Description
This report was carried out by me and my friend in Singapore while our study abroad program from Amity Global business school,Singapore.
AMITY UNIVERSITY
“COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC ARENA BETWEEN SINGAPORE AND INDIA”
SUBMITTED TO MEENAKSHI GUJRAL
SUBMITTED BY ANKIT AGARWAL GAURAV BHARGAD BBA-SEMESTER-3 AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN
[1]
ABSTRACT
Singapore is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometers (85 mi) north of the equator. It is an island country made up of 63 islands. Singapore has a highly developed state capitalist mixed economy. Despite its small domestic market, Singapore’s economy is heavily engaged in the global marketplace. Singapore has no natural resources and a very small land area. The economy is driven by (a) exports in electronics manufacturing and machinery, (b) financial services, (c) tourism, (d) the world’s largest cargo seaport. Despite the lack of natural resources Singapore has a good manpower resource which attracts a large number of foreign companies. The population growth rate too has significantly decreased due to various measures undertaken by the government. Through this study we will know what is the growth rate of the country in economic terms, what is the employment and unemployment rate, what is the population growth rate, birth rate and death rate what led to those figures and at last compare these with India.
[2]
CONTENTS
S/NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INDEX Introduction Literature review Objective Significance Comparative Analysis- Singapore and India My experience Conclusion PAGE NO. 4 5 6 7 8-12 13 14 15
References
[3]
INTRODUCTION
Singapore has a highly developed state capitalist mixed economy. Despite its small domestic market, Singapore’s economy is heavily engaged in the global marketplace. It is ranked as the world’s second most open economy by the Heritage Foundation’s index of economic freedom. It is also one of the most stable in macroeconomic terms with no foreign debt, high government revenue and a consistently positive surplus. During the 1997 Financial Crisis, while most of its neighboring economies were sliding, Singapore’s remained relatively stable. The global nature of the 2008 financial crisis has affected the export driven Singaporean economy and the country is bracing for a long recession. For the first time since its founding in 1965, the government is dipping into its vast foreign reserve holdings to fund a USD 13.7 billion “Resilience Package” to stimulate the economy. It has an open business environment, relatively corruption-free and transparent, stable prices, low tax rates (14.2% of GDP) compared to other developed economies, and one of the highest per-capita gross domestic products (GDP) in the world. Its innovative yet steadfast form of economics that combines economic planning with free-market has given it the nickname the Singapore Model. Exports, particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services provide the main source of revenue for the economy, which allows it to purchase natural resources and raw goods which it does not have Singapore has no natural resources and a very small land area. The economy is driven by (a) exports in electronics manufacturing and machinery, (b) financial services, (c) tourism, (d) the world’s largest cargo seaport. Despite the lack of natural resources Singapore has a good manpower resource which attracts a large number of foreign companies. By the end of June 2011 the islands population stood at 5.18 million making it the second most densely populated independent country in the world. After World War II from, 1947 to 1957, Singapore’s version of post-World War II baby boom occurred. The birth rate rose and the death rate fell. The average growth rate was 4.4% , Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. The population growth rate has significantly decreased due to various measures undertaken by the government like the stop at two campaign of 1970 or the Graduate mother’s scheme of 1983. Singapore is a multicultural country with a majority population of Chinese about (74%), Malay (13%) and Indian- minorities (9.2%).
[4]
LITERATURE REVIEW
1: Source – www.demographicresearch.org Author – Gabriele Doblhammer, Rasmus Hoffmann, Elena Muth, Christina Westphal and Anne
Kruse
Abstract – A systematic literature review of studies analyzing the effects of sex, age, education,
marital status, obesity and smoking on health transitions.
