Description
The current study aims at determining the main sources of internal recruitment in mobile
telecommunication companies in Jordan and its significant impact on job satisfaction. It also determines
the main criteria applied in internal recruitment policies. A total amount of 300 employees from three
mobile companies (i.e., Zain, Orange, and Umniah) participate as a unit of analysis. The data is collected
through a structured questionnaire which was analyzed by regression analysis and t-test. The results show
a positive relationship between all sources of internal recruitment
2214-4625/$ – see front matter © 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2015.10.001
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
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HOSTED BY
* Salem Alrhaimi. Tel: +962799192974
Email address: [email protected].
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
ª---,Vì J;-=-¹ì ~'-,~ ¸- ¸--=;¹ì '~,¹ì _¹- ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~-=;-¹ì ,-ì
The Impact of Internal Recruitment on Job Satisfaction in Jordanian
Mobile Companies
Salem Ahmad Alrhaimi
*
, Fatima Alhumshry
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences, P.O Box 2600, 21110, Irbid National University, Jordan
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 08 October 14
Received in revised form 28 April 15
Accepted 08 June 15
:ª''-'' -'-'´''
¸'='-'' -,=,-''
'-¸''
-`'--`'
.,-=-''
¸-¸`'
Keywords:
Internal Recruitment
Satisfaction
Communication
Mobile
Jordan
¸='-''
.¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸,-´'' ·¸`', ¸-¸`' ¸· -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -,=,-'' ª,-,-¸'' ¸-'--'' -,-=- _'' ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' --+-
.ª,'='-'' -,=,-'' -'-',- ¸· ª--=-'' ª,-,-¸'' ¸,,'·-'' --=- '+-' '-´ ¸'',= =¸'-, 300 -'´¸- -`` ¸- -=,- -`'--`' ·¸,¸)
·_-'¸,' ,--', ª .,'=-'' --=,´ ( ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸· . , ¸',---' .`= ¸- -'-',-'' _-= »-, _-, .(-) ¸'--=', ¸'-=-`' .,'=- .`= ¸-
, --'', ª,·¸-'', ¸'='-'' ¸`=;') ¸'='-'' -,=,-'' ¸-'-- _,-= ¸,- ª,-'=,' ª·`= -,=, _-'--'' -¸+=' . .¸-,=,'' '-¸'', (-'·--`',
·='- _'' ª·'-;'- --´ - .,-=-'' -'´¸- _,-= ¸' _-'--'' »,-- - +,-' ¸-'' ª,'='-'' -,=,-'' ª,'-= ¸· ---=- ¸,,'·- ¸,-=- ' --,= ª·¸·-
¸,,'·-, -,=,-'' ¸-'-- ¸,,=-, ·'+,-=,- ¸= .·
ABSTRACT
The current study aims at determining the main sources of internal recruitment in mobile
telecommunication companies in Jordan and its significant impact on job satisfaction. It also determines
the main criteria applied in internal recruitment policies. A total amount of 300 employees from three
mobile companies (i.e., Zain, Orange, and Umniah) participate as a unit of analysis. The data is collected
through a structured questionnaire which was analyzed by regression analysis and t-test. The results show
a positive relationship between all sources of internal recruitment (i.e., internal advertising, promotion,
transfer, and friends) and job satisfaction. In addition, the findings reveal that all mobile companies
applied specific criteria in internal recruitment process which have a good knowledge about their
employees, and the development of recruitment sources and criteria.
© 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 131
1 . ª----¹ì
1.1 . --¢--
-¸-· _'= .'-=`' -'-=-- _'=- ---·, ·'' ª-,- -'¸,=- ¸- .-=, '- .= ¸· '+·'-»' ¸,-=- ¸- '+-´-- ¸-'' ·-'=---`' -'-',-- ¸'·-, '-,·
ª-'= ª,¸--'' '»-¸',- -¸'-' ¸· '+ .-
' ª·,-=, -'-,´- _'= -¸·-'' ª'-'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'¸=', ª`,`='' -,+='' .-- _'' ª='='' ¸'=, '-- ·'+''-='- ª-'='' ª=--`' ¸· _-,-'', ,-' ¸· ª-=--'' .='- '+-- -,=,-'' '-,- ` ª='--'' ª,¸--'' -¸'
+-,·¸- ¸¸=, -,''-', »+'-= _·',- ¸= ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸''- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' =--¸,, .ª,-·'--'' -¸,-'' ¸,-=-' ª-'-=-'' '+-'-·' _·',-'' --'-- ,--, ¸-,=,'' ,,---'' ¸· _'=`' --'=,'' »
; --,-='' ª,-,=,'' .--,---'' -'-»`' ¸,-=- _'= »+-¸-·, »+-',-'´-
2.1 . ì,-¹ì ª¹-~- ª~
- ·ª- ª'-'·'' ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' ª,--- _'' ª='='', ·¸-=,'' -'--·`' -·¸ ¸· ¸-¸`' ¸· -`'--`' _'=· ª,-»' ¸- ª-'¸-'' ª'´-- ¸`--- _-'-'' ¸· ¸-'-'' _'=-'' '-+' .-·' ª-»'-- .-´, '-
.¸''-=`' ¸-,-'' -=- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸`' _'= ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- -¸'-' _'= ¸,--'-'' ª·¸·- »-= ¸· ª-'¸-'' ª'´-- ¸-=-- ='--, ·-» ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,
'' ·-» '+='-=- ¸-'' ª,¸--'' -'-'-´'' -,-=-' ª--'--'' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' ¸·,- ,-- ª·¸·- »-=, ·-'´¸-'' .·-' '+-,---, '»¸,,=-, ·ª,-,=,'' '»¸´'¸- ¸· -'--'' _'= '+·,=--, '+,'= ='-='', ·-'´¸-
.'+,· ','·'' --'=,''
3.1 . ì ª~ì,-¹ì ª--»
¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'= .´-- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' -¸'-', ·»'= .´--ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' -¸'-' ª,-»' ¸- '+-,-»' ª-'¸-'' ----- -¸`' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- ¸· ·¸,-, ¸
`' »+-'¸-· ¸,,=-, ª,---' '+,· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' -'-`'- -'--¸`', ·--,---'' '+·'-»' ¸,-=- ¸· ='- ¸`', ·-'´¸-'' ·-» ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸,-=- .`= ¸- ·_--=-'' _'=, »+,'= ',-'=,' ¸´·-- ¸-'' ª,-'-
ª--- ¸- -,¸- '»¸,-- ¸-'' »+--',¸ -¸',¸, ·-'--·' ¸· ---·, ¸-'' ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,-'--·`', ª,='--=`' ª,---'' _'= ='- ¸`', ·_--=-'', »»¸-`, »+' ¸-'--·`', ¸='--=`' ·'·¸'' .-'--='' _'=· _'=
ì ª~ì,-¹ì ~ì-» .4.1
1 -`-'', ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ª--=---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- _'= -¸·-'' : ª,·=¸-'' -'='-='', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' :¸- .´- ª'
.-¸'·-'', -'·--`'´
2 .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸`' _'= -¸·-'' :
3 `'--`' -'´¸- ,-' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' ¸·,- ,-- _'= -¸·-'' : '+·,=--, '+·'-»' '+' ¸-=- ª,¸-- ¸-',´ ¸- ª,'' _'-=- '- -,-=-' ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' - ¸--, '-- '+--'=,- ¸'=-'`' _'=
.'+-,-,-,-, '+-'--
2 . ¡,=-¹ì ,'=7ì
1.2 . ~'=--~Vì ;;¢--
'-- ·¸'--='- ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' -¸'-'- -'=---`' =--¸, ¸- '+'
',-'-'
'= ª-'--»' .`= '-' ¸,--`-'' -'¸·`' ¸= -=-''- _ ª-'-=-'' -','-·'', .='¸-'' _'' ¸,-,, ·ª='--'' ª,-,=,'' ¸=',-''
'-' ¸,--'--'' ¸,=-¸-'' ¸= -=-'' _ ' ,' -¸='-'' --'=,'' --'' ='--'' ¸,´, ='--, ·ª··,--' , ¸= ., ¸-=-' ª--`-'' ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' ¸,·,- ª-'-=-'' ¸-'--'' ¸- ¸,'-'·'' ¸- ª-,'=-'' -'=',-=`'
-,=¸-'' -'-»`' ¸,-=- ¸--, '-- '»¸',-=`
'-,+-- ª,=¸'='', ·(-=-'' _,-,-) '+-- ª,'='-'' .
