Description
environment management
Prahladrai Dalmia Lions College of Commerce & Economics
F.Y.BMS ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Seema Mam
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Group Members:
1. SONAL AGARWAL (A - 2) 2. POOJA AWASTHI (A - 5) 3. AKSHAY BHANDARI (A- 14) 4. AJAY JAIN (A - 33) 5. ANKITA JAIN (A - 34) 6. AAKASH KAKKAD (A - 41) 7. RUCHI MEHTA (A - 59)
Group Number: 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very happy to present this project. We express our profound gratitude and sincere thanks to everybody who by their direct or indirect contact have helped us in converting our thoughts into reality.
First and foremost we are extremely thankful to SEEMA MAM for full fledge cooperation and imparting the necessary technical knowledge which led to success of our project. We also thank FY.B.M.S STUDENTS for assistance without which we would have faced many difficulties.
Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to DR. A. M. BHENDE BMS Coordinater of our college without whose co-operation this project would not have been possible.
We would like to thank our beloved colleagues for supporting us in the fabrication of project and their moral support in the course of project.
We extend our sincere thanks to our peer group who worked along with us to make our project successful.
INDEX
SR. NO. 1. HISTORY TITLE
2.
WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES
4.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
5.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
In olden days population density was less. Industrialization was not at its peak, so resources were exploited but on minimum basis & waste by humans was generally bio-degradable. But today’s scenario is different, population is growing at alarming rates, industrialization &urbanization is increasing. Human consumption is becoming concentrated & so wastes are multiplying. Increase in waste leads to epidemics &diseases like malaria, plague, cholera which can prove to be fatal. So to keep the waste in control, developed &industrial oriented nations have started waste management. As waste products started increasing, our scientists have brought in new methods to recover resources from waste &reuse it. Waste management differs from developed &developing nations.eg: developed nations use new techniques to convert calorific content of the waste into electricity. Whereas in developing countries, laborers manually hunt for recyclable waste from the heap of garbage &then recycled, thus the waste can be minimized.
•
WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT?
Waste management is an industry which revolves around the collection, storage, and disposal of waste, ranging from ordinary household waste to the waste generated at nuclear power plants. Developing effective waste management strategies is critical for nations all over the world, as many forms of waste can develop into a major problem when they are not handled properly. Numerous firms provide waste management services of a variety of types, and several governments also regulate the waste management industry for safety and efficacy.
Collecting the rubbish& dumping it in the landfill is not the only step to waste management. There are other effective steps for waste management that helps the company to function effectively in managing the waste which in turn works best towards preserving the environment. Six effective steps for the waste management are:
(1)
Monitoring:
Monitoring means understanding the need for waste management, identifying how the materials can be used again by recycling it, & thus reducing the amount of waste production, thus getting an idea as to how much progress has been done in waste reduction. Keeping a check on different streams that produces waste, we can work in peace with the environment.
(2)
Collection:
Collection involves systematic organization that sees to it that the bins to collect the waste are not over flooded and the time allotted for the waste collection is not too long. In this step it is seen that the bin size to collect the waste is correct, frequency of the service given must be regular to prevent over spill or stinginess. Different kinds of waste should have different bins with the stickers and different bin color for the identification. For example wet garbage should have a green color bin and dry waste bin with a different color. Locks, chains, and lids are given by local bodies so that no one can dislocate the bins &also to prevent mixing to different kinds of garbage by the people who have no knowledge about it.
(3)
Cooperation between waste management company and the customer is
crucial:
The bins should to ready to discard the waste at the given time, so truck drivers don’t have to waste their time. Bins with the wheel would be convenient for the customer to move the bins to the serviceable area, sometimes work has to be done in non working hours. This could lead to problems to truck drivers &sometimes the public. So problems should be discussed ¬ice could be given.
(4)
Transportation:
This step involves making available the waste transport vehicle from the areas from where it has been collected to the land fill or the place where they can recycled. Special vehicle must be designed for waste transportation. Drivers should be trained for transportation of the hazardous waste.
(5)
Processing & Recycling:
From the waste, the products that can be recycled are taken separately, they are then processed. The processed materials are raw materials for the production of new materials these materials required for cyclable products are purchased by the companies that sustain the environment and natural resources for production.
(6)
Disposal:
Non recyclable wastes are dumped into a vast abandoned land. This is called landfills. Only care should be taken that toxic waste does not enter the soil and water system. The people in charge of landfill department must supervise & approve the dumping site. Care should be taken about depth allowed till dumping, the nature of the waste dumped, etc must be approved. Thus waste management is the detailed process involving proper transportation, trained government workers got from the nature.
•
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT SERVICES?
Waste management services are businesses or agencies that deal with unwanted materials. There are numerous types of waste, which tend to require various methods of handling and disposal. Some companies only specialize in a single aspect of this business. Others may offer a range of waste management services, such as residential waste disposal, landfill management, and recycling services.
Techniques of waste management:1) LANDFILL:
It is one of the inexpensive methods of waste management. In this waste is dumped on an abandoned land. Be cautious that no toxic or hazardous waste gets dumped in landfill.
