Description
The report explains the model list given by World Health Organisation WHO on essential medicines.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
15th list, March 2007
Status of this document This is a reprint of the text on the WHO Medicines web site http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html
15th edition
Essential Medicines WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
Explanatory Notes
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost?effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost?effective treatment. The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost?effectiveness in a variety of settings. The square box symbol ( ) is primarily intended to indicate similar clinical performance within a pharmacological class. The listed medicine should be the example of the class for which there is the best evidence for effectiveness and safety. In some cases, this may be the first medicine that is licensed for marketing; in other instances, subsequently licensed compounds may be safer or more effective. Where there is no difference in terms of efficacy and safety data, the listed medicine should be the one that is generally available at the lowest price, based on international drug price information sources. Therapeutic equivalence is only indicated on the basis of reviews of efficacy and safety and when consistent with WHO clinical guidelines. National lists should not use a similar symbol and should be specific in their final selection, which would depend on local availability and price. Medicines are listed in alphabetical order, within sections. The presence of an entry on the Essential Medicines List carries no assurance as to pharmaceutical quality. It is the responsibility of each local regulatory authority to ensure that each brand is of appropriate pharmaceutical quality (including stability) and that, when relevant, different brands are interchangeable. Dosage forms of medicines are listed in alphabetical order and there is no implication of preference for one form over another. Standard treatment guidelines should be consulted for information on appropriate dosage forms. Entries of the type oral liquid are intended to permit any solution, suspension or other form of liquid. Granules for reconstitution as an oral liquid may substitute for oral liquids, and typically carry benefits in the form of better stability and lower transport costs. If more than one type of oral liquid is available on the same market (e.g. solution, suspension, granules for reconstitution), they may be interchanged and in such cases should be bioequivalent. It is preferable that oral liquids do not contain sugar and that solutions for children do not contain alcohol. Entries of the type tablet are intended to allow various forms of immediate?release tablet such as uncoated, film?coated, crushable, chewable, dispersible etc. Enteric coating, on the other hand, modifies drug release, and enteric?coated products are a modified release dosage form. Crushable, chewable and dispersible tablets may be easier to administer to paediatric populations and to the elderly.
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
halothane
15th edition (March 2007)
Inhalation. Injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride)/ml in 10?ml vial. Inhalation. Inhalation (medicinal gas). Powder for injection: 0.5 g; 1.0 g (sodium salt) in ampoule.
ketamine nitrous oxide oxygen
thiopental
1.2 Local anaesthetics Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.
bupivacaine
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in 4?ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial.
lidocaine
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in 2?ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. Topical forms: 2?4% (hydrochloride). Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000.
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:200 000 in vial. Complementary List Injection: 30 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 1?ml ampoule. ephedrine (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension). 1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures atropine
diazepam
Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 5 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 5 mg.
morphine promethazine
Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1?ml ampoule. Oral liquid: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml.
2. ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MEDICINES (NSAIMs), MEDICINES USED TO TREAT GOUT AND DISEASE MODIFYING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID DISORDERS (DMARDs)
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) acetylsalicylic acid ibuprofen Suppository: 50?150 mg. Tablet: 100?500 mg. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg.
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Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 ml. Suppository: 100 mg. paracetamol* Tablet: 100?500 mg.
15th edition (March 2007)
* Not recommended for anti?inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect. 2.2 Opioid analgesics codeine Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate). Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Oral liquid: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate)/5 ml. Tablet: 10 mg (morphine sulfate). Tablet (prolonged release): 10 mg; 30 mg; 60 mg (morphine sulfate). 2.3 Medicines used to treat gout allopurinol Tablet: 100 mg.
morphine
2.4 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs) chloroquine Complementary List azathioprine methotrexate penicillamine sulfasalazine Tablet: 50 mg. Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt). Capsule or tablet: 250 mg. Tablet: 500 mg. Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS
Injection: 10 mg (hydrogen maleate) in 1?ml ampoule.
chlorphenamine
Tablet: 4 mg (hydrogen maleate). dexamethasone epinephrine (adrenaline) hydrocortisone Injection: 4 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as disodium salt) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1?ml ampoule. Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg
prednisolone*
* There is no evidence for complete clinical similarity between prednisolone and dexamethasone at high doses.
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4.1 Non-specific charcoal, activated 4.2 Specific acetylcysteine atropine calcium gluconate deferoxamine dimercaprol DL?methionine methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) naloxone penicillamine potassium ferric hexacyano?ferrate(II) ? 2H20 (Prussian blue) sodium calcium edetate sodium nitrite sodium thiosulfate Powder.
15th edition (March 2007)
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS
Injection: 200 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. Injection in oil: 50 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 250 mg. Injection: 10 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1?ml ampoule. Capsule or tablet: 250 mg. Powder for oral administration. Injection: 200 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. Injection: 30 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 250 mg/ml in 50?ml ampoule.
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 ml. carbamazepine Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg. Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg.
diazepam
Injection: 5 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule (intravenous or rectal). Injection: 500 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule; 500 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule.
magnesium sulfate* * For use in eclampsia and severe pre?eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders. Injection: 200 mg/ml (phenobarbital sodium). phenobarbital Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 ml (as phenobarbital or phenobarbital sodium). Tablet: 15?100 mg (phenobarbital).
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Capsule: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (sodium salt). Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5?ml vial (sodium salt). Oral liquid: 25?30 mg/5 ml.* phenytoin Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (sodium salt). Tablet (chewable): 50 mg. * The presence of both 25 mg/5 ml and 30 mg/5 ml strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided. Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml. valproic acid Tablet (crushable): 100 mg. Tablet (enteric?coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium valproate). Complementary List Capsule: 250 mg. ethosuximide Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml.
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics 6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics albendazole levamisole
mebendazole
Tablet (chewable): 400 mg. Tablet: 50 mg; 150 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (chewable): 500 mg.
niclosamide* * Niclosamide is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails. praziquantel pyrantel Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate). 6.1.2 Antifilarials ivermectin Complementary List diethylcarbamazine suramin sodium Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate). Powder for injection: 1 g in vial. Tablet (scored): 3 mg; 6 mg. Tablet: 150 mg; 600 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg (as embonate)/ml.
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and antitrematode medicine praziquantel triclabendazole Tablet: 600 mg. Tablet: 250 mg.
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Complementary List Capsule: 250 mg. oxamniquine* Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml.
15th edition (March 2007)
* Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails. 6.2 Antibacterials 6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines Capsule or tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous). amoxicillin Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (anhydrous)/5 ml. amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ampicillin benzathine benzylpenicillin benzylpenicillin Tablet: 500 mg + 125 mg. Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. Powder for injection: 1.44 g benzylpenicillin (=2.4 million IU) in 5?ml vial. Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g (= 5 million IU) (sodium or potassium salt) in vial. Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. cefazolin* * For surgical prophylaxis. Capsule: 400 mg. cefixime* * Only listed for single?dose treatment of uncomplicated ano? genital gonorrhoea. Capsule: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt).
cloxacillin
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as sodium salt)/5 ml. Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as potassium salt)/5 ml.
phenoxymethylpenicillin Tablet: 250 mg (as potassium salt). procaine benzylpenicillin Complementary List ceftazidime
ceftriaxone
Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g (=3 million IU) in vial.
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as pentahydrate) in vial. Powder for injection: 250 mg, 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. Powder for injection: 250 mg (as monohydrate) + 250 mg (as sodium salt); 500 mg (as monohydrate) + 500 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
imipenem* + cilastatin* * Only listed for the treatment of life?threatening hospital?based infection due to suspected or proven multidrug?resistant infection.
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6.2.2 Other antibacterials Capsule: 250 mg or 500 mg. azithromycin* Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml.
15th edition (March 2007)
* Only listed for single?dose treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis and of trachoma. Capsule: 250 mg. Oily suspension for injection: 0.5 g (as sodium succinate)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Oral liquid: 150 mg (as palmitate)/5 ml. Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial. Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
ciprofloxacin*
chloramphenicol
* Final selection depends on indication for use. Capsule or tablet: 100 mg (hydrochloride). doxycycline* * Final selection depends on indication for use. Capsule or tablet: 250 mg (as stearate or ethyl succinate).
erythromycin
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as lactobionate) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/ 5 ml (as stearate or ethyl succinate). Injection: 10 mg; 40 mg (as sulfate)/ml in 2?ml vial.
gentamicin*
* Final selection depends on indication for use. Injection: 500 mg in 100?ml vial. Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml.
metronidazole
Suppository: 500 mg; 1 g. Tablet: 200?500 mg. nitrofurantoin spectinomycin Tablet: 100 mg. Powder for injection: 2 g (as hydrochloride) in vial. Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5?ml and 10?ml ampoules. sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 ml. Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg. trimethoprim Complementary List Capsule: 150 mg. clindamycin Injection: 150 mg (as phosphate)/ml. Injection: 250 mg (sodium salt) in 4?ml ampoule. sulfadiazine Tablet: 500 mg.
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Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg.
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
vancomycin 6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines
15th edition (March 2007)
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Colour coded blister packs (MDT blister packs) containing standard two medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three medicine (multibacillary leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be supplied free of charge through WHO. clofazimine dapsone rifampicin Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Capsule or tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg.
6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines ethambutol isoniazid Tablet (scored): 50 mg. isoniazid + ethambutol Tablet: 150 mg + 400 mg. Tablet: 400 mg. pyrazinamide Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg. Tablet (scored): 150 mg. rifampicin Capsule or tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg. Tablet: 60 mg + 30 mg; 150 mg + 75 mg; 300 mg + 150 mg. rifampicin + isoniazid 60 mg + 60 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly). 150 mg + 150 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly). rifampicin + isoniazid + ethambutol Tablet: 150 mg + 75 mg + 275 mg. Tablet: rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide 60 mg + 30 mg + 150 mg; 150 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg. 150 mg + 150 mg + 500 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly). rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide Tablet: 150 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg + 275 mg. + ethambutol streptomycin Complementary List Reserve second?line drugs for the treatment of multidrug?resistant tuberculosis (MDR?TB) should be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards for TB control. amikacin Powder for injection: 1000 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial. Tablet: 100?400 mg (hydrochloride). Tablet: 100?300 mg.
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capreomycin cycloserine ethionamide kanamycin Powder for injection: 1000 mg in vial. Capsule or tablet: 250 mg. Tablet: 125 mg; 250 mg. Powder for injection: 1000 mg in vial. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg. ofloxacin*
15th edition (March 2007)
* Levofloxacin may be an alternative based on availability and programme considerations. Granules: 4 g in sachet.
p?aminosalicylic acid Tablet: 500 mg. 6.3 Antifungal medicines Vaginal cream: 1%; 10%. clotrimazole Vaginal tablet: 100 mg; 500 mg. Capsule: 50 mg.
fluconazole
Injection: 2 mg/ml in vial. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml.
griseofulvin
Capsule or tablet: 125 mg; 250 mg. Lozenge: 100 000 IU.
nystatin
Pessary: 100 000 IU. Tablet: 100 000 IU; 500 000 IU.
Complementary List amphotericin B flucytosine Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 ml. potassium iodide 6.4 Antiviral medicines 6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
aciclovir
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial. Capsule: 250 mg.
Saturated solution.
Tablet: 200 mg.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
15th edition (March 2007)
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following three classes of antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of mother?to?child transmission and post exposure prophylaxis). The Committee emphasizes the importance of using these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. The Committee recommends and endorses the use of fixed?dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed?dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non?refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms with assured pharmaceutical quality. 6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors Oral liquid: 100 mg (as sulfate)/5 ml. abacavir (ABC) Tablet: 300 mg (as sulfate). Buffered powder for oral liquid: 100 mg; 167 mg; 250 mg packets. didanosine (ddI) Capsule (unbuffered enteric?coated): 125 mg; 200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg. Tablet (buffered chewable, dispersible): 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 150 mg; 200 mg. Capsule: 200 mg. Oral liquid: 10 mg/ml. emtricitabine (FTC)* * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml. lamivudine (3TC) Tablet: 150 mg. Capsule: 15 mg; 20 mg; 30 mg; 40 mg.* stavudine (d4T) * The Committee expects this dosage form to be reviewed for possible deletion at the next meeting. Powder for oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) Tablet: 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ? equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil). Capsule: 100 mg; 250 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml. zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) Solution for IV infusion injection: 10 mg/ml in 20?ml vial. Tablet: 300 mg. 6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg. efavirenz (EFV or EFZ) Oral liquid: 150 mg/5 ml. Tablet: 600 mg.