¸= -'=---`' ¸-·,, ª,'-·'' -'' - ¸ --= ¸-''= .-·'' »---'' .·-' --'=,'' -¸='-'' ·»,=¸''--=) ª--,-'' ¸· ª··,--'',' 2011 ( --'=,'' .·-' ¸,=-¸-'' -'¸·`' -'-´--' ª,'-=":ª-'- -¸·´,, ·
·¸¸,-) "--'=, ¸= ¸,`=-, ¸-, ·ª''-·'' _'= -'='', ¸¸·'' -'--'' _'= .-·, ='-- ,», ª-=--''- -¸='-'' 2011 " -¸·, '-´ ·( ª=,-=-- ¸- ª=--`' ª,='-'' --=' -'¸·`' ¸,'»,-'' .-·'' ¸·
' ª-=--' --+- _'--' -'-=¸ ' ·_'--'', -¸-'') "¸,·¸=' 2008 .(
'·'' _'= .,-='' '+'`= ¸- »-, ¸-'' ¸-'--'' ¸», ¸'='-'' -'=---`' _---, ª,'='-'' ¸-'--'' :'-» ¸,,-'-' ¸,¸--- ¸- -'=---`' »-,, ª-=--'' .='- ¸- ¸,'- .·-' '+,·
`-' ¸,-,=,-'' ¸'
-¸='-'' --'=,'' -'=---`' _---, ª,=¸'='' ¸-'--'', · ='-, .='-'' ¸- ª-,'=-'' -'-'-´'' ¸·,- »-= --= ª-'= ·'+=¸'= ¸- ¸,'-'·'' ¸- '+-='= _'= ª-=--'' .,-= ¸· .`---, ¸=¸'=''
-'¸-'' ·-» ¸· '--+, '- ¸' .ª,='--=`' -',--'', -'¸-='', -'·-'='', -»'·-'', -,=,-'', .-·'' --'´-, ª,=¸'='' -'-`=`' -'--=`'- -'=---`' ,» ª :¸', '-- ·¸-'-- »»' .`--- ¸-'', ¸'='-''
'+,· -¸='-'' --'--'' .·-' »+',»'-, _'=`' ª,¸'-`' -',,---'' _'' ª-=--'' ¸· ¸,-,=,-'' ¸,'-'·'' _,·¸- :ª,·¸-''
`' ¸·-'' ¸· ¸--'' ,' '+-·- ¸· --',¸'' ---- ¸=' _'' _¸· ¸- ,' ¸=' _'' »-· ¸- .-·'' ¸,'-'·'' .,,=- :.--'' ..-·'' ¸· ¸¸',-'' ¸,-=-' ¸=
.'+,'' --,·''- ¸,-=¸, ¸-- ª-=--''- ¸,'-·, ',-'´ ¸,-'' -'-´`' ¸,'-'·'' ¸,,·- --'=' :¸,--'-'' ¸,-=,-''
-, ª,-,=,'' »+-',,-·- _·¸, ª-=--'' .='- ¸,'-'·'' ¸,- ª,-'=,`' ª-·'--'' _,¸ ¸'= .`- ','¸-'' ¸- -,-·'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-=,, - ·¸¸,-) ¸-,=--'' »+-`, ª,- 2011 ·¸-'=, 2011 .,'--, ·(
- ¸-'--'' ='´-=`', »+--,'·- ª=,-- ¸,=-¸-'' --'-´ ª·¸·-, »,,-- ª',+-, ·¸-,=,'' »+-'-' _'= '-'=,' ¸´·-, '-- .-·'' »+´¸- -`-·- »+-·¸·-, »+-'¸-= ¸- --'---`', .-·'' ¸· »+· .-·'' ª·,-=-
'-' -,''´- .,'--, _ '' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' -`-·- --',¸ _''
ª·'-' ·ª,-,=,'' ¸=',- ) Varo and Morita, 2013 .( ¸,-=',--'' ª,='--`' ¸'´·`' -'=-' »'----' »-= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' _'= -'·,,
'+-'-¸=, ·ª-=--'' _¸'= ¸- -'-'-´'' ª,¸--'' -¸,---'' ¸-,, '-- _'' =-'', ¸'´--`' _,¸ .-·, ¸'´·`' -,-= ¸,,'='-'' ¸,'-'·'' ¸' '-´ ·-,- .·-' ¸,--'--
'-',=' ',-,´, ` -· --'=,'' -¸='-'' ·
.¸,'-'·'' ¸,- -¸'-'' ª-·'--'', -'·`='', _'¸-'' ¸'= _'= -,`=
132 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
2.2 . ¸--=;¹ì '~,¹ì
=--'' _,-= ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' -'-`' _'=- '+,'= »,-, ¸-'' -'¸´-¸-'' »»' ¸- ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' -·, ) '+=',-' ¸= ¸=-'' ¸·- -'- Razavi, et al., 2012 -'--¸`' ¸- ª-= _--, '- .`= ¸- ·(
.-=-, .-·'' -,¸= _- -,´-'', -·,'' .`-`' .`·--`', ·.-·'' ¸'¸,- -`-·-, »+-',= --- .,'--, »+-'- ¸,-=-, ¸,'-'·'' _,-= ,,---- -¸-'--'', -`´--'' .,'-- , ª`-',= .,'--, ª-'=,·-
·¸--'·'') ·-·-, .-·'' -'-`' ª,---'' ª='¸'' ¸,-=-, '+'= ¸· 2006 ) ¸,¸-·'' ¸¸-'' ¸- -'-,```'' _'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸''- »'--»`' -,·,, .( Letham and Budworth, 2007 ¸,-'' --·- --· ='--, ·(
-, _-', -,¸·- _'= -'-´ ´'' ¸--, »', ·ª-','-- ¸-'' »,»'--'' ---·- '-´ ·ª-= ',--´ ) ª'-·' .-'·'' »,,-- ¸= ª=-'-'' ¸---'' _',-¸`'- ¸,·-'' ¸- ª''= ª-'- ª-'-,¸·- ¸+-' ¸-, ª' --= Locke, 1976 · (
'¸-=`', ·¸-,=,'' -'¸-;' -,''-', .-·'' ª·,-=, ·ª-=--'' -,¸=, ·¸=`' .`= ¸- ·.-·'' ª=,-- -¸-'' -'='= _'--' ª=¸- .`-, ª-' '-´ ·¸·'-'' --=) ¸,¸=`'- - 2001 :ª-' _'= -¸´ =, .(
·¸,»--'') "'+=',-' -'-=-- ª-'='= _'--; -'-'´ ª--,=,' -=,-'' »,,-- ¸= ª=-'- ---·- -¸»'=" 2005 .( ª-'- -
¸´ = '-´ '' ¸=¸,-·- --'·-''¸='-- ª=-'-'' ¸= ·¸-,=,''¸,--'' ¸-'' ,'-'·'' ¸=·- ¸
ª-,· ª-=¸'' ¸· .-·'' '-, =,=, ·ª- -`-=` ª=,--, -=¸'' -' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸'· ¸=¸,-·- -'´¸-- ' -'¸·` -·,-'' ¸''='' ª-,=,'' ¸-'' '+,-,, ª-¸'-- ª-,-''- ·¸'-=)·--=ª,',---'' 2003 .( ¸`'-,,
·¸·'-'' --=) ª,''-'' -'=,-=-''- '+-,--- ¸´-, ¸-'' .-',·'' ¸- -,-·''- ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' 2001
' . »' ¸- ¸», -¸-''- ¸'·-- :ª,-=-'' .-',·'' ) .-'·'' ª-'·'' -',=''- ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ='--¸` .-',·'' » Mount and et al., 2006 ª,`'¸,'' -'--'', ª,-=-'' ¸-'-=''- .`---, (
) -¸-'' ª,='¸-'', ª,-='·'' -'-'´·-`', Weiss and Cropanzano, 1996; Judge T. A. et al., 2002 .¸-,'·-'' ,,---'', ¸-,=,'' ¸´¸-'', ¸-·''´ ·(
- . ' :ª-=--'', .-·'' ª-,-, -,¸=- ª=--¸-'' .-',·' -,¸=''- .`---, .-·'' ª,-'-'' ª,,+-''´ ª-,=¸'', --'-;', -¸'¸='', -'-,-'', .