2)
INCINERATION:
Toxic substances that cannot be dumped are burnt. This method is not much in action as this emits harmful pollutants leading to pollution. 3) COMPOSTING:
Organic wastes from homes &garden eg- food, plants, etc are decomposed, recycled & used as manure for agriculture purpose. 4) MECHANICAL BIOLOGICALTREATMENT:
Glass, plastic &other recyclable waste is put into waste treatment plant. Recyclable content from waste is taken & converted to calorific fuel that in turn is used by power plants.
5)
PYROLYSIS & GASIFICATION:
Waste products are treated at high temperature7 high pressure. It’s a thermal technique. In pyrolysis, waste is converted into solid &liquid, in which solid is refined into carbon form& liquid got from the waste is used as energy giving oil. In gasification, waste is converted into synthetic gases: that are burnt to give high energy.
When people are in their homes, they usually throw unwanted items into their trash cans. When those receptacles are full, they may move the garbage to larger trash bins. These, however, would also become full if they are not emptied periodically. Many locales offer residential waste removal services that haul away general household waste. Businesses may use these services as well, but waste generated by businesses if often handled separately. Whether the waste is picked up or transported by residents, there is often waste that cannot be disposed by either means. Large items, such as an old couch or ceiling rafters, generally cannot be placed into a garbage truck or left at a dumping site. This sort of waste requires bulk disposal services. A great deal of waste tends to be disposed of through pipes connected to toilets, sinks, and drains. If that waste is transported to a septic tank, there are waste management services that will periodically come and pump out the septic tank. When the pipes are connected to a sewer system, the waste goes to water waste facilities. These waste management services provide a series of functions. First, they act as intake centers, receiving incoming flows of materials. Second, they filter out the waste and purify the water. Then, they act as shipping centers by sending the clean water back to people who need it. Hazardous materials also need special disposal methods. Items such as oil, paint, or chemicals are not usually accepted by standard garbage services. Hazardous waste management services are available to control refuse that can pose risks to the environment or human health. Sometimes hazardous waste, such as needles and old hospital sheets, are sent to incineration services that destroy them with fire.
•
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT?
There are many different types of waste management equipment, all of which mainly involve the relocation and compacting of waste. Waste includes anything from trash found in household garbage cans to toxic waste produced by chemical plants. Different types of waste require specific equipment and treatment, due to the variance in waste type and the safety of the substance being handled. The most common type of waste management equipment is the garbage truck, which is used to move waste to be stored and compacted. Waste management equipment tends to be detrimental to many parts of life, including health and aesthetics. While waste management equipment includes incredibly complicated machines, it also consists of much simpler equipment, such as garbage cans, which come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Small, simple cans consisting primarily of plastic commonly are found in homes. Larger cans are used for public and industrial purposes, where larger volumes of waste need to be contained. These cans often have lids or some sort of overhead covering, which is used mainly for odor containment or aesthetic purposes. Nearly all garbage cans use garbage bags, which allow for waste to be easily taken out. In non-residential waste management processes, garbage is typically stored in a large dumpster. Dumpsters are fully enclosed and usually have a removable top or a small hatch for depositing garbage. Many dumpsters also have drainage holes near the bottom to drain any excess liquid from the collected garbage as it decomposes. After a certain period of time, a garbage truck will collect the waste by using mechanized forks that insert into slots on either side of a dumpster. The forks then pick up the dumpster, and dump any waste within it into the truck.
•
1.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage management. As long as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been an issue, and modern societies generate far more solid waste than early humans ever did. Daily life in industrialized nations can generate several pounds of solid waste per consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that manufacture goods purchased by consumers. Solid waste management is a system for handling all of this garbage; municipal waste collection is solid waste management, as are recycling programs, dumps, and incinerators. To the great benefit of archeology, early solid waste management consisted of digging pits and throwing garbage into them. This created a record of the kinds of lives that people lived, showing things like what people ate, the materials used to make eating utensils, and other interesting glimpses into historic daily life. When human cities began to be more concentrated, however, solid waste management became a serious issue. Houses that did not have room to bury their garbage would throw it into the streets, making a stroll to the corner store an unpleasant prospect.
For most industrialized nations today, solid waste management is a multibillion dollar business which is also crucial to survival. Garbage collection agencies remove tons of garbage yearly and sort it for recycling or ultimate disposal. Solid waste management also is focused on developing environmentally sound methods of handling garbage; for example, solid waste is no longer dumped into oceans or unlined pits. There are a number of types of solid waste which need to be dealt with. The first is recyclable waste, objects which are useful, but no longer wanted. Solid waste management includes the construction of facilities to recycle these goods, which include scrap metal, glass, cans, paper, plastics, wood, and similar materials. Another category is toxic waste; waste which could potentially contaminate the environment, meaning that it needs to be handled with care. This category includes electronic waste, a growing problem in many industrialized nations. Next is green waste such as compost and yard clippings. People with land can compost their own green waste, and many cities collect it separately from true garbage, the final category, so that the green waste can be composted and returned to the earth. The majority of solid waste is collected in bins ranging in size from household trash cans to industrial dumpsters which are filled by individuals or companies. Solid waste collection trucks roam the streets on regular schedules to collect these bins. Garbage is also collected by street sweeping agencies, volunteer cleanup organizations, and through consumers who bring their waste directly to the solid waste management company. Once solid waste is collected, it is routed to a recycling facility, garbage facility that can handle toxic waste, composting center, or disposed of. Many solid waste management companies maintain large dumps for this purpose, while others incinerate their , using the energy generated by the incinerator to run a recycling plant or feed power back into the electrical grid.