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Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml. nevirapine (NVP) Tablet: 200 mg. 6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
15th edition (March 2007)
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an antiretroviral in its own right. This section will be reviewed by the Committee as a priority at its next meeting. It is expected that application for a heat stable tablet formulation containing 200/50 mg lopinavir + ritonavir will be submitted for the next meeting. Capsule: 200 mg; 333 mg; 400 mg (as sulfate). indinavir (IDV) Capsule: 133.3 mg + 33.3 mg. lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r) Oral liquid: 400 mg + 100 mg/5 ml. Oral powder: 50 mg/g. nelfinavir (NFV) Tablet: 250 mg (as mesilate). Oral liquid: 400 mg/5 ml. ritonavir Oral solid dosage form: 100 mg. saquinavir (SQV) FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS efavirenz + emtricitabine* + tenofovir Tablet: 600 mg + 200 mg + 300 mg. * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals. emtricitabine* + tenofovir Tablet: 200 mg + 300 mg. * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals. stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine zidovudine + lamivudine zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine 6.4.3 Other antivirals Injection for intravenous administration: 1000 mg and 800 mg in 10?ml phosphate buffer solution. Oral solid dosage forms: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. 6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines 6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines diloxanide
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Capsule: 200 mg.
Tablet: 30 mg + 150 mg + 200 mg. Tablet: 300 mg + 150 mg. Tablet: 300 mg + 150 mg + 200 mg.
ribavirin
Tablet: 500 mg (furoate).
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Injection: 500 mg in 100?ml vial.
metronidazole
15th edition (March 2007)
Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml. Tablet: 200?500 mg.
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines
meglumine antimoniate
Injection, 30%, equivalent to approximately 8.1% antimony in 5?ml ampoule. Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of paromomycin base present as the sulfate. Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 200 mg; 300 mg (isetionate) in vial.
paromomycin Complementary List amphotericin B pentamidine 6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines 6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list currently recommends combinations according to treatment guidelines. The Committee recognizes that not all of these FDCs exist and encourages their development and rigorous testing. The Committee also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations. Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride). amodiaquine* * To be used (a) in combination with artesunate 50 mg OR (b) may be used alone for the treatment of P.vivax, P.ovale and P.malariae infections. Oily injection: 80 mg/ml in 1?ml ampoule. artemether For use in the management of severe malaria. Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg. artemether + lumefantrine* * Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg. Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous artesunic acid with a separate ampoule of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. For use in the management of severe malaria. Tablet: 50 mg. * To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine. Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml. chloroquine* Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). * For use only for the treatment of P.vivax infection. Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride). doxycycline* Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate). * For use only in combination with quinine.
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artesunate*
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). mefloquine*
15th edition (March 2007)
* To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate) primaquine* * Only for use to achieve radical cure of P.vivax and P.ovale infections, given for 14 days. Injection: 300 mg quinine hydrochloride/ml in 2?ml ampoule. quinine* Tablet: 300 mg (quinine sulfate) or 300 mg (quinine bisulfate). * For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline. Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg. sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine* * Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg. 6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml. chloroquine* Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). * For use only in central American regions, for use for P.vivax. doxycycline mefloquine proguanil* * For use only in combination with chloroquine. 6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines pyrimethamine sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Complementary List pentamidine Tablet: 200 mg; 300 mg. Tablet: 25 mg. Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Capsule or tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride).
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines 6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis Powder for injection: 200 mg (pentamidine isetionate) in vial. pentamidine* * To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. Powder for injection: 1 g in vial. * To be used exclusively for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis eflornithine
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suramin sodium*
Injection: 200 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 100?ml bottle.
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melarsoprol
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 3.6% solution, 5?ml ampoule (180 mg of active compound). 6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis benznidazole nifurtimox Tablet: 100 mg. Tablet: 30 mg; 120 mg; 250 mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack acetylsalicylic acid paracetamol 7.2 For prophylaxis
propranolol
Tablet: 300?500 mg. Tablet: 300?500 mg.
Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride).
8. ANTINEOPLASTIC, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES AND MEDICINES USED IN PALLIATIVE CARE
8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines Complementary List Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. azathioprine Tablet: 50 mg. Capsule: 25 mg. ciclosporin 8.2 Cytotoxic medicines This section is expected to be reviewed at the next meeting. Complementary List asparaginase bleomycin calcium folinate Tablet: 15 mg. chlorambucil cisplatin cyclophosphamide Tablet: 25 mg. cytarabine dacarbazine dactinomycin daunorubicin
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Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/ml in 1?ml ampoule for organ transplantation.
Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial. Powder for injection: 15 mg (as sulfate) in vial. Injection: 3 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule.
Tablet: 2 mg. Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial.
Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
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doxorubicin etoposide Injection: 20 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. fluorouracil mercaptopurine methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt). procarbazine vinblastine vincristine Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. Tablet: 50 mg. Capsule: 100 mg.
15th edition (March 2007)
Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial.
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial. Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial.
8.3 Hormones and antihormones Complementary List dexamethasone hydrocortisone Injection: 4 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as disodium salt) in 1?ml ampoule. Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg.
prednisolone*
* There is no evidence for complete clinical similarity between prednisolone and dexamethasone at high doses. Tablet: 10 mg; 20 mg (as citrate).
tamoxifen
8.4 Medicines used in palliative care The WHO Expert Committee recognizes the importance of listing specific medicines in the Palliative Care Section. Some medicines currently used in palliative care are included in the relevant sections of the Model List, according to their therapeutic use, e.g. analgesics. The Guidelines for Palliative Care that were referenced in the previous list are in need of update. The Committee expects applications for medicines needed for palliative care to be submitted for the next meeting.
9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
Injection: 5 mg (lactate) in 1?ml ampoule. biperiden Tablet: 2 mg (hydrochloride). levodopa + carbidopa Tablet: 100 mg + 10 mg; 250 mg + 25 mg.
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD
10.1 Antianaemia medicines Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/ml. ferrous salt Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron. ferrous salt + folic acid folic acid
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Tablet equivalent to 60 mg iron + 400 micrograms folic acid (Nutritional supplement for use during pregnancy). Tablet: 1 mg; 5 mg.
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hydroxocobalamin Injection: 1 mg in 1?ml ampoule. 10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation heparin sodium phytomenadione Tablet: 10 mg. protamine sulfate
warfarin
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 1000 IU/ml; 5000 IU/ml; 20,000 IU/ml in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule.
Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. Tablet: 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium salt).
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
11.1 Plasma substitutes
dextran 70*
Injectable solution: 6%. * Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
11.2 Plasma fractions for specific use All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO Requirements for the Collection, Processing and Quality Control of Blood, Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives (Revised 1992). (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 840, 1994, Annex 2). Complementary List human normal immunoglobulin
factor VIII concentrate factor IX complex (coagulation
Intramuscular administration: 16% protein solution. Intravenous administration: 5%; 10% protein solution. Dried. Dried.
factors, II, VII, IX, X) concentrate
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES
12.1 Antianginal medicines
atenolol
Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet (sublingual): 500 micrograms. Tablet (sublingual): 5 mg. Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride).
glyceryl trinitrate
isosorbide dinitrate
verapamil 12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines
This subsection will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
atenolol
Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg. Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
digoxin
Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml. Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
epinephrine (adrenaline) lidocaine
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Injection: 100 micrograms/ml (as acid tartrate or hydrochloride) in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 5?ml ampoule.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
verapamil Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride). Complementary List
procainamide quinidine
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 2.5 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
Injection: 100 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Tablet: 200 mg (sulfate).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
amlodipine atenolol enalapril
Tablet: 5 mg. Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet: 2.5 mg. Powder for injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride) in ampoule. Tablet: 25 mg, 50 mg (hydrochloride).
hydralazine*
* Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of severe pregnancy?induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines. Tablet (scored): 25 mg. Tablet: 250 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
methyldopa*
* Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of pregnancy? induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines.
Complementary List sodium nitroprusside Powder for infusion: 50 mg in ampoule.
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure This subsection will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee. Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2?ml ampoule. digoxin Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml. Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
enalapril furosemide
Tablet: 2.5 mg. Injection: 10 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 40 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet (scored): 25 mg.
Complementary List dopamine Injection: 40 mg/ml (hydrochloride) in 5?ml vial.
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12.5 Antithrombotic medicines acetylsalicylic acid Complementary List streptokinase 12.6 Lipid-lowering agents Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.
simvastatin*
15th edition (March 2007)
Tablet: 100 mg.
Powder for injection: 1.5 million IU in vial.
* For use in high?risk patients.
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)
13.1 Antifungal medicines benzoic acid + salicylic acid
miconazole
Ointment or cream: 6% + 3%. Ointment or cream: 2% (nitrate). Solution: 15%.
sodium thiosulfate Complementary List selenium sulfide 13.2 Anti-infective medicines
methylrosanilinium chloride
Detergent?based suspension: 2%.
Aqueous solution: 0.5%. Tincture: 0.5%. Ointment: 5 mg neomycin sulfate + 250 IU bacitracin zinc/g. Aqueous solution: 1:10 000. Cream: 1%, in 500?g container.
(gentian violet) neomycin sulfate + bacitracin potassium permanganate silver sulfadiazine
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
betamethasone calamine lotion hydrocortisone
Ointment or cream: 0.1% (as valerate). Lotion. Ointment or cream: 1% (acetate).
13.4 Astringent medicines aluminium diacetate Solution: 5%.
13.5 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation benzoyl peroxide coal tar dithranol fluorouracil
podophyllum resin
Lotion or cream: 5%. Solution: 5%. Ointment: 0.1%?2%. Ointment: 5%. Solution: 10?25%. Solution: 5%.
salicylic acid
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urea Ointment or cream: 10%. 13.6 Scabicides and pediculicides
benzyl benzoate
15th edition (March 2007)
Lotion: 25%. Cream: 5%.
permethrin Lotion: 1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines fluorescein
tropicamide
Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt). Eye drops: 0.5%.
14.2 Radiocontrast media
amidotrizoate
Injection: 140?420 mg iodine (as sodium or meglumine salt)/ml in 20?ml ampoule. Aqueous suspension. Injection: 140?350 mg iodine/ml in 5?ml; 10?ml; 20?ml ampoules.
barium sulfate
iohexol
Complementary List
meglumine iotroxate
Solution: 5?8 g iodine in 100?250 ml.
15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
15.1 Antiseptics
chlorhexidine ethanol polyvidone iodine
Solution: 5% (digluconate) for dilution. Solution: 70% (denatured). Solution: 10%.
15.2 Disinfectants
chlorine base compound chloroxylenol
Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. Solution: 4.8%. Solution: 2%.
glutaral
16. DIURETICS
amiloride
furosemide
Tablet: 5 mg (hydrochloride). Injection: 10 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 40 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet (scored): 25 mg. Injectable solution: 10%; 20%. Tablet: 25 mg.
mannitol spironolactone
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17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES
17.1 Antacids and other antiulcer medicines Oral liquid: 320 mg/5 ml. aluminium hydroxide Tablet: 500 mg. Injection: 25 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
ranitidine
15th edition (March 2007)
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 ml. Tablet: 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
magnesium hydroxide 17.2 Antiemetic medicines
Oral liquid: equivalent to 550 mg magnesium oxide/10 ml.