_ . '' _,-, '+-'-'¸=' ª·,-=, '+=,-,, '+-',',--- »==, ¸¸'-;' '»',---, ª-,=,'' .='-' ª,='--=`' -¸=-''´ :ª-,=,''- ª-'·--'' .-',·'' .·',-=-, .-·
- . ·'¸-`' -,''-`' ª''-= ¸---- ª,·'¸-;' .-',·'' ¸·',='' ª-=-' _'' ª·'-' ·»+,-,,¸-, -'-,¸'' ¸,- ª·`·'' ª·,-=, »+=''-- ª,'-=, ¸,-,,¸-'' ¸,--- »'--»`' ,--, ª,-'·¸'', ª,
.¸='-='' .-·'' _,¸ ª,---, ·.-·'' ¸· ª,¸´¸-`'', ·-'¸'¸-'' ª´¸'--'', ·-',`·'',
· . '' .-',·'' .¸'='-'' .'--`' -','-= ª·,-=, ·ª-'-'¸=', .-·'' -`,+--, ª-=-`', _-',''' .---, ª-=--'' .='- .-·'' »,=--- ª=--¸-'' :ª,-,=--
, . .¸-,=,'' ,--'', ª,·¸-'' ¸¸·, ·¸,=`' -',,--, ·¸-,=,'' ¸'¸---`'- .`---, :¸-,=,'' ¸'-`'- ª-'·--'' .-',·''
¸ . ·'' ª='-=, ª,-,-'' .-',·'' :.- ¸·',-'', »'=--`' ,--- =--¸- ¸,- -'-=' .'+- »'¸-'`', ª-=--'' ª,-,=--'' ª·'-`'' »+·, .-·'' ª=,-=-
3.2 . ª--'~¹ì ~'~ì,-¹ì
2 . 3 . 1 : ) ª~ì,- Jha & Bhattacharyya, 2012 ( ·¸-,=,'' '-¸''- '+-·`=, -'=---`' -,''-' ='¸-' .,= : -,=,'' -'-,'·-'' ¸,'-'·'' =¸'-' ª,-»' --,- ¸', ·.-·'' ¸· ª,
»+-'=---', ·¸,'-'·'' -,=,- ¸· »'» ¸,- ='¸-;' '-+' . .¸-,=,'' '-¸'', -'=---`' -'-,´- _,-= ¸,- ª,-'-=' ª'`- -'- ª·`= ª,-'-=' -,=, --,- '-´
2 . 3 . 2 ·Q;,=ì; ¸---·¹ì) ª~ì,- : 2010 ( : .,= ¸,- ¸,-=- -'=---`'¸,,'·- ¸,,·-'', ¸· ¸,-=- -¸,-'' ,-·'--'' ¸· ª =-- ¸'´-;' -¸'=-'' .,,--'', , ·¸--¸`' -,=, --,- ª·`=
ª,-'=,' ¸,- -'=---`'¸-'-- ¸,-=-, ª--=---'' -¸,-'' -'=---`' ¸' --,- '-´ ·=--'' '+' .-, ¸-'' ª,·,-'' -'='=-'', ª,-·'--'' ¸=¸'='' ¸· ¸·¸--'' .-·'' -`'=- ¸· ¸,'-·, ¸--
¸`´' »» ª-·'--'' =,--''
'·-- '¸,-´ '¸,- »+' ¸', ·ª,-·'--'' -¸,-'' .,-,'' ¸· =--'' ¸· ¸,-=- ¸,-,=,-'' ¸,'-'·''-'-' ª,-,=,'' »+-'¸'+- ª,---, .
2 . 3 . 3 ) ª~ì,- : Morion and Angle, 2006 ( : =---`' ª,-»' --,-, ·',-'--' ¸· ª,='--'' _,¸'--'' ¸· ¸=¸'='', ¸'='-'' -,=,-'' ¸,- ª-¸'--''- ª-'¸-'' --'·- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'
' ='- ¸= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ª-',- _---- ¸-'' _,¸'--'' ¸,-- ª-¸'--'' .`= ¸-
ª-,-- -'=,¸--'' ¸''-'', ¸¸'-`' ,,---''- -'--¸`' ¸', ·¸=¸'='' -'=---`' ª-',- _---- ¸-'
,'-'·'' ¸,´--, ª,='--;' --',¸, -'-`' --'-´ _·¸ ¸· ¸-´' ¸,- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' -'--´', ¸-,=--'', ¸-,=,'' »'·-'', ¸'=-`' _'= »+-¸-· ¸,-=-, ·'»¸,,=-, »+-'¸-= ª,---, ¸
.ª,·¸·-'', ª,-,=,'' -'¸'+-''
2 . 3 . 4 : ·¸--¢¹ì) ª~ì,- 2004 ¸-,=,''¸'--''¸,,=- .,= ¸· '-¸ ¸,'-'·'' ¸· --= - ¸ -'·-'='' ª,--¸`' ª,--¸'' , · --,- -,=, -'·`= ='--¸' ª=-,-- ,- ¸ -'·-' '¸,·-- - =,==-
¸-,=,'' ¸'--'' ¸,-, ª-¸'-', '-¸'' ¸= -,=,'' ª ·ª-=--'', --,- '-´ -·- »'--»' ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,--¸'' -'·-'='' ¸,'-'·''¸'--¸,,=-- ,,--- ¸'-=-', ·'+,· =¸- ª '-¸ ¸,'-'·'' ¸=
ª,'-= ¸-,=,'' ¸'--''¸,,=- .
2 . 3 . 5 : ·,~·-¹ì; ¸--¢¹ì) ª~ì,- 2004 ( : ¸,`'- .,= -'=---`' _'= ¸-,=,''-'-`' ¸· --'=, -¸'-;' ','·'' ¸· ¸-,´=''¸'+='' -¸`' ¸- -'¸,·--'', ª,-,=,'' ª=--¸-'' ·'+- `=, ª· ='-
--'=,'' ='- '+' _-=- ¸-'' ¸,,'·-'' ª·¸·-, ·-'-`'- . --,- -,=, »-= -'-',- ª--'` _-- '=,¸- ---=- ¸',-=` ¸'='- --'' --' ','·'' ·»+-,,·-, ¸', -'+= ¸,=','= ª--=- ¸»
ª-='- ¸'-`'¸,-'' ¸· ª,'-= ,,·-'' .¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' -'-`', '-¸'' _'= '-'- ¸`,, '-- ¸
2 . 3 . 6 ·--, ;-ì) ª~ì,- : 2004 ( : ' ¸' --,- ·ª,--¸`' ¸,-'-'' -'´¸- ¸· -',·'', ¸-,=--'' -`,'', ¸-,=,'' -'-`' _'= ª'-'·'' ,,-'' -'=---' ¸-'-- ¸`' .,= -=---- -'´¸-'
--' _,=-'' ¸',-=`' ª,-»' --,- '-´ ·-,=,-'' -`'´,, ·-=-'' ¸· ¸`=;', ·¸,'-'·'' -',-,-, ·-,=,-'' -'-'= :_'=
'-'--=' '+,'-'= ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- ¸· -'=---`' ¸-'
.¸,'-'·''
3 ª~ì,-¹ì ~'-~,- .
1 `- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` : -'' -',-¸-'' '+-- ¸`--,, .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'--' ª,-'-=' ª' :ª,''-'' ª,=¸
2 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' ¸`=`' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` :
3 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -',·¸-'' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` :
4 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= .,,=-'', .--'' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` :
5 -'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` : ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -¸'·-'', -'·--`' ¸,¸= ¸= -'=---`' ª,
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 133
6 .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·- ¸·,-- `:
4 . ª~ì,-¹ì ª-=¢--
1.4 . ª~ì,-¹ì ª---; ¿--=-
.`-- ' -'·---' -·- ¸-'-=`' .,'=-'' -·-= ¸-'' ª-,·'' '-' .(¸,¸, ·ª,--', ·_-'¸,' ) ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸-- ª-'¸-'' _--=- ) -·'- --· .,'=-'' ª=''-'' ¸,= -'-'=` 300 (
¸,'-'·'' ¸·- ª-'=--' »-·' ='-, ·ª--`-'' ª-,·'' -,'-'- »»¸',-=' »- -'´¸-'' ·-» ¸· `-'= '', .»+-- ¸·-'' _'' .,-,'' ª-,·-, ) »·¸ ¸='- 1 .ª-,·'' ¸-'-= _-,, (
2.4 . ª~ì,-¹ì ~ì,-·--
1 .¸-,=,'' '-¸'' :_-'-'' ¸,·--'' :
2 , -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·¸'='-'' ¸`=;' ¸- .´- -'`-- ¸-'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸», :ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' : ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, _''
ª·'-' ·-¸'·-'' .
3.4 . ~'-'--¹ì ¿-= ,-'~-
---'' --'= _'' ·--¸--;' _·',-, ¸,--='-'' .-'-¸, -',¸,-'', --´'' -'-- ¸-'' ª,,-'`'' ¸-'--'' ¸- .´- ª-'¸-'' -'-',- ¸-'-- -'`-- '-'---' '+-,--- »- ¸-'' ª-'---`'- .`---'' ¸',`' ¸
--'' _'= ) ---- ¸·',- ¸,- '- ª-'¸-· -'-'=' -=,'¸- ¸-'' ¸-¸'´,''' ,,- 5 ) ---- ¸·',- ¸,=, ( 1 .ª-'=--`' ¸-´ =, -¸'' ª,-= ¸'--' ='-, ¸-'-- .´--, ',,-, ¸,·-+---'' _'= '+·,¸,- »- -·, ·(
, :ª,''-'' -'¸=`' ¸- ª-'---`' --,´-
.ª-'¸-'' ª-,= ¸-'-=- ¸'·-, :.,`' -¸=''
'`'' -¸='' ¸- ¸,´-, ·¸-,=,'' '-¸'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`'- ¸'·-,:¸- 26 ·-¸-· 13 -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', · ¸'='-'' ¸`=;'- :ª'`---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸'·- '+--
, ·-¸'·-'', 6 , ·¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-- --'·- -'¸-· 7 .¸-,=,'' '-¸''-
,-- ¸'--=' »- -·, ) _'- ¸-'' '-'' _'--,¸´ .-'·- _'= '-'--='ª-'¸-'' -'-' ª'--` ¸'='-'' ¸'--`' 91.3 ) »·¸ ¸='-'', .ª'--`' ¸,- ¸,-- ¸'--' _'' ¸,-, '-- (% 2 .='- _-,, (
4.4 . ì ~'-'--¹ì J-¹=- ~;¹~ ª~ì,-¹ì ~ì--=-;
' ·-» _- -'-'·-, ¸-¸`' ¸· ¸,'='' .'--`' -'´¸- _,-= -'-- ª-'¸-'' ¸ ·-= _'= ª´¸- .´ ª-'¸-' .'=-'' _--, '-- '+-,- '-,· -,'--'' ¸- _'= ¸,'--''- -'´¸-'' .
