shwetas_52
Shweta Vanjari
An Economics and Environment of Business Project.
INDEX
Introduction to Capital Market
Investment Basics
Securities
Primary Market
Secondary Market
Products in Secondary Market
Derivatives
Mutual Funds
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL MARKET.
A nation's capital market includes such financial institutions as banks, insurance companies, and stock exchanges that channel long-term investment funds to commercial and industrial borrowers. Unlike the money market, on which lending is ordinarily short term, the capital market typically finances fixed investments like those in buildings and machinery.
Nature and Constituents
The capital market consists of number of individuals and institutions (including the government) that canalize the supply and demand for long-term capital and claims on capital. The stock exchange, commercial banks, co-operative banks, saving banks, development banks, insurance companies, investment trust or companies, etc, are important constituents of the capital markets.
The capital market, like the money market, has three important components, namely the suppliers of loanable funds, the borrowers and the intermediaries who deal with the leaders on the one hand and the borrowers on the other.
The demand for capital comes mostly from agriculture, industry, trade and the government. The predominant form of industrial organization developed capital Market become a necessary infrastructure for fast industrialization. Capital market not concerned solely with the issue of new claims on capital, but also with dealing in existing claims.
Importance of Capital Market
The capital market serves a very useful purpose by pooling the capital resources of the country and making them available to the enterprising investors well-developed capital markets augment resources by attracting and lending funds on the global scale.
A developed capital market can solve this problem of paucity of funds. For an organized capital market can mobilize and pool together even the small and scattered savings and augment the availability of investible funds. While the rapid growth of capital markets, the growth of joint stock business has in its turn encouraged the development of capital markets. A developed capital market provides a number of profitable investment opportunities for a small savers.
INVESTMENT BASICS
Investment:
The money you earn is partly spent and the rest saved for meeting future
expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in
order to get return on it in the future. This is called Investment.
Reasons for investments:
One needs to invest to:
Earn return on your idle resources
Generate a specified sum of money for a specific goal in life
Make a provision for an uncertain future
One of the important reasons why one needs to invest wisely is to meet the cost of Inflation. Inflation is the rate at which the cost of living increases.
The cost of living is simply what it costs to buy the goods and services you need to live. Inflation causes money to lose value because it will not buy the same amount of a good or a service in the future as it does now or did in the past. For example, if there was a 6% inflation rate for the next 20 years, a
Rs. 100 purchase today would cost Rs. 321 in 20 years. This is why it is important to consider inflation as a factor in any long-term investment strategy. Remember to look at an investment's 'real' rate of return, which is the return after inflation. The aim of investments should be to provide a return above the inflation rate to ensure that the investment does not decrease in value. For example, if the annual inflation rate is 6%, then the investment will need to earn more than 6% to ensure it increases in value.
If the after-tax return on your investment is less than the inflation rate, then your assets have actually decreased in value; that is, they won't buy as much today as they did last year.
Care taken while investing
Before making any investment, one must ensure to:
1. Obtain written documents explaining the investment
2. Read and understand such documents
3. Verify the legitimacy of the investment
4. Find out the costs and benefits associated with the investment
5. Assess the risk-return profile of the investment
6. Know the liquidity and safety aspects of the investment
7. Ascertain if it is appropriate for your specific goals
8. Compare these details with other investment opportunities available
9. Examine if it fits in with other investments you are considering or you
have already made
10. Deal only through an authorised intermediary
11. Seek all clarifications about the intermediary and the investment
12. Explore the options available to you if something were to go wrong,
and then, if satisfied, make the investment..
Interest:
When we borrow money, we are expected to pay for using it – this is known as Interest. Interest is an amount charged to the borrower for the privilege of using the lender’s money. Interest is usually calculated as a percentage of the principal balance (the amount of money borrowed). The percentage rate may be fixed for the life of the loan, or it may be variable, depending on the terms of the loan.
Various Short-term financial options available for investment.
Broadly speaking, savings bank account, money market/liquid funds and
fixed deposits with banks may be considered as short-term financial investment options:
Savings Bank Account is often the first banking product people use, which offers low interest (4%-5% p.a.), making them only marginally better than fixed deposits.
Money Market or Liquid Funds are a specialized form of mutual funds that invest in extremely short-term fixed income instruments and thereby provide easy liquidity. Unlike most mutual funds, money market funds are primarily oriented towards protecting your capital and then, aim to maximise returns. Money market funds usually yield better returns than savings accounts, but lower than bank fixed deposits.
Fixed Deposits with Banks are also referred to as term deposits and minimum investment period for bank FDs is 30 days. Fixed Deposits with banks are for investors with low risk appetite, and may be considered for 6-12 months investment period as normally interest on less than 6 months bank FDs is likely to be lower than money market fund returns.
Various Long-term financial options available for investment?
Post Office Savings Schemes, Public Provident Fund, Company Fixed
Deposits, Bonds and Debentures, Mutual Funds etc.
Post Office Savings: Post Office Monthly Income Scheme is a lowrisk saving instrument, which can be availed through any post office. It provides an interest rate of 8% per annum, which is paid monthly. Minimum amount, which can be invested, is Rs. 1,000/- and additional investment in multiples of 1,000/-. Maximum amount is Rs. 3,00,000/- (if Single) or Rs. 6,00,000/- (if held Jointly) during a year. It has a maturity period of 6 years. A bonus of 10% is paid at the time of maturity. Premature withdrawal is permitted if deposit is more than one year old. A deduction of 5% is levied from the principal amount if withdrawn prematurely; the 10% bonus is also denied.
Public Provident Fund: A long term savings instrument with a maturity of 15 years and interest payable at 8% per annum compounded annually. A PPF account can be opened through a nationalized bank at anytime during the year and is open all through the year for depositing money. Tax benefits can be availed for the amount invested and interest accrued is tax-free. A withdrawal is permissible every year from the seventh financial year of the date of opening of the account and the amount of withdrawal will be limited to 50% of the balance at credit at the end of the 4th year immediately preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or at the end of the preceding year whichever is lower the amount of loan if any.
Company Fixed Deposits: These are short-term (six months) to medium-term (three to five years) borrowings by companies at a fixed rate of interest which is payable monthly, quarterly, semi10 annually or annually. They can also be cumulative fixed deposits where the entire principal alongwith the interest is paid at the end of the loan period. The rate of interest varies between 6-9% per annum for company FDs. The interest received is after deduction of taxes.
Bonds: It is a fixed income (debt) instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the purpose of raising capital. The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds. A bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date.
Mutual Funds: These are funds operated by an investment company which raises money from the public and invests in a group of assets (shares, debentures etc.), in accordance with a stated set of objectives. It is a substitute for those who are unable to invest directly in equities or debt because of resource, time or knowledge constraints. Benefits include professional money management, buying in small amounts and diversification. Mutual fund units are issued and redeemed by the Fund Management Company based on the fund's net asset value (NAV), which is determined at the end of each trading session. NAV is calculated as the value of all the shares held by the fund, minus expenses, divided by the number of units issued. Mutual Funds are usually long term investment vehicle though there some categories of mutual funds, such as money market mutual funds which are short term instruments.
