Description
At some camps, all campers stay overnight, and at some camps, so called day camps, the campers go home each night. Some other camps allow both day and overnight campers. In the USA, residential camps that have overnight facilities are sometimes called "sleepaway camps". Summer camp is often the first time that children spend an extended period of time away from home.
Case Study on Technology for Disable People: Bangladesh Perspective
Abstract A disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions can be an individual for physical, cognitive, mental sensory, emotional, development or some combination of these. A disability may occur during a person's lifetime or may be present from birth. Disable people can be own self compatible with society through technology, and can contribute the mainstream society. Technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means as a combination of four basic components-technoware, humanware, orgaware and infor ware, all of which together accomplished and transformation operation towards solving practical tasks for life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. In this view, disable people may use technology for sustaining their life
as a normal people and can contribute the society to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
In this paper, technology is studied for disable people Bangladesh perspective. Keywords: Disabilities; Technology; Mainstream Society; Rehabilitation, Millennium Development Goals. 1.0 Introduction Roughly 10% of the total population is disabled (14.2319 million) of Bangladesh. 70% of disabled population is totally illiterate. 14% of the population owning less than 0-1 acre of land (functionality landless) is disabled. Absolute annual growth of disabled population in Bangladesh is approximately 250,000 [1] . Of which half a million are multi-handicapped including 3 million children. The total figure of disability is increasing with population growth and ageing. Disability on this scale represents not only a major health issue but also a prime cause of poverty and underdevelopment. In this perspective the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) [2] target to end poverty within 2015. It is note that MDGs goals are eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women ; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health ; combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global
partnership for
development. It is matter of disappointed that disable people are not specific target in MDGs. Except the participation of disable people, it is difficult to remove poverty within 2015. Although, at the end of 2010, the MDGs have helped to lift millions of people out of poverty, save lives and ensure that children attend school, reduced maternal deaths, expanded opportunities for women, increased access to clean water, freed many people from deadly and debilitating disease, empowered women and girls, promoted sustainable development, and protected the most vulnerable from the devastating effects of multiple crises from the world. According to the millennium development goal is to ensure that by the year 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling and those girls and boys will have equal access to all levels of education. Children and youth with disabilities will be an integral part of the population targeted by the millennium development goal of ensuring that by 2015 all boys and girls will complete a full course of primary schooling. At least 75 per cent of children and youth with disabilities of school age will, by 2010, be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. By 2012, all infants and young children (birth to four years old) will have access to and receive community-based early intervention services, which ensure survival, with support and training for their families. Governments may ensure detection of disabilities as early an age as possible [3]. In this view, technology can preventing the causes of disability and the need for disseminate the knowledge of nutrition as many people have become disabled due to malnutrition, reaching out to persons with disabilities in rural areas and raising awareness and advocacy for the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all social, cultural and religious activities like Japan. In this perspective , Japan has done remarkable work for their disable people [4]. Yet Many organizations work for disable people through the world wide [5-6]. Therefore , a study is done for disable people considering technology for their rehabilitation focus on Bangladesh disable people. 2.0 Technology Technology is the systematic application of scientific and other organized knowledge towards solving practical tasks through as a basic combination of four basic components: technoware, humanware, orgaware and Inforware. In this section, the author is presented that technology's component for rehabilitation the disable people to compatible for mainstream society. 2.1 Technoware Technoware includes all physical facilities required for the transformation operation, such as, instruments, equipment, machinery, devices, structures, factories. Some days ago, people believed that disable persons are separate from society. Recently this scenario is fully changed. People changed their believes, norms, ideas and perceptions about disable people. There are many disable people who are able to do any type of work like an able person in developed country like Japan. To remove the distress condition of the disable
people can change and bring them into the mainstream of the development by some technoware development. There is obviously a solution, where the problem is in this digital world. The technoware equipments can be walker, wheel chair, digital wheel chair, crutch, elbow crutch, digital pen, disablement software, disablement hardware, digital wheel chair and other equipments, digital sunglasses, laptop computer with sensors etc. Disable people can use computer in their homes and also in office or workplace. Mere special or new software only for them should be developed. The technology that is used internally in the office can develop specially developed for them. The interior decoration like door, window, and floor must be decorated for their proper work. Disable people can use lift, escalator, AC, and other equipment like normal person. Because of using technology now a day nobody is disabling. There are so many equipments for the disable people. An ideal example can be Hawkins (famous scientists). He is a total disable person. He can't move his any part of the body without a finger. He doesn't say anything to the other people. Apart from the positive thing is his brain still working and for this plus point. A Microsoft corporation develops software and added with Hawkins wheel chair. Now whatever Hawkins think that comes into the monitor and auto speech machine can speak those things. Now Hawkins can deliver his lecture in the Harvard University and can as so attend much conference and deliver his speech. Through usages of technology now a day every disable man becomes like normal people. Technology is the main arm for disable people. 