Injection: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. metoclopramide Tablet: 10 mg (hydrochloride). Injection: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. promethazine Oral liquid: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml. Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride). 17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines Retention enema.
sulfasalazine
Suppository: 500 mg. Tablet: 500 mg.
Complementary List Retention enema.
hydrocortisone
Suppository: 25 mg (acetate). (the only applies to hydrocortisone retention enema).
17.4 Laxatives
senna
Tablet: 7.5 mg (sennosides) (or traditional dosage forms).
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17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea 17.5.1 Oral rehydration glucose: sodium: chloride: potassium: citrate: osmolarity: glucose: sodium chloride: potassium chloride: trisodium citrate dihydrate+:
15th edition (March 2007)
oral rehydration salts*
75 mEq 75 mEq or mmol/l 65 mEq or mmol/l 20 mEq or mmol/l 10 mmol/l 245 mOsm/l 13.5 g/l 2.6 g/l 1.5 g/l 2.9 g/l
+ trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2.5 g/l. However, as the stability of this latter formulation is very poor under tropical conditions, it is only recommended when manufactured for immediate use. * In cases of cholera a higher concentration of sodium may be required. 17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children Oral liquid: in 10 mg per unit dosage forms. zinc sulfate* Tablet: in 10 mg per unit dosage forms. * In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts. 17.5.3 Antidiarrhoeal (symptomatic) medicines in adults Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate). codeine* * The role of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES
18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes Addison’s disease is a rare condition; adrenal hormones are already included in section 3. 18.2 Androgens Complementary List testosterone 18.3 Contraceptives 18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel ethinylestradiol + norethisterone
Injection: 200 mg (enantate) in 1?ml ampoule.
Tablet: 30 micrograms + 150 micrograms. Tablet: 35 micrograms + 1.0 mg. Tablet: 30 micrograms; 750 micrograms (pack of two); 1.5 mg.
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levonorgestrel
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18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives medroxyprogesterone acetate medroxyprogesterone acetate + estradiol cypionate norethisterone enantate 18.3.3 Intrauterine devices copper?containing device 18.3.4 Barrier methods condoms diaphragms
15th edition (March 2007)
Depot injection: 150 mg/ml in 1?ml vial. Injection: 25 mg + 5 mg. Oily solution: 200 mg/ml in 1?ml ampoule.
18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives levonorgestrel?releasing implant 18.4 Estrogens Tablet: 10 micrograms; 50 micrograms.
ethinylestradiol*
Two?rod levonorgestrel?releasing implant, each rod containing 75 mg of levonorgestrel (150 mg total).
* The public health relevance and/or comparative efficacy and/or safety of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
18.5 Insulins and other antidiabetic agents glibenclamide insulin injection (soluble) intermediate?acting insulin metformin 18.6 Ovulation inducers Complementary List clomifene 18.7 Progestogens Tablet: 5 mg. norethisterone* * The public health relevance and/or comparative efficacy and/or safety of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee. Tablet: 50 mg (citrate). Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg. Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10?ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10?ml vial. Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10?ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10?ml vial (as compound insulin zinc suspension or isophane insulin). Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride).
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Complementary List Tablet: 5 mg. medroxyprogesterone acetate*
15th edition (March 2007)
* The public health relevance and/or comparative efficacy and/or safety of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines levothyroxine potassium iodide
propylthiouracil
Tablet: 50 micrograms; 100 micrograms (sodium salt). Tablet: 60 mg. Tablet: 50 mg.
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents All tuberculins should comply with the WHO Requirements for Tuberculins (Revised 1985). WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Thirty?sixth report. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 745, 1987, Annex 1). tuberculin, purified protein derivative Injection. (PPD) 19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO Requirements for the Collection, Processing and Quality Control of Blood, Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives (Revised 1992). WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Forty?third report. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 840, 1994, Annex 2). anti?D immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 250 micrograms in single?dose vial.
antitetanus immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 500 IU in vial. Injection. antivenom immunoglobulin* * Exact type to be defined locally. diphtheria antitoxin
rabies immunoglobulin
Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial. Injection: 150 IU/ml in vial.
19.3 Vaccines Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. The list below details the vaccines for which there is either a recommendation from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html) and/or a WHO position paper (http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html). This site will be updated as new position papers are published and contains the most recent information and recommendations. All vaccines should comply with the WHO Requirements for Biological Substances. BCG vaccine cholera vaccine
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diphtheria vaccine hepatitis A vaccine hepatitis B vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine influenza vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine measles vaccine meningococcal meningitis vaccine mumps vaccine pertussis vaccine pneumococcal vaccine poliomyelitis vaccine rabies vaccine rotavirus vaccine rubella vaccine tetanus vaccine typhoid vaccine varicella vaccine yellow fever vaccine
15th edition (March 2007)
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
alcuronium
Injection: 5 mg (chloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Injection: 500 micrograms in 1?ml ampoule; 2.5 mg (metilsulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Tablet: 15 mg (bromide). Injection: 50 mg (chloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
neostigmine
suxamethonium Powder for injection (chloride) in vial. Complementary List Injection: 1 mg in 1?ml ampoule. pyridostigmine Tablet: 60 mg (bromide).
vecuronium
Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
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21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
This section will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee. 21.1 Anti-infective agents aciclovir
gentamicin*
15th edition (March 2007)
Ointment: 3% W/W. Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate). * Final selection depends on indication for use.
tetracycline
Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride).
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents
prednisolone
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate).
21.3 Local anaesthetics
tetracaine
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride).
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines acetazolamide
pilocarpine timolol
Tablet: 250 mg. Solution (eye drops): 2%; 4% (hydrochloride or nitrate). Solution (eye drops): 0.25%; 0.5% (as maleate).
21.5 Mydriatics atropine Complementary List epinephrine (adrenaline) Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride). Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%, 1% (sulfate).
22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS
22.1 Oxytocics
ergometrine
Injection: 200 micrograms (hydrogen maleate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 10 IU in 1?ml ampoule. Vaginal tablet: 25 micrograms.
oxytocin Complementary List misoprostol mifepristone* – misoprostol* Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable. 22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics) nifedipine
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Tablet 200 mg – tablet 200 micrograms. * Requires close medical supervision.
Immediate release capsule: 10 mg.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
Complementary List intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of Parenteral solution. appropriate composition)
15th edition (March 2007)
24. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders Injection: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
chlorpromazine
Oral liquid: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml. Tablet: 100 mg (hydrochloride).
fluphenazine haloperidol
Injection: 25 mg (decanoate or enantate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 5 mg in 1?ml ampoule. Tablet: 2 mg; 5 mg.
24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders 24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders
amitriptyline
Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride). Capsule or tablet: 20 mg (present as hydrochloride).
fluoxetine
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders carbamazepine lithium carbonate valproic acid Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg. Capsule or tablet: 300 mg. Tablet (enteric?coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium valproate).
24.3 Medicines used in generalized anxiety and sleep disorders
diazepam
Tablet (scored): 2 mg; 5 mg.
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders and panic attacks clomipramine Capsule: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride).
24.5 Medicines used in substance dependence programmes Complementary List Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/ml; 10 mg/ml (hydrochloride).
methadone*
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml; 10 mg/5 ml. * The square box is added to include buprenorphine. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
beclometasone
Inhalation (aerosol): 50 micrograms per dose (dipropionate); 250 micrograms (dipropionate) per dose.
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epinephrine (adrenaline) ipratropium bromide
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1?ml ampoule. Inhalation (aerosol): 20 micrograms/metered dose. Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per dose. Injection: 50 micrograms (as sulfate)/ml in 5?ml ampoule.
salbutamol
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 ml. Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg (as sulfate)/ml. Tablet: 2 mg; 4 mg (as sulfate).
25.2 Other medicines acting on the respiratory tract caffeine citrate Injection: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/ml). Oral liquid: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/ml).
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral oral rehydration salts potassium chloride 26.2 Parenteral glucose glucose with sodium chloride potassium chloride sodium chloride Injectable solution: 5%; 10% isotonic; 50% hypertonic. Injectable solution: 4% glucose, 0.18% sodium chloride (equivalent to Na+ 30 mmol/l, Cl? 30 mmol/l). Solution: 11.2% in 20?ml ampoule (equivalent to K+ 1.5 mmol/ml, Cl? 1.5 mmol/ml). Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 154 mmol/l, Cl? 154 mmol/l). Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 167 mmol/l, HCO3? 167 mmol/l). Solution: 8.4% in 10?ml ampoule (equivalent to Na+ 1000 mmol/l, HCO3?1000 mmol/l). Injectable solution. See section 17.5.1. Powder for solution.
sodium hydrogen carbonate
sodium lactate, compound solution
26.3 Miscellaneous water for injection 2?ml; 5?ml; 10?ml ampoules.
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
ascorbic acid
ergocalciferol
Tablet: 50 mg. Capsule or tablet: 1.25 mg (50 000 IU). Oral liquid: 250 micrograms/ml (10 000 IU/ml).
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Capsule: 200 mg. iodine
15th edition (March 2007)
Iodized oil: 1 ml (480 mg iodine); 0.5 ml (240 mg iodine) in ampoule (oral or injectable); 0.57 ml (308 mg iodine) in dispenser bottle. Tablet: 50 mg. Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride). Capsule: 50 000 IU; 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as palmitate). Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU (as palmitate)/ml in multidose dispenser.
nicotinamide
pyridoxine
retinol Tablet (sugar?coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate). Water?miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate) in 2?ml ampoule. riboflavin sodium fluoride thiamine Complementary List calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Tablet: 5 mg. In any appropriate topical formulation. Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride).
