Description
Describing about what are the things which one needs to keep in mind while creating working environment and working conditions.
WORKING CONDITIONS ENVIRONMENT
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
To recognise that it is the employers responsibility to ensure that the workplace is safe ? To adopt an occupational safety & health policy which will establish a safety & health organisation in the company ? To encourage strong participation by the workers in the safety & health activities
?
Decreasing degree of effectiveness in dealing with the hazard: eliminate he hazard when it is strong, remove the individual, isolate the hazard, protect the individual ? Some 30% of accidents happen from manual handling ? A significant percentage can be avoided by process analysis, prior work-study, flow process charts
?
BASIC METHODS OF CONTROLLNG OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
? To
prevent fires desin buildings, processes and storage facilities where oxygen, heat and fuel do not easily combine ? To eliminate or reduce sources of heat or ignition ? There should be an emergency plan ? There should be at least two clear, marked fire exits
PREVENTION OF FIRE
? Right
type of fire extinguisher ? Every worker to be given hands on training on the extinguisher ? Automatic fire protection like sprinklers on ire exit routes ? Regular fire drills and evacuation exercises ? A hot line to Fire Brigade
MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL
? Identify
the major hazard installations ? Information about the plant including a map ? All accidents to be investigated and reports given to authorities and documented ? Fire Alarm System
WORKING PREMISES
During layout development all sources of hazard and nuisance should be isolated ? Wherever work premises should be above ground level ? Window area should be minimum 17% of the floor area ? Ceiling should be at least 3 metres and each worker should have at least 10 cubic metres of air, individual free floor area of 2 square metres per person
?
GOOD HOUSE KEEPING
Unnecessary items should be disposed of ? Tools and equipments should be arranged so as to provide easy access ? Gangways and passages should be kept clear and white markers indicating them about 5 cms ? Work Area to be kept clean- no oil or grease on the floor- Deposits of toxic chemicals should be left unattended
?
CLOTHINGS
? Working
clothes should be clean and should be of such material to reduce the skin-absorption hazards of toxic substances ? Workers exposed to toxic and dangerous substances should have washrooms and one shower for every three workers
LIGHTING
80% of information required for doing a job is visual ? Good visibility of equipment, product and the data is essential for higher productivity, lower waste, lower no. of defects ? Lighting to be increased depending on precision/miniaturisation, age of the worker, less glare ? Should be uniformly diffused
?
LIGHTING
A suitable colour scheme an contribute to effective lighting- pleasant rather than drab colours ? Switches near windows so as to quickly put on lights when natural light becomes dim ? No shiny glossy surfaces to prevent glare ? Localised lighting for fine jobs ? No direct eye contact with sources of light
?
NOISE & VIBRATION
Noise is any disagreeable or undesired sound ? Noise may cause sensori-motor, neurovegetative and metabolic disorders ? An intellectual work in a noisy environment will get fatigued ? Prolonged exposure can lead to hearing impairment ? Workers exposed to vibrating machines should require them to be mounted on vibration absorbers
?
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Working in a hot environment- is the humidity & ventilation controlled to promote evaporation of sweat? ? Working in a cold environment hitherto restricted to cold countries now happens in tropical countries with refrigeration ? Working in cold reduces efficiency ? Hot drinks, alternately working in normal temperature helps
?
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
? Excessive
humidity is poorly tolerated at either very high or cold temperatures ? Temperature should not exceed 21 degree Celsius ? Humidity to be within 40 to 70%
VENTILATION
? Not
to be confused with air circulation which merely moves air around without renewing it ? Workplace Ventilation disperses the heat generated by machine and people at work- wherever machines and people are closely clustered ventilation should be intensified
VENTILATION (CONTD)
? It
dilutes atmospheric contamination – it is easy to calculate the quantity of air to be admitted, on the basis of the quantity of substances being released into the air and the maximum concentration that should be observed ? It maintains the feeling of air freshness
VENTILATION (CONTD)
To ensure air flow air needs to be changed between 4 and 8 times per our in office premises and for sedentary workers, between 8 and 12 times for workshops, 15 to 30 times for public premises ? Air speed for sedentary work should exceed .2 metres per second, but or a hot environment it should be between .5 and 1 metre per second ? For some types of hot work a stream of cold air may be directed at the workers
?
VENTILATION (CONTD)
? Natural
ventilation is least effective when ventilation is most needed ? In such cases artificial ventilation has to be used ? Push-Pull Ventilation devices using both blowing in of air and exhausting of air has to be used in most cases ? The exhausted air should not get into the breathing zone of the workers
EXPOSURE TO TOXIC SUBTANCES
Whenever there are toxic substances contaminating the work place instruments, equipments and standard methods are available for detection, sampling and evaluation of the contaminants ? Exposure limits are specified by government bodies, research institutions and professional bodies ? Periodic monitoring is essential backed up by medical examinations of the workers
?