2.2 Humanware Humanware includes all acquired abilities necessary for the transformation operation, such as, expertise, proficiencies, dexterity, creativity, perseverance, diligence, ingenuity. Every people belong in a global world, where they are working for their own betterment. For different disable people the government can take action which is helpful them. Suppose in Bangladesh for the blind people government take different treatment. The main thing is that this disable people may be included and their own creativity can be raised for Bangladesh development. There are some processes to develop the humanware or disable people. At first, the following work can be done for disable people: to motivate them every work and to increase their knowledge about everything, and consider these people are human, they have also mind, power, and personality. These people can be trained about software, hardware, working process and technology. These people must have some jobs, from where they can earn money and live a standard life in society. They are not useless, it can be considered and to create an environment like normal people and also to give a society for their own choice. If anyone is specific blind disable, to train them for sitting work so that they can work without any problem. 2.3 Inforware Inforware includes all accumulated facts and figures required for the transformation operation, such as designs, specifications, observations, relations, equations, charts, theories. The disable people are
generally considered as burden in the society. They are neglected everywhere. As a result, they lose all the potentiality and opportunity to develop them. In real world, the disable people are very much potential for the society though they are not considered. Thus, if they have proper assistance and guidance they will certainly contribute to the wellbeing of the any country. If the society continue to ignore the huge number of these potential people, the development of the country is difficult. Accordingly, the people must be brought to the mainstream of development to attain the Bangladesh's millennium development goals. To do so, information will act as an important and helpful factor. Information can play a vital in these purposes. Disable people can train for use and operate the necessary tool to find the information. The tools can be internet, media, newspaper, articles etc. The government and other organization who work for the disable people, they can get their required information about these people by the information technology. It is a helping tool to develop the current situation. If the organization and the disable people get proper information, it is certain to develop the country. If all get required information, they get organized knowledge to develop and the work and other tasks will be easier to them. Therefore, their productivity will increase. 2.4 Orgaware Orgaware includes all necessary arrangements required for the transformation operation, such as practices, groupings allocations, systematizations, organizations and networks. The disable people are deprived and ignored in all sector of our society. They cannot do any development work or participate in such work though they have enough potentiality to do so. Nevertheless, the conscious people of the society can think for development of these people and establish some organization for them. It is why no one is concerned about their development. Orgaware can come forward to help and share the ideas, sorrows and happiness of disable persons. Orgaware plays a vital role to develop and establish them like anormal person. There is lot of essential elements but orgaware is most effective integrants that can make the dreams truth of a disable person. Orgaware is a place, where a disable person can show their capability, skill, knowledge, expertise, experience etc and ensure their strong position in the organization easily. There are many organizations and associations in where the disable person can easily get any type of related information and some of them are working for their education training, employment and related other activities that can help themselves at the moment and in future. The amount or quantity of this type of organization increasing than past. Various orgaware like educational institute, hospital, training centers, Bank, NGOs, company, research institutions, media etc. can play a vital role to overcome this situation. In this perspective, both government and private sector can involve mutually enhancing the development. The educational institutions can educate and train the disable people for coping with other people of the world. Different type organization/company can provide job facility for them. The facilities may be quota system, transportation amenity, training program, supportive activities etc. The training
institutes can train the disable people to increase their skill and competitiveness. NGO, bank and other government organizations can provide loan and create scope to work for them. Hospitals assimilate with research institutions to invent new technology, equipment and medicine to eradicate their disablement. Media can create public consciousness and also can concern the authority about the disable people by continuous and mass publicity. Orgaware can reward the disable persons who act any development oriented work as an acceptance of their work to motivate them.
3. Discussion Bangladesh has taken more efforts to establish protection and promotion of the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. With regard to the Biwako framework, Bangladesh has been able to initiate some interventions, but it would require a lot of inputs and resources from national and international sources with effective and efficient policies, strategies, programs and action plans to change the quality of life of people with disabilities in the country as like Japan. Japan has promoted based on the following four basic concepts: rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities, normalization, full participation and equality for disable people. The first survey of physical disable persons was conducted in Japan in 1951.For this purpose a rule was made in Bangladesh 2008 according to disable welfare act 2001. In Bangladesh around 70 NGO's working for disable people; such as , National forum of organizations working with the Disable (NFOWD), Action Aid Bangladesh, Manusher Jonno, Center for the rehabilitation for the paralysed (CRP) , CDD,VARC, Handicraft disable, PPKS and Sweet Bangladesh etc. Different actors and players including people with disabilities, their families and the communities need appropriate technology to be involved in all the areas from primary to tertiary sectors in the country's effort to build a better nation to achieve MDGs through Biwako Millennium Framework (BMF). 4. Recommendation The following recommendations are made for rehabilitation the disable people of Bangladesh:
An online file server can implement to upgrade and management the information of disable people. isability pensions from age 20 with generous income test. A thorough medical check-up can run before the qualification. The budget can fully financial by transfers from general revenue.
