95 7.8 6.65 8.3 24.1 40.1 28.25 30 19.85 10 8.3 6.95 0
260 20.75 20 15.5 12.1 13.75 13.4 10.9 11.75 11.2 10.95 10.8 10.15 9.35 13.6 12.15 14.7 33 49.8 37.25 39.4 28.3 17.55 16.2 15.65 0
270 27.25 26.6 21.25 17.1 19.3 19 16.15 17.45 16.9 16.75 16.8 16.35 15.55 20.95 19.4 22.75 42.5 59.65 46.8 49.1 37.6 26.6 25.6 25.5 0
280 34.5 34.1 27.9 23.1 25.8 25.65 22.55 24.25 23.8 23.8 24.05 23.95 23.2 29.55 27.95 31.8 52.25 69.6 56.55 59 47.25 36.25 35.45 35.5 0
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS
PUT OPTION BUYERS PAY OFF:
?
Those who have purchase put option at a strike price of 250, the premium payable is 15.15
?
On the expiry date the spot market price enclosed at 251.45. As it is out of the money for the buyer and in the money for the seller, hence the buyer is in loss.
?
So the buyer will lose only premium i.e. 15.15 per share. So the total loss will be 16665 i.e. 15.15*1100
SELLERS PAY OFF:
? ?
As Seller is entitled only for premium if he is in profit. So his profit is only premium i.e. 15.15 * 1100 = 16665
GRAPH SHOWING THE PRICE M OVEMENTS OF SPOT & FUTURES
280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200
08 08 08 9Ja n 1 1 -0 8 -J an -0 15 8 -J an -0 17 8 -J an 21 -08 -J an -0 23 8 -J an -0 25 8 -J an 29 -08 -J an -0 31 8 -J an -0 8 Ja n-0 7 Ja nJa nec
PRICE
Market price Future price
28 -D
1-
3-
7-
CONTRACT DATES
Graph: 6
OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? The future price of YES BANK is moving along with the market price. ? If the buy price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the buyer of a future gets profit. ? If the selling price of the future is less than the settlement price, than the seller incur losses.
SUMMARY
? Derivatives
market
is
an
innovation
to
cash
market.
Approximately its daily turnover reaches to the equal stage of cash market. The average daily turnover of the NSE derivative segments
? In cash market the profit/loss of the investor depends on the market price of the underlying asset. The investor may incur
huge profits or he may incur huge losses. But in derivatives segment the investor enjoys huge profits with limited downside.
? In cash market the investor has to pay the total money, but in derivatives the investor has to pay premiums or margins, which are some percentage of total contracts.
? Derivatives are mostly used for hedging purpose.
? In derivative segment the profit/loss of the option writer purely depends on the fluctuations of the underlying asset.
SUGESSTIONS
? The derivatives market is newly started in India and it is not known by every investor, so SEBI has to take steps to create awareness segment. among the investors about the derivative
? In order to increase the derivatives market in India, SEBI should revise some of their regulations like contract size, participation of FII in the derivatives market.
? Contract size should be minimized because small investors cannot afford this much of huge premiums.
? SEBI has to take further steps in the risk management mechanism.
? SEBI has to take measures to use effectively the derivatives segment as a tool of hedging.
CONCLUSION
? In bullish market the call option writer incurs more losses so the investor is suggested to go for a call option to hold, where as the put option holder suffers in a bullish market, so he is suggested to write a put option.
? In bearish market the call option holder will incur more losses so the investor is suggested to go for a call option to write, where as the put option writer will get more losses, so he is suggested to hold a put option.
? In the above analysis the market price of YES bank is having low volatility, so the call option writer enjoys more profits to holders
GLOSSARY
Derivatives - Derivatives are instruments that derive their value and payoff from another asset, called underlying asset. Call Option – the option to buy an asset is known as a call option Put option – the option to an asset is called a put option. Exercise Prices – The price at which option can be exercised is called an exercise price or a strike price. European option – Where an option is allowed to be exercised only on the maturity date, it is called a European option American option – When the option can be exercised any time before its maturity, it is called an American Option. In-the-money option – A put or a call option is said to in-the-option when it is advantageous for the investor to exercise it. In the case of in-the-money call option, the exercise price is less than the current value of the underlying asset, while in the case of the in-the-money put options; the exercise price is higher than the current value of stage underlying asset. Out-of-the money option – A put or call option is out-of-the-money if it is not advantageous for the investor to exercise it. In the case of the out-of-the-money call option, the exercise price is less than the
current value of the underlying asset, While in the case of the out – ofthe-money put option, the exer4cise price is lower than the current value of the underlying asset. At-the-option – When the holder of a put or a call option does not lose of gain whether of not he exercises his option, the option is said to be at-the-money. In the case of the out-of-the-money option the exercise price is equal to the current value of the underlying asset. Straddle – The investor can also create a portfolio of a call and a put with the same exercise price. This is called a straddle. Spread – If call and put with different exercise price are combined, it is called a spread. Strip – A strips is a combination of two puts and one call with the same exercise price and the expiration date. Strap – A strap, on the other hand, entails combing two calls and one put. SWAPS – Swaps are similar to futures and forwards contracts in providing hedge against financial risk. A swap is an agreement between two parties, called counterparties, to trade cash flows over a period of time. Currency Swaps – Currency swaps involves an exchange of
payments in one currency for cash payments in another currency.
Butterfly Spread – A long butterfly spread involves buying a call with a low exercise4 price, buying a call with a high exercise price and selling tow calls with an exercise price in between the two. A short butterfly spread involves the opposite position; that is selling call with low exercise price, selling a call with a high exercise price and buying two calls with an exercise price in between the two. Collars – A collars involves a strategy of limiting a portfolio’s value between to bounds. Bullish spread – An investor may be expecting the price of an underlying share to rise. But he may not like to take higher risk. Bearish Spread – An investor, who is expecting a share of index to fall, may sell the higher-*priced option and buy the lower-price option. Index options – Index options are call or put options on the stock markets indices. In India, there are options on the Bombay Stock Exchange, Sensex and the national Stock Exchange, Nifty. Premium – The price of an option contract, determined on the exchange which the buyer of the option pays to the options writer for the fights to the option contract. Futures – Futures is a financial contract which derives its value for the underlying asset.
Financial Futures – Futures are traded in a wide variety of commodities: wheat, sugar, gold, silver, copper, oranges, coco, oil soybean etc. Forward – In a forward contract, two parties agree to buy or sell some underlying asset on some future date at a stated price and quantity. Index futures – Index futures is one of the most successful financial innovation of the financial market. In 1982, the stock index future was introduced. Margin – Depending upon the nature of the buyer and seller the margin requirement to deposit with the stock exchange is fixed. Market to Market – A process of valuing an open position on a futures market against the ruling price of the contract at that time, in order to determine the size of the margin call. Badla – Badla is a part of the cash market. It provided the facility of borrowing and lending of shares and funds. Hedging – Hedging is the term used for reducing risk by using derivatives. Nifty – Nifty has been selected as the base for the stock index futures. Nifty contains a well-diversified portfolio of 50 stocks.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:? Derivatives Dealers Module Work Book - NCFM ? Financial Febket and Services - GORDAN & NATRAJAN ? Financial Management - PRASANNA CHANDRA News Papers:THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS BUSINESSWORLD ECONOMIC TIMES WEB SITES:WWW.indiainfoline.com WWW.hseindia.org WWW.nseindia.com WWW.bseindia.Com WWW.derivatives.com
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