2: Source - Economic Systems; Sep2010, Vol. 34 Issue 3, p218-236, 19p. Author - Choudhry, Misbah T and Elhorst, J. Paul1 Abstract – Demographic transition and economic growth in China, India and Pakistan. 3: Source - Industrial & Corporate Change; Jun2005, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p365-391, 27p. Author - Barteisman, Eric, Scarpetta, Stefano and Schivardi, Fabiano Abstract - In this paper, we present cross-country evidence on firm size distribution, firm
demographic and post-entry performance for 10 OECD countries. We use harmonized firm-level data drawn from business registers or social security records. These data enable international comparisons and the identification of idiosyncratic country effects. While average firm size differs across countries, due to both sectorial specialization and within-sector characteristics, we find similar degrees of firm churning across countries. In most of them, about 20% of firms enter and exit most markets every year; and about 20-40% of entering firms fail within the first 2 years of life. However, post-entry growth of successful entrants is much higher in the USA than in Europe, which may be indicative of barriers to firm growth as opposed to barriers to entry.
[5]
OBJECTIVES
? ? ? ? ? To find and compare the growth rate of India and Singapore. To compare the employment and unemployment rate of both the countries. To compare the cost of living in both the countries. To compare population growth rate of both the countries and what are the measures undertaken by both the countries government to control it To compare the birth rate and death rate in both the countries.
[6]
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
1- The significance of this study is know what is the growth rate of each country i.e.; Singapore and India and which country recorded more and what were the factors that led to this growth. 2- Secondly to know the employment and unemployment rate in both countries. 3- To know the cost of living and which country has higher cost of living. 4- To know the population growth in both the countries and what steps or measures were undertaken by both the countries governments to check it. 5- To know the birth and death rate in both the countries and the reasons for it.
[7]
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS - SINGAPORE AND INDIA
Growth Rate
India currency is rupee (INR) ( ) = 100 paise and in Singapore currency is Singapore dollar (SGD). The Economy of India is the ninth largest in the world and GDP is 8.5% and Singapore has17.9%. India main GDP sector are services (55.2%), industry (26.3%), agriculture (18.5%) and Singapore main GDP sector are Industry 26.8%, services 73.2% but contribution of agriculture. India has $35.6 billion and Singapore has $264.1 billion of FDI. India and Singapore has so many industry to fulfill the demand of people but major industry are telecommunications, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals of India. Electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, construction they are the main industry of Singapore.
Employment and Unemployment Rate
Singapore has enjoyed virtually full employment for long periods of time. Amid an economic slump, the unemployment rate rose to 4.0% by the end of 2001, from 2.4% early in the year. Unemployment has since declined and in 2005, the unemployment rate is 2.7% in 2006, the lowest in the last four years, with 2.3 million people being employed. In India unemployment rate is quiet high. Agriculture is major source of income in India so employment in this sector is more than other sector. India has 9.4% and Singapore has 2.2% of unemployment. In India agriculture has 52%. People are mostly employ in this sector and after this industry has 14%, services has 34% and in Singapore manufacturing has 18%, construction has 6%, transportation and communication has 11%, financial, business, and other services has 39%, other has 26%.