Rules 2008 of Bangladesh and also considered the fully implemented technology for disable people in Japan according to Japan Disabled Person's Fundamental Law 1993 with along 13 associated laws for disable people can considered.
BMF can functional with compatible MDGs
5. Conclusion In globe roughly 700 million people are approximately disable. Among them Bangladesh 14.2319 million people are roughly disable. In this perspective world community / UN with respective government can rethink for disable people for their rehabilitation program as like MDGs program setting. Moreover, technology can be considered as a tool for disable people to cope their life with mainstream. References [1 ] http://sapdbd.blogspot.com/ [2 ] http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [3 ] http://www.msw.gov.bd/dmdocuments/disablelawnew.pdf [4 ] http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/idou/3.htm [5 ] Giles B (1983). Help for disabled people, British Journal of Visual Impairment; 1(2):14-15. [6 ] Smith N (2011). The face of disability in Nigeria: A disability survey in Kogi and Niger states, Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development; 22(1):35-47. [7 ] Majid AA (2008). Employment of disabled people and the British protective legislation, Journal of Legal Technology Risk Management; 3(1):36-55. [8 ] Cornielje H (2009). The role and position of disabled people's organizations in community based rehabilitation, Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation journal; 20 (1):1-12. [9 ] http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15007le/z1500706.html [10 ] Rashid MM, Ayan RM, Mamun DA, Tonny CE, Habib S and Rahman R. (2006). Technology for Disable People Achieves Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh Perspectives, Proceedings of the Twenty-first Indian Engineering Congress, December 22-24, 2006, Guwahati, Assam, India, pp.315-318
doc_471406207.docx
At some camps, all campers stay overnight, and at some camps, so called day camps, the campers go home each night. Some other camps allow both day and overnight campers. In the USA, residential camps that have overnight facilities are sometimes called "sleepaway camps". Summer camp is often the first time that children spend an extended period of time away from home.
Case Study on Technology for Disable People: Bangladesh Perspective
Abstract A disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions can be an individual for physical, cognitive, mental sensory, emotional, development or some combination of these. A disability may occur during a person's lifetime or may be present from birth. Disable people can be own self compatible with society through technology, and can contribute the mainstream society. Technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means as a combination of four basic components-technoware, humanware, orgaware and infor ware, all of which together accomplished and transformation operation towards solving practical tasks for life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. In this view, disable people may use technology for sustaining their life
as a normal people and can contribute the society to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
In this paper, technology is studied for disable people Bangladesh perspective. Keywords: Disabilities; Technology; Mainstream Society; Rehabilitation, Millennium Development Goals. 1.0 Introduction Roughly 10% of the total population is disabled (14.2319 million) of Bangladesh. 70% of disabled population is totally illiterate. 14% of the population owning less than 0-1 acre of land (functionality landless) is disabled. Absolute annual growth of disabled population in Bangladesh is approximately 250,000 [1] . Of which half a million are multi-handicapped including 3 million children. The total figure of disability is increasing with population growth and ageing. Disability on this scale represents not only a major health issue but also a prime cause of poverty and underdevelopment. In this perspective the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) [2] target to end poverty within 2015. It is note that MDGs goals are eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women ; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health ; combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global
partnership for
development. It is matter of disappointed that disable people are not specific target in MDGs. Except the participation of disable people, it is difficult to remove poverty within 2015. Although, at the end of 2010, the MDGs have helped to lift millions of people out of poverty, save lives and ensure that children attend school, reduced maternal deaths, expanded opportunities for women, increased access to clean water, freed many people from deadly and debilitating disease, empowered women and girls, promoted sustainable development, and protected the most vulnerable from the devastating effects of multiple crises from the world. According to the millennium development goal is to ensure that by the year 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling and those girls and boys will have equal access to all levels of education. Children and youth with disabilities will be an integral part of the population targeted by the millennium development goal of ensuring that by 2015 all boys and girls will complete a full course of primary schooling. At least 75 per cent of children and youth with disabilities of school age will, by 2010, be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. By 2012, all infants and young children (birth to four years old) will have access to and receive community-based early intervention services, which ensure survival, with support and training for their families. Governments may ensure detection of disabilities as early an age as possible [3]. In this view, technology can preventing the causes of disability and the need for disseminate the knowledge of nutrition as many people have become disabled due to malnutrition, reaching out to persons with disabilities in rural areas and raising awareness and advocacy for the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all social, cultural and religious activities like Japan. In this perspective , Japan has done remarkable work for their disable people [4]. Yet Many organizations work for disable people through the world wide [5-6]. Therefore , a study is done for disable people considering technology for their rehabilitation focus on Bangladesh disable people. 