EXPOSURE (CONTD)
Non air borne toxic substances can enter the body through food ingestion, skin absorption ? Mineral oils and solvents can cause dermatitis, aniline causes cyanosis, benzene can affect blood cells through skin absorption ? Workers thus exposed should be put through regular medical tests ? For severe hazards personal protective equipment may have to be provided
?
WORKING TIME
Where hours of work are very long there is a significant productivity gain when the hours are shortened- the long hours are ased on the assumption tat workers can sustain their rapid pace of work over a longtime ? Actual case studies almost always show that average productivity gains are rapid when excess hours are reduced ? In ILC 1962 the standard of 40 hour work week was established- in some countries/industres 35 hours
?
OVERTIME
Legislation varies from country to country about overtime which is remunerated at a higher than normal rate ? Most countries seek to limit overtime by establishing daily, weekly, monthly or yearly limits ? ILO recommends special consieration to the young under 18, pregnant women, nursing mothers and the disabled
?
BREAKS, REST PAUSES
? Arduous
work requires that the workers get periodic breaks to overcome fatigue ? Even where hi-tech jobs and even intellectual work reduce physical arduousness he work tempo and brief preparation time there is psycho-physical stress breaks are essential for the same reason
DAILY & WEEKLY REST
? For
the sam productivity and health reasons most countries mandate minimum daily and weekly rest ? An uninterrupted retperiod of at least 24 hours and even 36 to 48 hours every week is a legislated requirement in almost all countries
NIGHT WORK
Night shifts has harmful effects on sleep, gastro intestinal health and other aspects and affects social life ? ILO Night Work Convention No 171 and Recommendation No 172 (1990) call for specific measures for hours of work, rest periods, financial compensation, safety and health measures, opportunities for family and social time etc.
?
FLEXIBLE WORKING TIME
? Staggered
hours can prevent congestion at reporting and departing times ? Flexitime where a person can choose his/her hours of work provided he/she does a total of 8 hours of wok per day ? Shift Work- various models are available
WORK & WELFARE
? Drinking
Water ? Sanitary Facilities ? First Aid & Medical Facilities ? Rest Facilities ? Feeding Facilities ? Child Care Facilities ? Recreational Facilities
doc_152123512.ppt
Describing about what are the things which one needs to keep in mind while creating working environment and working conditions.
WORKING CONDITIONS ENVIRONMENT
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
To recognise that it is the employers responsibility to ensure that the workplace is safe ? To adopt an occupational safety & health policy which will establish a safety & health organisation in the company ? To encourage strong participation by the workers in the safety & health activities
?
Decreasing degree of effectiveness in dealing with the hazard: eliminate he hazard when it is strong, remove the individual, isolate the hazard, protect the individual ? Some 30% of accidents happen from manual handling ? A significant percentage can be avoided by process analysis, prior work-study, flow process charts
?
BASIC METHODS OF CONTROLLNG OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
? To
prevent fires desin buildings, processes and storage facilities where oxygen, heat and fuel do not easily combine ? To eliminate or reduce sources of heat or ignition ? There should be an emergency plan ? There should be at least two clear, marked fire exits
PREVENTION OF FIRE
? Right
type of fire extinguisher ? Every worker to be given hands on training on the extinguisher ? Automatic fire protection like sprinklers on ire exit routes ? Regular fire drills and evacuation exercises ? A hot line to Fire Brigade
MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL
? Identify
the major hazard installations ? Information about the plant including a map ? All accidents to be investigated and reports given to authorities and documented ? Fire Alarm System
WORKING PREMISES
During layout development all sources of hazard and nuisance should be isolated ? Wherever work premises should be above ground level ? Window area should be minimum 17% of the floor area ? Ceiling should be at least 3 metres and each worker should have at least 10 cubic metres of air, individual free floor area of 2 square metres per person
?
GOOD HOUSE KEEPING
Unnecessary items should be disposed of ? Tools and equipments should be arranged so as to provide easy access ? Gangways and passages should be kept clear and white markers indicating them about 5 cms ? Work Area to be kept clean- no oil or grease on the floor- Deposits of toxic chemicals should be left unattended
?
CLOTHINGS
? Working
clothes should be clean and should be of such material to reduce the skin-absorption hazards of toxic substances ? Workers exposed to toxic and dangerous substances should have washrooms and one shower for every three workers
LIGHTING
80% of information required for doing a job is visual ? Good visibility of equipment, product and the data is essential for higher productivity, lower waste, lower no. of defects ? Lighting to be increased depending on precision/miniaturisation, age of the worker, less glare ? Should be uniformly diffused
?