Cost of Living
Consumer Prices in Singapore are 200.51% higher than in India Rent Prices in Singapore are 955.12% higher than in India Restaurant Prices in Singapore are 197.20% higher than in India Local Purchasing Power in Singapore is 43.84% higher than in India
Population Growth Rate
After World War II, from 1947 to 1957, Singapore's version of the post–World War II baby boom occurred. The birth rate rose and the death rate fell; the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration; Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. (This was also the same year the United States saw its peak birth rate.) By 1960, the government publicly funded and supported family planning programs; after independence
[8]
in 1965, the birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%. Birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high by the government; on average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965. In September 1965 the Minister for Health, Yong Nyuk Lin, submitted a white paper to Parliament, recommending a "Five-year Mass Family Planning program" that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. By 1970, the Stop at Two campaign was firmly established, implementing incentives, disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children. In 1983, the Graduate Mothers' Scheme was implemented in an attempt to get educated women, especially women with a university degree, to marry and procreate. Talking about India where Population growth has long been a concern for the government, India has a lengthy history of explicit population policy. In the 1950s, existing hospitals and health care facilities made birth control information available, but there was no aggressive effort to encourage the use of contraceptives and limitation of family size. By the late 1960s, many policy makers believed that the high rate of population growth was the greatest obstacle to economic development. The government began a massive program to lower the birth rate from forty-one per 1,000 to a target of twenty to twenty-five per 1,000 by the mid-1970s. The National Population Policy adopted in 1976 reflected the growing consensus among policy makers that family planning would enjoy only limited success unless it was part of an integrated program aimed at improving the general welfare of the population. During the 1980s, an increased number of family planning programs were implemented through the state governments with financial assistance from the central government. In rural areas, the programs were further extended through a network of primary health centers and sub centers. By 1991, India had more than 150,000 public health facilities through which family planning programs were offered. Despite these developments in promoting family planning, the 1991 census results showed that India continued to have one of the most rapidly growing populations in the world. Between 1981 and 1991, the annual rate of population growth was estimated at about 2 percent and at present according to 2011 census Indian population is 1,210,193,422 with a growth rate of 1.34 percent. Life expectancy has also increased to 69 years. At last according to the latest census population growth has shown a decline. The following table and graph give a comparison of population growth rate of both the countries from 2009to2011;
YEAR 2009-10
Singapore 0.86
India 1.38
2010-11
0.82
1.34
[9]
1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Population Growth Rate Singapore and India 2009-10 to 2010-11
1.38
1.34
0.86
0.82
2009-10 2010-11
Growth Rate
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Singapore
Source: www.indexmundi.com
COUNTRY
India
Birth Rate and Death Rate: Birth rate and death rate in both the countries have declined as
shown in the following table and graphs:
YEAR 2009-10 2010-11
Singapore( Birth Rate) 8.6 8.5
India( Birth Rate) 21.3 20.9
YEAR 2009-10 2010-11
Singapore( Birth Rate) 4.85 4.8
India (Birth Rate) 7.53 7.48
[10]
Birth Rate of Singapore and India 2009-10 and 2010-11
8 7 6
7.53
7.48
Birth Rate
5 4 3 2 1 0
4.85
4.8
2009-10 2010-11
Singapore Source- www.indexmundi.com
Country
India
Death Rate of Singapore and India 2009-10 and 2010-11
8 7 6
7.53
7.48
Death Rate
5 4 3 2 1 0
4.85
4.8
2009-10 2010-11
Singapore Source- www.indexmundi.com
Country
India
[11]
The reasons for declining Birth rate in Singapore are Families are having fewer children due to high cost of living. High cost and burden of educating the child. Though the unemployment rate has been low but due to insecurity of jobs families are having fewer children so it is also a contributing factor to the declining birth rate. While the reasons in case of India are; Good family health care reforms Education among people about the ill effects of rising population. Increase in literacy rate among rural population.
The reasons for declining Death rate in Singapore are –
1- Efficient Health Care system in Singapore due to emphasis on the individual to assume responsibility towards their own health. 2 - Subsidizing of health expenditure by the government through taxation revenue providing funds for public hospitals and health care reforms. 3 - Assistance by the government for medical needs for the people who are poor or in financial hardships. 4 - Private financing by various schemes like Medisave which is a compulsory medical saving scheme meeting a portion of future personal or immediate family hospitalizations needs or certain outpatient expenses.
While the reasons in case of India are –
1- Control over famines which had been a major reason in previous years. This has been due to proper mobilization of food grains to the vulnerable areas. 2- Secondly due to rapid advancement in medical facilities throughout the country. 3- Setting up of hospitals even in the remotest of areas of the country like those of North East. 4- Decrease in Infant Mortality Rate over the past few years is another major reason foe declining death rate.