Stock Exchange:
The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 [SCRA] defines ‘Stock Exchange’ as any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities. Stock exchange could be a regional stock exchange whose area of operation/jurisdiction is specified at the time of its recognition or national exchanges, which are permitted to have nationwide trading since inception. NSE was incorporated as a national stock exchange.
‘Equity’/Share:
Total equity capital of a company is divided into equal units of small denominations, each called a share. For example, in a company the total equity capital of Rs 2,00,00,000 is divided into 20,00,000 units of Rs 10 each. Each such unit of Rs 10 is called a Share. Thus, the company then is said to have 20,00,000 equity shares of Rs 10 each. The holders of such shares are members of the company and have voting rights.
‘Debt Instrument’:
Debt instrument represents a contract whereby one party lends money to
another on pre-determined terms with regards to rate and periodicity of
interest, repayment of principal amount by the borrower to the lender. In the Indian securities markets, the term ‘bond’ is used for debt instruments issued by the Central and State governments and public sector organizations and the term ‘debenture’ is used for instruments issued by private corporate sector.
Derivative:
Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called underlying. The underlying asset can be equity, index,
foreign exchange (forex), commodity or any other asset. Derivative products initially emerged as hedging devices against fluctuations in commodity prices and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. The financial derivatives came into spotlight in post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products.
Mutual Fund:
A Mutual Fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI (Securities Exchange
Board of India) that pools money from individuals/corporate investors and
invests the same in a variety of different financial instruments or securities such as equity shares, Government securities, Bonds, debentures etc. Mutual funds can thus be considered as financial intermediaries in the investment business that collect funds from the public and invest on behalf of the investors. Mutual funds issue units to the investors. The appreciation of the portfolio or securities in which the mutual fund has invested the money leads to an appreciation in the value of the units held by investors. The investment objectives outlined by a Mutual Fund in its prospectus are binding on the Mutual Fund scheme. The investment objectives specify the class of securities a Mutual Fund can invest in. Mutual Funds invest in various asset classes like equity, bonds, debentures, commercial paper and government securities. The schemes offered by mutual funds vary from fund to fund. Some are pure equity schemes; others are a mix of equity and bonds. Investors are also given the option of getting dividends, which are declared periodically by the mutual fund, or to participate only in the capital appreciation of the scheme.
Index:
An Index shows how a specified portfolio of share prices are moving in order
to give an indication of market trends. It is a basket of securities and the average price movement of the basket of securities indicates the index movement, whether upwards or downwards.
Depository:
A depository is like a bank wherein the deposits are securities (viz. shares,
debentures, bonds, government securities, units etc.) in electronic form.
SECURITIES
The definition of ‘Securities’ as per the Securities Contracts Regulation Act (SCRA), 1956, includes instruments such as shares, bonds, scrips, stocks or
other marketable securities of similar nature in or of any incorporate company or body corporate, government securities, derivatives of securities, units of collective investment scheme, interest and rights in securities, security receipt or any other instruments so declared by the Central Government.
Function of Securities Market:
Securities Markets is a place where buyers and sellers of securities can enter
into transactions to purchase and sell shares, bonds, debentures etc. Further, it performs an important role of enabling corporates, entrepreneurs to raise resources for their companies and business ventures through public issues. Transfer of resources from those having idle resources (investors) to others who have a need for them (corporates) is most efficiently achieved through the securities market. Stated formally, securities markets provide channels for reallocation of savings to investments and entrepreneurship. Savings are linked to investments by a variety of intermediaries, through a range of financial products, called ‘Securities’.
Which are the securities one can invest in?
• Shares
• Government Securities
• Derivative products
• Units of Mutual Funds etc., are some of the securities investors in the
securities market can invest in.
What is SEBI and what is its role?
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory
authority in India established under Section 3 of SEBI Act, 1992. SEBI Act,
1992 provides for establishment of Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI) with statutory powers for
(a) Protecting the interests of investors in securities
(b) Promoting the development of the securities market and
(c) Regulating the securities market.
Its regulatory jurisdiction extends over corporates in the issuance of capital and transfer of securities, in addition to all intermediaries and persons associated with securities market. SEBI has been obligated to perform the aforesaid functions by such measures as it thinks fit. In particular, it has powers for:
1) Regulating the business in stock exchanges and any other securities
markets.
2) Registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, sub–brokers
etc.
3) Promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations
4) Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices
5) Calling for information from, undertaking inspection, conducting inquiries and audits of the stock exchanges, intermediaries, self – regulatory organizations, mutual funds and other persons associated with the securities market.
PRIMARY MARKET
Role of the ‘Primary Market’:
The primary market provides the channel for sale of new securities. Primary
market provides opportunity to issuers of securities; Government as well as
corporates, to raise resources to meet their requirements of investment
and/or discharge some obligation. They may issue the securities at face value, or at a discount/premium and these securities may take a variety of forms such as equity, debt etc. They may issue the securities in domestic market and/or international market.
What is meant by Face Value of a share/debenture?
The nominal or stated amount (in Rs.) assigned to a security by the issuer. For shares, it is the original cost of the stock shown on the certificate; for bonds, it is the amount paid to the holder at maturity. Also known as par value or simply par. For an equity share, the face value is usually a very small amount (Rs. 5, Rs. 10) and does not have much bearing on the price of the share, which may quote higher in the market, at Rs. 100 or Rs. 1000 or any other price. For a debt security, face value is the amount repaid to the investor when the bond matures (usually, Government securities and corporate bonds have a face value of Rs. 100). The price at which the security trades depends on the fluctuations in the interest rates in the economy.
Issue of Shares
Most companies are usually started privately by their promoter(s). However,
the promoters’ capital and the borrowings from banks and financial institutions may not be sufficient for setting up or running the business over a long term. So companies invite the public to contribute towards the equity and issue shares to individual investors. The way to invite share capital from the public is through a ‘Public Issue’. Simply stated, a public issue is an offer to the public to subscribe to the share capital of a company. Once this is done, the company allots shares to the applicants as per the prescribed rules and regulations laid down by SEBI.
Different kinds of issues:
Primarily, issues can be classified as a Public, Rights or Preferential issues
(also known as private placements). While public and rights issues involve a
detailed procedure, private placements or preferential issues are relatively
simpler. The classification of issues is illustrated below:
Initial Public Offering (IPO) is when an unlisted company makes either a
fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both
for the first time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the
issuer’s securities.
A follow on public offering (Further Issue) is when an already listed
company makes either a fresh issue of securities to the public or an offer for
sale to the public, through an offer document.
Rights Issue is when a listed company which proposes to issue fresh securities to its existing shareholders as on a record date. The rights are normally offered in a particular ratio to the number of securities held prior to the issue. This route is best suited for companies who would like to raise capital without diluting stake of its existing shareholders.
