100 Marks Project: FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF E-BUSINESS (161 pg. DOC)
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Rahul Agarwal
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brand equity survey on hotel industry with focus on premium and luxury hotel chains in india and abroad
virtuallyhigh
Rahul Agarwal
need a project report on
brand equity survey on hospitality industry with the focus on premium and luxury hotel chains in india and abroad
brand equity survey on hospitality industry with the focus on premium and luxury hotel chains in india and abroad
virtuallyhigh
Rahul Agarwal
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Challenges facing E-services
E-government for Development Information Exchange Project (Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization, 2004) noted that, for e-government projects in developing and transitional countries, thirty five per cent were total failures, fifty per cent were partial failures, and only fifteen per cent were successful. Moreover, Levinson, 2009 confirmed that the rate of IT project failure is increasing and IT project success decreasing. This leads us to question the reasons behind these difficulties in implementing, adopting, and running an e-government system (Heeks, 2008). What are the causes behind these failures? If the causes are technical, then, what is wrong with the UK’s e-government initiative that discourages British citizens from using it (Swartz, 2003)? Why are the Japanese people still anxious about paying online despite their enormous advances in technology (Aoki, 2003)?
1.3.1 Infrastructure
The developed countries have furnished the needed environment for information technology to reach all public sectors services. They recognize the benefit of information technology on expedient organization efficiency and increasing the capacity of public bureaus to achieve new markets, transcending geographical and political barriers. The developed countries have also allocated the needed assets and adopted programs, to give confidence on information technology acceptance. This has improved the social services such as education and health; in addition, it has also enhanced efficiency in administrations . Infrastructure issues are the most common technical inhibitors to e-government development and dissemination, and this factor is particularly relevant to developing countries especially poor countries (Vosloo, 2005). See Table one
Table 1 Source internet filtering in Saudi Arabia 2009
KEY INDICATORS Worst M Best
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)…..15,711
Literacy rate (% of people age 15+)………………82.9
Human development index (out of 177)…………..61
Digital opportunity index (out of 181)…….…….…75.
Internet users (% of population)……….............28.5
1.3.2 Qualified Staff
In order to run the e-government program effectively and efficiently, we need to have qualified teams to perform the task (Vosloo, 2005). To do so, there has to be highly training programs for the employees and a lot of information technology specialists. As you walk into any government agency in Saudi Arabia you will notice the lack professional work. In addition, the chaos issue is spreading all over the offices. That is why king Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz ordered the establishment of Control and Investigation Board to resolve these and other problems (Bawazir, 2006).
1.3.3 Internet Usage
One of the difficulties that the Saudi Government could face in establishing e-government in the country from corner to corner is that internet usage across the Kingdom is very low (Stats, Internet World, 2009). According to Fahad Al Hoymany, Minister’s advisor for Information Technology and head of the e-government infrastructure department at the Saudi Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI), currently just twenty eight percent or less of the population actually uses the internet (OpenNet, 2009); (Milne, 2006). See table Two
Internet Usage Statistics for Selected Countries in the middle east Region
Country Population 2009 Est. Internet Users, 2000 Internet Users 2009 Use Growth (2000-2009) % Population (Penetration)
Kuwait 02.69 M 150,000 1,000,000 566.7 % 37.1%
Iran 66.42 M 250,000 32.20 M 12.78 % 48.5 %
Oman 03.41 M 90,000 465,000 416% 13.6 %
Saudi .A 28. 86 M 200,000 7,700,000 3,750 % 26.8%
UAE 04.79 M 735,000 2,922,00 297.6 % 60.9%
Qatar 0,833 M 30,000 436,000 1,353.3 % 52.3 %
Table 2 Source internet usage statistic 2009
1.3.4 Resistance to Change
User’s resistance to information technology is a common occurrence when new information systems are implemented and can greatly contribute to failure of newly implemented systems (Adams, Berner & Wyatt, 2004). The tendency of people to resist changes, especially when they require extra effort, is another major problem for e-government adoption that needs to be managed (Joseph, 2008). Human resistance contributes to some of the most important issues that play part in information technology project’s success or failure (Rhoda, 2008).
1.3.5 Leadership support
These common barriers are critical to implementation. For example, Swanson (2002) claims that about sixty per cent of e-government initiatives fail due to lack of commitment from high-level officials; funding; and project control. Heeks (2002) discusses the challenges to e-government adoption in Africa. In which, he concludes that the lack of both finance and any e-readiness strategy may cause a slow diffusion rate. The researcher noticed that many e-government projects have failed in Africa because they simply conflicted with some leaders’ personal interests (Scacco, 2009). OECD (2003) found that expenditure in e-government should be viewed as an investment and cost-effective solutions should be pursued (Gray, 2004).