[12]
MY EXPERIENCES
Through my experiences I can say yes the cost of living and the standard are higher than that of India. A simple example for this ; what I have observed is that out of ten people on an average nine are having i phone which is not so as in case of India where we see it with very few people. Another example can be cars which people have out here as compared to India mostly we see luxury cars like Mercedes, Ferrari, and Porsche which are very- very rare in India. Secondly the way in which people help to keep their surroundings, homes and workplaces clean ensures that they do not become prey to various diseases which is not so as In case of India where people do keep their houses clean but many a times ignore their surroundings which then creates problem to them only as they get affected by various diseases. Another of my experiences that I want to mention is regarding the employment rate is that it is very rare that we come across any person begging for money like back in India where it is observable, here every person is engaged in some work or the other and contributes to the country’s growth.
[13]
CONCLUSION
Though both the countries are not comparable when it comes to size and resources but both can learn from each other and benefit in the long run. Apart from this both need to carry out various measures for more productivity and betterment for the country in economic and demographic arena, like India has to increase its employment rate by creating more job opportunities which will help in decreasing the unemployment rate. Singapore though has a good and stable economy but still in some areas like the problem of declining birth rate which is declining faster than the death rate is decreasing the youth population and increasing the population of the older people, it can be tackled by like have the cost of raising two children in family be borne by the state also so that it does not create a burden on the family. Also changing the education system from just having the competition to be on top to create educated youth which possess various social skills. Whereas Indian people can learn to be more responsible when it comes to the society as a whole and not the individual or his family. Though India has vast number of resources but when it comes to economic terms we see our rupee falling behind the currency of such a small country so it is high time we realize about this problem and work towards it by strengthening our economy which is possible only when we efficiently and effectively utilize our resources both in the short and long term.
[14]
REFRENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from www.indexmundi.com. (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Singapore (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, fromhttp://tankinlian.blogspot.com/2010/01/singapores-declining-birthrate.html (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from Preserve Articles:http://www.preservearticles.com/201...es-for-the-decline-in-death-rate-inindia.html (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from www.numbeo.com. (2009). Demographic research, 37-64.
[15]
[16]
[17]
doc_272297199.docx
This report was carried out by me and my friend in Singapore while our study abroad program from Amity Global business school,Singapore.
AMITY UNIVERSITY
“COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC ARENA BETWEEN SINGAPORE AND INDIA”
SUBMITTED TO MEENAKSHI GUJRAL
SUBMITTED BY ANKIT AGARWAL GAURAV BHARGAD BBA-SEMESTER-3 AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN
[1]
ABSTRACT
Singapore is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometers (85 mi) north of the equator. It is an island country made up of 63 islands. Singapore has a highly developed state capitalist mixed economy. Despite its small domestic market, Singapore’s economy is heavily engaged in the global marketplace. Singapore has no natural resources and a very small land area. The economy is driven by (a) exports in electronics manufacturing and machinery, (b) financial services, (c) tourism, (d) the world’s largest cargo seaport. Despite the lack of natural resources Singapore has a good manpower resource which attracts a large number of foreign companies. The population growth rate too has significantly decreased due to various measures undertaken by the government. Through this study we will know what is the growth rate of the country in economic terms, what is the employment and unemployment rate, what is the population growth rate, birth rate and death rate what led to those figures and at last compare these with India.