2.0 Technology Technology is the systematic application of scientific and other organized knowledge towards solving practical tasks through as a basic combination of four basic components: technoware, humanware, orgaware and Inforware. In this section, the author is presented that technology's component for rehabilitation the disable people to compatible for mainstream society. 2.1 Technoware Technoware includes all physical facilities required for the transformation operation, such as, instruments, equipment, machinery, devices, structures, factories. Some days ago, people believed that disable persons are separate from society. Recently this scenario is fully changed. People changed their believes, norms, ideas and perceptions about disable people. There are many disable people who are able to do any type of work like an able person in developed country like Japan. To remove the distress condition of the disable
people can change and bring them into the mainstream of the development by some technoware development. There is obviously a solution, where the problem is in this digital world. The technoware equipments can be walker, wheel chair, digital wheel chair, crutch, elbow crutch, digital pen, disablement software, disablement hardware, digital wheel chair and other equipments, digital sunglasses, laptop computer with sensors etc. Disable people can use computer in their homes and also in office or workplace. Mere special or new software only for them should be developed. The technology that is used internally in the office can develop specially developed for them. The interior decoration like door, window, and floor must be decorated for their proper work. Disable people can use lift, escalator, AC, and other equipment like normal person. Because of using technology now a day nobody is disabling. There are so many equipments for the disable people. An ideal example can be Hawkins (famous scientists). He is a total disable person. He can't move his any part of the body without a finger. He doesn't say anything to the other people. Apart from the positive thing is his brain still working and for this plus point. A Microsoft corporation develops software and added with Hawkins wheel chair. Now whatever Hawkins think that comes into the monitor and auto speech machine can speak those things. Now Hawkins can deliver his lecture in the Harvard University and can as so attend much conference and deliver his speech. Through usages of technology now a day every disable man becomes like normal people. Technology is the main arm for disable people. 2.2 Humanware Humanware includes all acquired abilities necessary for the transformation operation, such as, expertise, proficiencies, dexterity, creativity, perseverance, diligence, ingenuity. Every people belong in a global world, where they are working for their own betterment. For different disable people the government can take action which is helpful them. Suppose in Bangladesh for the blind people government take different treatment. The main thing is that this disable people may be included and their own creativity can be raised for Bangladesh development. There are some processes to develop the humanware or disable people. At first, the following work can be done for disable people: to motivate them every work and to increase their knowledge about everything, and consider these people are human, they have also mind, power, and personality. These people can be trained about software, hardware, working process and technology. These people must have some jobs, from where they can earn money and live a standard life in society. They are not useless, it can be considered and to create an environment like normal people and also to give a society for their own choice. If anyone is specific blind disable, to train them for sitting work so that they can work without any problem. 2.3 Inforware Inforware includes all accumulated facts and figures required for the transformation operation, such as designs, specifications, observations, relations, equations, charts, theories. The disable people are
generally considered as burden in the society. They are neglected everywhere. As a result, they lose all the potentiality and opportunity to develop them. In real world, the disable people are very much potential for the society though they are not considered. Thus, if they have proper assistance and guidance they will certainly contribute to the wellbeing of the any country. If the society continue to ignore the huge number of these potential people, the development of the country is difficult. Accordingly, the people must be brought to the mainstream of development to attain the Bangladesh's millennium development goals. To do so, information will act as an important and helpful factor. Information can play a vital in these purposes. Disable people can train for use and operate the necessary tool to find the information. The tools can be internet, media, newspaper, articles etc. The government and other organization who work for the disable people, they can get their required information about these people by the information technology. It is a helping tool to develop the current situation. If the organization and the disable people get proper information, it is certain to develop the country. If all get required information, they get organized knowledge to develop and the work and other tasks will be easier to them. Therefore, their productivity will increase. 