1.3.6 Culture
The procedures, technologies, and ways of e-services have been constructed up extremely in a western cultural background. Saudi Arabia has been implementing vigorous information infrastructures. Nevertheless, the cultural infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is fairly different from that of the Western world. Tele-Geography 2008 claimed that Internet growth in the Middle East region will flow over the next five years. However, based on a Kayser 2002, western technology “application” would have to go through major cultural obstacles. Therefore, there are additional aspects in particular the cultural differences, which must be considered in order to adopt E-commerce and E-government in Saudi Arabia. The effects of E-commerce and E-government are the subjects of deep debate in Saudi Arabia, and a prospective study to explore and investigate the barriers of E-commerce and the use of E-government in Saudi Arabia is underway (Dunlop, 2006); (Almogbil, 2005.)
On the UNISCO report 2009, the UNESCO’s Director-General quoted “Culture is the great forgotten issue among the Millennium Development Goals.” Also criticized “it has become urgent in our world, which is confronted to cultural changes of all sorts, to learn how to manage change and ensure that it does not becomes a source of greater vulnerability for those who are badly prepared to face it." In addition; Web strategy asked “How cultural norms impact social technology adoption. The fact is, that French have internet infrastructure, knowledge of how to use social tools, and a government that’s not resisting the social web. Yet the adoption rates, according to the numbers, are much lower (Owyang, 2009.)
The Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization argued that technology systems need solid planning and vision, that information technology should be viewed as the means not the desired end, and importantly, it should match the local environment’s culture, values, and needs (Gokhool, 2007). Sanna, Frank and Kaisu (2001) confirm that there is a relationship between the adoption timing and cultural characteristics.
E-government for Development Information Exchange Project (Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization, 2004) noted that, for e-government projects in developing and transitional countries, thirty five per cent were total failures, fifty per cent were partial failures, and only fifteen per cent were successful. Moreover, Levinson, 2009 confirmed that the rate of IT project failure is increasing and IT project success decreasing. This leads us to question the reasons behind these difficulties in implementing, adopting, and running an e-government system (Heeks, 2008). What are the causes behind these failures? If the causes are technical, then, what is wrong with the UK’s e-government initiative that discourages British citizens from using it (Swartz, 2003)? Why are the Japanese people still anxious about paying online despite their enormous advances in technology (Aoki, 2003)?
1.3.1 Infrastructure
The developed countries have furnished the needed environment for information technology to reach all public sectors services. They recognize the benefit of information technology on expedient organization efficiency and increasing the capacity of public bureaus to achieve new markets, transcending geographical and political barriers. The developed countries have also allocated the needed assets and adopted programs, to give confidence on information technology acceptance. This has improved the social services such as education and health; in addition, it has also enhanced efficiency in administrations . Infrastructure issues are the most common technical inhibitors to e-government development and dissemination, and this factor is particularly relevant to developing countries especially poor countries (Vosloo, 2005). See Table one
Table 1 Source internet filtering in Saudi Arabia 2009
KEY INDICATORS Worst M Best
GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)…..15,711
Literacy rate (% of people age 15+)………………82.9
Human development index (out of 177)…………..61
Digital opportunity index (out of 181)…….…….…75.
Internet users (% of population)……….............28.5
1.3.2 Qualified Staff
In order to run the e-government program effectively and efficiently, we need to have qualified teams to perform the task (Vosloo, 2005). To do so, there has to be highly training programs for the employees and a lot of information technology specialists. As you walk into any government agency in Saudi Arabia you will notice the lack professional work. In addition, the chaos issue is spreading all over the offices. That is why king Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz ordered the establishment of Control and Investigation Board to resolve these and other problems (Bawazir, 2006).
