Description
types of business cycle and analysis of each of its stages. What are the various macroeconomic variables included in the business cycle.
? Business cycles are the short-run fluctuations
in aggregate economic activity around its long-run growth path. ? Components of a Business Cycle: Peak, ? Contraction or Recession, ? Trough, and ? Recovery and Expansion.
?
The maximum level that aggregate economic activity reaches. ? Contractions, Recessions, or Hard Landing: ? 2 or more consecutive quarters of declining real GDP. ? period of significant decline in total output, income, employment, and trade, ? usually lasting from 6 months to a year, and ? marked by widespread contractions in many sectors of the economy
?
Peak:
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
Actual growth rate is less than natural growth rate, resulting in a rising unemployment rate. Depression: A recession that is major in both scale and duration The minimum level that aggregate economic activity reaches. Recovery : A period of significant increase in total output, income, employment, and trade, usually lasting 6 months or more, and marked by widespread expansion in many sectors of economy
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Main features of a business cycle: Pervasive in nature, Recurrent but not periodic, Persistent, Each cycle differs in length and severity. Expansions are longer than recessions. Business cycles are fluctuations in aggregate economic activity, not fluctuations in a specific economic variable
Business cycles are persistent: Declines in aggregate economic activity are followed by further declines; growth in aggregate economic activity is followed by more growth. ? Business cycle are recurrent: The pattern of contraction–trough– expansion– peak occurs over and over again. ? Business cycles are not periodic: ? Business cycles do not occur at regular, predictable intervals.
? ?
The behavior of economic variables: Direction: ? What is the direction of a variable’s movement relative to aggregate economic activity? ? – Pro-cyclical: moves in the same direction. ? – Countercyclical: moves in the opposite direction. ? – Acyclical: moves with no clear pattern.
?
Timing: ? • What is the timing of a variable's movements relative ? to aggregate economic activity? ? – Leading: moves in advance. ? – Coincident: moves at the same time. ? – Lagging: moves afterwards ? Leading indicators have been used to predict peaks and troughs of the business cycle. Generally, several leading variables are combined into an index of leading economic indicators. ? A decline in the index for 3 to 6 months warns of a recession
?
The cyclical behavior of key macro variables:
? Leading: residential investment, inventory
investment, average labor productivity, money growth, stock prices. ? Coincident: industrial production, consumption, business fixed investment, employment. ? Lagging: inflation, nominal interest rates. ? Timing not designated: government purchases, real wages
variable
production Industrial production expenditure Consumption Business investment Residential investment Inventory Investment Government purchases
Direction
timing
Pro-cyclical
coincident
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical
coincident coincident leading leading
Labour market Employment
direction Pro-cyclical
timing Coincident
Unemployment
Average labor productivity Real wages Money market Money supply inflation Financial variables Stock Interest rates Real interest
Countercyclical
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical (mildly)
unclassified
leading
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical
leading lagging
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical acyclical
leading lagging
?
?
?
The shape of the business cycle depends on the interaction between the accelerator and the multiplier. If there is an initial injection, multiplier action will start, which will cause output to increase and hence through the accelerator, the investment will increase and setoff another chain of multiplier reaction. If, however, the full employment level is reached and output cannot increase any further, the investment does not take place and the ceiling is reached.
doc_498080445.pptx
types of business cycle and analysis of each of its stages. What are the various macroeconomic variables included in the business cycle.
? Business cycles are the short-run fluctuations
in aggregate economic activity around its long-run growth path. ? Components of a Business Cycle: Peak, ? Contraction or Recession, ? Trough, and ? Recovery and Expansion.
?
The maximum level that aggregate economic activity reaches. ? Contractions, Recessions, or Hard Landing: ? 2 or more consecutive quarters of declining real GDP. ? period of significant decline in total output, income, employment, and trade, ? usually lasting from 6 months to a year, and ? marked by widespread contractions in many sectors of the economy
?
Peak:
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
Actual growth rate is less than natural growth rate, resulting in a rising unemployment rate. Depression: A recession that is major in both scale and duration The minimum level that aggregate economic activity reaches. Recovery : A period of significant increase in total output, income, employment, and trade, usually lasting 6 months or more, and marked by widespread expansion in many sectors of economy
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Main features of a business cycle: Pervasive in nature, Recurrent but not periodic, Persistent, Each cycle differs in length and severity. Expansions are longer than recessions. Business cycles are fluctuations in aggregate economic activity, not fluctuations in a specific economic variable
Business cycles are persistent: Declines in aggregate economic activity are followed by further declines; growth in aggregate economic activity is followed by more growth. ? Business cycle are recurrent: The pattern of contraction–trough– expansion– peak occurs over and over again. ? Business cycles are not periodic: ? Business cycles do not occur at regular, predictable intervals.
? ?
The behavior of economic variables: Direction: ? What is the direction of a variable’s movement relative to aggregate economic activity? ? – Pro-cyclical: moves in the same direction. ? – Countercyclical: moves in the opposite direction. ? – Acyclical: moves with no clear pattern.
?
Timing: ? • What is the timing of a variable's movements relative ? to aggregate economic activity? ? – Leading: moves in advance. ? – Coincident: moves at the same time. ? – Lagging: moves afterwards ? Leading indicators have been used to predict peaks and troughs of the business cycle. Generally, several leading variables are combined into an index of leading economic indicators. ? A decline in the index for 3 to 6 months warns of a recession
?
The cyclical behavior of key macro variables:
? Leading: residential investment, inventory
investment, average labor productivity, money growth, stock prices. ? Coincident: industrial production, consumption, business fixed investment, employment. ? Lagging: inflation, nominal interest rates. ? Timing not designated: government purchases, real wages
variable
production Industrial production expenditure Consumption Business investment Residential investment Inventory Investment Government purchases
Direction
timing
Pro-cyclical
coincident
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical
coincident coincident leading leading
Labour market Employment
direction Pro-cyclical
timing Coincident
Unemployment
Average labor productivity Real wages Money market Money supply inflation Financial variables Stock Interest rates Real interest
Countercyclical
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical (mildly)
unclassified
leading
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical
leading lagging
Pro-cyclical Pro-cyclical acyclical
leading lagging
?
?
?
The shape of the business cycle depends on the interaction between the accelerator and the multiplier. If there is an initial injection, multiplier action will start, which will cause output to increase and hence through the accelerator, the investment will increase and setoff another chain of multiplier reaction. If, however, the full employment level is reached and output cannot increase any further, the investment does not take place and the ceiling is reached.
doc_498080445.pptx