A Preferential issue is an issue of shares or of convertible securities by listed companies to a select group of persons under Section 81 of the Companies Act, 1956 which is neither a rights issue nor a public issue. This is a faster way for a company to raise equity capital.
What is meant by Issue price?
The price at which a company's shares are offered initially in the primary
market is called as the Issue price. When they begin to be traded, the market price may be above or below the issue price.
Classification of Issues
Rights Preferential
Initial Public Offering
Public
Further Public Offering
Fresh Issue Offer for Sale Fresh Issue Offer for Sale
What is the difference between public issue and private placement?
When an issue is not made to only a select set of people but is open to the general public and any other investor at large, it is a public issue. But if the issue is made to a select set of people, it is called private placement. As per Companies Act, 1956, an issue becomes public if it results in allotment to 50 persons or more. This means an issue can be privately placed where an allotment is made to less than 50 persons.
What is an Initial Public Offer (IPO)?
An Initial Public Offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public in the
primary market. It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue
of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first
time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the issuer’s
securities. The sale of securities can be either through book building or
through normal public issue.
Role of a ‘Registrar’ to an issue:
The Registrar finalizes the list of eligible allottees after deleting the invalid
applications and ensures that the corporate action for crediting of shares to
the demat accounts of the applicants is done and the dispatch of refund
orders to those applicable are sent. The Lead Manager coordinates with the
Registrar to ensure follow up so that that the flow of applications from
collecting bank branches, processing of the applications and other matters
till the basis of allotment is finalized, dispatch security certificates and
refund orders completed and securities listed.
Foreign Capital Issuance:
Yes. Indian companies are permitted to raise foreign currency resources through two main sources: a) issue of foreign currency convertible bonds
more commonly known as ‘Euro’ issues and b) issue of ordinary shares through depository receipts namely ‘Global Depository Receipts (GDRs)/American Depository Receipts (ADRs)’ to foreign investors i.e. to the
institutional investors or individual investors.
What is an American Depository Receipt?
An American Depositary Receipt ("ADR") is a physical certificate evidencing ownership of American Depositary Shares ("ADSs"). The term is often used to refer to the ADSs themselves.
What is an ADS?
An American Depositary Share ("ADS") is a U.S. dollar denominated form of equity ownership in a non-U.S. company. It represents the foreign shares of the company held on deposit by a custodian bank in the company's home country and carries the corporate and economic rights of the foreign shares, subject to the terms specified on the ADR certificate.
SECONDARY MARKET
Introduction
Secondary market refers to a market where securities are traded after being initially offered to the public in the primary market and/or listed on the Stock Exchange. Majority of the trading is done in the secondary market. Secondary market comprises of equity markets and the debt markets.
Role of the Secondary Market?
For the general investor, the secondary market provides an efficient platform for trading of his securities. For the management of the company, Secondary equity markets serve as a monitoring and control conduit—by facilitating value-enhancing control activities, enabling implementation of incentive-based management contracts, and aggregating information (via price discovery) that guides management decisions.
What is the difference between the Primary Market and the Secondary Market?
In the primary market, securities are offered to public for subscription for
the purpose of raising capital or fund. Secondary market is an equity trading
venue in which already existing/pre-issued securities are traded among investors. Secondary market could be either auction or dealer market. While stock exchange is the part of an auction market, Over-the-Counter (OTC) is a part of the dealer market.
Stock Exchange
Role of a Stock Exchange in buying and selling shares:
The stock exchanges in India, under the overall supervision of the regulatory
authority, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), provide a trading platform, where buyers and sellers can meet to transact in securities. The trading platform provided by NSE is an electronic one and there is no need for buyers and sellers to meet at a physical location to trade. They can trade through the computerized trading screens available with the NSE trading members or the internet based trading facility provided by the trading members of NSE.
Stock Trading:
The trading on stock exchanges in India used to take place through open
outcry without use of information technology for immediate matching or
recording of trades. This was time consuming and inefficient. This imposed limits on trading volumes and efficiency. In order to provide efficiency, liquidity and transparency, NSE introduced a nationwide, on-line, fully automated screen based trading system (SBTS) where a member can punch
into the computer the quantities of a security and the price at which he would like to transact, and the transaction is executed as soon as a matching sale or buy order from a counter party is found.
What is NEAT?
NSE is the first exchange in the world to use satellite communication
technology for trading. Its trading system, called National Exchange for
Automated Trading (NEAT), is a state of-the-art client server based application. At the server end all trading information is stored in an in memory
database to achieve minimum response time and maximum system availability for users. It has uptime record of 99.7%. For all trades entered into NEAT system, there is uniform response time of less than one second.
What is a Contract Note?
Contract Note is a confirmation of trades done on a particular day on behalf
of the client by a trading member. It imposes a legally enforceable relationship between the client and the trading member with respect to purchase/sale and settlement of trades. It also helps to settle disputes/claims between the investor and the trading member. It is a prerequisite for filing a complaint or arbitration proceeding against the trading member in case of a dispute. A valid contract note should be in the prescribed form, contain the details of trades, stamped with requisite value and duly signed by the authorized signatory. Contract notes are kept in duplicate, the trading member and the client should keep one copy each. After verifying the details contained therein, the client keeps one copy and returns the second copy to the trading member duly acknowledged by him.
Precautions must one take before investing in the stock markets:
Here are some useful pointers to bear in mind before you invest in the
markets:
Make sure your broker is registered with SEBI and the exchanges and
do not deal with unregistered intermediaries.
Ensure that you receive contract notes for all your transactions from
your broker within one working day of execution of the trades.
All investments carry risk of some kind. Investors should always know the risk that they are taking and invest in a manner that matches their risk tolerance.
Do not be misled by market rumours, luring advertisement or ‘hot tips’ of the day.
Take informed decisions by studying the fundamentals of the company. Find out the business the company is into, its future prospects, quality of management, past track record etc Sources of knowing about a company are through annual reports, economic magazines, databases available with vendors or your financial advisor.
If your financial advisor or broker advises you to invest in a company
you have never heard of, be cautious. Spend some time checking out
about the company before investing.
Do not be attracted by announcements of fantastic results/news
reports, about a company. Do your own research before investing in
any stock.
Do not be attracted to stocks based on what an internet website
promotes, unless you have done adequate study of the company.
Investing in very low priced stocks or what are known as penny
stocks does not guarantee high returns.
Be cautious about stocks which show a sudden spurt in price or
trading activity.
PRODUCTS IN THE SECONDARY MARKETS
Equity Shares: An equity share, commonly referred to as ordinary
share, represents the form of fractional ownership in a business venture.
Rights Issue/ Rights Shares: The issue of new securities to existing
shareholders at a ratio to those already held, at a price. For e.g. a 2:3 rights issue at Rs. 125, would entitle a shareholder to receive 2 shares for every 3 shares held at a price of Rs. 125 per share. Bonus Shares: Shares issued by the companies to their shareholders free of cost based on the number of shares the shareholder owns.