2.
GREEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green waste management is a term used to describe any environmentally friendly way of processing the products that has been discarded. In this waste management focus is generally on finding the ways that could help to reuse or recycle the discarded articles, so that they are not dumped in landfills. It also aims at disposing the toxic waste in such a way that it does not disturb the environment. The key approach in green waste management is recycling. Here the sanitation workers collect wastes like plastic, paper products, glass, etc as a part of routine thrash removal. Even a common man can segregate the waste and dispose them in different coded bags provided by the authority. Products are recycled and we get a new product, thus the natural resources remain untapped. This reduces the pressure on the ecology as new resources are not explored. This in turn saves the natural resources from becoming scarce. Green waste management varies from setting to setting. The sludge got (after treating it) from the sewage disposal is used in biogas plant, oil companies have ties with textile manufactures that convert leftover sludge in to fiber used to make draperies. Vegetables, dead plants are reused making compost. Then this is dump into a pit dug. This is used as organic manure at home. So any old product used for anew purpose to create a new product, that keeps that waste material out of the landfill, helps in green waste management. Thus green waste management is a boon to environment as it uses the techniques that disposes the waste in eco friendly way.
3.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Industrial waste management generally refers to a set of strategies and approaches that aim to eliminate, reduce, reprocess or dispose of waste produced in an industrial setting. Industrial waste can be toxic, chemical, solid, liquid, or nonhazardous. Typically, however, industrial waste management is concerned with the proper disposal of industrial byproducts that could be harmful to the environment. Some of the common approaches to industrial waste management include emphasis on recycling programs, incineration, and landfills. In industrial production, many materials are employed to manufacture products and because of the scale of that production, a lot of waste is generally produced. As a result of the size of the problem, industrial companies employ waste managers to focus solely on the issue of proper and effective disposal of waste. Most of that focus is in complying with eco-friendly laws which are becoming more common by various governmental bodies. Some of these laws propose penalties in the forms of fines or increased taxes. There are many different approaches to industrial waste management. Waste may be collected and transported for disposal at another location, or it might be disposed of on site.
The type of industrial waste produced is an important factor in determining the most effective disposal method. Two of the most common methods of waste disposal are the use of landfills
and incineration devices. Depending on the type of waste, it can be disposed of or buried underground at a landfill site. This approach, however, is limited, as certain materials which are not dangerous to the environment. Chemical waste or other types of toxic waste are not dumped at landfills because it can seep into the groundwater and present a health concern to nearby populations. Incinerators are also used to burn waste materials in appropriate cases. Environmental groups, however, typically do not favor this approach because of the related emission of hazardous gases. In general, recycling, when possible, is a favored solution of industrial waste managers and environmentalists. Recycling has two general advantages: it is environmentally-friendly because it converts used products into usable materials, and it can be a source of revenue or reduce costs. A company can convert previously useless waste into a material that they may re-use in their own manufacturing process obviating the need to purchase that material anew, or the company can sell the material for a profit. Some of the most common recycling strategies employed in industrial waste management include biological and physical reprocessing, and energy recovery.
4.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Hazardous waste management is an area of the waste management field concerned with the proper containment, management, and disposal of wastes which could be considered hazardous. A number of types of waste are hazardous, from medical waste which carries the risk of infection to household waste such as paints and chemicals which could be flammable or explosive. In many regions of the world, it is not legal to dispose of hazardous waste in conventional waste containers, and special protocols must be observed when hazardous materials are being handled. A number of concerns must be addressed by waste management authorities when handling hazardous materials. Pollution is a major issue, with most basic waste management facilities lacking the containment needed to keep the environment safe from hazardous substances. The potential for human or animal illness is also a concern, as is the risk of fire from flammable materials. Hazardous waste can also be a threat to national security, in the case of radioactive waste materials which could be acquired and abused by a foreign power or terrorist organization. Hazardous waste management is design to protect the public and the environment from dangerous waste.
There are several different aspects to hazardous waste management. One of the most important is the overall reduction of hazardous waste, closely followed by education of the public. Hazardous waste programs typically include community outreach and education to inform people about hazardous waste, alerting them to things which may be dangerous and providing recommendations to reduce the production of such waste. These programs also provide information about safe hazardous waste disposal. For household hazardous waste like tins of paint and hazardous chemicals, it is sometimes possible to drop off waste at a designated point. The waste will be collected and disposed of safely by a company which offers hazardous waste management services. Small communities may have mobile trailers or vans which periodically rotate through communities to collect hazardous waste. Businesses which regularly generate hazardous waste may need a hazardous waste disposal contract with a waste management agency, which includes provision of specialized containers for waste collection. Laws concerning specific types of hazardous waste can be reinforced by public health inspectors and members of law enforcement. These laws typically define hazardous waste, breaking it up by type, and dictate how the waste needs to be processed and disposed of by companies which handle hazardous waste management. Violations of the law may be penalized with fines, and possibly jail time, depending on the nature of the violation. An individual who tosses paint can in the garbage may be fined, for example, while the executives a waste management company which buries hazardous waste in an unsecured landfill may incur jail time in addition to heavy fines.
5.
MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Medical waste management is a branch of the waste management field which focuses on medical and clinical waste, waste generated in medical facilities like hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes. There are a number of issues unique to medical waste which must be addressed by the waste management agencies which handle it, and several governments have laws specifically pertaining to medical waste which are designed to ensure that it is properly regulated. These laws are designed to increase environmental and human safety while ensuring that waste can be disposed of affordably and in a timely fashion. Responsible medical waste management includes the generation, handling, storage, removal, transport, and destruction or safe disposal of medical waste. Facilities which generate medical waste have protocols in place which dictate how it is handled, and they also maintain contracts with organizations which have been certified to handle such waste. As a general rule, anything potentially bio hazardous or related to medical treatment is considered medical waste, from discarded surgical scalpels to carpeting removed from a home in which someone died.
The obvious problem with medical waste is that it can be infectious, contributing to the spread of disease. It can also simply be dangerous, as in the case of sharps such as needles and scalpels which could hurt people. Medical waste may also be radioactive, and it can include potentially hazardous substances like expired or incorrectly compounded pharmaceuticals. This makes this type of waste different than ordinary waste, requiring a special medical waste management company to make sure that it is handled properly. In some cases, a medical facility can opt to incinerate its own waste. Incineration is not always an option, however, and some facilities lack to the infrastructure to support an incinerator. In these cases, a company must provide containers to hold medical waste, along with transport of the waste and safe disposal, which can include irradiation to render it neutral, along with burial, incineration, and other options. Some nations have medical waste tracking laws in place, which require people to log medical waste at every step of the way to ensure that it is handled properly, and medical waste management companies will also be held liable if they fail to handle waste appropriately.
6.
HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT
Household waste is waste which is generated in the day to day operations of a household. It can include everything from lawn clippings to burn out light bulbs. Many movements designed to get people thinking about environmentally friendly living have focused on household waste as something which can be easily manipulated to make a difference in the environment. Management of household waste is also a major issue, and it has been for hundreds of years. A busy household can generate a great deal of waste, and the amount of household waste can increase radically in developed nations which rely heavily on packaging for a wide variety of products. Historically, people disposed of their household waste by burying or burning it, but these methods became impractical once human populations started exploding, resulting in the development of land fills, disposal sites where collected waste from a large area is buried. One of the issues with household waste is that not all of it is, in fact, waste, and people can radically reduce the amount of stuff which gets thrown away by thinking before tossing something in the garbage. Many communities have recycling programs which accept paper, glass, bottles, cans, and numerous other items which can be broken down and reused. Other things considered “waste” may be useful to others, such as outmoded couches which get tossed to the curb instead of being donated to organizations which could sell or use the furniture.
Items like food scraps and lawn clippings can be composted instead of being thrown away, cutting down on waste and directly contributing to the health of the environment by reclaiming nutrients. Other types of household waste, like dead batteries, are actually hazardous, and they need to be disposed of in special facilities, rather than being tossed in the trash. In cities, people are usually required to pay for household waste collection, with the cost being billed on the basis of how many cans of garbage a house or building generates. People or their landlords are required to subscribe to garbage services so that they don't hoard garbage and cause a nuisance. In rural areas, people may have the option of subscribing to a waste management company, or they can take waste materials directly to a dump. People are sometimes surprised when they start keeping track of the amount of waste they really generate. Even people who think that they have a comparatively small amount of garbage can find that they create a lot of waste. Logging household waste by weighing or charting it for several months can sometimes be an eye opening experience and an interesting science fair project.
7.
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chemical waste management is a branch of the waste management field involved with addressing chemical waste, ranging from photography chemicals used in home darkrooms to chemical byproducts of manufacturing. If chemical waste is released into the environment, it can cause a number of problems which can impact environmental and human health, ranging from explosions caused by unexpected reactions to pollution of waterways which causes fish to die. Chemical waste can take a number of forms. People are sometimes surprised to learn that some household waste is technically considered chemical waste, and technically should not be disposed of in regular garbage. While people may not think of things like a partially used bottle of hydrogen peroxide or rubbing alcohol as dangerous, these waste products are in fact chemical waste, because they can contribute to problems if they are disposed of in a conventional landfill. Essentially, this type of waste includes any chemicals which are active or potentially dangerous.
As
with
all
branches
of
the waste management field,
the
primary
goal
of chemical waste management is to reduce the production of chemical waste, thereby cutting down on the amount of material which needs to be handled. Proper handling of chemical waste in the area where it is generated is important, as are containment and storage while the waste waits for pickup by a company which is authorized to handle chemicals. Chemical waste management also it is no longer dangerous. Many waste management companies offer chemical waste management services to their includes long-term solutions for chemical waste which are designed to destroy, neutralize, or secure chemical waste so that
customers. Households can take advantage of periodic hazardous materials pickups to safely get rid of chemical waste, while companies which routinely generate chemical waste can get a chemical waste management contract. The contract may include storage containers and identification tags for chemical waste in addition to regularly scheduled pickups of chemical waste Another aspect of chemical waste management is cleanup and removal of chemical waste. In the wake of a chemical spill, for example, waste management professionals are part of the response team which tries to contain and clean up the spill. Chemical waste professionals are also involved in environmental remediation of sites which have been contaminated by chemical waste, as in the instance of a former factory site which has unsecured chemical waste on the premises which must be addressed before the site can be cleared for general use.
doc_835740174.pdf
environment management
Prahladrai Dalmia Lions College of Commerce & Economics
F.Y.BMS ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Seema Mam
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Group Members:
1. SONAL AGARWAL (A - 2) 2. POOJA AWASTHI (A - 5) 3. AKSHAY BHANDARI (A- 14) 4. AJAY JAIN (A - 33) 5. ANKITA JAIN (A - 34) 6. AAKASH KAKKAD (A - 41) 7. RUCHI MEHTA (A - 59)
Group Number: 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very happy to present this project. We express our profound gratitude and sincere thanks to everybody who by their direct or indirect contact have helped us in converting our thoughts into reality.