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List Index
abacavir (ABC) .......................................................... 9 acetazolamide.......................................................... 24 acetylcysteine ............................................................ 3 acetylsalicylic acid ........................................ 1, 13, 17 aciclovir ................................................................ 8, 24 albendazole................................................................ 4 alcuronium............................................................... 23 allopurinol ................................................................. 2 aluminium diacetate............................................... 17 aluminium hydroxide ............................................ 19 amidotrizoate .......................................................... 18 amikacin....................................................................... 7 amiloride .................................................................. 18 amitriptyline ............................................................ 25 amlodipine............................................................... 16 amodiaquine............................................................ 11 amoxicillin ................................................................. 5 amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ................................... 5 amphotericin B....................................................... 8, 11 ampicillin ................................................................... 5 anti?D immunoglobulin (human) ......................... 22 antitetanus immunoglobulin (human)................. 22 antivenom immunoglobulin ................................. 22 artemether................................................................ 11 artemether + lumefantrine ..................................... 11 artesunate................................................................. 11 ascorbic acid ............................................................ 26 asparaginase............................................................... 13 atenolol............................................................... 15, 16 atropine ............................................................ 1, 3, 24 azathioprine ........................................................... 2, 13 azithromycin.............................................................. 6 bacitracin.................................................................. 17 barium sulfate ......................................................... 18 BCG vaccine............................................................. 22 beclometasone ......................................................... 25 benzathine benzylpenicillin .................................... 5 benznidazole............................................................ 13 benzoic acid ............................................................. 17 benzoic acid + salicylic acid ................................... 17 benzoyl peroxide..................................................... 17 benzyl benzoate....................................................... 18 benzylpenicillin......................................................... 5 betamethasone......................................................... 17 biperiden .................................................................. 14 bleomycin................................................................... 13 bupivacaine................................................................ 1 caffeine citrate ......................................................... 26 calamine lotion ........................................................ 17 calcium folinate.......................................................... 13
15th edition (March 2007)
calcium gluconate ............................................... 3, 27 capreomycin ................................................................. 8 carbamazepine..................................................... 3, 25 carbidopa.................................................................. 14 cefazolin...................................................................... 5 cefixime....................................................................... 5 ceftazidime ................................................................... 5 ceftriaxone.................................................................... 5 charcoal, activated..................................................... 3 chlorambucil............................................................... 13 chloramphenicol........................................................ 6 chlorhexidine ........................................................... 18 chlorine base compound ........................................ 18 chloroquine .................................................... 2, 11, 12 chloroxylenol ........................................................... 18 chlorphenamine......................................................... 2 chlorpromazine ....................................................... 25 cholera vaccine ........................................................ 22 ciclosporin.................................................................. 13 cilastatin ...................................................................... 5 ciprofloxacin .............................................................. 6 cisplatin...................................................................... 13 clavulanic acid ........................................................... 5 clindamycin ................................................................. 6 clofazimine................................................................. 7 clomifene .................................................................... 21 clomipramine........................................................... 25 clotrimazole ............................................................... 8 cloxacillin ................................................................... 5 coal tar ...................................................................... 17 codeine.................................................................. 2, 20 condoms ................................................................... 21 copper?containing device....................................... 21 cyclophosphamide ...................................................... 13 cycloserine.................................................................... 8 cytarabine................................................................... 13 dacarbazine ................................................................ 13 dactinomycin.............................................................. 13 dapsone ...................................................................... 7 daunorubicin.............................................................. 13 deferoxamine ............................................................. 3 dexamethasone.................................................... 2, 14 dextran 70................................................................. 15 diaphragms .............................................................. 21 diazepam.......................................................... 1, 3, 25 didanosine (ddI) ........................................................ 9 diethylcarbamazine ...................................................... 4 digoxin................................................................ 15, 16 diloxanide................................................................. 10 dimercaprol................................................................ 3
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
diphtheria antitoxin................................................ 22 diphtheria vaccine .................................................. 23 dithranol................................................................... 17 DL?methionine .......................................................... 3 dopamine.................................................................... 16 doxorubicin................................................................ 14 doxycycline.................................................... 6, 11, 12 efavirenz............................................................... 9, 10 efavirenz (EFV or EFZ)............................................. 9 efavirenz + emtricitabine + tenofovir ................... 10 eflornithine .............................................................. 12 emtricitabine........................................................ 9, 10 emtricitabine (FTC)................................................... 9 emtricitabine + tenofovir........................................ 10 enalapril ................................................................... 16 ephedrine...................................................................... 1 epinephrine (adrenaline) ................... 1, 2, 15, 24, 26 ergocalciferol ........................................................... 26 ergometrine.............................................................. 24 erythromycin ............................................................. 6 estradiol cypionate.................................................. 21 ethambutol................................................................. 7 ethanol...................................................................... 18 ethinylestradiol ................................................. 20, 21 ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel .......................... 20 ethinylestradiol + norethisterone.......................... 20 ethionamide.................................................................. 8 ethosuximide................................................................ 4 etoposide .................................................................... 14 factor IX complex (coagulation factors, II, VII, IX, X) concentrate............................................................ 15 factor VIII concentrate............................................... 15 ferrous salt ............................................................... 14 ferrous salt + folic acid ........................................... 14 fluconazole................................................................. 8 flucytosine.................................................................... 8 fluorescein................................................................ 18 fluorouracil .......................................................... 14, 17 fluoxetine ................................................................. 25 fluphenazine............................................................ 25 folic acid ................................................................... 14 furosemide ......................................................... 16, 18 gentamicin ........................................................... 6, 24 glibenclamide .......................................................... 21 glucose............................................................ 1, 20, 26 glucose with sodium chloride ............................... 26 glutaral ..................................................................... 18 glyceryl trinitrate .................................................... 15 griseofulvin................................................................ 8 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine .................. 23 haloperidol............................................................... 25 halothane.................................................................... 1
15th edition (March 2007)
heparin sodium ....................................................... 15 hepatitis A vaccine.................................................. 23 hepatitis B vaccine................................................... 23 human normal immunoglobulin................................ 15 hydralazine .............................................................. 16 hydrochlorothiazide ......................................... 16, 18 hydrocortisone......................................... 2, 14, 17, 19 hydroxocobalamin .................................................. 15 ibuprofen.................................................................... 1 imipenem + cilastatin................................................... 5 immunoglobulin ..................................................... 22 indinavir (IDV) ........................................................ 10 influenza vaccine..................................................... 23 insulin ....................................................................... 21 insulin injection (soluble)....................................... 21 intermediate?acting insulin.................................... 21 intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition).......................................................... 25 iodine .................................................................. 18, 27 iohexol ...................................................................... 18 ipratropium bromide.............................................. 26 isoniazid ..................................................................... 7 isoniazid + ethambutol ............................................. 7 isosorbide dinitrate ................................................. 15 ivermectin .................................................................. 4 Japanese encephalitis vaccine................................ 23 kanamycin.................................................................... 8 ketamine ..................................................................... 1 lamivudine ........................................................... 9, 10 lamivudine (3TC) ...................................................... 9 levamisole .................................................................. 4 levodopa................................................................... 14 levodopa + carbidopa ............................................. 14 levonorgestrel .................................................... 20, 21 levonorgestrel?releasing implant .......................... 21 levothyroxine........................................................... 22 lidocaine ............................................................... 1, 15 lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline)...................... 1 lithium carbonate .................................................... 25 lopinavir ................................................................... 10 lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r).................................. 10 lumefantrine ............................................................ 11 magnesium hydroxide ........................................... 19 magnesium sulfate.................................................... 3 mannitol ................................................................... 18 measles vaccine ....................................................... 23 mebendazole.............................................................. 4 medroxyprogesterone acetate ......................... 21, 22 medroxyprogesterone acetate + estradiol cypionate ............................................................. 21 mefloquine ............................................................... 12 meglumine antimoniate ......................................... 11
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
meglumine iotroxate .................................................. 18 melarsoprol.............................................................. 13 meningococcal meningitis vaccine ....................... 23 mercaptopurine.......................................................... 14 metformin ................................................................ 21 methadone.................................................................. 25 methotrexate .......................................................... 2, 14 methyldopa.............................................................. 16 methylrosanilinium chloride (gentian violet) ..... 17 methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)....... 3 metoclopramide ...................................................... 19 metronidazole ..................................................... 6, 11 miconazole............................................................... 17 mifepristone ............................................................... 24 misoprostol ................................................................ 24 morphine................................................................ 1, 2 mumps vaccine ....................................................... 23 naloxone ..................................................................... 3 nelfinavir (NFV)...................................................... 10 neomycin sulfate ..................................................... 17 neomycin sulfate + bacitracin................................ 17 neostigmine ............................................................. 23 nevirapine ................................................................ 10 nevirapine (NVP).................................................... 10 niclosamide................................................................ 4 nicotinamide............................................................ 27 nifedipine ................................................................. 24 nifurtimox ................................................................ 13 nitrofurantoin ............................................................ 6 nitrous oxide.............................................................. 1 norethisterone ................................................... 20, 21 norethisterone enantate.......................................... 21 nystatin....................................................................... 8 ofloxacin....................................................................... 8 oral rehydration salts ....................................... 20, 26 oxamniquine ................................................................ 5 oxygen ........................................................................ 1 oxytocin.................................................................... 24 p?aminosalicylic acid ................................................... 8 paracetamol ......................................................... 2, 13 paromomycin .......................................................... 11 penicillamine............................................................ 2, 3 pentamidine ......................................................... 11, 12 permethrin ............................................................... 18 pertussis vaccine ..................................................... 23 phenobarbital ............................................................ 3 phenoxymethylpenicillin......................................... 5 phenytoin ................................................................... 4 phytomenadione ..................................................... 15 pilocarpine ............................................................... 24 pneumococcal vaccine............................................ 23 podophyllum resin ................................................. 17
15th edition (March 2007)
poliomyelitis vaccine .............................................. 23 polyvidone iodine ................................................... 18 potassium chloride............................................ 20, 26 potassium ferric hexacyano?ferrate(II) ?2H20 (Prussian blue) ...................................................... 3 potassium iodide .................................................... 8, 22 potassium permanganate....................................... 17 praziquantel ............................................................... 4 prednisolone .................................................. 2, 14, 24 primaquine............................................................... 12 procainamide.............................................................. 16 procaine benzylpenicillin......................................... 5 procarbazine............................................................... 14 proguanil.................................................................. 12 promethazine....................................................... 1, 19 propranolol .............................................................. 13 propylthiouracil ...................................................... 22 protamine sulfate .................................................... 15 pyrantel ...................................................................... 4 pyrazinamide............................................................. 7 pyridostigmine ........................................................... 23 pyridoxine ................................................................ 27 pyrimethamine .................................................. 11, 12 quinidine .................................................................... 16 quinine...................................................................... 12 rabies immunoglobulin .......................................... 22 rabies vaccine........................................................... 23 ranitidine .................................................................. 19 retinol........................................................................ 27 ribavirin.................................................................... 10 riboflavin .................................................................. 27 rifampicin ................................................................... 7 rifampicin + isoniazid ............................................... 7 rifampicin + isoniazid + ethambutol....................... 7 rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide .................. 7 rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + ethambutol ............................................................ 7 ritonavir.................................................................... 10 rotavirus vaccine ..................................................... 23 rubella vaccine......................................................... 23 salbutamol................................................................ 26 salicylic acid............................................................. 17 saquinavir (SQV)..................................................... 10 selenium sulfide ......................................................... 17 senna ......................................................................... 19 silver sulfadiazine ................................................... 17 simvastatin ............................................................... 17 sodium calcium edetate............................................ 3 sodium chloride ................................................ 20, 26 sodium fluoride....................................................... 27 sodium hydrogen carbonate............................ 20, 26 sodium lactate.......................................................... 26
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
sodium nitrite ............................................................ 3 sodium nitroprusside................................................. 16 sodium thiosulfate .............................................. 3, 17 sodium valproate ................................................ 4, 25 spectinomycin ........................................................... 6 spironolactone ......................................................... 18 stavudine.............................................................. 9, 10 stavudine (d4T) ......................................................... 9 stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine................... 10 streptokinase .............................................................. 17 streptomycin.............................................................. 7 sulfadiazine.................................................................. 6 sulfadoxine ........................................................ 11, 12 sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine ............................... 12 sulfamethoxazole ................................................ 6, 12 sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim .................... 6, 12 sulfasalazine........................................................... 2, 19 suramin sodium..................................................... 4, 12 suxamethonium ...................................................... 23 tamoxifen ................................................................... 14 tenofovir................................................................... 10 tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ................................. 9 testosterone ................................................................ 20 tetanus vaccine ........................................................ 23 tetracaine.................................................................. 24
15th edition (March 2007)
tetracycline ............................................................... 24 thiamine.................................................................... 27 thiopental ................................................................... 1 timolol....................................................................... 24 triclabendazole .......................................................... 4 trimethoprim ............................................................. 6 tropicamide .............................................................. 18 tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)..... 22 typhoid vaccine ....................................................... 23 urea ........................................................................... 18 valproic acid......................................................... 4, 25 vancomycin .................................................................. 7 varicella vaccine ...................................................... 23 vecuronium ................................................................ 23 verapamil ........................................................... 15, 16 vinblastine.................................................................. 14 vincristine .................................................................. 14 warfarin .................................................................... 15 water for injection ................................................... 26 yellow fever vaccine ............................................... 23 zidovudine ........................................................... 9, 10 zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) ....................................... 9 zidovudine + lamivudine....................................... 10 zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine ................ 10 zinc sulfate ............................................................... 20
doc_196442791.pdf
The report explains the model list given by World Health Organisation WHO on essential medicines.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
15th list, March 2007
Status of this document This is a reprint of the text on the WHO Medicines web site http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html
15th edition
Essential Medicines WHO Model List (revised March 2007)
Explanatory Notes
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost?effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost?effective treatment. The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost?effectiveness in a variety of settings. The square box symbol ( ) is primarily intended to indicate similar clinical performance within a pharmacological class. The listed medicine should be the example of the class for which there is the best evidence for effectiveness and safety. In some cases, this may be the first medicine that is licensed for marketing; in other instances, subsequently licensed compounds may be safer or more effective. Where there is no difference in terms of efficacy and safety data, the listed medicine should be the one that is generally available at the lowest price, based on international drug price information sources. Therapeutic equivalence is only indicated on the basis of reviews of efficacy and safety and when consistent with WHO clinical guidelines. National lists should not use a similar symbol and should be specific in their final selection, which would depend on local availability and price. Medicines are listed in alphabetical order, within sections. The presence of an entry on the Essential Medicines List carries no assurance as to pharmaceutical quality. It is the responsibility of each local regulatory authority to ensure that each brand is of appropriate pharmaceutical quality (including stability) and that, when relevant, different brands are interchangeable. Dosage forms of medicines are listed in alphabetical order and there is no implication of preference for one form over another. Standard treatment guidelines should be consulted for information on appropriate dosage forms. Entries of the type oral liquid are intended to permit any solution, suspension or other form of liquid. Granules for reconstitution as an oral liquid may substitute for oral liquids, and typically carry benefits in the form of better stability and lower transport costs. If more than one type of oral liquid is available on the same market (e.g. solution, suspension, granules for reconstitution), they may be interchanged and in such cases should be bioequivalent. It is preferable that oral liquids do not contain sugar and that solutions for children do not contain alcohol. Entries of the type tablet are intended to allow various forms of immediate?release tablet such as uncoated, film?coated, crushable, chewable, dispersible etc. Enteric coating, on the other hand, modifies drug release, and enteric?coated products are a modified release dosage form. Crushable, chewable and dispersible tablets may be easier to administer to paediatric populations and to the elderly.