Preference shares: Owners of these kind of shares are entitled to a fixed dividend or dividend calculated at a fixed rate to be paid regularly before dividend can be paid in respect of equity share. They also enjoy priority over the equity shareholders in payment of surplus. But in the event of liquidation, their claims rank below the claims of the company’s creditors, bondholders/debenture holders.
Cumulative Preference Shares: A type of preference shares on which dividend accumulates if remained unpaid. All arrears of preference dividend have to be paid out before paying dividend on equity shares. Cumulative Convertible Preference Shares: A type of preference shares where the dividend payable on the same accumulates, if not paid. After a specified date, these shares will be converted into equity capital of the company.
Bond: is a negotiable certificate evidencing indebtedness. It is normally unsecured. A debt security is generally issued by a company, municipality or government agency. A bond investor lends money to the issuer and in exchange, the issuer promises to repay the loan amount on a specified maturity date. The issuer usually pays the bond holder periodic interest payments over the life of the loan. The various types of Bonds are as follows:
Zero Coupon Bond: Bond issued at a discount and repaid at a face value. No periodic interest is paid. The difference between the issue price and redemption price represents the return to the holder. The buyer of these bonds receives only one payment, at the maturity of the bond.
Convertible Bond: A bond giving the investor the option to convert the bond into equity at a fixed conversion price.
Treasury Bills: Short-term (up to one year) bearer discount security issued by government as a means of financing their cash requirements.
DERIVATIVES
Types of Derivatives
Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price.
Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or
sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts, such as futures of the Nifty index.
Options: An Option is a contract which gives the right, but not an obligation, to buy or sell the underlying at a stated date and at a stated price. While a buyer of an option pays the premium and buys the right to exercise his option, the writer of an option is the one who receives the option premium and therefore obliged to sell/buy the asset if the buyer exercises it on him. Options are of two types - Calls and Puts options:
‘Calls’ give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date.
‘Puts’ give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of underlying asset at a given price on or before a given future date.
Presently, at NSE futures and options are traded on the Nifty, CNX IT, BANK
Nifty and 116 single stocks.
Warrants: Options generally have lives of up to one year. The majority of options traded on exchanges have maximum maturity of nine months. Longer dated options are called Warrants and are generally traded over-the counter.
MUTUAL FUNDS
Regulatory Body for Mutual Funds:
Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for all the
mutual funds. All the mutual funds must get registered with SEBI.
Benefits of investing in Mutual Funds:
Small investments: Mutual funds help you to reap the benefit of returns by a portfolio spread across a wide spectrum of companies with small investments.
Professional Fund Management: Professionals having considerable expertise, experience and resources manage the pool of money collected by a mutual fund. They thoroughly analyse the markets and economy to pick good investment opportunities.
Spreading Risk: An investor with limited funds might be able to invest in only one or two stocks/bonds, thus increasing his or her risk. However, a mutual fund will spread its risk by investing a number of sound stocks or bonds. A fund normally invests in companies across a wide range of industries, so the risk is diversified.
Transparency: Mutual Funds regularly provide investors with information on the value of their investments. Mutual Funds also provide complete portfolio disclosure of the investments made by various schemes and also the proportion invested in each asset type.
Choice: The large amount of Mutual Funds offer the investor a wide variety to choose from. An investor can pick up a scheme depending upon his risk/ return profile.
Regulations: All the mutual funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions of strict regulation designed to protect
the interests of the investor.
Types of Mutual funds:
(a) ON THE BASIS OF OBJECTIVE
Equity Funds/ Growth Funds
Funds that invest in equity shares are called equity funds. They carry the principal objective of capital appreciation of the investment over the medium to long-term. They are best suited for investors who are seeking capital appreciation. There are different types of equity funds such as Diversified funds, Sector specific funds and Index based funds.
Sector funds
These funds invest primarily in equity shares of companies in a particular business sector or industry. These funds are targeted at investors who are bullish or fancy the prospects of a particular sector.
Tax Saving Funds
These funds offer tax benefits to investors under the Income Tax Act. Opportunities provided under this scheme are in the form of tax rebates under the Income Tax act.
Liquid Funds/Money Market Funds
These funds invest in highly liquid money market instruments. The period of investment could be as short as a day. They provide easy liquidity. They have emerged as an alternative for savings and shortterm fixed deposit accounts with comparatively higher returns. These funds are ideal for corporates, institutional investors and business houses that invest their funds for very short periods.
Gilt Funds
These funds invest in Central and State Government securities. Since they are Government backed bonds they give a secured return and also ensure safety of the principal amount. They are best suited for the medium to long-term investors who are averse to risk.
Balanced Funds
These funds invest both in equity shares and fixed-income-bearing instruments (debt) in some proportion. They provide a steady return and reduce the volatility of the fund while providing some upside for capital appreciation. They are ideal for medium to long-term investors who are willing to take moderate risks.
b) ON THE BASIS OF FLEXIBILITY
Open-ended Funds
These funds do not have a fixed date of redemption. Generally they are open for subscription and redemption throughout the year. Their prices are linked to the daily net asset value (NAV). From the investors' perspective, they are much more liquid than closed-ended funds.
Close-ended Funds
These funds are open initially for entry during the Initial Public Offering (IPO) and thereafter closed for entry as well as exit. These funds have a fixed date of redemption. One of the characteristics of the close-ended schemes is that they are generally traded at a discount to NAV; but the discount narrows as maturity nears.
CONCLUSION
Like the money market, the Indian capital market also consists of an organized sector and an unorganised sector. In the organized market the demand for capital comes mostly from corporate enterprises and government and semi-government institutions and the supply comes from household savings, institutional investors like banks investment trusts, insurance companies, finance corporations, government and international financing agencies. Whereas, the unorganized market consists mostly of the indigenous bankers and moneylenders on the supply side. The Indian capital market has undergone remarkable changes in the post-independence era. Certain steps taken by the government to place the market on a strong footing and develop it to meet the growing capital requirements of fast industrialization and development of the economy have significantly contributed to the developments that took place in the Indian capital market over the last five decades or so.
The important facts that have contributed to the development of the capital marketing India are the following.
1. Legislative measures: Laws like the companies act, the securities contracts(Regulations) and the capital issues(Control). Act empowered the government to regulate the activities of the capital market with a view to assuring healthy trends in the market, protecting the interests of the investors, efficient utilization of the resources, etc.
2. Establishment of development banks and expansion of the public sectors: Starting with the establishment of the IFCI, a number of development banks have been established at national and regional levels to provide financial and other development assistance to the entrepreneurs and enterprises.
3. Growth of underwriting business: There has been a phenomenal growth in the underwriting business thanks mainly to the public financial corporations and the commercial banks.
4. Public confidence: Impressive performance of certain large companies encouraged public investment in industrial securities.