2.4 Orgaware Orgaware includes all necessary arrangements required for the transformation operation, such as practices, groupings allocations, systematizations, organizations and networks. The disable people are deprived and ignored in all sector of our society. They cannot do any development work or participate in such work though they have enough potentiality to do so. Nevertheless, the conscious people of the society can think for development of these people and establish some organization for them. It is why no one is concerned about their development. Orgaware can come forward to help and share the ideas, sorrows and happiness of disable persons. Orgaware plays a vital role to develop and establish them like anormal person. There is lot of essential elements but orgaware is most effective integrants that can make the dreams truth of a disable person. Orgaware is a place, where a disable person can show their capability, skill, knowledge, expertise, experience etc and ensure their strong position in the organization easily. There are many organizations and associations in where the disable person can easily get any type of related information and some of them are working for their education training, employment and related other activities that can help themselves at the moment and in future. The amount or quantity of this type of organization increasing than past. Various orgaware like educational institute, hospital, training centers, Bank, NGOs, company, research institutions, media etc. can play a vital role to overcome this situation. In this perspective, both government and private sector can involve mutually enhancing the development. The educational institutions can educate and train the disable people for coping with other people of the world. Different type organization/company can provide job facility for them. The facilities may be quota system, transportation amenity, training program, supportive activities etc. The training
institutes can train the disable people to increase their skill and competitiveness. NGO, bank and other government organizations can provide loan and create scope to work for them. Hospitals assimilate with research institutions to invent new technology, equipment and medicine to eradicate their disablement. Media can create public consciousness and also can concern the authority about the disable people by continuous and mass publicity. Orgaware can reward the disable persons who act any development oriented work as an acceptance of their work to motivate them.
3. Discussion Bangladesh has taken more efforts to establish protection and promotion of the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. With regard to the Biwako framework, Bangladesh has been able to initiate some interventions, but it would require a lot of inputs and resources from national and international sources with effective and efficient policies, strategies, programs and action plans to change the quality of life of people with disabilities in the country as like Japan. Japan has promoted based on the following four basic concepts: rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities, normalization, full participation and equality for disable people. The first survey of physical disable persons was conducted in Japan in 1951.For this purpose a rule was made in Bangladesh 2008 according to disable welfare act 2001. In Bangladesh around 70 NGO's working for disable people; such as , National forum of organizations working with the Disable (NFOWD), Action Aid Bangladesh, Manusher Jonno, Center for the rehabilitation for the paralysed (CRP) , CDD,VARC, Handicraft disable, PPKS and Sweet Bangladesh etc. Different actors and players including people with disabilities, their families and the communities need appropriate technology to be involved in all the areas from primary to tertiary sectors in the country's effort to build a better nation to achieve MDGs through Biwako Millennium Framework (BMF). 4. Recommendation The following recommendations are made for rehabilitation the disable people of Bangladesh:
An online file server can implement to upgrade and management the information of disable people. isability pensions from age 20 with generous income test. A thorough medical check-up can run before the qualification. The budget can fully financial by transfers from general revenue.
Rules 2008 of Bangladesh and also considered the fully implemented technology for disable people in Japan according to Japan Disabled Person's Fundamental Law 1993 with along 13 associated laws for disable people can considered.
BMF can functional with compatible MDGs
5. Conclusion In globe roughly 700 million people are approximately disable. Among them Bangladesh 14.2319 million people are roughly disable. In this perspective world community / UN with respective government can rethink for disable people for their rehabilitation program as like MDGs program setting. Moreover, technology can be considered as a tool for disable people to cope their life with mainstream. References [1 ] http://sapdbd.blogspot.com/ [2 ] http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [3 ] http://www.msw.gov.bd/dmdocuments/disablelawnew.pdf [4 ] http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/idou/3.htm [5 ] Giles B (1983). Help for disabled people, British Journal of Visual Impairment; 1(2):14-15. [6 ] Smith N (2011). The face of disability in Nigeria: A disability survey in Kogi and Niger states, Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development; 22(1):35-47. [7 ] Majid AA (2008). Employment of disabled people and the British protective legislation, Journal of Legal Technology Risk Management; 3(1):36-55. [8 ] Cornielje H (2009). The role and position of disabled people's organizations in community based rehabilitation, Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation journal; 20 (1):1-12. [9 ] http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/intl/z15/z15007le/z1500706.html [10 ] Rashid MM, Ayan RM, Mamun DA, Tonny CE, Habib S and Rahman R. (2006). Technology for Disable People Achieves Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh Perspectives, Proceedings of the Twenty-first Indian Engineering Congress, December 22-24, 2006, Guwahati, Assam, India, pp.315-318
doc_471406207.docx