Description
This is a presentation describing about the nature and importance of perception, difference between perception and sensation.
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Perception, is a unique interpretation of the situation, not an exact recording of it. It is a very complex cognitive process that yields a unique picture of the world, a picture that may be quite different from reality. Recognition of the difference between the perceptual world and the real world is vital to the understanding of organizational behaviour.
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Sensation deals chiefly with very elementary behaviour that is determined largely by physiological functioning. All the physical senses are vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Perception is more complex and more broader than Sensation. It is a complicated interaction of selection, organization and interpretation. Though perception largely depends upon the senses for raw data, the cognitive process may filter, modify or completely change these data. (E.g.
Tree looked at from one side and then from the other).
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The Purchasing agent buys a part which she thinks best and not the part which the engineer says is best. A subordinate’s answer to a question is based on what he heard the boss say, not on what the boss actually said. The same worker may be ‘good’ for one supervisor, and ‘bad’ for another. The same item may be ‘high quality’ for one inspector and ‘low quality’ for a customer.
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The first sub process is the stimulus or situation that is present. Perception begins when a person is confronted with a situation. This Sensual Stimulation can be from the physical environment like, office, factory flow, research lab, store, climate etc. It could also be from the socio-cultural environment like management styles, values, discrimination etc. In addition to the situation-person interaction, there are the internal cognitive processes of registration, interpretation and feedback. After this follows the resulting behaviour and the consequences of this behaviour make the final part.
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Numerous stimuli constantly confront us all. How and why we select out only a very few stimuli at a given time are what relate to the principles of Perceptual Selectivity. (Gaining an individual’s attention).
Various external and internal attention factors affect perceptual selectivity.
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Intensity. Size. Contrast. Repetition. Motion. Novelty and Familiarity.
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Learning and Perception.
Perceptual Set in the Workplace. Motivation and Perception. Personality and Perception.
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Once the information from the situation has been received, what takes place in the perceptual process is what Perceptual Organization deals with.
A person’s perceptual process organizes the incoming information into a meaningful whole.
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? Figure-Ground - The most basic form of Perceptual Organization. The figure-ground principle means that perceived objects stand out as separable from their general background.
? Perceptual Grouping - The tendency to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern by closure, continuity, proximity and similarity.
? Perceptual Constancy - Gives a person a sense of stability in a tremendously variable and highly complex world.
? Perceptual Context - The highest and most sophisticated form of Perceptual Organization. It gives meaning and value to simple stimuli, objects, events and situation.
? Perceptual Defence - Closely related to context. A person may build a defence against stimuli or situational events in a particular context that are personally or culturally unacceptable or threatening. This form of defense plays an important role in understanding union-management or supervisorsubordinate relationships.
This perception is directly concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals: how we get to know others.
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Attribution - Refers simply to how people explain the cause of another’s or their own behaviour. Stereotyping - The term refers to the tendency to perceive another person (social perception), as belonging to a single class or category. The Halo Effect - Very similar to stereotyping. While in stereotyping, a person is perceived according to a single category, under the halo effect, the person is perceived on the basis of one trait.
Whereas social perception is concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals, impression-management of selfpresentation, is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions, others form of them.
Two separate components have been identified as under:
Impression Motivation Impression Construction.
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In impression motivation, subordinates may be motivated to control how their boss perceives them. The degree of this motivation to impression -management will depend on such factors as: * the relevance the impressions have to the individual’s goals; * the value of these goals and the discrepancy between the image one would like others to hold . . . . and * the image one believes others already hold. Impression construction is concerned with the specific type of impression people want to make and how they go about doing it. Five factors have been identified as being especially relevant to the kinds of impressions people try to construct: the selfconcept, desired and undesired identity images, role constraints, target values and current social image.
Two basic strategies of impression management are:
1.
Demotion-Preventive Strategy
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2. Promotion-Enhancing Strategy.
Demotion-Preventive Strategy - characterized by:
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Accounts. Apologies. Disassociation.
Promotion-Enhancing Strategy - characterized by:
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Entitlements. Enhancements. Obstacle disclosures. Association.
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Perception is an important mediating cognitive process. Both, Selectivity and Organization go into perceptual interpretations. Externally, selectivity is affected by intensity, size, contrast, repetition, motion, novelty and familiarity. Internally, perceptual selectivity is influenced by the individual’s motivation, learning and personality. After the stimulus situation is filtered by the selective process, the incoming info is organized into a meaningful whole.
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Figure-ground is the most basic form of perceptual organization. The constancy, context and defensive aspects of perceptual organization are more complex. Organization members should be aware of how impression management is being used on them and of impression management strategies that they can use. While there is indeed nothing wrong with looking as good as one can, one must always be true to oneself.
doc_926137475.pptx
This is a presentation describing about the nature and importance of perception, difference between perception and sensation.
?
?
?