[2]
CONTENTS
S/NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INDEX Introduction Literature review Objective Significance Comparative Analysis- Singapore and India My experience Conclusion PAGE NO. 4 5 6 7 8-12 13 14 15
References
[3]
INTRODUCTION
Singapore has a highly developed state capitalist mixed economy. Despite its small domestic market, Singapore’s economy is heavily engaged in the global marketplace. It is ranked as the world’s second most open economy by the Heritage Foundation’s index of economic freedom. It is also one of the most stable in macroeconomic terms with no foreign debt, high government revenue and a consistently positive surplus. During the 1997 Financial Crisis, while most of its neighboring economies were sliding, Singapore’s remained relatively stable. The global nature of the 2008 financial crisis has affected the export driven Singaporean economy and the country is bracing for a long recession. For the first time since its founding in 1965, the government is dipping into its vast foreign reserve holdings to fund a USD 13.7 billion “Resilience Package” to stimulate the economy. It has an open business environment, relatively corruption-free and transparent, stable prices, low tax rates (14.2% of GDP) compared to other developed economies, and one of the highest per-capita gross domestic products (GDP) in the world. Its innovative yet steadfast form of economics that combines economic planning with free-market has given it the nickname the Singapore Model. Exports, particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services provide the main source of revenue for the economy, which allows it to purchase natural resources and raw goods which it does not have Singapore has no natural resources and a very small land area. The economy is driven by (a) exports in electronics manufacturing and machinery, (b) financial services, (c) tourism, (d) the world’s largest cargo seaport. Despite the lack of natural resources Singapore has a good manpower resource which attracts a large number of foreign companies. By the end of June 2011 the islands population stood at 5.18 million making it the second most densely populated independent country in the world. After World War II from, 1947 to 1957, Singapore’s version of post-World War II baby boom occurred. The birth rate rose and the death rate fell. The average growth rate was 4.4% , Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. The population growth rate has significantly decreased due to various measures undertaken by the government like the stop at two campaign of 1970 or the Graduate mother’s scheme of 1983. Singapore is a multicultural country with a majority population of Chinese about (74%), Malay (13%) and Indian- minorities (9.2%).
[4]
LITERATURE REVIEW
1: Source – www.demographicresearch.org Author – Gabriele Doblhammer, Rasmus Hoffmann, Elena Muth, Christina Westphal and Anne
Kruse
Abstract – A systematic literature review of studies analyzing the effects of sex, age, education,
marital status, obesity and smoking on health transitions.
2: Source - Economic Systems; Sep2010, Vol. 34 Issue 3, p218-236, 19p. Author - Choudhry, Misbah T and Elhorst, J. Paul1 Abstract – Demographic transition and economic growth in China, India and Pakistan. 3: Source - Industrial & Corporate Change; Jun2005, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p365-391, 27p. Author - Barteisman, Eric, Scarpetta, Stefano and Schivardi, Fabiano Abstract - In this paper, we present cross-country evidence on firm size distribution, firm
demographic and post-entry performance for 10 OECD countries. We use harmonized firm-level data drawn from business registers or social security records. These data enable international comparisons and the identification of idiosyncratic country effects. While average firm size differs across countries, due to both sectorial specialization and within-sector characteristics, we find similar degrees of firm churning across countries. In most of them, about 20% of firms enter and exit most markets every year; and about 20-40% of entering firms fail within the first 2 years of life. However, post-entry growth of successful entrants is much higher in the USA than in Europe, which may be indicative of barriers to firm growth as opposed to barriers to entry.
[5]
OBJECTIVES
? ? ? ? ? To find and compare the growth rate of India and Singapore. To compare the employment and unemployment rate of both the countries. To compare the cost of living in both the countries. To compare population growth rate of both the countries and what are the measures undertaken by both the countries government to control it To compare the birth rate and death rate in both the countries.
[6]
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
1- The significance of this study is know what is the growth rate of each country i.e.; Singapore and India and which country recorded more and what were the factors that led to this growth. 2- Secondly to know the employment and unemployment rate in both countries. 3- To know the cost of living and which country has higher cost of living. 4- To know the population growth in both the countries and what steps or measures were undertaken by both the countries governments to check it. 5- To know the birth and death rate in both the countries and the reasons for it.
[7]
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS - SINGAPORE AND INDIA
Growth Rate
India currency is rupee (INR) ( ) = 100 paise and in Singapore currency is Singapore dollar (SGD). The Economy of India is the ninth largest in the world and GDP is 8.5% and Singapore has17.9%. India main GDP sector are services (55.2%), industry (26.3%), agriculture (18.5%) and Singapore main GDP sector are Industry 26.8%, services 73.2% but contribution of agriculture. India has $35.6 billion and Singapore has $264.1 billion of FDI. India and Singapore has so many industry to fulfill the demand of people but major industry are telecommunications, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals of India. Electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, construction they are the main industry of Singapore.