5. Increasing awareness of investment opportunities: The improvement in education and communication has created more public awareness about the investment opportunities in the business sector.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Economic Environment of Business - S. K. Mishra
Business Environment – Aswathapa
Capital Markets Management Corporation
INDEX
Introduction to Capital Market
Investment Basics
Securities
Primary Market
Secondary Market
Products in Secondary Market
Derivatives
Mutual Funds
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL MARKET.
A nation's capital market includes such financial institutions as banks, insurance companies, and stock exchanges that channel long-term investment funds to commercial and industrial borrowers. Unlike the money market, on which lending is ordinarily short term, the capital market typically finances fixed investments like those in buildings and machinery.
Nature and Constituents
The capital market consists of number of individuals and institutions (including the government) that canalize the supply and demand for long-term capital and claims on capital. The stock exchange, commercial banks, co-operative banks, saving banks, development banks, insurance companies, investment trust or companies, etc, are important constituents of the capital markets.
The capital market, like the money market, has three important components, namely the suppliers of loanable funds, the borrowers and the intermediaries who deal with the leaders on the one hand and the borrowers on the other.
The demand for capital comes mostly from agriculture, industry, trade and the government. The predominant form of industrial organization developed capital Market become a necessary infrastructure for fast industrialization. Capital market not concerned solely with the issue of new claims on capital, but also with dealing in existing claims.
Importance of Capital Market
The capital market serves a very useful purpose by pooling the capital resources of the country and making them available to the enterprising investors well-developed capital markets augment resources by attracting and lending funds on the global scale.
A developed capital market can solve this problem of paucity of funds. For an organized capital market can mobilize and pool together even the small and scattered savings and augment the availability of investible funds. While the rapid growth of capital markets, the growth of joint stock business has in its turn encouraged the development of capital markets. A developed capital market provides a number of profitable investment opportunities for a small savers.
INVESTMENT BASICS
Investment:
The money you earn is partly spent and the rest saved for meeting future
expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in
order to get return on it in the future. This is called Investment.
Reasons for investments:
One needs to invest to:
Earn return on your idle resources
Generate a specified sum of money for a specific goal in life
Make a provision for an uncertain future
One of the important reasons why one needs to invest wisely is to meet the cost of Inflation. Inflation is the rate at which the cost of living increases.
The cost of living is simply what it costs to buy the goods and services you need to live. Inflation causes money to lose value because it will not buy the same amount of a good or a service in the future as it does now or did in the past. For example, if there was a 6% inflation rate for the next 20 years, a
Rs. 100 purchase today would cost Rs. 321 in 20 years. This is why it is important to consider inflation as a factor in any long-term investment strategy. Remember to look at an investment's 'real' rate of return, which is the return after inflation. The aim of investments should be to provide a return above the inflation rate to ensure that the investment does not decrease in value. For example, if the annual inflation rate is 6%, then the investment will need to earn more than 6% to ensure it increases in value.
If the after-tax return on your investment is less than the inflation rate, then your assets have actually decreased in value; that is, they won't buy as much today as they did last year.
Care taken while investing
Before making any investment, one must ensure to:
1. Obtain written documents explaining the investment
2. Read and understand such documents
3. Verify the legitimacy of the investment
4. Find out the costs and benefits associated with the investment
5. Assess the risk-return profile of the investment
6. Know the liquidity and safety aspects of the investment
7. Ascertain if it is appropriate for your specific goals
8. Compare these details with other investment opportunities available
9. Examine if it fits in with other investments you are considering or you
have already made
10. Deal only through an authorised intermediary
11. Seek all clarifications about the intermediary and the investment
12. Explore the options available to you if something were to go wrong,
and then, if satisfied, make the investment..
Interest:
When we borrow money, we are expected to pay for using it – this is known as Interest. Interest is an amount charged to the borrower for the privilege of using the lender’s money. Interest is usually calculated as a percentage of the principal balance (the amount of money borrowed). The percentage rate may be fixed for the life of the loan, or it may be variable, depending on the terms of the loan.
Various Short-term financial options available for investment.
Broadly speaking, savings bank account, money market/liquid funds and
fixed deposits with banks may be considered as short-term financial investment options:
Savings Bank Account is often the first banking product people use, which offers low interest (4%-5% p.a.), making them only marginally better than fixed deposits.
Money Market or Liquid Funds are a specialized form of mutual funds that invest in extremely short-term fixed income instruments and thereby provide easy liquidity. Unlike most mutual funds, money market funds are primarily oriented towards protecting your capital and then, aim to maximise returns. Money market funds usually yield better returns than savings accounts, but lower than bank fixed deposits.
Fixed Deposits with Banks are also referred to as term deposits and minimum investment period for bank FDs is 30 days. Fixed Deposits with banks are for investors with low risk appetite, and may be considered for 6-12 months investment period as normally interest on less than 6 months bank FDs is likely to be lower than money market fund returns.
Various Long-term financial options available for investment?
Post Office Savings Schemes, Public Provident Fund, Company Fixed
Deposits, Bonds and Debentures, Mutual Funds etc.
Post Office Savings: Post Office Monthly Income Scheme is a lowrisk saving instrument, which can be availed through any post office. It provides an interest rate of 8% per annum, which is paid monthly. Minimum amount, which can be invested, is Rs. 1,000/- and additional investment in multiples of 1,000/-. Maximum amount is Rs. 3,00,000/- (if Single) or Rs. 6,00,000/- (if held Jointly) during a year. It has a maturity period of 6 years. A bonus of 10% is paid at the time of maturity. Premature withdrawal is permitted if deposit is more than one year old. A deduction of 5% is levied from the principal amount if withdrawn prematurely; the 10% bonus is also denied.
Public Provident Fund: A long term savings instrument with a maturity of 15 years and interest payable at 8% per annum compounded annually. A PPF account can be opened through a nationalized bank at anytime during the year and is open all through the year for depositing money. Tax benefits can be availed for the amount invested and interest accrued is tax-free. A withdrawal is permissible every year from the seventh financial year of the date of opening of the account and the amount of withdrawal will be limited to 50% of the balance at credit at the end of the 4th year immediately preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or at the end of the preceding year whichever is lower the amount of loan if any.
Company Fixed Deposits: These are short-term (six months) to medium-term (three to five years) borrowings by companies at a fixed rate of interest which is payable monthly, quarterly, semi10 annually or annually. They can also be cumulative fixed deposits where the entire principal alongwith the interest is paid at the end of the loan period. The rate of interest varies between 6-9% per annum for company FDs. The interest received is after deduction of taxes.
Bonds: It is a fixed income (debt) instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the purpose of raising capital. The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds. A bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date.
Mutual Funds: These are funds operated by an investment company which raises money from the public and invests in a group of assets (shares, debentures etc.), in accordance with a stated set of objectives. It is a substitute for those who are unable to invest directly in equities or debt because of resource, time or knowledge constraints. Benefits include professional money management, buying in small amounts and diversification. Mutual fund units are issued and redeemed by the Fund Management Company based on the fund's net asset value (NAV), which is determined at the end of each trading session. NAV is calculated as the value of all the shares held by the fund, minus expenses, divided by the number of units issued. Mutual Funds are usually long term investment vehicle though there some categories of mutual funds, such as money market mutual funds which are short term instruments.