'' ¸·- .,-- »-= ¸-·, '-- ª--`-'' ª-,·'' -,'-' »'-=--' _'= -='-'' ¸-=' '-- ª-'¸-'' ª'--' _'= ª-'=`' ¸,'-'·'' ¸·- ª-'=--' »-= ¸,'-'· - ',-,=--, »' ¸,-'' – ,-' ¸,´, -· ¸,-'', »+
.ª-'¸-'' ª-'---' _'= ª-'=`' ¸· ª,'·-'' »+-´¸'-- ¸'--' ¸,'-'·'' ¸,-=- -=,--, '-», ·ª-'¸-'' ¸¸`- ª-+- -'-',-
5 '¢~,-; ¿-'--¹ì J-¹=- .
ª-'¸-'' -'-' -'¸-· ,=- ¸,`,=--'' -'»'=-' ¸',-- ¸'·-, '-,· ª-'¸-'' -'·-' ª-·'-- »- ) ¸- ¸-¸'´,''' ,,---'' ¸·, ª-,·'' -'¸·' -'-'=; ª,-'-='' -'=-,--'' -'--=' .`= ¸- 1 _'' ---- ¸·',- ¸,= (
) 5 :¸''-'' _'= ¸'¸-'' ---=', ·---- ¸·',- (
) ¸-'-='' =-,--'' ¸'´ '-' '+-',,---- ª-·',-'' »-= 1 - ¸- .·' 2.5 (
-'-='' =-,--'' ¸'´ '-' ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,--- ) ¸ 2.5 - ¸- .·' 3.5 (
) ¸-'-='' =-,--'' ¸'´ '-' '+-',,---- ª-·',-'' 3.5 - 5 .(
1.5 . ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,-'~-
1 : ¸'='-'' ¸`=;' ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' ¸,-,: 3 ¸' ( +=-' -· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ ¸'='-'' ¸`=;'- ª-'·--'' ª,--¸`' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' -'-'=' .ª-·',-'' ,=- -
2 -',·¸-'' : :ª,'='-'' ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' ¸,-, 4 -'' ¸- =-,-- ,,---, ª-·',-'' ¸,- -=,'¸- -· ª,--¸`' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ -',·¸-'' .,= ª-,·'' -'-'=' ¸'( .ª-·',
3 .,,=-'', .--'' : ¸,-,: ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' 5 .ª-·',-'' ,=- -+=-' -· .,,=-'', .--''- ª-'·--'' ª'--`' ¸= ¸,`,=--'' -'-'='-' (
4 : -¸'·-'', -'·--`' ¸,-,: ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' 6 --, ª-·',-'' ¸,- --'= -· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ -¸'·-'', -'·--`'- ª-'·--'' ª'--`' .,= ¸,`,=--'' -'-'=' ¸'( .ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,-
2.5 . ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,--'·-
) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' ¸- ¸,--, 7 =-,-- ,,---, ª-·',-'' ¸,- -=,'¸- -· ª,--¸`' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸· ª·---'' ¸,,'·-''- ª-'·--'' -'-'=;' ¸' ( .ª-·',-'' ¸-
134 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
3.5 . ¸--=;¹ì '~,¹ì
¸,-, ¸ ¸='- .,-='' ) »· 8 .ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,---, ª-·',-'' ¸,- -=,'¸- -· ¸-,=,'' '-¸''- ª-'·--'' ª-,·'' -'¸·' -'-'='-' (
4.5 . ~'-~,-¹ì ,'--=ì
_'= -'--=`' »- ¸=='' ¸'-=-`' .,'=- ) Regression Analysis ( · ª'`- ,,--- --= 0.05 '' _-¸'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸,- ª·`·'' ¸'--=` · ) --=','' ª-,·'' (-) ¸'--=', ·¸-,=, One
Sample t- test ( ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ª--=---'' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' -,-=-'
:_¹;Vì ª-~,-¹ì ¸`--,, .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'--' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` -'' '+-- :ª,''-'' ª,=¸-'' -',-¸
- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' ¸`=`' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, `
- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -',·¸-'' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, `
- ' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= .,,=-'', .--'' ª,-'-=
- `' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -¸'·-'', -'·--`' ¸,¸= ¸= -'=---`' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` ¸-¸
'' ¸· '-´ ¸=='' ¸'-=-`' .,'=- _-'-- --,- ) »·¸ .,-= 1 =-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`') -'=---`' ¸-'--- ª'`---'' ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸,- ª,,·, ª-=,- ='--¸' ª·`= -,=, ( ·.,,
) ='--¸`' .-'·- ª-,· .`= ¸- ¸-,=,'' _-¸''- .`---'' _-'-'' ¸,·--'', (-¸'·-'', -'·--`', R ª·''-'' ( 0.812 _'- '-´ · ) -,-=-'' .-'·- R
2
_-'-'' ¸,·--'' ¸,-, ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸,- (
) 0.659 ) ª---- '- ¸--- (-¸'·-'', -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·¸'='-'' ¸`=;') ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸' ¸' ·( 65.9 '-´ .(¸-,=,'' '-¸'') _-'-'' ¸,·--'' ¸· ª'-'='' -'¸,·-'' ¸- (%
ª-,· -·'- ) ª'`-'' ,,--- u ) -¸'·-'', -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·¸'='-'' ¸`=;' ¸- .´' ( 0.000 ), ·( 0.039 ), ·( 0.02 ), ·( 0.058 --= ',-'-=' ª''- »,· ¸», ·¸'',-'' _'= (
) ª-` ,,--- 0.95 _'= ª''-'' ª',--'' .,-·, '+=,¸· .´- ª,--·'' ª,-¸-'' ¸·¸ »-, ='- .= -'--, .( .¸-,=,'' _-¸'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸,- ª,-'-=' ª'`- -'- ª·`= -,=,
J;-= 1 - ,ì-=-Vì J-¹=- ,'--=ì ¿-'-- .
,-·--¹ì R R
2
þ o
¸'='-'' ¸`=;'
0.812 0.659
0.557 0.000
-',·¸-'' 0.187 0.039
.,,=-'', .--'' 0.219 0.022
-¸'·-'', -'·--`' 0.251 - 0.058
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-=' .
:ª--'-¹ì ª-~,-¹ì .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·- ¸·,--`
¸'--=' _-'-- --,- T-test ) »·¸ .,-='' ¸· '-´ 2 ( ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, ¸-' ª'--` ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,--- --¸`' ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ª, ¸-'-='' =-,'' ª-,-'`= ¸-
) 2.91 , ·( ) ª'`-'' ª-,· -·'- u) (0.000 ) ¸- .·' ª-,· ¸», ( 0.05 ª''- ¸,´- ='--, ( ª,--·'' ª,-¸-'' ¸·¸ »-, ='- _'= -'--, · ¸'='-'' -'=---`'- ª-'·--'' ¸,,'·-'' ¸·,- _'= ',-'-='
.ª',--'' ª,-¸-'' .,-·,
J;-= 2 - ,'--=ì ¿-'-- T-test -- ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,--'·- _¹·-- '- .
---¹ì ª--- T ¸-'~=¹ì =~;¹ì ª¹V-¹ì µ;-~-
¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·- 11.748 - 2.91 0.000
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-=' .
. ~'-~;-¹ì; ¿-'--¹ì 6
1.6 ¿-'--¹ì .