1.3.3 Internet Usage
One of the difficulties that the Saudi Government could face in establishing e-government in the country from corner to corner is that internet usage across the Kingdom is very low (Stats, Internet World, 2009). According to Fahad Al Hoymany, Minister’s advisor for Information Technology and head of the e-government infrastructure department at the Saudi Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI), currently just twenty eight percent or less of the population actually uses the internet (OpenNet, 2009); (Milne, 2006). See table Two
Internet Usage Statistics for Selected Countries in the middle east Region
Country Population 2009 Est. Internet Users, 2000 Internet Users 2009 Use Growth (2000-2009) % Population (Penetration)
Kuwait 02.69 M 150,000 1,000,000 566.7 % 37.1%
Iran 66.42 M 250,000 32.20 M 12.78 % 48.5 %
Oman 03.41 M 90,000 465,000 416% 13.6 %
Saudi .A 28. 86 M 200,000 7,700,000 3,750 % 26.8%
UAE 04.79 M 735,000 2,922,00 297.6 % 60.9%
Qatar 0,833 M 30,000 436,000 1,353.3 % 52.3 %
Table 2 Source internet usage statistic 2009
1.3.4 Resistance to Change
User’s resistance to information technology is a common occurrence when new information systems are implemented and can greatly contribute to failure of newly implemented systems (Adams, Berner & Wyatt, 2004). The tendency of people to resist changes, especially when they require extra effort, is another major problem for e-government adoption that needs to be managed (Joseph, 2008). Human resistance contributes to some of the most important issues that play part in information technology project’s success or failure (Rhoda, 2008).
1.3.5 Leadership support
These common barriers are critical to implementation. For example, Swanson (2002) claims that about sixty per cent of e-government initiatives fail due to lack of commitment from high-level officials; funding; and project control. Heeks (2002) discusses the challenges to e-government adoption in Africa. In which, he concludes that the lack of both finance and any e-readiness strategy may cause a slow diffusion rate. The researcher noticed that many e-government projects have failed in Africa because they simply conflicted with some leaders’ personal interests (Scacco, 2009). OECD (2003) found that expenditure in e-government should be viewed as an investment and cost-effective solutions should be pursued (Gray, 2004).
1.3.6 Culture
The procedures, technologies, and ways of e-services have been constructed up extremely in a western cultural background. Saudi Arabia has been implementing vigorous information infrastructures. Nevertheless, the cultural infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is fairly different from that of the Western world. Tele-Geography 2008 claimed that Internet growth in the Middle East region will flow over the next five years. However, based on a Kayser 2002, western technology “application” would have to go through major cultural obstacles. Therefore, there are additional aspects in particular the cultural differences, which must be considered in order to adopt E-commerce and E-government in Saudi Arabia. The effects of E-commerce and E-government are the subjects of deep debate in Saudi Arabia, and a prospective study to explore and investigate the barriers of E-commerce and the use of E-government in Saudi Arabia is underway (Dunlop, 2006); (Almogbil, 2005.)
On the UNISCO report 2009, the UNESCO’s Director-General quoted “Culture is the great forgotten issue among the Millennium Development Goals.” Also criticized “it has become urgent in our world, which is confronted to cultural changes of all sorts, to learn how to manage change and ensure that it does not becomes a source of greater vulnerability for those who are badly prepared to face it." In addition; Web strategy asked “How cultural norms impact social technology adoption. The fact is, that French have internet infrastructure, knowledge of how to use social tools, and a government that’s not resisting the social web. Yet the adoption rates, according to the numbers, are much lower (Owyang, 2009.)
The Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization argued that technology systems need solid planning and vision, that information technology should be viewed as the means not the desired end, and importantly, it should match the local environment’s culture, values, and needs (Gokhool, 2007). Sanna, Frank and Kaisu (2001) confirm that there is a relationship between the adoption timing and cultural characteristics.
E Business – Success using Technology
Self – Diagnosis
Are you ready for e-business? Before venturing into the e-business model, analyze your company. Get prepared to answer these questions about your customers, impact of economic, and technology trends on your company.
• Has the recent technological trends created any new ways of doing business and reorganizing priorities in your company.
• Is your company responding to changing customer expectations? Are you aware of the dimensions of value that your customers care about?
• Is your company willing to take advantage of new opportunities?
• Is your company successful at lowering operating costs in the recent times?
If all your answers are yes, then I suggest stop reading further, you are in the trendsetter category. If most of your answers are yes, then you are an innovator in the making. If most of your answers are no, go ahead read this completely, you belong to silent majority category.
If you are willing to become an innovator, then think e-business.
Traditional Business
E Business
Why e business
Benefits
• Reduce travel costs: Use email and phone instead of travelling.
• Access more information: Know more about your suppliers, vendors, pricing strategies and most importantly your competition sitting at your office.
• Ongoing marketing costs: An online brochure can reach an unlimited number of potential customers; an online newsletter published on your site keeps you connected with your customers updating them about your products and services.
• Avoid recurring costs of marketing: Eliminate recurring costs in marketing such as marketing on moving media, hoardings and print.