First and foremost we are extremely thankful to SEEMA MAM for full fledge cooperation and imparting the necessary technical knowledge which led to success of our project. We also thank FY.B.M.S STUDENTS for assistance without which we would have faced many difficulties.
Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to DR. A. M. BHENDE BMS Coordinater of our college without whose co-operation this project would not have been possible.
We would like to thank our beloved colleagues for supporting us in the fabrication of project and their moral support in the course of project.
We extend our sincere thanks to our peer group who worked along with us to make our project successful.
INDEX
SR. NO. 1. HISTORY TITLE
2.
WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES
4.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
5.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
In olden days population density was less. Industrialization was not at its peak, so resources were exploited but on minimum basis & waste by humans was generally bio-degradable. But today’s scenario is different, population is growing at alarming rates, industrialization &urbanization is increasing. Human consumption is becoming concentrated & so wastes are multiplying. Increase in waste leads to epidemics &diseases like malaria, plague, cholera which can prove to be fatal. So to keep the waste in control, developed &industrial oriented nations have started waste management. As waste products started increasing, our scientists have brought in new methods to recover resources from waste &reuse it. Waste management differs from developed &developing nations.eg: developed nations use new techniques to convert calorific content of the waste into electricity. Whereas in developing countries, laborers manually hunt for recyclable waste from the heap of garbage &then recycled, thus the waste can be minimized.
•
WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT?
Waste management is an industry which revolves around the collection, storage, and disposal of waste, ranging from ordinary household waste to the waste generated at nuclear power plants. Developing effective waste management strategies is critical for nations all over the world, as many forms of waste can develop into a major problem when they are not handled properly. Numerous firms provide waste management services of a variety of types, and several governments also regulate the waste management industry for safety and efficacy.
Collecting the rubbish& dumping it in the landfill is not the only step to waste management. There are other effective steps for waste management that helps the company to function effectively in managing the waste which in turn works best towards preserving the environment. Six effective steps for the waste management are:
(1)
Monitoring:
Monitoring means understanding the need for waste management, identifying how the materials can be used again by recycling it, & thus reducing the amount of waste production, thus getting an idea as to how much progress has been done in waste reduction. Keeping a check on different streams that produces waste, we can work in peace with the environment.
(2)
Collection:
Collection involves systematic organization that sees to it that the bins to collect the waste are not over flooded and the time allotted for the waste collection is not too long. In this step it is seen that the bin size to collect the waste is correct, frequency of the service given must be regular to prevent over spill or stinginess. Different kinds of waste should have different bins with the stickers and different bin color for the identification. For example wet garbage should have a green color bin and dry waste bin with a different color. Locks, chains, and lids are given by local bodies so that no one can dislocate the bins &also to prevent mixing to different kinds of garbage by the people who have no knowledge about it.
(3)
Cooperation between waste management company and the customer is
crucial:
The bins should to ready to discard the waste at the given time, so truck drivers don’t have to waste their time. Bins with the wheel would be convenient for the customer to move the bins to the serviceable area, sometimes work has to be done in non working hours. This could lead to problems to truck drivers &sometimes the public. So problems should be discussed ¬ice could be given.
(4)
Transportation:
This step involves making available the waste transport vehicle from the areas from where it has been collected to the land fill or the place where they can recycled. Special vehicle must be designed for waste transportation. Drivers should be trained for transportation of the hazardous waste.
(5)
Processing & Recycling:
From the waste, the products that can be recycled are taken separately, they are then processed. The processed materials are raw materials for the production of new materials these materials required for cyclable products are purchased by the companies that sustain the environment and natural resources for production.
(6)
Disposal:
Non recyclable wastes are dumped into a vast abandoned land. This is called landfills. Only care should be taken that toxic waste does not enter the soil and water system. The people in charge of landfill department must supervise & approve the dumping site. Care should be taken about depth allowed till dumping, the nature of the waste dumped, etc must be approved. Thus waste management is the detailed process involving proper transportation, trained government workers got from the nature.
•
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT SERVICES?
Waste management services are businesses or agencies that deal with unwanted materials. There are numerous types of waste, which tend to require various methods of handling and disposal. Some companies only specialize in a single aspect of this business. Others may offer a range of waste management services, such as residential waste disposal, landfill management, and recycling services.
Techniques of waste management:1) LANDFILL:
It is one of the inexpensive methods of waste management. In this waste is dumped on an abandoned land. Be cautious that no toxic or hazardous waste gets dumped in landfill.