LIGHTING
A suitable colour scheme an contribute to effective lighting- pleasant rather than drab colours ? Switches near windows so as to quickly put on lights when natural light becomes dim ? No shiny glossy surfaces to prevent glare ? Localised lighting for fine jobs ? No direct eye contact with sources of light
?
NOISE & VIBRATION
Noise is any disagreeable or undesired sound ? Noise may cause sensori-motor, neurovegetative and metabolic disorders ? An intellectual work in a noisy environment will get fatigued ? Prolonged exposure can lead to hearing impairment ? Workers exposed to vibrating machines should require them to be mounted on vibration absorbers
?
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Working in a hot environment- is the humidity & ventilation controlled to promote evaporation of sweat? ? Working in a cold environment hitherto restricted to cold countries now happens in tropical countries with refrigeration ? Working in cold reduces efficiency ? Hot drinks, alternately working in normal temperature helps
?
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
? Excessive
humidity is poorly tolerated at either very high or cold temperatures ? Temperature should not exceed 21 degree Celsius ? Humidity to be within 40 to 70%
VENTILATION
? Not
to be confused with air circulation which merely moves air around without renewing it ? Workplace Ventilation disperses the heat generated by machine and people at work- wherever machines and people are closely clustered ventilation should be intensified
VENTILATION (CONTD)
? It
dilutes atmospheric contamination – it is easy to calculate the quantity of air to be admitted, on the basis of the quantity of substances being released into the air and the maximum concentration that should be observed ? It maintains the feeling of air freshness
VENTILATION (CONTD)
To ensure air flow air needs to be changed between 4 and 8 times per our in office premises and for sedentary workers, between 8 and 12 times for workshops, 15 to 30 times for public premises ? Air speed for sedentary work should exceed .2 metres per second, but or a hot environment it should be between .5 and 1 metre per second ? For some types of hot work a stream of cold air may be directed at the workers
?
VENTILATION (CONTD)
? Natural
ventilation is least effective when ventilation is most needed ? In such cases artificial ventilation has to be used ? Push-Pull Ventilation devices using both blowing in of air and exhausting of air has to be used in most cases ? The exhausted air should not get into the breathing zone of the workers
EXPOSURE TO TOXIC SUBTANCES
Whenever there are toxic substances contaminating the work place instruments, equipments and standard methods are available for detection, sampling and evaluation of the contaminants ? Exposure limits are specified by government bodies, research institutions and professional bodies ? Periodic monitoring is essential backed up by medical examinations of the workers
?
EXPOSURE (CONTD)
Non air borne toxic substances can enter the body through food ingestion, skin absorption ? Mineral oils and solvents can cause dermatitis, aniline causes cyanosis, benzene can affect blood cells through skin absorption ? Workers thus exposed should be put through regular medical tests ? For severe hazards personal protective equipment may have to be provided
?
WORKING TIME
Where hours of work are very long there is a significant productivity gain when the hours are shortened- the long hours are ased on the assumption tat workers can sustain their rapid pace of work over a longtime ? Actual case studies almost always show that average productivity gains are rapid when excess hours are reduced ? In ILC 1962 the standard of 40 hour work week was established- in some countries/industres 35 hours
?
OVERTIME
Legislation varies from country to country about overtime which is remunerated at a higher than normal rate ? Most countries seek to limit overtime by establishing daily, weekly, monthly or yearly limits ? ILO recommends special consieration to the young under 18, pregnant women, nursing mothers and the disabled
?
BREAKS, REST PAUSES
? Arduous
work requires that the workers get periodic breaks to overcome fatigue ? Even where hi-tech jobs and even intellectual work reduce physical arduousness he work tempo and brief preparation time there is psycho-physical stress breaks are essential for the same reason
DAILY & WEEKLY REST
? For
the sam productivity and health reasons most countries mandate minimum daily and weekly rest ? An uninterrupted retperiod of at least 24 hours and even 36 to 48 hours every week is a legislated requirement in almost all countries
NIGHT WORK
Night shifts has harmful effects on sleep, gastro intestinal health and other aspects and affects social life ? ILO Night Work Convention No 171 and Recommendation No 172 (1990) call for specific measures for hours of work, rest periods, financial compensation, safety and health measures, opportunities for family and social time etc.
?
FLEXIBLE WORKING TIME
? Staggered
hours can prevent congestion at reporting and departing times ? Flexitime where a person can choose his/her hours of work provided he/she does a total of 8 hours of wok per day ? Shift Work- various models are available
WORK & WELFARE
? Drinking
Water ? Sanitary Facilities ? First Aid & Medical Facilities ? Rest Facilities ? Feeding Facilities ? Child Care Facilities ? Recreational Facilities
doc_152123512.ppt