Stock Exchange:
The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 [SCRA] defines ‘Stock Exchange’ as any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities. Stock exchange could be a regional stock exchange whose area of operation/jurisdiction is specified at the time of its recognition or national exchanges, which are permitted to have nationwide trading since inception. NSE was incorporated as a national stock exchange.
‘Equity’/Share:
Total equity capital of a company is divided into equal units of small denominations, each called a share. For example, in a company the total equity capital of Rs 2,00,00,000 is divided into 20,00,000 units of Rs 10 each. Each such unit of Rs 10 is called a Share. Thus, the company then is said to have 20,00,000 equity shares of Rs 10 each. The holders of such shares are members of the company and have voting rights.
‘Debt Instrument’:
Debt instrument represents a contract whereby one party lends money to
another on pre-determined terms with regards to rate and periodicity of
interest, repayment of principal amount by the borrower to the lender. In the Indian securities markets, the term ‘bond’ is used for debt instruments issued by the Central and State governments and public sector organizations and the term ‘debenture’ is used for instruments issued by private corporate sector.
Derivative:
Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called underlying. The underlying asset can be equity, index,
foreign exchange (forex), commodity or any other asset. Derivative products initially emerged as hedging devices against fluctuations in commodity prices and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. The financial derivatives came into spotlight in post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products.
Mutual Fund:
A Mutual Fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI (Securities Exchange
Board of India) that pools money from individuals/corporate investors and
invests the same in a variety of different financial instruments or securities such as equity shares, Government securities, Bonds, debentures etc. Mutual funds can thus be considered as financial intermediaries in the investment business that collect funds from the public and invest on behalf of the investors. Mutual funds issue units to the investors. The appreciation of the portfolio or securities in which the mutual fund has invested the money leads to an appreciation in the value of the units held by investors. The investment objectives outlined by a Mutual Fund in its prospectus are binding on the Mutual Fund scheme. The investment objectives specify the class of securities a Mutual Fund can invest in. Mutual Funds invest in various asset classes like equity, bonds, debentures, commercial paper and government securities. The schemes offered by mutual funds vary from fund to fund. Some are pure equity schemes; others are a mix of equity and bonds. Investors are also given the option of getting dividends, which are declared periodically by the mutual fund, or to participate only in the capital appreciation of the scheme.
Index:
An Index shows how a specified portfolio of share prices are moving in order
to give an indication of market trends. It is a basket of securities and the average price movement of the basket of securities indicates the index movement, whether upwards or downwards.
Depository:
A depository is like a bank wherein the deposits are securities (viz. shares,
debentures, bonds, government securities, units etc.) in electronic form.
SECURITIES
The definition of ‘Securities’ as per the Securities Contracts Regulation Act (SCRA), 1956, includes instruments such as shares, bonds, scrips, stocks or
other marketable securities of similar nature in or of any incorporate company or body corporate, government securities, derivatives of securities, units of collective investment scheme, interest and rights in securities, security receipt or any other instruments so declared by the Central Government.
Function of Securities Market:
Securities Markets is a place where buyers and sellers of securities can enter
into transactions to purchase and sell shares, bonds, debentures etc. Further, it performs an important role of enabling corporates, entrepreneurs to raise resources for their companies and business ventures through public issues. Transfer of resources from those having idle resources (investors) to others who have a need for them (corporates) is most efficiently achieved through the securities market. Stated formally, securities markets provide channels for reallocation of savings to investments and entrepreneurship. Savings are linked to investments by a variety of intermediaries, through a range of financial products, called ‘Securities’.
Which are the securities one can invest in?
• Shares
• Government Securities
• Derivative products
• Units of Mutual Funds etc., are some of the securities investors in the
securities market can invest in.
What is SEBI and what is its role?
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory
authority in India established under Section 3 of SEBI Act, 1992. SEBI Act,
1992 provides for establishment of Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI) with statutory powers for
(a) Protecting the interests of investors in securities
(b) Promoting the development of the securities market and
(c) Regulating the securities market.
Its regulatory jurisdiction extends over corporates in the issuance of capital and transfer of securities, in addition to all intermediaries and persons associated with securities market. SEBI has been obligated to perform the aforesaid functions by such measures as it thinks fit. In particular, it has powers for:
1) Regulating the business in stock exchanges and any other securities
markets.
2) Registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, sub–brokers
etc.
3) Promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations
4) Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices
5) Calling for information from, undertaking inspection, conducting inquiries and audits of the stock exchanges, intermediaries, self – regulatory organizations, mutual funds and other persons associated with the securities market.
PRIMARY MARKET
Role of the ‘Primary Market’:
The primary market provides the channel for sale of new securities. Primary
market provides opportunity to issuers of securities; Government as well as
corporates, to raise resources to meet their requirements of investment
and/or discharge some obligation. They may issue the securities at face value, or at a discount/premium and these securities may take a variety of forms such as equity, debt etc. They may issue the securities in domestic market and/or international market.
What is meant by Face Value of a share/debenture?
The nominal or stated amount (in Rs.) assigned to a security by the issuer. For shares, it is the original cost of the stock shown on the certificate; for bonds, it is the amount paid to the holder at maturity. Also known as par value or simply par. For an equity share, the face value is usually a very small amount (Rs. 5, Rs. 10) and does not have much bearing on the price of the share, which may quote higher in the market, at Rs. 100 or Rs. 1000 or any other price. For a debt security, face value is the amount repaid to the investor when the bond matures (usually, Government securities and corporate bonds have a face value of Rs. 100). The price at which the security trades depends on the fluctuations in the interest rates in the economy.
Issue of Shares
Most companies are usually started privately by their promoter(s). However,
the promoters’ capital and the borrowings from banks and financial institutions may not be sufficient for setting up or running the business over a long term. So companies invite the public to contribute towards the equity and issue shares to individual investors. The way to invite share capital from the public is through a ‘Public Issue’. Simply stated, a public issue is an offer to the public to subscribe to the share capital of a company. Once this is done, the company allots shares to the applicants as per the prescribed rules and regulations laid down by SEBI.
Different kinds of issues:
Primarily, issues can be classified as a Public, Rights or Preferential issues
(also known as private placements). While public and rights issues involve a
detailed procedure, private placements or preferential issues are relatively
simpler. The classification of issues is illustrated below:
Initial Public Offering (IPO) is when an unlisted company makes either a
fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both
for the first time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the
issuer’s securities.
A follow on public offering (Further Issue) is when an already listed
company makes either a fresh issue of securities to the public or an offer for
sale to the public, through an offer document.
Rights Issue is when a listed company which proposes to issue fresh securities to its existing shareholders as on a record date. The rights are normally offered in a particular ratio to the number of securities held prior to the issue. This route is best suited for companies who would like to raise capital without diluting stake of its existing shareholders.