2)
INCINERATION:
Toxic substances that cannot be dumped are burnt. This method is not much in action as this emits harmful pollutants leading to pollution. 3) COMPOSTING:
Organic wastes from homes &garden eg- food, plants, etc are decomposed, recycled & used as manure for agriculture purpose. 4) MECHANICAL BIOLOGICALTREATMENT:
Glass, plastic &other recyclable waste is put into waste treatment plant. Recyclable content from waste is taken & converted to calorific fuel that in turn is used by power plants.
5)
PYROLYSIS & GASIFICATION:
Waste products are treated at high temperature7 high pressure. It’s a thermal technique. In pyrolysis, waste is converted into solid &liquid, in which solid is refined into carbon form& liquid got from the waste is used as energy giving oil. In gasification, waste is converted into synthetic gases: that are burnt to give high energy.
When people are in their homes, they usually throw unwanted items into their trash cans. When those receptacles are full, they may move the garbage to larger trash bins. These, however, would also become full if they are not emptied periodically. Many locales offer residential waste removal services that haul away general household waste. Businesses may use these services as well, but waste generated by businesses if often handled separately. Whether the waste is picked up or transported by residents, there is often waste that cannot be disposed by either means. Large items, such as an old couch or ceiling rafters, generally cannot be placed into a garbage truck or left at a dumping site. This sort of waste requires bulk disposal services. A great deal of waste tends to be disposed of through pipes connected to toilets, sinks, and drains. If that waste is transported to a septic tank, there are waste management services that will periodically come and pump out the septic tank. When the pipes are connected to a sewer system, the waste goes to water waste facilities. These waste management services provide a series of functions. First, they act as intake centers, receiving incoming flows of materials. Second, they filter out the waste and purify the water. Then, they act as shipping centers by sending the clean water back to people who need it. Hazardous materials also need special disposal methods. Items such as oil, paint, or chemicals are not usually accepted by standard garbage services. Hazardous waste management services are available to control refuse that can pose risks to the environment or human health. Sometimes hazardous waste, such as needles and old hospital sheets, are sent to incineration services that destroy them with fire.
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT?
There are many different types of waste management equipment, all of which mainly involve the relocation and compacting of waste. Waste includes anything from trash found in household garbage cans to toxic waste produced by chemical plants. Different types of waste require specific equipment and treatment, due to the variance in waste type and the safety of the substance being handled. The most common type of waste management equipment is the garbage truck, which is used to move waste to be stored and compacted. Waste management equipment tends to be detrimental to many parts of life, including health and aesthetics. While waste management equipment includes incredibly complicated machines, it also consists of much simpler equipment, such as garbage cans, which come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Small, simple cans consisting primarily of plastic commonly are found in homes. Larger cans are used for public and industrial purposes, where larger volumes of waste need to be contained. These cans often have lids or some sort of overhead covering, which is used mainly for odor containment or aesthetic purposes. Nearly all garbage cans use garbage bags, which allow for waste to be easily taken out. In non-residential waste management processes, garbage is typically stored in a large dumpster. Dumpsters are fully enclosed and usually have a removable top or a small hatch for depositing garbage. Many dumpsters also have drainage holes near the bottom to drain any excess liquid from the collected garbage as it decomposes. After a certain period of time, a garbage truck will collect the waste by using mechanized forks that insert into slots on either side of a dumpster. The forks then pick up the dumpster, and dump any waste within it into the truck.
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1.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage management. As long as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been an issue, and modern societies generate far more solid waste than early humans ever did. Daily life in industrialized nations can generate several pounds of solid waste per consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that manufacture goods purchased by consumers. Solid waste management is a system for handling all of this garbage; municipal waste collection is solid waste management, as are recycling programs, dumps, and incinerators. To the great benefit of archeology, early solid waste management consisted of digging pits and throwing garbage into them. This created a record of the kinds of lives that people lived, showing things like what people ate, the materials used to make eating utensils, and other interesting glimpses into historic daily life. When human cities began to be more concentrated, however, solid waste management became a serious issue. Houses that did not have room to bury their garbage would throw it into the streets, making a stroll to the corner store an unpleasant prospect.
For most industrialized nations today, solid waste management is a multibillion dollar business which is also crucial to survival. Garbage collection agencies remove tons of garbage yearly and sort it for recycling or ultimate disposal. Solid waste management also is focused on developing environmentally sound methods of handling garbage; for example, solid waste is no longer dumped into oceans or unlined pits. There are a number of types of solid waste which need to be dealt with. The first is recyclable waste, objects which are useful, but no longer wanted. Solid waste management includes the construction of facilities to recycle these goods, which include scrap metal, glass, cans, paper, plastics, wood, and similar materials. Another category is toxic waste; waste which could potentially contaminate the environment, meaning that it needs to be handled with care. This category includes electronic waste, a growing problem in many industrialized nations. Next is green waste such as compost and yard clippings. People with land can compost their own green waste, and many cities collect it separately from true garbage, the final category, so that the green waste can be composted and returned to the earth. The majority of solid waste is collected in bins ranging in size from household trash cans to industrial dumpsters which are filled by individuals or companies. Solid waste collection trucks roam the streets on regular schedules to collect these bins. Garbage is also collected by street sweeping agencies, volunteer cleanup organizations, and through consumers who bring their waste directly to the solid waste management company. Once solid waste is collected, it is routed to a recycling facility, garbage facility that can handle toxic waste, composting center, or disposed of. Many solid waste management companies maintain large dumps for this purpose, while others incinerate their , using the energy generated by the incinerator to run a recycling plant or feed power back into the electrical grid.