6 . 1 . 1 : ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- »'--»' ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' _'= ª='--'' ª,-,=,'' ¸=',-'' ª--·- ¸· '»-'--=' .`= ¸- ª,¸--'' '»-¸',- -¸'-' ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' -'-',-- »` ·
`,'
','='- ª-,'=-'' ª,-',-'', ª,¸'-`' -'¸-='', -'¸--'' ¸,- ¸,'-'·'' ¸·,- _'' ='- -,·, -·, .-',·¸-''· ·.,,=-'', .--'' -','-= ·--,---'' -'-»`' ¸,-=- _'= ¸-',´'' ·-» -¸--- -'´¸-' ·-» ¸'-,',
-'-='' -'=-,--'' .,'=- .`= ¸-
'-,' ='- --` -·, ·¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ -¸,=`' ª--¸-'' .-=-' -¸'·-'', -'·--`' -'¸' ª´¸'- ¸='-'' ¸· '-´ ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, ¸-'- ª-'·--'' ª,
) »·¸ .,-= 7 `-=', ª-·',-'' ¸- ª,''= -',,---- ',== -· -'¸-='' -'=-', ·ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' ¸,- ¸,,·-- -'´¸-'' »'--»' ¸' ¸,- ¸-'' ( . .ª,-»`' ¸· _',`' --'¸-''
6 . 1 . 2 : ,=,'' »'¸-'`', ·¸,'-'·'' ª·--, ·-'¸-='', ·ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' _'= ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- -'--=' .'+,· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ---=- ¸,,'·-, ¸-'´ -'-`' »,,--, ·¸-
6 . 1 . 3 : , -'·--`' -'¸' ·-',·¸-'' ·.,,=-'', .--'' -','-= ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' :¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- _,-=' ¸-'=,' ¸`' -'- ª·`= -,=,
ª=,-- ='-, ·-'´¸-'' ¸· ¸,'-'·'' '-¸ _'= -¸'·-''
-'¸',--`' ¸= .'+,'= .,-='' ¸· »+=,-=, '+,'' .,-,'' ¸,'-'·'' ª-=¸, ','·'' --'=,'' ª,-,=,''
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 135
,-') ¸- .´ ª-'¸- _- ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'=,`' ¸``'- ¸'·-, '-,· ª-'¸-'' ·-» _-'-- ----' -·, ·-,¸ 2002 ) , ( Jha and Bhattacharyya, 2012 , (
) Morion and Angle, 2006 ·¸,¸=', ¸-,-·'') ª-'¸- _- -'=---`' ¸,,'·- ¸,-=-- ¸'·-, '-,· '+=-'-- ----' '-´ ·( 2010 .(
2.6 ~'='---~Vì .
,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸-,=,'', ¸--,-'' '+-'-' ,,---- -'--¸`' '+·'-»' ¸,-=- ¸· ---·- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸' - '+,· ¸ -'-',- -'-,-=- _'= -'--=`' .`= ¸
¸,- ¸,'-'·'' .--, ·¸,'-'·'' ª,'='-'' -',·¸-'', ·'+,· -¸='-'' --'=,'' ¸= ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' ¸- .´- ª'`---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' , ·ª,-,=,'' »'-·`' .`= ¸- ¸='--=`' -·-'' -'--=' -¸'·-''
.ª,-,=,'' ¸=',-'' ª--·- ¸· -'·--`',
3.6 ~'-~;-¹ì .
1 .,,=-'', .--'' -','-=, ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`'- ª'`---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- _,-=- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- »'--»' : ¸- ='-' '-' '+-,-=-, ·-¸'·-'', -'·--`' -'¸', ·-',·¸-'', ·
'' ¸,'-'·'' ,-' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- _'= ¸-'=,' ¸`' ¸,-'' ¸· ª,-·'--'' '+--'´- ¸- ¸¸·,, -'´¸-'' ·-+' ¸'´'' -'-`' _'= '-'=,' ¸´·-, ¸- .
2 -`' »,,-- -','-= ¸,- .,·--, ·ª,-',-'', ª,¸'-;' -'-'-´'', -'¸-='', ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' -'--´', -'´¸-'' ¸· ª'-'·'' ,,-'' .,'=- : -'' _- --'--, '-- ¸-,=,'' .,»'-'' ¸,,=-' -' .ª='--'' ¸=',
3 -'- ¸,,=-' »»¸,-=-, ·'+- »+-,¸'¸---', »+-'-- ¸'--' ¸-,=,'' »»'-¸ ¸,-=-, »+,'= ª=·'=-'', '+,· ¸,'-'·''- -'´¸-'' »'--»' --',¸ : ª='--'' ','·'' ¸=',-'' »+--,+-, »+ .
4 -,-=-, '--'- '+,· ','-= ¸-, -'´¸-'' ¸· ¸,'-'·'' _- --,= -'·`= -'-- : ª,-',-'', ª,¸'-`' -'-'-´'' ¸= -'-,'·-'' '¸--- ',-,´,' ¸='-'' _--=-'' _- ª-,= ª,='--=' -'·'--, -`- ¸,,´-, ·'+
-'´¸-'' ·-» '+='-=- ¸-'' ª='--'' .
5 '+- »'¸-'`', ·(-'-`' .,»'-'' ·ª·--'' ·»'¸-'`' ·-'¸-='' ·-'¸--'') ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, ¸-' ¸,-=- : .ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸· -'= '- _- ª--=- '- ª-¸'-- .`= ¸- -'´¸-'' ¸·
6 '+- ¸,'-·, ¸-'' -'´¸-'' '»---·- ¸-'' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' _'= -¸·-'', ·¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'--- »'--»`' -'´¸-'' ¸· ¸,'-'·'' _'= : ª,¸'-;' »+-'-' -',,--- ¸,-=-, »+-'-'-´, »+-'¸-· ¸,,=-,
-',-'', ','= ª,-,=, ¸¸· _'= »+',-= ª,''--=' --',¸' ª, .
7 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸=¸'='' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸`' .,= ª-=` ª-'¸- -'¸=' : .
8 `' ¸-'-- .,= -'-'¸- -'¸=' _'' ª,=,-'' -=,-, ª-'· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸· ª-'¸-'' -,-=- .= ¸· : ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸`' -'-'¸- -'¸=' _'' ª·'-' ·ª-'¸-'' _--=- _'= ¸=¸'='' -'=---
ª,---'' ,=- ª=,-'', ¸-=,'' -'--·`'- -'--¸`', ·-'='=-'' ·-» ¸· ª'-'·'' -'´¸-'' -'-' ,,--- ¸,-=-' ¸-¸`' ¸· -'='=-'' ª,-- _'= .ª-'----''
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) .' ·¸»'- 2002 ' .( - ¸-,=--'' =,'-' -'¸'+-'' -'-- .=- . ª,·-'='' ¸'-'' .¸-- :ª,¸--´-`' ·
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Mount, M., Ilies, R., &Johnson, E. (2006). Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: the mediating effects of job satisfaction.
Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 591-622.
Razavi, M. (2012). Relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction and customer perceived value: evidence from Iran software industry. Journal of
Management and Strategy, 3(3), 28-37.
Ted, D. V.,& Hodaka M. (2013). Internal promotion and external recruitment: a theoretical and empirical analysis. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(2), 277-269.
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: a Theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at
work. Organizational Behavior, 8(1), 74.
_=>-¹ì
J;-= 1 - .ª~ì,-¹ì ª--- ç-'~=
,-·--¹ì ª--¹ì ,ì,--¹ì %
¸-=''
¸´- 158 52.7
_`-' 142 47.3
_,-=-'' 300 100
¸-'·'' .»,-''
.·'· ª,,-'` 73 24.3
»,'-- 134 44.7
¸,,¸,''´- 66 22
','= -'-'¸- 27 9
_,-=-'' 300 100
¸¸+-'' --'¸''
(¸--¸' ¸'-,-)
250 .·'· 68 22.7
250 – 500 92 30.7
501 – 750 74 24.6
¸- ¸`´' 750 66 22
_,-=-'' 300 100
-¸-='' -',--
¸- .·' 3 -',-- 87 29
¸- 3 – 6 -',-- 142 47.3
¸- 7 – 10 -',-- 38 12.7
¸- ¸`´' 10 -',-- 33 11
_,-=-'' 300 100
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 137
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-='
J;-= 2 - _'--;,-) ,'--=ì – ('-¹ì .
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.913 26
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-='
J;-= 3 - ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì ¸¹=ì-¹ì Q>-7'- ª-¹·--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
1 . .'+,· ¸=',-'' ¸·,- .,= ª´¸-'' ','='- '+-'-`=' ª´¸-'' ¸¸·- 3.691 1.342
2 . -- ¸'¸---'- ª,'='-'' ¸,,·-'' -'-`=' ª´¸-'' _, . 3.872 1.062
3 . .¸,,-- ¸,- »'-·`' _,-=' ª,'='-'' '+-'-`=' ª´¸-'' .-,-- 4.013 1.116
.-·-'' 3.859 1.173
.=','' ·.=' :¸.==''
J;-= 4 - ,\>l.\l =\,¡_.\\, -s\·.=\l -.,·\l .l_¡l =\,\¡] -,,\=>\l =\==¡.=\l - .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
4 . ª´¸-'' _=,-- ª,=,-,-'' , ,·'´- '+-',·¸- ¸· ¸¸-'' . 3.692 1.378
5 . _-=, »'=- ª,·¸-'' ª´¸-'' ¸· ¸,- ª,--·`' --'-´'', . 3.401 1.170
6 . ª,·¸-'' ª=-', ª== ª´¸-'' ---·- . 3.756 1.395
'' .-·- 3.616 1.314
=='' .=','' ·.=' :¸.