Employment and Unemployment Rate
Singapore has enjoyed virtually full employment for long periods of time. Amid an economic slump, the unemployment rate rose to 4.0% by the end of 2001, from 2.4% early in the year. Unemployment has since declined and in 2005, the unemployment rate is 2.7% in 2006, the lowest in the last four years, with 2.3 million people being employed. In India unemployment rate is quiet high. Agriculture is major source of income in India so employment in this sector is more than other sector. India has 9.4% and Singapore has 2.2% of unemployment. In India agriculture has 52%. People are mostly employ in this sector and after this industry has 14%, services has 34% and in Singapore manufacturing has 18%, construction has 6%, transportation and communication has 11%, financial, business, and other services has 39%, other has 26%.
Cost of Living
Consumer Prices in Singapore are 200.51% higher than in India Rent Prices in Singapore are 955.12% higher than in India Restaurant Prices in Singapore are 197.20% higher than in India Local Purchasing Power in Singapore is 43.84% higher than in India
Population Growth Rate
After World War II, from 1947 to 1957, Singapore's version of the post–World War II baby boom occurred. The birth rate rose and the death rate fell; the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration; Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. (This was also the same year the United States saw its peak birth rate.) By 1960, the government publicly funded and supported family planning programs; after independence
[8]
in 1965, the birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%. Birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high by the government; on average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965. In September 1965 the Minister for Health, Yong Nyuk Lin, submitted a white paper to Parliament, recommending a "Five-year Mass Family Planning program" that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. By 1970, the Stop at Two campaign was firmly established, implementing incentives, disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children. In 1983, the Graduate Mothers' Scheme was implemented in an attempt to get educated women, especially women with a university degree, to marry and procreate. Talking about India where Population growth has long been a concern for the government, India has a lengthy history of explicit population policy. In the 1950s, existing hospitals and health care facilities made birth control information available, but there was no aggressive effort to encourage the use of contraceptives and limitation of family size. By the late 1960s, many policy makers believed that the high rate of population growth was the greatest obstacle to economic development. The government began a massive program to lower the birth rate from forty-one per 1,000 to a target of twenty to twenty-five per 1,000 by the mid-1970s. The National Population Policy adopted in 1976 reflected the growing consensus among policy makers that family planning would enjoy only limited success unless it was part of an integrated program aimed at improving the general welfare of the population. During the 1980s, an increased number of family planning programs were implemented through the state governments with financial assistance from the central government. In rural areas, the programs were further extended through a network of primary health centers and sub centers. By 1991, India had more than 150,000 public health facilities through which family planning programs were offered. Despite these developments in promoting family planning, the 1991 census results showed that India continued to have one of the most rapidly growing populations in the world. Between 1981 and 1991, the annual rate of population growth was estimated at about 2 percent and at present according to 2011 census Indian population is 1,210,193,422 with a growth rate of 1.34 percent. Life expectancy has also increased to 69 years. At last according to the latest census population growth has shown a decline. The following table and graph give a comparison of population growth rate of both the countries from 2009to2011;
YEAR 2009-10
Singapore 0.86
India 1.38
2010-11
0.82
1.34
[9]
1.6 1.4 1.2 1
Population Growth Rate Singapore and India 2009-10 to 2010-11
1.38
1.34
0.86
0.82
2009-10 2010-11
Growth Rate
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Singapore
Source: www.indexmundi.com
COUNTRY
India
Birth Rate and Death Rate: Birth rate and death rate in both the countries have declined as
shown in the following table and graphs:
YEAR 2009-10 2010-11
Singapore( Birth Rate) 8.6 8.5
India( Birth Rate) 21.3 20.9
YEAR 2009-10 2010-11
Singapore( Birth Rate) 4.85 4.8
India (Birth Rate) 7.53 7.48
[10]
Birth Rate of Singapore and India 2009-10 and 2010-11
8 7 6
7.53
7.48
Birth Rate
5 4 3 2 1 0
4.85
4.8
2009-10 2010-11
Singapore Source- www.indexmundi.com
Country
India
Death Rate of Singapore and India 2009-10 and 2010-11
8 7 6
7.53
7.48
Death Rate
5 4 3 2 1 0
4.85
4.8
2009-10 2010-11
Singapore Source- www.indexmundi.com
Country
India
[11]
The reasons for declining Birth rate in Singapore are Families are having fewer children due to high cost of living. High cost and burden of educating the child. Though the unemployment rate has been low but due to insecurity of jobs families are having fewer children so it is also a contributing factor to the declining birth rate. While the reasons in case of India are; Good family health care reforms Education among people about the ill effects of rising population. Increase in literacy rate among rural population.