• World of opportunities: Internet offers global opportunities for businesses in a boundary less environment.
• More efficient customer relation management: Connect with your customers directly; know the profile of your customer. His needs and demands at a fraction of traditional marketing cost.
• Improved customer service: Provide more responsive order taking and after-sales service to your customers; this, in turn, can lead to increase repeat customers and more business.
• Know your competition: You can become more aware of your competition within your market and more aware of market trends leading to product/service innovation and improvement in quality.
• Increased efficiency: e-business not only reduces costs but it can also increase the speed of transactions; both buying and selling.
• 24/7@365 days: offer 24-hour/7-day sales service – particularly important when trading through time zones.
E-business Trend
• On line retail sales are expected to grow from US$81 billion in 2005 to US$144 billion in 2010.
• Customers become more mature, more savvy and gain more experiences online. They know what to expect from online store-fonts.
• By 2010, 71% of online users will use Internet to shop.
E-business Models
Below is a list of e-business models currently adopted widely for starting a business online:
• E-shops: The term e-shop refers to a place where people buy online your products and services. Selling online has reduced the costs associated with a brick mortar shop.
• E-commerce: Electronic Commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet.
• Third-party Marketplaces: Amazon.com is the best example for third party marketplace. It allows selling of new and used items by third parties. The other successful examples of the marketplace model are eBay - New & used electronics, cars, apparel, collectibles, sporting goods & more at low prices and Half.com.
The author of this article is an experienced SEO consultant for small business enterprises. Please visit Search Engine Optimization(SEO) Services - London for more information and success stories.
Self – Diagnosis
Are you ready for e-business? Before venturing into the e-business model, analyze your company. Get prepared to answer these questions about your customers, impact of economic, and technology trends on your company.
• Has the recent technological trends created any new ways of doing business and reorganizing priorities in your company.
• Is your company responding to changing customer expectations? Are you aware of the dimensions of value that your customers care about?
• Is your company willing to take advantage of new opportunities?
• Is your company successful at lowering operating costs in the recent times?
If all your answers are yes, then I suggest stop reading further, you are in the trendsetter category. If most of your answers are yes, then you are an innovator in the making. If most of your answers are no, go ahead read this completely, you belong to silent majority category.
If you are willing to become an innovator, then think e-business.
Traditional Business
E Business
Why e business
Benefits
• Reduce travel costs: Use email and phone instead of travelling.
• Access more information: Know more about your suppliers, vendors, pricing strategies and most importantly your competition sitting at your office.
• Ongoing marketing costs: An online brochure can reach an unlimited number of potential customers; an online newsletter published on your site keeps you connected with your customers updating them about your products and services.
• Avoid recurring costs of marketing: Eliminate recurring costs in marketing such as marketing on moving media, hoardings and print.
• World of opportunities: Internet offers global opportunities for businesses in a boundary less environment.
• More efficient customer relation management: Connect with your customers directly; know the profile of your customer. His needs and demands at a fraction of traditional marketing cost.
• Improved customer service: Provide more responsive order taking and after-sales service to your customers; this, in turn, can lead to increase repeat customers and more business.
• Know your competition: You can become more aware of your competition within your market and more aware of market trends leading to product/service innovation and improvement in quality.
• Increased efficiency: e-business not only reduces costs but it can also increase the speed of transactions; both buying and selling.
• 24/7@365 days: offer 24-hour/7-day sales service – particularly important when trading through time zones.
E-business Trend
• On line retail sales are expected to grow from US$81 billion in 2005 to US$144 billion in 2010.
• Customers become more mature, more savvy and gain more experiences online. They know what to expect from online store-fonts.
• By 2010, 71% of online users will use Internet to shop.
E-business Models
Below is a list of e-business models currently adopted widely for starting a business online:
• E-shops: The term e-shop refers to a place where people buy online your products and services. Selling online has reduced the costs associated with a brick mortar shop.
• E-commerce: Electronic Commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet.
• Third-party Marketplaces: Amazon.com is the best example for third party marketplace. It allows selling of new and used items by third parties. The other successful examples of the marketplace model are eBay - New & used electronics, cars, apparel, collectibles, sporting goods & more at low prices and Half.com.
The author of this article is an experienced SEO consultant for small business enterprises. Please visit Search Engine Optimization(SEO) Services - London for more information and success stories.
Re: 100 Marks Project of E-BUSINESS (161 pg. Word File)
thanks for your help and sharing such valuable info
thanks for your help and sharing such valuable info