J;-= 5 - J-;=-¹ì; J--¹'- ª-¹·--¹ì ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
7 ´¸-'' »¸-'- .,,=-'', .--'' ª,'-·- ª''-·'' ª . 3.874 1.342
8 -'' »'-·' ¸,- ¸¸',-'' .,,=-'', .--'' ª,'-= ¸'=- .ª´¸ 3.821 1.172
9 .,,=-'', .--'' _'= ª´¸-'' ---·- »+-'¸'+-, ¸,'-'·'' -'¸-= _,,--' . 3.652 1.424
.-·-'' 3.782 1.320
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
J;-= 6 - ~,'·-¹ì; -'--~V'- ª-¹·--¹ì Q--;=--¹ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
10 -¸='-'' --'=,'' _,-¸-'' --= ¸,--'-'' ¸,-=,-'' -'¸'- ª´¸-'' -='- . 4.012 1.260
11 .ª-,=,'' ¸,=-¸-'' -'--'- _'¸-·' ¸,-=,-'' ¸- ª´¸-'' -'=- 3.310 1.374
12 ---·- -¸'·-'', -'·--`' -',-,- ª´¸-'' ¸,,·-'' -','-= ¸· . 3.563 1.145
13 -'' ª´¸-'' _-=- .-¸'·-'', -'·--`' .-· ¸- »+- _-,-'' ¸,=-¸-'' ¸= -'-,'· 3.112 1.413
.-·-'' 3.499 1.298
138 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
J;-= 7 - ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,--'·-; ç~'- ª-¹·--¹ì ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
-·-¹ì ¡,'
14 '+,-' ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' ¸,- ¸,,·-- ª´¸-'' »-+- 4.410 1.125
15 ª-,=,'' .·-,- ¸-' ª-,=,'' -¸-='' -',-- ª´¸-'' ¸='¸- 4.021 1.091
16 »-+- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ª,'-= .`= '+,-' ¸,'-'·'' ª·--- ª´¸-'' 3.978 0.989
17 '+,'-'·' ¸-,=,'' .,»'-'' ª´¸-'' _-'-- 3.652 1.327
18 .ª-'='--, ª'-·- .-'·'' »'¸-'' ª´¸-'' ---·- 3.968 0.750
19 .¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸· -'-`' »,,-- -`'--`' ª´¸-'' ¸='¸- 3.421 1.234
.-·-'' 3.908 1.086
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
J;-= 8 - '- ª-¹·--¹ì ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì ¸--=;¹ì _~,¹ .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
20 ª,-,=,'' -'¸'+-'', -'¸--'' ¸,-=- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 4.029 1.175
21 .---=-'' --',¸'' »'- .,-· ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.395 1.361
22 -,=,'' »+-'' --',¸ ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, ¸ 3.713 1.247
23 .¸-,=,'' ¸'¸---`' --',¸ ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.581 1.300
24 -'-'' _'= -'--=`' ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.726 1.274
25 .ª,¸·'='' --',¸ ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.837 1.201
26 =,'', ¸-+-'' ¸,=-'' ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, .¸-, 3.999 1.094
.-·-'' 3.754 1.231
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
doc_610734124.pdf
The current study aims at determining the main sources of internal recruitment in mobile
telecommunication companies in Jordan and its significant impact on job satisfaction. It also determines
the main criteria applied in internal recruitment policies. A total amount of 300 employees from three
mobile companies (i.e., Zain, Orange, and Umniah) participate as a unit of analysis. The data is collected
through a structured questionnaire which was analyzed by regression analysis and t-test. The results show
a positive relationship between all sources of internal recruitment
2214-4625/$ – see front matter © 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2015.10.001
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj
HOSTED BY
* Salem Alrhaimi. Tel: +962799192974
Email address: [email protected].
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
ª---,Vì J;-=-¹ì ~'-,~ ¸- ¸--=;¹ì '~,¹ì _¹- ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~-=;-¹ì ,-ì
The Impact of Internal Recruitment on Job Satisfaction in Jordanian
Mobile Companies
Salem Ahmad Alrhaimi
*
, Fatima Alhumshry
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences, P.O Box 2600, 21110, Irbid National University, Jordan
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 08 October 14
Received in revised form 28 April 15
Accepted 08 June 15
:ª''-'' -'-'´''
¸'='-'' -,=,-''
'-¸''
-`'--`'
.,-=-''
¸-¸`'
Keywords:
Internal Recruitment
Satisfaction
Communication
Mobile
Jordan
¸='-''
.¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸,-´'' ·¸`', ¸-¸`' ¸· -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -,=,-'' ª,-,-¸'' ¸-'--'' -,-=- _'' ª,''='' ª-'¸-'' --+-
.ª,'='-'' -,=,-'' -'-',- ¸· ª--=-'' ª,-,-¸'' ¸,,'·-'' --=- '+-' '-´ ¸'',= =¸'-, 300 -'´¸- -`` ¸- -=,- -`'--`' ·¸,¸)
·_-'¸,' ,--', ª .,'=-'' --=,´ ( ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸· . , ¸',---' .`= ¸- -'-',-'' _-= »-, _-, .(-) ¸'--=', ¸'-=-`' .,'=- .`= ¸-
, --'', ª,·¸-'', ¸'='-'' ¸`=;') ¸'='-'' -,=,-'' ¸-'-- _,-= ¸,- ª,-'=,' ª·`= -,=, _-'--'' -¸+=' . .¸-,=,'' '-¸'', (-'·--`',
·='- _'' ª·'-;'- --´ - .,-=-'' -'´¸- _,-= ¸' _-'--'' »,-- - +,-' ¸-'' ª,'='-'' -,=,-'' ª,'-= ¸· ---=- ¸,,'·- ¸,-=- ' --,= ª·¸·-
¸,,'·-, -,=,-'' ¸-'-- ¸,,=-, ·'+,-=,- ¸= .·
ABSTRACT
The current study aims at determining the main sources of internal recruitment in mobile
telecommunication companies in Jordan and its significant impact on job satisfaction. It also determines
the main criteria applied in internal recruitment policies. A total amount of 300 employees from three
mobile companies (i.e., Zain, Orange, and Umniah) participate as a unit of analysis. The data is collected
through a structured questionnaire which was analyzed by regression analysis and t-test. The results show
a positive relationship between all sources of internal recruitment (i.e., internal advertising, promotion,
transfer, and friends) and job satisfaction. In addition, the findings reveal that all mobile companies
applied specific criteria in internal recruitment process which have a good knowledge about their
employees, and the development of recruitment sources and criteria.