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GREEN WASTE MANAGEMENT
Green waste management is a term used to describe any environmentally friendly way of processing the products that has been discarded. In this waste management focus is generally on finding the ways that could help to reuse or recycle the discarded articles, so that they are not dumped in landfills. It also aims at disposing the toxic waste in such a way that it does not disturb the environment. The key approach in green waste management is recycling. Here the sanitation workers collect wastes like plastic, paper products, glass, etc as a part of routine thrash removal. Even a common man can segregate the waste and dispose them in different coded bags provided by the authority. Products are recycled and we get a new product, thus the natural resources remain untapped. This reduces the pressure on the ecology as new resources are not explored. This in turn saves the natural resources from becoming scarce. Green waste management varies from setting to setting. The sludge got (after treating it) from the sewage disposal is used in biogas plant, oil companies have ties with textile manufactures that convert leftover sludge in to fiber used to make draperies. Vegetables, dead plants are reused making compost. Then this is dump into a pit dug. This is used as organic manure at home. So any old product used for anew purpose to create a new product, that keeps that waste material out of the landfill, helps in green waste management. Thus green waste management is a boon to environment as it uses the techniques that disposes the waste in eco friendly way.
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Industrial waste management generally refers to a set of strategies and approaches that aim to eliminate, reduce, reprocess or dispose of waste produced in an industrial setting. Industrial waste can be toxic, chemical, solid, liquid, or nonhazardous. Typically, however, industrial waste management is concerned with the proper disposal of industrial byproducts that could be harmful to the environment. Some of the common approaches to industrial waste management include emphasis on recycling programs, incineration, and landfills. In industrial production, many materials are employed to manufacture products and because of the scale of that production, a lot of waste is generally produced. As a result of the size of the problem, industrial companies employ waste managers to focus solely on the issue of proper and effective disposal of waste. Most of that focus is in complying with eco-friendly laws which are becoming more common by various governmental bodies. Some of these laws propose penalties in the forms of fines or increased taxes. There are many different approaches to industrial waste management. Waste may be collected and transported for disposal at another location, or it might be disposed of on site.
The type of industrial waste produced is an important factor in determining the most effective disposal method. Two of the most common methods of waste disposal are the use of landfills
and incineration devices. Depending on the type of waste, it can be disposed of or buried underground at a landfill site. This approach, however, is limited, as certain materials which are not dangerous to the environment. Chemical waste or other types of toxic waste are not dumped at landfills because it can seep into the groundwater and present a health concern to nearby populations. Incinerators are also used to burn waste materials in appropriate cases. Environmental groups, however, typically do not favor this approach because of the related emission of hazardous gases. In general, recycling, when possible, is a favored solution of industrial waste managers and environmentalists. Recycling has two general advantages: it is environmentally-friendly because it converts used products into usable materials, and it can be a source of revenue or reduce costs. A company can convert previously useless waste into a material that they may re-use in their own manufacturing process obviating the need to purchase that material anew, or the company can sell the material for a profit. Some of the most common recycling strategies employed in industrial waste management include biological and physical reprocessing, and energy recovery.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Hazardous waste management is an area of the waste management field concerned with the proper containment, management, and disposal of wastes which could be considered hazardous. A number of types of waste are hazardous, from medical waste which carries the risk of infection to household waste such as paints and chemicals which could be flammable or explosive. In many regions of the world, it is not legal to dispose of hazardous waste in conventional waste containers, and special protocols must be observed when hazardous materials are being handled. A number of concerns must be addressed by waste management authorities when handling hazardous materials. Pollution is a major issue, with most basic waste management facilities lacking the containment needed to keep the environment safe from hazardous substances. The potential for human or animal illness is also a concern, as is the risk of fire from flammable materials. Hazardous waste can also be a threat to national security, in the case of radioactive waste materials which could be acquired and abused by a foreign power or terrorist organization. Hazardous waste management is design to protect the public and the environment from dangerous waste.
There are several different aspects to hazardous waste management. One of the most important is the overall reduction of hazardous waste, closely followed by education of the public. Hazardous waste programs typically include community outreach and education to inform people about hazardous waste, alerting them to things which may be dangerous and providing recommendations to reduce the production of such waste. These programs also provide information about safe hazardous waste disposal. For household hazardous waste like tins of paint and hazardous chemicals, it is sometimes possible to drop off waste at a designated point. The waste will be collected and disposed of safely by a company which offers hazardous waste management services. Small communities may have mobile trailers or vans which periodically rotate through communities to collect hazardous waste. Businesses which regularly generate hazardous waste may need a hazardous waste disposal contract with a waste management agency, which includes provision of specialized containers for waste collection. Laws concerning specific types of hazardous waste can be reinforced by public health inspectors and members of law enforcement. These laws typically define hazardous waste, breaking it up by type, and dictate how the waste needs to be processed and disposed of by companies which handle hazardous waste management. Violations of the law may be penalized with fines, and possibly jail time, depending on the nature of the violation. An individual who tosses paint can in the garbage may be fined, for example, while the executives a waste management company which buries hazardous waste in an unsecured landfill may incur jail time in addition to heavy fines.
