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The history of computer viruses is a tale of rapid evolution, adaptation, and increasing complexity. Just like biological viruses mutate to survive and evade immunity, computer viruses have transformed over time—constantly changing form and function to outsmart antivirus defenses. From the...

Before the era of widespread internet use, social media, or even personal computers, the seeds of cybersecurity were already being planted. Long before names like WannaCry or Stuxnet made headlines, there were two pioneering programs that laid the foundation for how we understand malware today...

In the late 1980s, the internet was still in its infancy—an experimental network known as ARPANET connecting a few universities and research institutions. Yet, even in that limited environment, a self-replicating program known as the Morris Worm managed to bring the internet to its knees...

The 1980s marked the beginning of the digital age, but it also silently gave rise to an unexpected threat: computer viruses. As personal computing began to grow rapidly, so did the opportunities for experimentation—and exploitation. The decade witnessed the creation of some of the earliest and...

When people talk about computer infections, the term “virus” often comes up automatically. For many years, “computer virus” was used as a blanket term to describe nearly every kind of malicious activity on a digital system. However, as technology has evolved, so have the nature of threats—and so...

Pixel art, once a technical necessity due to limited screen resolutions and memory constraints, has evolved into a vibrant and nostalgic artistic style that continues to thrive in the modern digital landscape. Today, we are witnessing a remarkable revival of pixel art, driven not by limitations...

As we transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, the focus is shifting from automation and efficiency to personalization, resilience, and collaboration between humans and machines. A vital enabler of this new industrial revolution is the use of hyperrealistic digital twins—digital replicas of...

Sound is just as important as sight in architectural design, especially in places like concert halls, theaters, lecture rooms, and open office spaces. To accurately predict and improve how sound behaves in a given space, architects and acoustic engineers are increasingly turning to computer...

Photorealistic animation has become a gold standard in fields ranging from entertainment and advertising to architectural visualization and scientific simulation. At the heart of this ultra-realistic rendering technique lies a powerful computer graphics method called ray tracing. Known for...

In the fast-evolving realm of digital art and design, vector graphics have remained a cornerstone due to their scalability, clarity, and precision. These graphics—built from points, lines, and curves defined by mathematical equations—are crucial for logos, icons, illustrations, infographics, and...

Foveated rendering is a breakthrough in computer graphics that is poised to redefine virtual reality (VR) experiences by optimizing visual fidelity and performance. This innovative technique mirrors the natural function of the human eye, which sees in high detail only at the center of focus (the...

Preserving the past is no longer the sole domain of archaeologists and historians. Thanks to the rapid advancement in computer graphics, we are witnessing a revolution in how cultural heritage is recorded, studied, and restored. Three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics have become a powerful...

In today’s hyper-connected world, every click, swipe, and online interaction leaves behind a trace—collectively known as a digital footprint. While this data is often invisible to the average user, computer graphics are now being used to bring personal data trails to life. Through advanced...

In today’s gaming industry, where visuals play a crucial role in storytelling, immersion, and engagement, the importance of accessibility is gaining momentum. With millions of players globally having some form of visual, cognitive, or physical impairment, designing accessible gaming environments...

The intersection of art and artificial intelligence has opened up a new frontier in digital creativity: generative art powered by evolutionary algorithms. This blend of biology-inspired computing and computer graphics enables the creation of highly complex, unique, and often unpredictable visual...

Typography—the art and technique of arranging type—has undergone a dramatic transformation with the rise of Extended Reality (XR), which includes Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). As users transition from two-dimensional screens to immersive, three-dimensional...

Procedural ecosystem generation has emerged as a groundbreaking technique in computer graphics, particularly within the gaming industry. Instead of relying solely on manual asset creation and environment design, developers now use algorithms to automatically generate vast, realistic, and dynamic...

In the evolving landscape of legal proceedings, technology is becoming an increasingly vital component in enhancing clarity, efficiency, and fairness. One of the most transformative innovations in this space is the use of computer graphics in legal forensics and digital trials. Through...

Virtual Reality (VR) has unlocked a new era of digital immersion, enabling people to step inside games, training modules, education platforms, and entertainment environments. However, one major challenge continues to hinder its universal adoption—motion sickness. Often referred to as VR-induced...

As blockchain technology becomes more integral to modern digital infrastructure—from finance and supply chains to voting systems and digital identity—the need to understand its complex inner workings grows. However, blockchain is notoriously abstract and difficult to visualize. To bridge this...