Perception, is a unique interpretation of the situation, not an exact recording of it. It is a very complex cognitive process that yields a unique picture of the world, a picture that may be quite different from reality. Recognition of the difference between the perceptual world and the real world is vital to the understanding of organizational behaviour.
?
?
Sensation deals chiefly with very elementary behaviour that is determined largely by physiological functioning. All the physical senses are vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Perception is more complex and more broader than Sensation. It is a complicated interaction of selection, organization and interpretation. Though perception largely depends upon the senses for raw data, the cognitive process may filter, modify or completely change these data. (E.g.
Tree looked at from one side and then from the other).
?
?
?
?
?
?
The Purchasing agent buys a part which she thinks best and not the part which the engineer says is best. A subordinate’s answer to a question is based on what he heard the boss say, not on what the boss actually said. The same worker may be ‘good’ for one supervisor, and ‘bad’ for another. The same item may be ‘high quality’ for one inspector and ‘low quality’ for a customer.
? ? ?
?
?
?
The first sub process is the stimulus or situation that is present. Perception begins when a person is confronted with a situation. This Sensual Stimulation can be from the physical environment like, office, factory flow, research lab, store, climate etc. It could also be from the socio-cultural environment like management styles, values, discrimination etc. In addition to the situation-person interaction, there are the internal cognitive processes of registration, interpretation and feedback. After this follows the resulting behaviour and the consequences of this behaviour make the final part.
?
Numerous stimuli constantly confront us all. How and why we select out only a very few stimuli at a given time are what relate to the principles of Perceptual Selectivity. (Gaining an individual’s attention).
Various external and internal attention factors affect perceptual selectivity.
?
?
? ?
?
? ?
Intensity. Size. Contrast. Repetition. Motion. Novelty and Familiarity.
?
? ? ?
Learning and Perception.
Perceptual Set in the Workplace. Motivation and Perception. Personality and Perception.
?
Once the information from the situation has been received, what takes place in the perceptual process is what Perceptual Organization deals with.
A person’s perceptual process organizes the incoming information into a meaningful whole.
?
? Figure-Ground - The most basic form of Perceptual Organization. The figure-ground principle means that perceived objects stand out as separable from their general background.
? Perceptual Grouping - The tendency to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern by closure, continuity, proximity and similarity.
? Perceptual Constancy - Gives a person a sense of stability in a tremendously variable and highly complex world.
? Perceptual Context - The highest and most sophisticated form of Perceptual Organization. It gives meaning and value to simple stimuli, objects, events and situation.
? Perceptual Defence - Closely related to context. A person may build a defence against stimuli or situational events in a particular context that are personally or culturally unacceptable or threatening. This form of defense plays an important role in understanding union-management or supervisorsubordinate relationships.
This perception is directly concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals: how we get to know others.
? ?
?
Attribution - Refers simply to how people explain the cause of another’s or their own behaviour. Stereotyping - The term refers to the tendency to perceive another person (social perception), as belonging to a single class or category. The Halo Effect - Very similar to stereotyping. While in stereotyping, a person is perceived according to a single category, under the halo effect, the person is perceived on the basis of one trait.
Whereas social perception is concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals, impression-management of selfpresentation, is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions, others form of them.
Two separate components have been identified as under:
Impression Motivation Impression Construction.
&
? ?
?
?
In impression motivation, subordinates may be motivated to control how their boss perceives them. The degree of this motivation to impression -management will depend on such factors as: * the relevance the impressions have to the individual’s goals; * the value of these goals and the discrepancy between the image one would like others to hold . . . . and * the image one believes others already hold. Impression construction is concerned with the specific type of impression people want to make and how they go about doing it. Five factors have been identified as being especially relevant to the kinds of impressions people try to construct: the selfconcept, desired and undesired identity images, role constraints, target values and current social image.
Two basic strategies of impression management are:
1.
Demotion-Preventive Strategy
&
2. Promotion-Enhancing Strategy.
Demotion-Preventive Strategy - characterized by:
? ?
?
Accounts. Apologies. Disassociation.
Promotion-Enhancing Strategy - characterized by:
?
? ? ?
Entitlements. Enhancements. Obstacle disclosures. Association.
? ? ? ? ?
Perception is an important mediating cognitive process. Both, Selectivity and Organization go into perceptual interpretations. Externally, selectivity is affected by intensity, size, contrast, repetition, motion, novelty and familiarity. Internally, perceptual selectivity is influenced by the individual’s motivation, learning and personality. After the stimulus situation is filtered by the selective process, the incoming info is organized into a meaningful whole.
?
?
?
?
Figure-ground is the most basic form of perceptual organization. The constancy, context and defensive aspects of perceptual organization are more complex. Organization members should be aware of how impression management is being used on them and of impression management strategies that they can use. While there is indeed nothing wrong with looking as good as one can, one must always be true to oneself.
doc_926137475.pptx