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
halothane
15th edition (March 2007)
Inhalation. Injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride)/ml in 10?ml vial. Inhalation. Inhalation (medicinal gas). Powder for injection: 0.5 g; 1.0 g (sodium salt) in ampoule.
ketamine nitrous oxide oxygen
thiopental
1.2 Local anaesthetics Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.
bupivacaine
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in 4?ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial.
lidocaine
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in 2?ml ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. Topical forms: 2?4% (hydrochloride). Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000.
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:200 000 in vial. Complementary List Injection: 30 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 1?ml ampoule. ephedrine (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension). 1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures atropine
diazepam
Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 5 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 5 mg.
morphine promethazine
Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1?ml ampoule. Oral liquid: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml.
2. ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MEDICINES (NSAIMs), MEDICINES USED TO TREAT GOUT AND DISEASE MODIFYING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID DISORDERS (DMARDs)
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) acetylsalicylic acid ibuprofen Suppository: 50?150 mg. Tablet: 100?500 mg. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg.
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Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 ml. Suppository: 100 mg. paracetamol* Tablet: 100?500 mg.
15th edition (March 2007)
* Not recommended for anti?inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect. 2.2 Opioid analgesics codeine Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate). Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Oral liquid: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate)/5 ml. Tablet: 10 mg (morphine sulfate). Tablet (prolonged release): 10 mg; 30 mg; 60 mg (morphine sulfate). 2.3 Medicines used to treat gout allopurinol Tablet: 100 mg.
morphine
2.4 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs) chloroquine Complementary List azathioprine methotrexate penicillamine sulfasalazine Tablet: 50 mg. Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt). Capsule or tablet: 250 mg. Tablet: 500 mg. Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate).
3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS
Injection: 10 mg (hydrogen maleate) in 1?ml ampoule.
chlorphenamine
Tablet: 4 mg (hydrogen maleate). dexamethasone epinephrine (adrenaline) hydrocortisone Injection: 4 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as disodium salt) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1?ml ampoule. Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg
prednisolone*
* There is no evidence for complete clinical similarity between prednisolone and dexamethasone at high doses.
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4.1 Non-specific charcoal, activated 4.2 Specific acetylcysteine atropine calcium gluconate deferoxamine dimercaprol DL?methionine methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) naloxone penicillamine potassium ferric hexacyano?ferrate(II) ? 2H20 (Prussian blue) sodium calcium edetate sodium nitrite sodium thiosulfate Powder.
15th edition (March 2007)
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS
Injection: 200 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. Injection in oil: 50 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 250 mg. Injection: 10 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1?ml ampoule. Capsule or tablet: 250 mg. Powder for oral administration. Injection: 200 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. Injection: 30 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 250 mg/ml in 50?ml ampoule.
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 ml. carbamazepine Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg. Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg.
diazepam
Injection: 5 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule (intravenous or rectal). Injection: 500 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule; 500 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule.
magnesium sulfate* * For use in eclampsia and severe pre?eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders. Injection: 200 mg/ml (phenobarbital sodium). phenobarbital Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 ml (as phenobarbital or phenobarbital sodium). Tablet: 15?100 mg (phenobarbital).
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Capsule: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (sodium salt). Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5?ml vial (sodium salt). Oral liquid: 25?30 mg/5 ml.* phenytoin Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (sodium salt). Tablet (chewable): 50 mg. * The presence of both 25 mg/5 ml and 30 mg/5 ml strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided. Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml. valproic acid Tablet (crushable): 100 mg. Tablet (enteric?coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium valproate). Complementary List Capsule: 250 mg. ethosuximide Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml.
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics 6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics albendazole levamisole
mebendazole
Tablet (chewable): 400 mg. Tablet: 50 mg; 150 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (chewable): 500 mg.
niclosamide* * Niclosamide is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails. praziquantel pyrantel Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate). 6.1.2 Antifilarials ivermectin Complementary List diethylcarbamazine suramin sodium Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate). Powder for injection: 1 g in vial. Tablet (scored): 3 mg; 6 mg. Tablet: 150 mg; 600 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg (as embonate)/ml.
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and antitrematode medicine praziquantel triclabendazole Tablet: 600 mg. Tablet: 250 mg.
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Complementary List Capsule: 250 mg. oxamniquine* Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 ml.
15th edition (March 2007)
* Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails. 6.2 Antibacterials 6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines Capsule or tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous). amoxicillin Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (anhydrous)/5 ml. amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ampicillin benzathine benzylpenicillin benzylpenicillin Tablet: 500 mg + 125 mg. Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. Powder for injection: 1.44 g benzylpenicillin (=2.4 million IU) in 5?ml vial. Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g (= 5 million IU) (sodium or potassium salt) in vial. Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. cefazolin* * For surgical prophylaxis. Capsule: 400 mg. cefixime* * Only listed for single?dose treatment of uncomplicated ano? genital gonorrhoea. Capsule: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium salt).
cloxacillin
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as sodium salt)/5 ml. Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as potassium salt)/5 ml.
phenoxymethylpenicillin Tablet: 250 mg (as potassium salt). procaine benzylpenicillin Complementary List ceftazidime
ceftriaxone
Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g (=3 million IU) in vial.
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as pentahydrate) in vial. Powder for injection: 250 mg, 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. Powder for injection: 250 mg (as monohydrate) + 250 mg (as sodium salt); 500 mg (as monohydrate) + 500 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
imipenem* + cilastatin* * Only listed for the treatment of life?threatening hospital?based infection due to suspected or proven multidrug?resistant infection.
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6.2.2 Other antibacterials Capsule: 250 mg or 500 mg. azithromycin* Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 ml.
15th edition (March 2007)
* Only listed for single?dose treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis and of trachoma. Capsule: 250 mg. Oily suspension for injection: 0.5 g (as sodium succinate)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Oral liquid: 150 mg (as palmitate)/5 ml. Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial. Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).
ciprofloxacin*
chloramphenicol
* Final selection depends on indication for use. Capsule or tablet: 100 mg (hydrochloride). doxycycline* * Final selection depends on indication for use. Capsule or tablet: 250 mg (as stearate or ethyl succinate).
erythromycin
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as lactobionate) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/ 5 ml (as stearate or ethyl succinate). Injection: 10 mg; 40 mg (as sulfate)/ml in 2?ml vial.
gentamicin*
* Final selection depends on indication for use. Injection: 500 mg in 100?ml vial. Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml.
metronidazole
Suppository: 500 mg; 1 g. Tablet: 200?500 mg. nitrofurantoin spectinomycin Tablet: 100 mg. Powder for injection: 2 g (as hydrochloride) in vial. Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5?ml and 10?ml ampoules. sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 ml. Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg. trimethoprim Complementary List Capsule: 150 mg. clindamycin Injection: 150 mg (as phosphate)/ml. Injection: 250 mg (sodium salt) in 4?ml ampoule. sulfadiazine Tablet: 500 mg.
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Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg.
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
vancomycin 6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines
15th edition (March 2007)
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Colour coded blister packs (MDT blister packs) containing standard two medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three medicine (multibacillary leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be supplied free of charge through WHO. clofazimine dapsone rifampicin Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Capsule or tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg.
6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines ethambutol isoniazid Tablet (scored): 50 mg. isoniazid + ethambutol Tablet: 150 mg + 400 mg. Tablet: 400 mg. pyrazinamide Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg. Tablet (scored): 150 mg. rifampicin Capsule or tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg. Tablet: 60 mg + 30 mg; 150 mg + 75 mg; 300 mg + 150 mg. rifampicin + isoniazid 60 mg + 60 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly). 150 mg + 150 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly). rifampicin + isoniazid + ethambutol Tablet: 150 mg + 75 mg + 275 mg. Tablet: rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide 60 mg + 30 mg + 150 mg; 150 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg. 150 mg + 150 mg + 500 mg (For intermittent use three times weekly). rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide Tablet: 150 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg + 275 mg. + ethambutol streptomycin Complementary List Reserve second?line drugs for the treatment of multidrug?resistant tuberculosis (MDR?TB) should be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards for TB control. amikacin Powder for injection: 1000 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial. Tablet: 100?400 mg (hydrochloride). Tablet: 100?300 mg.
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capreomycin cycloserine ethionamide kanamycin Powder for injection: 1000 mg in vial. Capsule or tablet: 250 mg. Tablet: 125 mg; 250 mg. Powder for injection: 1000 mg in vial. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg. ofloxacin*
15th edition (March 2007)
* Levofloxacin may be an alternative based on availability and programme considerations. Granules: 4 g in sachet.
p?aminosalicylic acid Tablet: 500 mg. 6.3 Antifungal medicines Vaginal cream: 1%; 10%. clotrimazole Vaginal tablet: 100 mg; 500 mg. Capsule: 50 mg.
fluconazole
Injection: 2 mg/ml in vial. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml.
griseofulvin
Capsule or tablet: 125 mg; 250 mg. Lozenge: 100 000 IU.
nystatin
Pessary: 100 000 IU. Tablet: 100 000 IU; 500 000 IU.
Complementary List amphotericin B flucytosine Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 ml. potassium iodide 6.4 Antiviral medicines 6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
aciclovir
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial. Capsule: 250 mg.
Saturated solution.
Tablet: 200 mg.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
15th edition (March 2007)
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following three classes of antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of mother?to?child transmission and post exposure prophylaxis). The Committee emphasizes the importance of using these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. The Committee recommends and endorses the use of fixed?dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed?dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non?refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms with assured pharmaceutical quality. 6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors Oral liquid: 100 mg (as sulfate)/5 ml. abacavir (ABC) Tablet: 300 mg (as sulfate). Buffered powder for oral liquid: 100 mg; 167 mg; 250 mg packets. didanosine (ddI) Capsule (unbuffered enteric?coated): 125 mg; 200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg. Tablet (buffered chewable, dispersible): 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 150 mg; 200 mg. Capsule: 200 mg. Oral liquid: 10 mg/ml. emtricitabine (FTC)* * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml. lamivudine (3TC) Tablet: 150 mg. Capsule: 15 mg; 20 mg; 30 mg; 40 mg.* stavudine (d4T) * The Committee expects this dosage form to be reviewed for possible deletion at the next meeting. Powder for oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) Tablet: 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ? equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil). Capsule: 100 mg; 250 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml. zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) Solution for IV infusion injection: 10 mg/ml in 20?ml vial. Tablet: 300 mg. 6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg. efavirenz (EFV or EFZ) Oral liquid: 150 mg/5 ml. Tablet: 600 mg.