© 2015 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 131
1 . ª----¹ì
1.1 . --¢--
-¸-· _'= .'-=`' -'-=-- _'=- ---·, ·'' ª-,- -'¸,=- ¸- .-=, '- .= ¸· '+·'-»' ¸,-=- ¸- '+-´-- ¸-'' ·-'=---`' -'-',-- ¸'·-, '-,·
ª-'= ª,¸--'' '»-¸',- -¸'-' ¸· '+ .-
' ª·,-=, -'-,´- _'= -¸·-'' ª'-'-'' -'-'¸-'' -'¸=', ª`,`='' -,+='' .-- _'' ª='='' ¸'=, '-- ·'+''-='- ª-'='' ª=--`' ¸· _-,-'', ,-' ¸· ª-=--'' .='- '+-- -,=,-'' '-,- ` ª='--'' ª,¸--'' -¸'
+-,·¸- ¸¸=, -,''-', »+'-= _·',- ¸= ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸''- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' =--¸,, .ª,-·'--'' -¸,-'' ¸,-=-' ª-'-=-'' '+-'-·' _·',-'' --'-- ,--, ¸-,=,'' ,,---'' ¸· _'=`' --'=,'' »
; --,-='' ª,-,=,'' .--,---'' -'-»`' ¸,-=- _'= »+-¸-·, »+-',-'´-
2.1 . ì,-¹ì ª¹-~- ª~
- ·ª- ª'-'·'' ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' ª,--- _'' ª='='', ·¸-=,'' -'--·`' -·¸ ¸· ¸-¸`' ¸· -`'--`' _'=· ª,-»' ¸- ª-'¸-'' ª'´-- ¸`--- _-'-'' ¸· ¸-'-'' _'=-'' '-+' .-·' ª-»'-- .-´, '-
.¸''-=`' ¸-,-'' -=- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸`' _'= ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- -¸'-' _'= ¸,--'-'' ª·¸·- »-= ¸· ª-'¸-'' ª'´-- ¸-=-- ='--, ·-» ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,
'' ·-» '+='-=- ¸-'' ª,¸--'' -'-'-´'' -,-=-' ª--'--'' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' ¸·,- ,-- ª·¸·- »-=, ·-'´¸-'' .·-' '+-,---, '»¸,,=-, ·ª,-,=,'' '»¸´'¸- ¸· -'--'' _'= '+·,=--, '+,'= ='-='', ·-'´¸-
.'+,· ','·'' --'=,''
3.1 . ì ª~ì,-¹ì ª--»
¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'= .´-- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' -¸'-', ·»'= .´--ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' -¸'-' ª,-»' ¸- '+-,-»' ª-'¸-'' ----- -¸`' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- ¸· ·¸,-, ¸
`' »+-'¸-· ¸,,=-, ª,---' '+,· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' -'-`'- -'--¸`', ·--,---'' '+·'-»' ¸,-=- ¸· ='- ¸`', ·-'´¸-'' ·-» ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸,-=- .`= ¸- ·_--=-'' _'=, »+,'= ',-'=,' ¸´·-- ¸-'' ª,-'-
ª--- ¸- -,¸- '»¸,-- ¸-'' »+--',¸ -¸',¸, ·-'--·' ¸· ---·, ¸-'' ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,-'--·`', ª,='--=`' ª,---'' _'= ='- ¸`', ·_--=-'', »»¸-`, »+' ¸-'--·`', ¸='--=`' ·'·¸'' .-'--='' _'=· _'=
ì ª~ì,-¹ì ~ì-» .4.1
1 -`-'', ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ª--=---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- _'= -¸·-'' : ª,·=¸-'' -'='-='', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' :¸- .´- ª'
.-¸'·-'', -'·--`'´
2 .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸`' _'= -¸·-'' :
3 `'--`' -'´¸- ,-' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' ¸·,- ,-- _'= -¸·-'' : '+·,=--, '+·'-»' '+' ¸-=- ª,¸-- ¸-',´ ¸- ª,'' _'-=- '- -,-=-' ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' - ¸--, '-- '+--'=,- ¸'=-'`' _'=
.'+-,-,-,-, '+-'--
2 . ¡,=-¹ì ,'=7ì
1.2 . ~'=--~Vì ;;¢--
'-- ·¸'--='- ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' -¸'-'- -'=---`' =--¸, ¸- '+'
',-'-'
'= ª-'--»' .`= '-' ¸,--`-'' -'¸·`' ¸= -=-''- _ ª-'-=-'' -','-·'', .='¸-'' _'' ¸,-,, ·ª='--'' ª,-,=,'' ¸=',-''
'-' ¸,--'--'' ¸,=-¸-'' ¸= -=-'' _ ' ,' -¸='-'' --'=,'' --'' ='--'' ¸,´, ='--, ·ª··,--' , ¸= ., ¸-=-' ª--`-'' ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' ¸,·,- ª-'-=-'' ¸-'--'' ¸- ¸,'-'·'' ¸- ª-,'=-'' -'=',-=`'
-,=¸-'' -'-»`' ¸,-=- ¸--, '-- '»¸',-=`
'-,+-- ª,=¸'='', ·(-=-'' _,-,-) '+-- ª,'='-'' .
¸= -'=---`' ¸-·,, ª,'-·'' -'' - ¸ --= ¸-''= .-·'' »---'' .·-' --'=,'' -¸='-'' ·»,=¸''--=) ª--,-'' ¸· ª··,--'',' 2011 ( --'=,'' .·-' ¸,=-¸-'' -'¸·`' -'-´--' ª,'-=":ª-'- -¸·´,, ·
·¸¸,-) "--'=, ¸= ¸,`=-, ¸-, ·ª''-·'' _'= -'='', ¸¸·'' -'--'' _'= .-·, ='-- ,», ª-=--''- -¸='-'' 2011 " -¸·, '-´ ·( ª=,-=-- ¸- ª=--`' ª,='-'' --=' -'¸·`' ¸,'»,-'' .-·'' ¸·
' ª-=--' --+- _'--' -'-=¸ ' ·_'--'', -¸-'') "¸,·¸=' 2008 .(
'·'' _'= .,-='' '+'`= ¸- »-, ¸-'' ¸-'--'' ¸», ¸'='-'' -'=---`' _---, ª,'='-'' ¸-'--'' :'-» ¸,,-'-' ¸,¸--- ¸- -'=---`' »-,, ª-=--'' .='- ¸- ¸,'- .·-' '+,·
`-' ¸,-,=,-'' ¸'
-¸='-'' --'=,'' -'=---`' _---, ª,=¸'='' ¸-'--'', · ='-, .='-'' ¸- ª-,'=-'' -'-'-´'' ¸·,- »-= --= ª-'= ·'+=¸'= ¸- ¸,'-'·'' ¸- '+-='= _'= ª-=--'' .,-= ¸· .`---, ¸=¸'=''
-'¸-'' ·-» ¸· '--+, '- ¸' .ª,='--=`' -',--'', -'¸-='', -'·-'='', -»'·-'', -,=,-'', .-·'' --'´-, ª,=¸'='' -'-`=`' -'--=`'- -'=---`' ,» ª :¸', '-- ·¸-'-- »»' .`--- ¸-'', ¸'='-''
'+,· -¸='-'' --'--'' .·-' »+',»'-, _'=`' ª,¸'-`' -',,---'' _'' ª-=--'' ¸· ¸,-,=,-'' ¸,'-'·'' _,·¸- :ª,·¸-''
`' ¸·-'' ¸· ¸--'' ,' '+-·- ¸· --',¸'' ---- ¸=' _'' _¸· ¸- ,' ¸=' _'' »-· ¸- .-·'' ¸,'-'·'' .,,=- :.--'' ..-·'' ¸· ¸¸',-'' ¸,-=-' ¸=
.'+,'' --,·''- ¸,-=¸, ¸-- ª-=--''- ¸,'-·, ',-'´ ¸,-'' -'-´`' ¸,'-'·'' ¸,,·- --'=' :¸,--'-'' ¸,-=,-''
-, ª,-,=,'' »+-',,-·- _·¸, ª-=--'' .='- ¸,'-'·'' ¸,- ª,-'=,`' ª-·'--'' _,¸ ¸'= .`- ','¸-'' ¸- -,-·'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-=,, - ·¸¸,-) ¸-,=--'' »+-`, ª,- 2011 ·¸-'=, 2011 .,'--, ·(
- ¸-'--'' ='´-=`', »+--,'·- ª=,-- ¸,=-¸-'' --'-´ ª·¸·-, »,,-- ª',+-, ·¸-,=,'' »+-'-' _'= '-'=,' ¸´·-, '-- .-·'' »+´¸- -`-·- »+-·¸·-, »+-'¸-= ¸- --'---`', .-·'' ¸· »+· .-·'' ª·,-=-
'-' -,''´- .,'--, _ '' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' -`-·- --',¸ _''
ª·'-' ·ª,-,=,'' ¸=',- ) Varo and Morita, 2013 .( ¸,-=',--'' ª,='--`' ¸'´·`' -'=-' »'----' »-= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' _'= -'·,,
'+-'-¸=, ·ª-=--'' _¸'= ¸- -'-'-´'' ª,¸--'' -¸,---'' ¸-,, '-- _'' =-'', ¸'´--`' _,¸ .-·, ¸'´·`' -,-= ¸,,'='-'' ¸,'-'·'' ¸' '-´ ·-,- .·-' ¸,--'--
'-',=' ',-,´, ` -· --'=,'' -¸='-'' ·
.¸,'-'·'' ¸,- -¸'-'' ª-·'--'', -'·`='', _'¸-'' ¸'= _'= -,`=
132 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
2.2 . ¸--=;¹ì '~,¹ì
=--'' _,-= ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' -'-`' _'=- '+,'= »,-, ¸-'' -'¸´-¸-'' »»' ¸- ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' -·, ) '+=',-' ¸= ¸=-'' ¸·- -'- Razavi, et al., 2012 -'--¸`' ¸- ª-= _--, '- .`= ¸- ·(
.-=-, .-·'' -,¸= _- -,´-'', -·,'' .`-`' .`·--`', ·.-·'' ¸'¸,- -`-·-, »+-',= --- .,'--, »+-'- ¸,-=-, ¸,'-'·'' _,-= ,,---- -¸-'--'', -`´--'' .,'-- , ª`-',= .,'--, ª-'=,·-
·¸--'·'') ·-·-, .-·'' -'-`' ª,---'' ª='¸'' ¸,-=-, '+'= ¸· 2006 ) ¸,¸-·'' ¸¸-'' ¸- -'-,```'' _'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸''- »'--»`' -,·,, .( Letham and Budworth, 2007 ¸,-'' --·- --· ='--, ·(
-, _-', -,¸·- _'= -'-´ ´'' ¸--, »', ·ª-','-- ¸-'' »,»'--'' ---·- '-´ ·ª-= ',--´ ) ª'-·' .-'·'' »,,-- ¸= ª=-'-'' ¸---'' _',-¸`'- ¸,·-'' ¸- ª''= ª-'- ª-'-,¸·- ¸+-' ¸-, ª' --= Locke, 1976 · (
'¸-=`', ·¸-,=,'' -'¸-;' -,''-', .-·'' ª·,-=, ·ª-=--'' -,¸=, ·¸=`' .`= ¸- ·.-·'' ª=,-- -¸-'' -'='= _'--' ª=¸- .`-, ª-' '-´ ·¸·'-'' --=) ¸,¸=`'- - 2001 :ª-' _'= -¸´ =, .(
·¸,»--'') "'+=',-' -'-=-- ª-'='= _'--; -'-'´ ª--,=,' -=,-'' »,,-- ¸= ª=-'- ---·- -¸»'=" 2005 .( ª-'- -
¸´ = '-´ '' ¸=¸,-·- --'·-''¸='-- ª=-'-'' ¸= ·¸-,=,''¸,--'' ¸-'' ,'-'·'' ¸=·- ¸
ª-,· ª-=¸'' ¸· .-·'' '-, =,=, ·ª- -`-=` ª=,--, -=¸'' -' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸'· ¸=¸,-·- -'´¸-- ' -'¸·` -·,-'' ¸''='' ª-,=,'' ¸-'' '+,-,, ª-¸'-- ª-,-''- ·¸'-=)·--=ª,',---'' 2003 .( ¸`'-,,
·¸·'-'' --=) ª,''-'' -'=,-=-''- '+-,--- ¸´-, ¸-'' .-',·'' ¸- -,-·''- ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' 2001
' . »' ¸- ¸», -¸-''- ¸'·-- :ª,-=-'' .-',·'' ) .-'·'' ª-'·'' -',=''- ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ='--¸` .-',·'' » Mount and et al., 2006 ª,`'¸,'' -'--'', ª,-=-'' ¸-'-=''- .`---, (
) -¸-'' ª,='¸-'', ª,-='·'' -'-'´·-`', Weiss and Cropanzano, 1996; Judge T. A. et al., 2002 .¸-,'·-'' ,,---'', ¸-,=,'' ¸´¸-'', ¸-·''´ ·(
- . ' :ª-=--'', .-·'' ª-,-, -,¸=- ª=--¸-'' .-',·' -,¸=''- .`---, .-·'' ª,-'-'' ª,,+-''´ ª-,=¸'', --'-;', -¸'¸='', -'-,-'', .