A Preferential issue is an issue of shares or of convertible securities by listed companies to a select group of persons under Section 81 of the Companies Act, 1956 which is neither a rights issue nor a public issue. This is a faster way for a company to raise equity capital.
What is meant by Issue price?
The price at which a company's shares are offered initially in the primary
market is called as the Issue price. When they begin to be traded, the market price may be above or below the issue price.
Classification of Issues
Rights Preferential
Initial Public Offering
Public
Further Public Offering
Fresh Issue Offer for Sale Fresh Issue Offer for Sale
What is the difference between public issue and private placement?
When an issue is not made to only a select set of people but is open to the general public and any other investor at large, it is a public issue. But if the issue is made to a select set of people, it is called private placement. As per Companies Act, 1956, an issue becomes public if it results in allotment to 50 persons or more. This means an issue can be privately placed where an allotment is made to less than 50 persons.
What is an Initial Public Offer (IPO)?
An Initial Public Offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public in the
primary market. It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue
of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first
time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the issuer’s
securities. The sale of securities can be either through book building or
through normal public issue.
Role of a ‘Registrar’ to an issue:
The Registrar finalizes the list of eligible allottees after deleting the invalid
applications and ensures that the corporate action for crediting of shares to
the demat accounts of the applicants is done and the dispatch of refund
orders to those applicable are sent. The Lead Manager coordinates with the
Registrar to ensure follow up so that that the flow of applications from
collecting bank branches, processing of the applications and other matters
till the basis of allotment is finalized, dispatch security certificates and
refund orders completed and securities listed.
Foreign Capital Issuance:
Yes. Indian companies are permitted to raise foreign currency resources through two main sources: a) issue of foreign currency convertible bonds
more commonly known as ‘Euro’ issues and b) issue of ordinary shares through depository receipts namely ‘Global Depository Receipts (GDRs)/American Depository Receipts (ADRs)’ to foreign investors i.e. to the
institutional investors or individual investors.
What is an American Depository Receipt?
An American Depositary Receipt ("ADR") is a physical certificate evidencing ownership of American Depositary Shares ("ADSs"). The term is often used to refer to the ADSs themselves.
What is an ADS?
An American Depositary Share ("ADS") is a U.S. dollar denominated form of equity ownership in a non-U.S. company. It represents the foreign shares of the company held on deposit by a custodian bank in the company's home country and carries the corporate and economic rights of the foreign shares, subject to the terms specified on the ADR certificate.
SECONDARY MARKET
Introduction
Secondary market refers to a market where securities are traded after being initially offered to the public in the primary market and/or listed on the Stock Exchange. Majority of the trading is done in the secondary market. Secondary market comprises of equity markets and the debt markets.
Role of the Secondary Market?
For the general investor, the secondary market provides an efficient platform for trading of his securities. For the management of the company, Secondary equity markets serve as a monitoring and control conduit—by facilitating value-enhancing control activities, enabling implementation of incentive-based management contracts, and aggregating information (via price discovery) that guides management decisions.
What is the difference between the Primary Market and the Secondary Market?
In the primary market, securities are offered to public for subscription for
the purpose of raising capital or fund. Secondary market is an equity trading
venue in which already existing/pre-issued securities are traded among investors. Secondary market could be either auction or dealer market. While stock exchange is the part of an auction market, Over-the-Counter (OTC) is a part of the dealer market.
Stock Exchange
Role of a Stock Exchange in buying and selling shares:
The stock exchanges in India, under the overall supervision of the regulatory
authority, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), provide a trading platform, where buyers and sellers can meet to transact in securities. The trading platform provided by NSE is an electronic one and there is no need for buyers and sellers to meet at a physical location to trade. They can trade through the computerized trading screens available with the NSE trading members or the internet based trading facility provided by the trading members of NSE.
Stock Trading:
The trading on stock exchanges in India used to take place through open
outcry without use of information technology for immediate matching or
recording of trades. This was time consuming and inefficient. This imposed limits on trading volumes and efficiency. In order to provide efficiency, liquidity and transparency, NSE introduced a nationwide, on-line, fully automated screen based trading system (SBTS) where a member can punch
into the computer the quantities of a security and the price at which he would like to transact, and the transaction is executed as soon as a matching sale or buy order from a counter party is found.
What is NEAT?
NSE is the first exchange in the world to use satellite communication
technology for trading. Its trading system, called National Exchange for
Automated Trading (NEAT), is a state of-the-art client server based application. At the server end all trading information is stored in an in memory
database to achieve minimum response time and maximum system availability for users. It has uptime record of 99.7%. For all trades entered into NEAT system, there is uniform response time of less than one second.
What is a Contract Note?
Contract Note is a confirmation of trades done on a particular day on behalf
of the client by a trading member. It imposes a legally enforceable relationship between the client and the trading member with respect to purchase/sale and settlement of trades. It also helps to settle disputes/claims between the investor and the trading member. It is a prerequisite for filing a complaint or arbitration proceeding against the trading member in case of a dispute. A valid contract note should be in the prescribed form, contain the details of trades, stamped with requisite value and duly signed by the authorized signatory. Contract notes are kept in duplicate, the trading member and the client should keep one copy each. After verifying the details contained therein, the client keeps one copy and returns the second copy to the trading member duly acknowledged by him.
Precautions must one take before investing in the stock markets:
Here are some useful pointers to bear in mind before you invest in the
markets:
Make sure your broker is registered with SEBI and the exchanges and
do not deal with unregistered intermediaries.
Ensure that you receive contract notes for all your transactions from
your broker within one working day of execution of the trades.
All investments carry risk of some kind. Investors should always know the risk that they are taking and invest in a manner that matches their risk tolerance.
Do not be misled by market rumours, luring advertisement or ‘hot tips’ of the day.
Take informed decisions by studying the fundamentals of the company. Find out the business the company is into, its future prospects, quality of management, past track record etc Sources of knowing about a company are through annual reports, economic magazines, databases available with vendors or your financial advisor.
If your financial advisor or broker advises you to invest in a company
you have never heard of, be cautious. Spend some time checking out
about the company before investing.
Do not be attracted by announcements of fantastic results/news
reports, about a company. Do your own research before investing in
any stock.
Do not be attracted to stocks based on what an internet website
promotes, unless you have done adequate study of the company.
Investing in very low priced stocks or what are known as penny
stocks does not guarantee high returns.
Be cautious about stocks which show a sudden spurt in price or
trading activity.
PRODUCTS IN THE SECONDARY MARKETS
Equity Shares: An equity share, commonly referred to as ordinary
share, represents the form of fractional ownership in a business venture.
Rights Issue/ Rights Shares: The issue of new securities to existing
shareholders at a ratio to those already held, at a price. For e.g. a 2:3 rights issue at Rs. 125, would entitle a shareholder to receive 2 shares for every 3 shares held at a price of Rs. 125 per share. Bonus Shares: Shares issued by the companies to their shareholders free of cost based on the number of shares the shareholder owns.