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MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Medical waste management is a branch of the waste management field which focuses on medical and clinical waste, waste generated in medical facilities like hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes. There are a number of issues unique to medical waste which must be addressed by the waste management agencies which handle it, and several governments have laws specifically pertaining to medical waste which are designed to ensure that it is properly regulated. These laws are designed to increase environmental and human safety while ensuring that waste can be disposed of affordably and in a timely fashion. Responsible medical waste management includes the generation, handling, storage, removal, transport, and destruction or safe disposal of medical waste. Facilities which generate medical waste have protocols in place which dictate how it is handled, and they also maintain contracts with organizations which have been certified to handle such waste. As a general rule, anything potentially bio hazardous or related to medical treatment is considered medical waste, from discarded surgical scalpels to carpeting removed from a home in which someone died.
The obvious problem with medical waste is that it can be infectious, contributing to the spread of disease. It can also simply be dangerous, as in the case of sharps such as needles and scalpels which could hurt people. Medical waste may also be radioactive, and it can include potentially hazardous substances like expired or incorrectly compounded pharmaceuticals. This makes this type of waste different than ordinary waste, requiring a special medical waste management company to make sure that it is handled properly. In some cases, a medical facility can opt to incinerate its own waste. Incineration is not always an option, however, and some facilities lack to the infrastructure to support an incinerator. In these cases, a company must provide containers to hold medical waste, along with transport of the waste and safe disposal, which can include irradiation to render it neutral, along with burial, incineration, and other options. Some nations have medical waste tracking laws in place, which require people to log medical waste at every step of the way to ensure that it is handled properly, and medical waste management companies will also be held liable if they fail to handle waste appropriately.
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HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT
Household waste is waste which is generated in the day to day operations of a household. It can include everything from lawn clippings to burn out light bulbs. Many movements designed to get people thinking about environmentally friendly living have focused on household waste as something which can be easily manipulated to make a difference in the environment. Management of household waste is also a major issue, and it has been for hundreds of years. A busy household can generate a great deal of waste, and the amount of household waste can increase radically in developed nations which rely heavily on packaging for a wide variety of products. Historically, people disposed of their household waste by burying or burning it, but these methods became impractical once human populations started exploding, resulting in the development of land fills, disposal sites where collected waste from a large area is buried. One of the issues with household waste is that not all of it is, in fact, waste, and people can radically reduce the amount of stuff which gets thrown away by thinking before tossing something in the garbage. Many communities have recycling programs which accept paper, glass, bottles, cans, and numerous other items which can be broken down and reused. Other things considered “waste” may be useful to others, such as outmoded couches which get tossed to the curb instead of being donated to organizations which could sell or use the furniture.
Items like food scraps and lawn clippings can be composted instead of being thrown away, cutting down on waste and directly contributing to the health of the environment by reclaiming nutrients. Other types of household waste, like dead batteries, are actually hazardous, and they need to be disposed of in special facilities, rather than being tossed in the trash. In cities, people are usually required to pay for household waste collection, with the cost being billed on the basis of how many cans of garbage a house or building generates. People or their landlords are required to subscribe to garbage services so that they don't hoard garbage and cause a nuisance. In rural areas, people may have the option of subscribing to a waste management company, or they can take waste materials directly to a dump. People are sometimes surprised when they start keeping track of the amount of waste they really generate. Even people who think that they have a comparatively small amount of garbage can find that they create a lot of waste. Logging household waste by weighing or charting it for several months can sometimes be an eye opening experience and an interesting science fair project.
7.
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chemical waste management is a branch of the waste management field involved with addressing chemical waste, ranging from photography chemicals used in home darkrooms to chemical byproducts of manufacturing. If chemical waste is released into the environment, it can cause a number of problems which can impact environmental and human health, ranging from explosions caused by unexpected reactions to pollution of waterways which causes fish to die. Chemical waste can take a number of forms. People are sometimes surprised to learn that some household waste is technically considered chemical waste, and technically should not be disposed of in regular garbage. While people may not think of things like a partially used bottle of hydrogen peroxide or rubbing alcohol as dangerous, these waste products are in fact chemical waste, because they can contribute to problems if they are disposed of in a conventional landfill. Essentially, this type of waste includes any chemicals which are active or potentially dangerous.
As
with
all
branches
of
the waste management field,
the
primary
goal
of chemical waste management is to reduce the production of chemical waste, thereby cutting down on the amount of material which needs to be handled. Proper handling of chemical waste in the area where it is generated is important, as are containment and storage while the waste waits for pickup by a company which is authorized to handle chemicals. Chemical waste management also it is no longer dangerous. Many waste management companies offer chemical waste management services to their includes long-term solutions for chemical waste which are designed to destroy, neutralize, or secure chemical waste so that
customers. Households can take advantage of periodic hazardous materials pickups to safely get rid of chemical waste, while companies which routinely generate chemical waste can get a chemical waste management contract. The contract may include storage containers and identification tags for chemical waste in addition to regularly scheduled pickups of chemical waste Another aspect of chemical waste management is cleanup and removal of chemical waste. In the wake of a chemical spill, for example, waste management professionals are part of the response team which tries to contain and clean up the spill. Chemical waste professionals are also involved in environmental remediation of sites which have been contaminated by chemical waste, as in the instance of a former factory site which has unsecured chemical waste on the premises which must be addressed before the site can be cleared for general use.
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