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Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 ml. nevirapine (NVP) Tablet: 200 mg. 6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
15th edition (March 2007)
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an antiretroviral in its own right. This section will be reviewed by the Committee as a priority at its next meeting. It is expected that application for a heat stable tablet formulation containing 200/50 mg lopinavir + ritonavir will be submitted for the next meeting. Capsule: 200 mg; 333 mg; 400 mg (as sulfate). indinavir (IDV) Capsule: 133.3 mg + 33.3 mg. lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r) Oral liquid: 400 mg + 100 mg/5 ml. Oral powder: 50 mg/g. nelfinavir (NFV) Tablet: 250 mg (as mesilate). Oral liquid: 400 mg/5 ml. ritonavir Oral solid dosage form: 100 mg. saquinavir (SQV) FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS efavirenz + emtricitabine* + tenofovir Tablet: 600 mg + 200 mg + 300 mg. * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals. emtricitabine* + tenofovir Tablet: 200 mg + 300 mg. * FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals. stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine zidovudine + lamivudine zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine 6.4.3 Other antivirals Injection for intravenous administration: 1000 mg and 800 mg in 10?ml phosphate buffer solution. Oral solid dosage forms: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. 6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines 6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines diloxanide
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Capsule: 200 mg.
Tablet: 30 mg + 150 mg + 200 mg. Tablet: 300 mg + 150 mg. Tablet: 300 mg + 150 mg + 200 mg.
ribavirin
Tablet: 500 mg (furoate).
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Injection: 500 mg in 100?ml vial.
metronidazole
15th edition (March 2007)
Oral liquid: 200 mg (as benzoate)/5 ml. Tablet: 200?500 mg.
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines
meglumine antimoniate
Injection, 30%, equivalent to approximately 8.1% antimony in 5?ml ampoule. Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of paromomycin base present as the sulfate. Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 200 mg; 300 mg (isetionate) in vial.
paromomycin Complementary List amphotericin B pentamidine 6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines 6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list currently recommends combinations according to treatment guidelines. The Committee recognizes that not all of these FDCs exist and encourages their development and rigorous testing. The Committee also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations. Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride). amodiaquine* * To be used (a) in combination with artesunate 50 mg OR (b) may be used alone for the treatment of P.vivax, P.ovale and P.malariae infections. Oily injection: 80 mg/ml in 1?ml ampoule. artemether For use in the management of severe malaria. Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg. artemether + lumefantrine* * Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg. Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous artesunic acid with a separate ampoule of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. For use in the management of severe malaria. Tablet: 50 mg. * To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine. Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml. chloroquine* Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). * For use only for the treatment of P.vivax infection. Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride). doxycycline* Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate). * For use only in combination with quinine.
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artesunate*
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). mefloquine*
15th edition (March 2007)
* To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate) primaquine* * Only for use to achieve radical cure of P.vivax and P.ovale infections, given for 14 days. Injection: 300 mg quinine hydrochloride/ml in 2?ml ampoule. quinine* Tablet: 300 mg (quinine sulfate) or 300 mg (quinine bisulfate). * For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline. Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg. sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine* * Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg. 6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis Oral liquid: 50 mg (as phosphate or sulfate)/5 ml. chloroquine* Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). * For use only in central American regions, for use for P.vivax. doxycycline mefloquine proguanil* * For use only in combination with chloroquine. 6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines pyrimethamine sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Complementary List pentamidine Tablet: 200 mg; 300 mg. Tablet: 25 mg. Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Capsule or tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). Tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride).
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines 6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis Powder for injection: 200 mg (pentamidine isetionate) in vial. pentamidine* * To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. Powder for injection: 1 g in vial. * To be used exclusively for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis eflornithine
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suramin sodium*
Injection: 200 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 100?ml bottle.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
melarsoprol
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 3.6% solution, 5?ml ampoule (180 mg of active compound). 6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis benznidazole nifurtimox Tablet: 100 mg. Tablet: 30 mg; 120 mg; 250 mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack acetylsalicylic acid paracetamol 7.2 For prophylaxis
propranolol
Tablet: 300?500 mg. Tablet: 300?500 mg.
Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride).
8. ANTINEOPLASTIC, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES AND MEDICINES USED IN PALLIATIVE CARE
8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines Complementary List Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. azathioprine Tablet: 50 mg. Capsule: 25 mg. ciclosporin 8.2 Cytotoxic medicines This section is expected to be reviewed at the next meeting. Complementary List asparaginase bleomycin calcium folinate Tablet: 15 mg. chlorambucil cisplatin cyclophosphamide Tablet: 25 mg. cytarabine dacarbazine dactinomycin daunorubicin
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Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/ml in 1?ml ampoule for organ transplantation.
Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial. Powder for injection: 15 mg (as sulfate) in vial. Injection: 3 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule.
Tablet: 2 mg. Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial.
Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
doxorubicin etoposide Injection: 20 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. fluorouracil mercaptopurine methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt). procarbazine vinblastine vincristine Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). Injection: 50 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. Tablet: 50 mg. Capsule: 100 mg.
15th edition (March 2007)
Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial.
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium salt) in vial.
Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial. Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial.
8.3 Hormones and antihormones Complementary List dexamethasone hydrocortisone Injection: 4 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as disodium salt) in 1?ml ampoule. Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg.
prednisolone*
* There is no evidence for complete clinical similarity between prednisolone and dexamethasone at high doses. Tablet: 10 mg; 20 mg (as citrate).
tamoxifen
8.4 Medicines used in palliative care The WHO Expert Committee recognizes the importance of listing specific medicines in the Palliative Care Section. Some medicines currently used in palliative care are included in the relevant sections of the Model List, according to their therapeutic use, e.g. analgesics. The Guidelines for Palliative Care that were referenced in the previous list are in need of update. The Committee expects applications for medicines needed for palliative care to be submitted for the next meeting.
9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
Injection: 5 mg (lactate) in 1?ml ampoule. biperiden Tablet: 2 mg (hydrochloride). levodopa + carbidopa Tablet: 100 mg + 10 mg; 250 mg + 25 mg.
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD
10.1 Antianaemia medicines Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/ml. ferrous salt Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron. ferrous salt + folic acid folic acid
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Tablet equivalent to 60 mg iron + 400 micrograms folic acid (Nutritional supplement for use during pregnancy). Tablet: 1 mg; 5 mg.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
hydroxocobalamin Injection: 1 mg in 1?ml ampoule. 10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation heparin sodium phytomenadione Tablet: 10 mg. protamine sulfate
warfarin
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 1000 IU/ml; 5000 IU/ml; 20,000 IU/ml in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule.
Injection: 10 mg/ml in 5?ml ampoule. Tablet: 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium salt).
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
11.1 Plasma substitutes
dextran 70*
Injectable solution: 6%. * Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
11.2 Plasma fractions for specific use All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO Requirements for the Collection, Processing and Quality Control of Blood, Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives (Revised 1992). (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 840, 1994, Annex 2). Complementary List human normal immunoglobulin
factor VIII concentrate factor IX complex (coagulation
Intramuscular administration: 16% protein solution. Intravenous administration: 5%; 10% protein solution. Dried. Dried.
factors, II, VII, IX, X) concentrate
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES
12.1 Antianginal medicines
atenolol
Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet (sublingual): 500 micrograms. Tablet (sublingual): 5 mg. Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride).
glyceryl trinitrate
isosorbide dinitrate
verapamil 12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines
This subsection will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
atenolol
Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg. Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
digoxin
Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml. Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
epinephrine (adrenaline) lidocaine
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Injection: 100 micrograms/ml (as acid tartrate or hydrochloride) in 10?ml ampoule. Injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 5?ml ampoule.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
verapamil Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride). Complementary List
procainamide quinidine
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 2.5 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
Injection: 100 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Tablet: 200 mg (sulfate).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
amlodipine atenolol enalapril
Tablet: 5 mg. Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg. Tablet: 2.5 mg. Powder for injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride) in ampoule. Tablet: 25 mg, 50 mg (hydrochloride).
hydralazine*
* Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of severe pregnancy?induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines. Tablet (scored): 25 mg. Tablet: 250 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
methyldopa*
* Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of pregnancy? induced hypertension only. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the availability of more evidence of efficacy and safety of other medicines.
Complementary List sodium nitroprusside Powder for infusion: 50 mg in ampoule.
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure This subsection will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee. Injection: 250 micrograms/ml in 2?ml ampoule. digoxin Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/ml. Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms.
enalapril furosemide
Tablet: 2.5 mg. Injection: 10 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 40 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet (scored): 25 mg.
Complementary List dopamine Injection: 40 mg/ml (hydrochloride) in 5?ml vial.
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines acetylsalicylic acid Complementary List streptokinase 12.6 Lipid-lowering agents Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.
simvastatin*
15th edition (March 2007)
Tablet: 100 mg.
Powder for injection: 1.5 million IU in vial.
* For use in high?risk patients.
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)
13.1 Antifungal medicines benzoic acid + salicylic acid
miconazole
Ointment or cream: 6% + 3%. Ointment or cream: 2% (nitrate). Solution: 15%.
sodium thiosulfate Complementary List selenium sulfide 13.2 Anti-infective medicines
methylrosanilinium chloride
Detergent?based suspension: 2%.
Aqueous solution: 0.5%. Tincture: 0.5%. Ointment: 5 mg neomycin sulfate + 250 IU bacitracin zinc/g. Aqueous solution: 1:10 000. Cream: 1%, in 500?g container.
(gentian violet) neomycin sulfate + bacitracin potassium permanganate silver sulfadiazine
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
betamethasone calamine lotion hydrocortisone
Ointment or cream: 0.1% (as valerate). Lotion. Ointment or cream: 1% (acetate).
13.4 Astringent medicines aluminium diacetate Solution: 5%.
13.5 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation benzoyl peroxide coal tar dithranol fluorouracil
podophyllum resin
Lotion or cream: 5%. Solution: 5%. Ointment: 0.1%?2%. Ointment: 5%. Solution: 10?25%. Solution: 5%.
salicylic acid
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urea Ointment or cream: 10%. 13.6 Scabicides and pediculicides
benzyl benzoate
15th edition (March 2007)
Lotion: 25%. Cream: 5%.
permethrin Lotion: 1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines fluorescein
tropicamide
Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt). Eye drops: 0.5%.
14.2 Radiocontrast media
amidotrizoate
Injection: 140?420 mg iodine (as sodium or meglumine salt)/ml in 20?ml ampoule. Aqueous suspension. Injection: 140?350 mg iodine/ml in 5?ml; 10?ml; 20?ml ampoules.
barium sulfate
iohexol
Complementary List
meglumine iotroxate
Solution: 5?8 g iodine in 100?250 ml.
15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
15.1 Antiseptics
chlorhexidine ethanol polyvidone iodine
Solution: 5% (digluconate) for dilution. Solution: 70% (denatured). Solution: 10%.
15.2 Disinfectants
chlorine base compound chloroxylenol
Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. Solution: 4.8%. Solution: 2%.
glutaral
16. DIURETICS
amiloride
furosemide
Tablet: 5 mg (hydrochloride). Injection: 10 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Tablet: 40 mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet (scored): 25 mg. Injectable solution: 10%; 20%. Tablet: 25 mg.
mannitol spironolactone
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17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES
17.1 Antacids and other antiulcer medicines Oral liquid: 320 mg/5 ml. aluminium hydroxide Tablet: 500 mg. Injection: 25 mg/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
ranitidine
15th edition (March 2007)
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 ml. Tablet: 150 mg (as hydrochloride).
magnesium hydroxide 17.2 Antiemetic medicines
Oral liquid: equivalent to 550 mg magnesium oxide/10 ml.