The reasons for declining Death rate in Singapore are –
1- Efficient Health Care system in Singapore due to emphasis on the individual to assume responsibility towards their own health. 2 - Subsidizing of health expenditure by the government through taxation revenue providing funds for public hospitals and health care reforms. 3 - Assistance by the government for medical needs for the people who are poor or in financial hardships. 4 - Private financing by various schemes like Medisave which is a compulsory medical saving scheme meeting a portion of future personal or immediate family hospitalizations needs or certain outpatient expenses.
While the reasons in case of India are –
1- Control over famines which had been a major reason in previous years. This has been due to proper mobilization of food grains to the vulnerable areas. 2- Secondly due to rapid advancement in medical facilities throughout the country. 3- Setting up of hospitals even in the remotest of areas of the country like those of North East. 4- Decrease in Infant Mortality Rate over the past few years is another major reason foe declining death rate.
[12]
MY EXPERIENCES
Through my experiences I can say yes the cost of living and the standard are higher than that of India. A simple example for this ; what I have observed is that out of ten people on an average nine are having i phone which is not so as in case of India where we see it with very few people. Another example can be cars which people have out here as compared to India mostly we see luxury cars like Mercedes, Ferrari, and Porsche which are very- very rare in India. Secondly the way in which people help to keep their surroundings, homes and workplaces clean ensures that they do not become prey to various diseases which is not so as In case of India where people do keep their houses clean but many a times ignore their surroundings which then creates problem to them only as they get affected by various diseases. Another of my experiences that I want to mention is regarding the employment rate is that it is very rare that we come across any person begging for money like back in India where it is observable, here every person is engaged in some work or the other and contributes to the country’s growth.
[13]
CONCLUSION
Though both the countries are not comparable when it comes to size and resources but both can learn from each other and benefit in the long run. Apart from this both need to carry out various measures for more productivity and betterment for the country in economic and demographic arena, like India has to increase its employment rate by creating more job opportunities which will help in decreasing the unemployment rate. Singapore though has a good and stable economy but still in some areas like the problem of declining birth rate which is declining faster than the death rate is decreasing the youth population and increasing the population of the older people, it can be tackled by like have the cost of raising two children in family be borne by the state also so that it does not create a burden on the family. Also changing the education system from just having the competition to be on top to create educated youth which possess various social skills. Whereas Indian people can learn to be more responsible when it comes to the society as a whole and not the individual or his family. Though India has vast number of resources but when it comes to economic terms we see our rupee falling behind the currency of such a small country so it is high time we realize about this problem and work towards it by strengthening our economy which is possible only when we efficiently and effectively utilize our resources both in the short and long term.
[14]
REFRENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from www.indexmundi.com. (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Singapore (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, fromhttp://tankinlian.blogspot.com/2010/01/singapores-declining-birthrate.html (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from Preserve Articles:http://www.preservearticles.com/201...es-for-the-decline-in-death-rate-inindia.html (n.d.). Retrieved october 23, 2011, from www.numbeo.com. (2009). Demographic research, 37-64.
[15]
[16]
[17]
doc_272297199.docx