Preference shares: Owners of these kind of shares are entitled to a fixed dividend or dividend calculated at a fixed rate to be paid regularly before dividend can be paid in respect of equity share. They also enjoy priority over the equity shareholders in payment of surplus. But in the event of liquidation, their claims rank below the claims of the company’s creditors, bondholders/debenture holders.
Cumulative Preference Shares: A type of preference shares on which dividend accumulates if remained unpaid. All arrears of preference dividend have to be paid out before paying dividend on equity shares. Cumulative Convertible Preference Shares: A type of preference shares where the dividend payable on the same accumulates, if not paid. After a specified date, these shares will be converted into equity capital of the company.
Bond: is a negotiable certificate evidencing indebtedness. It is normally unsecured. A debt security is generally issued by a company, municipality or government agency. A bond investor lends money to the issuer and in exchange, the issuer promises to repay the loan amount on a specified maturity date. The issuer usually pays the bond holder periodic interest payments over the life of the loan. The various types of Bonds are as follows:
Zero Coupon Bond: Bond issued at a discount and repaid at a face value. No periodic interest is paid. The difference between the issue price and redemption price represents the return to the holder. The buyer of these bonds receives only one payment, at the maturity of the bond.
Convertible Bond: A bond giving the investor the option to convert the bond into equity at a fixed conversion price.
Treasury Bills: Short-term (up to one year) bearer discount security issued by government as a means of financing their cash requirements.
DERIVATIVES
Types of Derivatives
Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price.
Futures: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or
sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts, such as futures of the Nifty index.
Options: An Option is a contract which gives the right, but not an obligation, to buy or sell the underlying at a stated date and at a stated price. While a buyer of an option pays the premium and buys the right to exercise his option, the writer of an option is the one who receives the option premium and therefore obliged to sell/buy the asset if the buyer exercises it on him. Options are of two types - Calls and Puts options:
‘Calls’ give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date.
‘Puts’ give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of underlying asset at a given price on or before a given future date.
Presently, at NSE futures and options are traded on the Nifty, CNX IT, BANK
Nifty and 116 single stocks.
Warrants: Options generally have lives of up to one year. The majority of options traded on exchanges have maximum maturity of nine months. Longer dated options are called Warrants and are generally traded over-the counter.
MUTUAL FUNDS
Regulatory Body for Mutual Funds:
Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for all the
mutual funds. All the mutual funds must get registered with SEBI.
Benefits of investing in Mutual Funds:
Small investments: Mutual funds help you to reap the benefit of returns by a portfolio spread across a wide spectrum of companies with small investments.
Professional Fund Management: Professionals having considerable expertise, experience and resources manage the pool of money collected by a mutual fund. They thoroughly analyse the markets and economy to pick good investment opportunities.
Spreading Risk: An investor with limited funds might be able to invest in only one or two stocks/bonds, thus increasing his or her risk. However, a mutual fund will spread its risk by investing a number of sound stocks or bonds. A fund normally invests in companies across a wide range of industries, so the risk is diversified.
Transparency: Mutual Funds regularly provide investors with information on the value of their investments. Mutual Funds also provide complete portfolio disclosure of the investments made by various schemes and also the proportion invested in each asset type.
Choice: The large amount of Mutual Funds offer the investor a wide variety to choose from. An investor can pick up a scheme depending upon his risk/ return profile.
Regulations: All the mutual funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions of strict regulation designed to protect
the interests of the investor.
Types of Mutual funds:
(a) ON THE BASIS OF OBJECTIVE
Equity Funds/ Growth Funds
Funds that invest in equity shares are called equity funds. They carry the principal objective of capital appreciation of the investment over the medium to long-term. They are best suited for investors who are seeking capital appreciation. There are different types of equity funds such as Diversified funds, Sector specific funds and Index based funds.
Sector funds
These funds invest primarily in equity shares of companies in a particular business sector or industry. These funds are targeted at investors who are bullish or fancy the prospects of a particular sector.
Tax Saving Funds
These funds offer tax benefits to investors under the Income Tax Act. Opportunities provided under this scheme are in the form of tax rebates under the Income Tax act.
Liquid Funds/Money Market Funds
These funds invest in highly liquid money market instruments. The period of investment could be as short as a day. They provide easy liquidity. They have emerged as an alternative for savings and shortterm fixed deposit accounts with comparatively higher returns. These funds are ideal for corporates, institutional investors and business houses that invest their funds for very short periods.
Gilt Funds
These funds invest in Central and State Government securities. Since they are Government backed bonds they give a secured return and also ensure safety of the principal amount. They are best suited for the medium to long-term investors who are averse to risk.
Balanced Funds
These funds invest both in equity shares and fixed-income-bearing instruments (debt) in some proportion. They provide a steady return and reduce the volatility of the fund while providing some upside for capital appreciation. They are ideal for medium to long-term investors who are willing to take moderate risks.
b) ON THE BASIS OF FLEXIBILITY
Open-ended Funds
These funds do not have a fixed date of redemption. Generally they are open for subscription and redemption throughout the year. Their prices are linked to the daily net asset value (NAV). From the investors' perspective, they are much more liquid than closed-ended funds.
Close-ended Funds
These funds are open initially for entry during the Initial Public Offering (IPO) and thereafter closed for entry as well as exit. These funds have a fixed date of redemption. One of the characteristics of the close-ended schemes is that they are generally traded at a discount to NAV; but the discount narrows as maturity nears.
CONCLUSION
Like the money market, the Indian capital market also consists of an organized sector and an unorganised sector. In the organized market the demand for capital comes mostly from corporate enterprises and government and semi-government institutions and the supply comes from household savings, institutional investors like banks investment trusts, insurance companies, finance corporations, government and international financing agencies. Whereas, the unorganized market consists mostly of the indigenous bankers and moneylenders on the supply side. The Indian capital market has undergone remarkable changes in the post-independence era. Certain steps taken by the government to place the market on a strong footing and develop it to meet the growing capital requirements of fast industrialization and development of the economy have significantly contributed to the developments that took place in the Indian capital market over the last five decades or so.
The important facts that have contributed to the development of the capital marketing India are the following.
1. Legislative measures: Laws like the companies act, the securities contracts(Regulations) and the capital issues(Control). Act empowered the government to regulate the activities of the capital market with a view to assuring healthy trends in the market, protecting the interests of the investors, efficient utilization of the resources, etc.
2. Establishment of development banks and expansion of the public sectors: Starting with the establishment of the IFCI, a number of development banks have been established at national and regional levels to provide financial and other development assistance to the entrepreneurs and enterprises.
3. Growth of underwriting business: There has been a phenomenal growth in the underwriting business thanks mainly to the public financial corporations and the commercial banks.
4. Public confidence: Impressive performance of certain large companies encouraged public investment in industrial securities.
5. Increasing awareness of investment opportunities: The improvement in education and communication has created more public awareness about the investment opportunities in the business sector.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Economic Environment of Business - S. K. Mishra
Business Environment – Aswathapa
Capital Markets Management Corporation