Injection: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. metoclopramide Tablet: 10 mg (hydrochloride). Injection: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. promethazine Oral liquid: 5 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml. Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride). 17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines Retention enema.
sulfasalazine
Suppository: 500 mg. Tablet: 500 mg.
Complementary List Retention enema.
hydrocortisone
Suppository: 25 mg (acetate). (the only applies to hydrocortisone retention enema).
17.4 Laxatives
senna
Tablet: 7.5 mg (sennosides) (or traditional dosage forms).
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17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea 17.5.1 Oral rehydration glucose: sodium: chloride: potassium: citrate: osmolarity: glucose: sodium chloride: potassium chloride: trisodium citrate dihydrate+:
15th edition (March 2007)
oral rehydration salts*
75 mEq 75 mEq or mmol/l 65 mEq or mmol/l 20 mEq or mmol/l 10 mmol/l 245 mOsm/l 13.5 g/l 2.6 g/l 1.5 g/l 2.9 g/l
+ trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2.5 g/l. However, as the stability of this latter formulation is very poor under tropical conditions, it is only recommended when manufactured for immediate use. * In cases of cholera a higher concentration of sodium may be required. 17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children Oral liquid: in 10 mg per unit dosage forms. zinc sulfate* Tablet: in 10 mg per unit dosage forms. * In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts. 17.5.3 Antidiarrhoeal (symptomatic) medicines in adults Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate). codeine* * The role of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES
18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes Addison’s disease is a rare condition; adrenal hormones are already included in section 3. 18.2 Androgens Complementary List testosterone 18.3 Contraceptives 18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel ethinylestradiol + norethisterone
Injection: 200 mg (enantate) in 1?ml ampoule.
Tablet: 30 micrograms + 150 micrograms. Tablet: 35 micrograms + 1.0 mg. Tablet: 30 micrograms; 750 micrograms (pack of two); 1.5 mg.
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levonorgestrel
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives medroxyprogesterone acetate medroxyprogesterone acetate + estradiol cypionate norethisterone enantate 18.3.3 Intrauterine devices copper?containing device 18.3.4 Barrier methods condoms diaphragms
15th edition (March 2007)
Depot injection: 150 mg/ml in 1?ml vial. Injection: 25 mg + 5 mg. Oily solution: 200 mg/ml in 1?ml ampoule.
18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives levonorgestrel?releasing implant 18.4 Estrogens Tablet: 10 micrograms; 50 micrograms.
ethinylestradiol*
Two?rod levonorgestrel?releasing implant, each rod containing 75 mg of levonorgestrel (150 mg total).
* The public health relevance and/or comparative efficacy and/or safety of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
18.5 Insulins and other antidiabetic agents glibenclamide insulin injection (soluble) intermediate?acting insulin metformin 18.6 Ovulation inducers Complementary List clomifene 18.7 Progestogens Tablet: 5 mg. norethisterone* * The public health relevance and/or comparative efficacy and/or safety of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee. Tablet: 50 mg (citrate). Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg. Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10?ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10?ml vial. Injection: 40 IU/ml in 10?ml vial; 100 IU/ml in 10?ml vial (as compound insulin zinc suspension or isophane insulin). Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride).
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Complementary List Tablet: 5 mg. medroxyprogesterone acetate*
15th edition (March 2007)
* The public health relevance and/or comparative efficacy and/or safety of this item has been questioned and its continued inclusion on the list will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee.
18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines levothyroxine potassium iodide
propylthiouracil
Tablet: 50 micrograms; 100 micrograms (sodium salt). Tablet: 60 mg. Tablet: 50 mg.
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents All tuberculins should comply with the WHO Requirements for Tuberculins (Revised 1985). WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Thirty?sixth report. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 745, 1987, Annex 1). tuberculin, purified protein derivative Injection. (PPD) 19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO Requirements for the Collection, Processing and Quality Control of Blood, Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives (Revised 1992). WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Forty?third report. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 840, 1994, Annex 2). anti?D immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 250 micrograms in single?dose vial.
antitetanus immunoglobulin (human) Injection: 500 IU in vial. Injection. antivenom immunoglobulin* * Exact type to be defined locally. diphtheria antitoxin
rabies immunoglobulin
Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial. Injection: 150 IU/ml in vial.
19.3 Vaccines Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. The list below details the vaccines for which there is either a recommendation from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html) and/or a WHO position paper (http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html). This site will be updated as new position papers are published and contains the most recent information and recommendations. All vaccines should comply with the WHO Requirements for Biological Substances. BCG vaccine cholera vaccine
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List
diphtheria vaccine hepatitis A vaccine hepatitis B vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine influenza vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine measles vaccine meningococcal meningitis vaccine mumps vaccine pertussis vaccine pneumococcal vaccine poliomyelitis vaccine rabies vaccine rotavirus vaccine rubella vaccine tetanus vaccine typhoid vaccine varicella vaccine yellow fever vaccine
15th edition (March 2007)
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
alcuronium
Injection: 5 mg (chloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule. Injection: 500 micrograms in 1?ml ampoule; 2.5 mg (metilsulfate) in 1?ml ampoule. Tablet: 15 mg (bromide). Injection: 50 mg (chloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
neostigmine
suxamethonium Powder for injection (chloride) in vial. Complementary List Injection: 1 mg in 1?ml ampoule. pyridostigmine Tablet: 60 mg (bromide).
vecuronium
Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial.
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21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
This section will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Expert Committee. 21.1 Anti-infective agents aciclovir
gentamicin*
15th edition (March 2007)
Ointment: 3% W/W. Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate). * Final selection depends on indication for use.
tetracycline
Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride).
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents
prednisolone
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate).
21.3 Local anaesthetics
tetracaine
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride).
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines acetazolamide
pilocarpine timolol
Tablet: 250 mg. Solution (eye drops): 2%; 4% (hydrochloride or nitrate). Solution (eye drops): 0.25%; 0.5% (as maleate).
21.5 Mydriatics atropine Complementary List epinephrine (adrenaline) Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride). Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%, 1% (sulfate).
22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS
22.1 Oxytocics
ergometrine
Injection: 200 micrograms (hydrogen maleate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 10 IU in 1?ml ampoule. Vaginal tablet: 25 micrograms.
oxytocin Complementary List misoprostol mifepristone* – misoprostol* Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable. 22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics) nifedipine
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Tablet 200 mg – tablet 200 micrograms. * Requires close medical supervision.
Immediate release capsule: 10 mg.
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23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
Complementary List intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of Parenteral solution. appropriate composition)
15th edition (March 2007)
24. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders Injection: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/ml in 2?ml ampoule.
chlorpromazine
Oral liquid: 25 mg (hydrochloride)/5 ml. Tablet: 100 mg (hydrochloride).
fluphenazine haloperidol
Injection: 25 mg (decanoate or enantate) in 1?ml ampoule. Injection: 5 mg in 1?ml ampoule. Tablet: 2 mg; 5 mg.
24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders 24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders
amitriptyline
Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride). Capsule or tablet: 20 mg (present as hydrochloride).
fluoxetine
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders carbamazepine lithium carbonate valproic acid Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg. Capsule or tablet: 300 mg. Tablet (enteric?coated): 200 mg; 500 mg (sodium valproate).
24.3 Medicines used in generalized anxiety and sleep disorders
diazepam
Tablet (scored): 2 mg; 5 mg.
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders and panic attacks clomipramine Capsule: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride).
24.5 Medicines used in substance dependence programmes Complementary List Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/ml; 10 mg/ml (hydrochloride).
methadone*
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 ml; 10 mg/5 ml. * The square box is added to include buprenorphine. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
beclometasone
Inhalation (aerosol): 50 micrograms per dose (dipropionate); 250 micrograms (dipropionate) per dose.
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epinephrine (adrenaline) ipratropium bromide
15th edition (March 2007)
Injection: 1 mg (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1?ml ampoule. Inhalation (aerosol): 20 micrograms/metered dose. Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per dose. Injection: 50 micrograms (as sulfate)/ml in 5?ml ampoule.
salbutamol
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 ml. Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg (as sulfate)/ml. Tablet: 2 mg; 4 mg (as sulfate).
25.2 Other medicines acting on the respiratory tract caffeine citrate Injection: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/ml). Oral liquid: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/ml).
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral oral rehydration salts potassium chloride 26.2 Parenteral glucose glucose with sodium chloride potassium chloride sodium chloride Injectable solution: 5%; 10% isotonic; 50% hypertonic. Injectable solution: 4% glucose, 0.18% sodium chloride (equivalent to Na+ 30 mmol/l, Cl? 30 mmol/l). Solution: 11.2% in 20?ml ampoule (equivalent to K+ 1.5 mmol/ml, Cl? 1.5 mmol/ml). Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 154 mmol/l, Cl? 154 mmol/l). Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 167 mmol/l, HCO3? 167 mmol/l). Solution: 8.4% in 10?ml ampoule (equivalent to Na+ 1000 mmol/l, HCO3?1000 mmol/l). Injectable solution. See section 17.5.1. Powder for solution.
sodium hydrogen carbonate
sodium lactate, compound solution
26.3 Miscellaneous water for injection 2?ml; 5?ml; 10?ml ampoules.
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
ascorbic acid
ergocalciferol
Tablet: 50 mg. Capsule or tablet: 1.25 mg (50 000 IU). Oral liquid: 250 micrograms/ml (10 000 IU/ml).
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Capsule: 200 mg. iodine
15th edition (March 2007)
Iodized oil: 1 ml (480 mg iodine); 0.5 ml (240 mg iodine) in ampoule (oral or injectable); 0.57 ml (308 mg iodine) in dispenser bottle. Tablet: 50 mg. Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride). Capsule: 50 000 IU; 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as palmitate). Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU (as palmitate)/ml in multidose dispenser.
nicotinamide
pyridoxine
retinol Tablet (sugar?coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate). Water?miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate) in 2?ml ampoule. riboflavin sodium fluoride thiamine Complementary List calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/ml in 10?ml ampoule. Tablet: 5 mg. In any appropriate topical formulation. Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride).
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Essential Medicines WHO Model List Index
abacavir (ABC) .......................................................... 9 acetazolamide.......................................................... 24 acetylcysteine ............................................................ 3 acetylsalicylic acid ........................................ 1, 13, 17 aciclovir ................................................................ 8, 24 albendazole................................................................ 4 alcuronium............................................................... 23 allopurinol ................................................................. 2 aluminium diacetate............................................... 17 aluminium hydroxide ............................................ 19 amidotrizoate .......................................................... 18 amikacin....................................................................... 7 amiloride .................................................................. 18 amitriptyline ............................................................ 25 amlodipine............................................................... 16 amodiaquine............................................................ 11 amoxicillin ................................................................. 5 amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ................................... 5 amphotericin B....................................................... 8, 11 ampicillin ................................................................... 5 anti?D immunoglobulin (human) ......................... 22 antitetanus immunoglobulin (human)................. 22 antivenom immunoglobulin ................................. 22 artemether................................................................ 11 artemether + lumefantrine ..................................... 11 artesunate................................................................. 11 ascorbic acid ............................................................ 26 asparaginase............................................................... 13 atenolol............................................................... 15, 16 atropine ............................................................ 1, 3, 24 azathioprine ........................................................... 2, 13 azithromycin.............................................................. 6 bacitracin.................................................................. 17 barium sulfate ......................................................... 18 BCG vaccine............................................................. 22 beclometasone ......................................................... 25 benzathine benzylpenicillin .................................... 5 benznidazole............................................................ 13 benzoic acid ............................................................. 17 benzoic acid + salicylic acid ................................... 17 benzoyl peroxide..................................................... 17 benzyl benzoate....................................................... 18 benzylpenicillin......................................................... 5 betamethasone......................................................... 17 biperiden .................................................................. 14 bleomycin................................................................... 13 bupivacaine................................................................ 1 caffeine citrate ......................................................... 26 calamine lotion ........................................................ 17 calcium folinate.......................................................... 13
15th edition (March 2007)
calcium gluconate ............................................... 3, 27 capreomycin ................................................................. 8 carbamazepine..................................................... 3, 25 carbidopa.................................................................. 14 cefazolin...................................................................... 5 cefixime....................................................................... 5 ceftazidime ................................................................... 5 ceftriaxone.................................................................... 5 charcoal, activated..................................................... 3 chlorambucil............................................................... 13 chloramphenicol........................................................ 6 chlorhexidine ........................................................... 18 chlorine base compound ........................................ 18 chloroquine .................................................... 2, 11, 12 chloroxylenol ........................................................... 18 chlorphenamine......................................................... 2 chlorpromazine ....................................................... 25 cholera vaccine ........................................................ 22 ciclosporin.................................................................. 13 cilastatin ...................................................................... 5 ciprofloxacin .............................................................. 6 cisplatin...................................................................... 13 clavulanic acid ........................................................... 5 clindamycin ................................................................. 6 clofazimine................................................................. 7 clomifene .................................................................... 21 clomipramine........................................................... 25 clotrimazole ............................................................... 8 cloxacillin ................................................................... 5 coal tar ...................................................................... 17 codeine.................................................................. 2, 20 condoms ................................................................... 21 copper?containing device....................................... 21 cyclophosphamide ...................................................... 13 cycloserine.................................................................... 8 cytarabine................................................................... 13 dacarbazine ................................................................ 13 dactinomycin.............................................................. 13 dapsone ...................................................................... 7 daunorubicin.............................................................. 13 deferoxamine ............................................................. 3 dexamethasone.................................................... 2, 14 dextran 70................................................................. 15 diaphragms .............................................................. 21 diazepam.......................................................... 1, 3, 25 didanosine (ddI) ........................................................ 9 diethylcarbamazine ...................................................... 4 digoxin................................................................ 15, 16 diloxanide................................................................. 10 dimercaprol................................................................ 3
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
diphtheria antitoxin................................................ 22 diphtheria vaccine .................................................. 23 dithranol................................................................... 17 DL?methionine .......................................................... 3 dopamine.................................................................... 16 doxorubicin................................................................ 14 doxycycline.................................................... 6, 11, 12 efavirenz............................................................... 9, 10 efavirenz (EFV or EFZ)............................................. 9 efavirenz + emtricitabine + tenofovir ................... 10 eflornithine .............................................................. 12 emtricitabine........................................................ 9, 10 emtricitabine (FTC)................................................... 9 emtricitabine + tenofovir........................................ 10 enalapril ................................................................... 16 ephedrine...................................................................... 1 epinephrine (adrenaline) ................... 1, 2, 15, 24, 26 ergocalciferol ........................................................... 26 ergometrine.............................................................. 24 erythromycin ............................................................. 6 estradiol cypionate.................................................. 21 ethambutol................................................................. 7 ethanol...................................................................... 18 ethinylestradiol ................................................. 20, 21 ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel .......................... 20 ethinylestradiol + norethisterone.......................... 20 ethionamide.................................................................. 8 ethosuximide................................................................ 4 etoposide .................................................................... 14 factor IX complex (coagulation factors, II, VII, IX, X) concentrate............................................................ 15 factor VIII concentrate............................................... 15 ferrous salt ............................................................... 14 ferrous salt + folic acid ........................................... 14 fluconazole................................................................. 8 flucytosine.................................................................... 8 fluorescein................................................................ 18 fluorouracil .......................................................... 14, 17 fluoxetine ................................................................. 25 fluphenazine............................................................ 25 folic acid ................................................................... 14 furosemide ......................................................... 16, 18 gentamicin ........................................................... 6, 24 glibenclamide .......................................................... 21 glucose............................................................ 1, 20, 26 glucose with sodium chloride ............................... 26 glutaral ..................................................................... 18 glyceryl trinitrate .................................................... 15 griseofulvin................................................................ 8 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine .................. 23 haloperidol............................................................... 25 halothane.................................................................... 1
15th edition (March 2007)
heparin sodium ....................................................... 15 hepatitis A vaccine.................................................. 23 hepatitis B vaccine................................................... 23 human normal immunoglobulin................................ 15 hydralazine .............................................................. 16 hydrochlorothiazide ......................................... 16, 18 hydrocortisone......................................... 2, 14, 17, 19 hydroxocobalamin .................................................. 15 ibuprofen.................................................................... 1 imipenem + cilastatin................................................... 5 immunoglobulin ..................................................... 22 indinavir (IDV) ........................................................ 10 influenza vaccine..................................................... 23 insulin ....................................................................... 21 insulin injection (soluble)....................................... 21 intermediate?acting insulin.................................... 21 intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition).......................................................... 25 iodine .................................................................. 18, 27 iohexol ...................................................................... 18 ipratropium bromide.............................................. 26 isoniazid ..................................................................... 7 isoniazid + ethambutol ............................................. 7 isosorbide dinitrate ................................................. 15 ivermectin .................................................................. 4 Japanese encephalitis vaccine................................ 23 kanamycin.................................................................... 8 ketamine ..................................................................... 1 lamivudine ........................................................... 9, 10 lamivudine (3TC) ...................................................... 9 levamisole .................................................................. 4 levodopa................................................................... 14 levodopa + carbidopa ............................................. 14 levonorgestrel .................................................... 20, 21 levonorgestrel?releasing implant .......................... 21 levothyroxine........................................................... 22 lidocaine ............................................................... 1, 15 lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline)...................... 1 lithium carbonate .................................................... 25 lopinavir ................................................................... 10 lopinavir + ritonavir (LPV/r).................................. 10 lumefantrine ............................................................ 11 magnesium hydroxide ........................................... 19 magnesium sulfate.................................................... 3 mannitol ................................................................... 18 measles vaccine ....................................................... 23 mebendazole.............................................................. 4 medroxyprogesterone acetate ......................... 21, 22 medroxyprogesterone acetate + estradiol cypionate ............................................................. 21 mefloquine ............................................................... 12 meglumine antimoniate ......................................... 11
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
meglumine iotroxate .................................................. 18 melarsoprol.............................................................. 13 meningococcal meningitis vaccine ....................... 23 mercaptopurine.......................................................... 14 metformin ................................................................ 21 methadone.................................................................. 25 methotrexate .......................................................... 2, 14 methyldopa.............................................................. 16 methylrosanilinium chloride (gentian violet) ..... 17 methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)....... 3 metoclopramide ...................................................... 19 metronidazole ..................................................... 6, 11 miconazole............................................................... 17 mifepristone ............................................................... 24 misoprostol ................................................................ 24 morphine................................................................ 1, 2 mumps vaccine ....................................................... 23 naloxone ..................................................................... 3 nelfinavir (NFV)...................................................... 10 neomycin sulfate ..................................................... 17 neomycin sulfate + bacitracin................................ 17 neostigmine ............................................................. 23 nevirapine ................................................................ 10 nevirapine (NVP).................................................... 10 niclosamide................................................................ 4 nicotinamide............................................................ 27 nifedipine ................................................................. 24 nifurtimox ................................................................ 13 nitrofurantoin ............................................................ 6 nitrous oxide.............................................................. 1 norethisterone ................................................... 20, 21 norethisterone enantate.......................................... 21 nystatin....................................................................... 8 ofloxacin....................................................................... 8 oral rehydration salts ....................................... 20, 26 oxamniquine ................................................................ 5 oxygen ........................................................................ 1 oxytocin.................................................................... 24 p?aminosalicylic acid ................................................... 8 paracetamol ......................................................... 2, 13 paromomycin .......................................................... 11 penicillamine............................................................ 2, 3 pentamidine ......................................................... 11, 12 permethrin ............................................................... 18 pertussis vaccine ..................................................... 23 phenobarbital ............................................................ 3 phenoxymethylpenicillin......................................... 5 phenytoin ................................................................... 4 phytomenadione ..................................................... 15 pilocarpine ............................................................... 24 pneumococcal vaccine............................................ 23 podophyllum resin ................................................. 17
15th edition (March 2007)
poliomyelitis vaccine .............................................. 23 polyvidone iodine ................................................... 18 potassium chloride............................................ 20, 26 potassium ferric hexacyano?ferrate(II) ?2H20 (Prussian blue) ...................................................... 3 potassium iodide .................................................... 8, 22 potassium permanganate....................................... 17 praziquantel ............................................................... 4 prednisolone .................................................. 2, 14, 24 primaquine............................................................... 12 procainamide.............................................................. 16 procaine benzylpenicillin......................................... 5 procarbazine............................................................... 14 proguanil.................................................................. 12 promethazine....................................................... 1, 19 propranolol .............................................................. 13 propylthiouracil ...................................................... 22 protamine sulfate .................................................... 15 pyrantel ...................................................................... 4 pyrazinamide............................................................. 7 pyridostigmine ........................................................... 23 pyridoxine ................................................................ 27 pyrimethamine .................................................. 11, 12 quinidine .................................................................... 16 quinine...................................................................... 12 rabies immunoglobulin .......................................... 22 rabies vaccine........................................................... 23 ranitidine .................................................................. 19 retinol........................................................................ 27 ribavirin.................................................................... 10 riboflavin .................................................................. 27 rifampicin ................................................................... 7 rifampicin + isoniazid ............................................... 7 rifampicin + isoniazid + ethambutol....................... 7 rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide .................. 7 rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + ethambutol ............................................................ 7 ritonavir.................................................................... 10 rotavirus vaccine ..................................................... 23 rubella vaccine......................................................... 23 salbutamol................................................................ 26 salicylic acid............................................................. 17 saquinavir (SQV)..................................................... 10 selenium sulfide ......................................................... 17 senna ......................................................................... 19 silver sulfadiazine ................................................... 17 simvastatin ............................................................... 17 sodium calcium edetate............................................ 3 sodium chloride ................................................ 20, 26 sodium fluoride....................................................... 27 sodium hydrogen carbonate............................ 20, 26 sodium lactate.......................................................... 26
Essential Medicines WHO Model List
sodium nitrite ............................................................ 3 sodium nitroprusside................................................. 16 sodium thiosulfate .............................................. 3, 17 sodium valproate ................................................ 4, 25 spectinomycin ........................................................... 6 spironolactone ......................................................... 18 stavudine.............................................................. 9, 10 stavudine (d4T) ......................................................... 9 stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine................... 10 streptokinase .............................................................. 17 streptomycin.............................................................. 7 sulfadiazine.................................................................. 6 sulfadoxine ........................................................ 11, 12 sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine ............................... 12 sulfamethoxazole ................................................ 6, 12 sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim .................... 6, 12 sulfasalazine........................................................... 2, 19 suramin sodium..................................................... 4, 12 suxamethonium ...................................................... 23 tamoxifen ................................................................... 14 tenofovir................................................................... 10 tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ................................. 9 testosterone ................................................................ 20 tetanus vaccine ........................................................ 23 tetracaine.................................................................. 24
15th edition (March 2007)
tetracycline ............................................................... 24 thiamine.................................................................... 27 thiopental ................................................................... 1 timolol....................................................................... 24 triclabendazole .......................................................... 4 trimethoprim ............................................................. 6 tropicamide .............................................................. 18 tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)..... 22 typhoid vaccine ....................................................... 23 urea ........................................................................... 18 valproic acid......................................................... 4, 25 vancomycin .................................................................. 7 varicella vaccine ...................................................... 23 vecuronium ................................................................ 23 verapamil ........................................................... 15, 16 vinblastine.................................................................. 14 vincristine .................................................................. 14 warfarin .................................................................... 15 water for injection ................................................... 26 yellow fever vaccine ............................................... 23 zidovudine ........................................................... 9, 10 zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) ....................................... 9 zidovudine + lamivudine....................................... 10 zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine ................ 10 zinc sulfate ............................................................... 20
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