_ . '' _,-, '+-'-'¸=' ª·,-=, '+=,-,, '+-',',--- »==, ¸¸'-;' '»',---, ª-,=,'' .='-' ª,='--=`' -¸=-''´ :ª-,=,''- ª-'·--'' .-',·'' .·',-=-, .-·
- . ·'¸-`' -,''-`' ª''-= ¸---- ª,·'¸-;' .-',·'' ¸·',='' ª-=-' _'' ª·'-' ·»+,-,,¸-, -'-,¸'' ¸,- ª·`·'' ª·,-=, »+=''-- ª,'-=, ¸,-,,¸-'' ¸,--- »'--»`' ,--, ª,-'·¸'', ª,
.¸='-='' .-·'' _,¸ ª,---, ·.-·'' ¸· ª,¸´¸-`'', ·-'¸'¸-'' ª´¸'--'', ·-',`·'',
· . '' .-',·'' .¸'='-'' .'--`' -','-= ª·,-=, ·ª-'-'¸=', .-·'' -`,+--, ª-=-`', _-',''' .---, ª-=--'' .='- .-·'' »,=--- ª=--¸-'' :ª,-,=--
, . .¸-,=,'' ,--'', ª,·¸-'' ¸¸·, ·¸,=`' -',,--, ·¸-,=,'' ¸'¸---`'- .`---, :¸-,=,'' ¸'-`'- ª-'·--'' .-',·''
¸ . ·'' ª='-=, ª,-,-'' .-',·'' :.- ¸·',-'', »'=--`' ,--- =--¸- ¸,- -'-=' .'+- »'¸-'`', ª-=--'' ª,-,=--'' ª·'-`'' »+·, .-·'' ª=,-=-
3.2 . ª--'~¹ì ~'~ì,-¹ì
2 . 3 . 1 : ) ª~ì,- Jha & Bhattacharyya, 2012 ( ·¸-,=,'' '-¸''- '+-·`=, -'=---`' -,''-' ='¸-' .,= : -,=,'' -'-,'·-'' ¸,'-'·'' =¸'-' ª,-»' --,- ¸', ·.-·'' ¸· ª,
»+-'=---', ·¸,'-'·'' -,=,- ¸· »'» ¸,- ='¸-;' '-+' . .¸-,=,'' '-¸'', -'=---`' -'-,´- _,-= ¸,- ª,-'-=' ª'`- -'- ª·`= ª,-'-=' -,=, --,- '-´
2 . 3 . 2 ·Q;,=ì; ¸---·¹ì) ª~ì,- : 2010 ( : .,= ¸,- ¸,-=- -'=---`'¸,,'·- ¸,,·-'', ¸· ¸,-=- -¸,-'' ,-·'--'' ¸· ª =-- ¸'´-;' -¸'=-'' .,,--'', , ·¸--¸`' -,=, --,- ª·`=
ª,-'=,' ¸,- -'=---`'¸-'-- ¸,-=-, ª--=---'' -¸,-'' -'=---`' ¸' --,- '-´ ·=--'' '+' .-, ¸-'' ª,·,-'' -'='=-'', ª,-·'--'' ¸=¸'='' ¸· ¸·¸--'' .-·'' -`'=- ¸· ¸,'-·, ¸--
¸`´' »» ª-·'--'' =,--''
'·-- '¸,-´ '¸,- »+' ¸', ·ª,-·'--'' -¸,-'' .,-,'' ¸· =--'' ¸· ¸,-=- ¸,-,=,-'' ¸,'-'·''-'-' ª,-,=,'' »+-'¸'+- ª,---, .
2 . 3 . 3 ) ª~ì,- : Morion and Angle, 2006 ( : =---`' ª,-»' --,-, ·',-'--' ¸· ª,='--'' _,¸'--'' ¸· ¸=¸'='', ¸'='-'' -,=,-'' ¸,- ª-¸'--''- ª-'¸-'' --'·- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'
' ='- ¸= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ª-',- _---- ¸-'' _,¸'--'' ¸,-- ª-¸'--'' .`= ¸-
ª-,-- -'=,¸--'' ¸''-'', ¸¸'-`' ,,---''- -'--¸`' ¸', ·¸=¸'='' -'=---`' ª-',- _---- ¸-'
,'-'·'' ¸,´--, ª,='--;' --',¸, -'-`' --'-´ _·¸ ¸· ¸-´' ¸,- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' -'--´', ¸-,=--'', ¸-,=,'' »'·-'', ¸'=-`' _'= »+-¸-· ¸,-=-, ·'»¸,,=-, »+-'¸-= ª,---, ¸
.ª,·¸·-'', ª,-,=,'' -'¸'+-''
2 . 3 . 4 : ·¸--¢¹ì) ª~ì,- 2004
¸-,=,''¸'--''¸,,=- .,= ¸· '-¸ ¸,'-'·'' ¸· --= - ¸ -'·-'='' ª,--¸`' ª,--¸'' , · --,- -,=, -'·`= ='--¸' ª=-,-- ,- ¸ -'·-' '¸,·-- - =,==-¸-,=,'' ¸'--'' ¸,-, ª-¸'-', '-¸'' ¸= -,=,'' ª ·ª-=--'', --,- '-´ -·- »'--»' ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,--¸'' -'·-'='' ¸,'-'·''¸'--¸,,=-- ,,--- ¸'-=-', ·'+,· =¸- ª '-¸ ¸,'-'·'' ¸=
ª,'-= ¸-,=,'' ¸'--''¸,,=- .
2 . 3 . 5 : ·,~·-¹ì; ¸--¢¹ì) ª~ì,- 2004 ( : ¸,`'- .,= -'=---`' _'= ¸-,=,''-'-`' ¸· --'=, -¸'-;' ','·'' ¸· ¸-,´=''¸'+='' -¸`' ¸- -'¸,·--'', ª,-,=,'' ª=--¸-'' ·'+- `=, ª· ='-
--'=,'' ='- '+' _-=- ¸-'' ¸,,'·-'' ª·¸·-, ·-'-`'- . --,- -,=, »-= -'-',- ª--'` _-- '=,¸- ---=- ¸',-=` ¸'='- --'' --' ','·'' ·»+-,,·-, ¸', -'+= ¸,=','= ª--=- ¸»
ª-='- ¸'-`'¸,-'' ¸· ª,'-= ,,·-'' .¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' -'-`', '-¸'' _'= '-'- ¸`,, '-- ¸
2 . 3 . 6 ·--, ;-ì) ª~ì,- : 2004 ( : ' ¸' --,- ·ª,--¸`' ¸,-'-'' -'´¸- ¸· -',·'', ¸-,=--'' -`,'', ¸-,=,'' -'-`' _'= ª'-'·'' ,,-'' -'=---' ¸-'-- ¸`' .,= -=---- -'´¸-'
--' _,=-'' ¸',-=`' ª,-»' --,- '-´ ·-,=,-'' -`'´,, ·-=-'' ¸· ¸`=;', ·¸,'-'·'' -',-,-, ·-,=,-'' -'-'= :_'=
'-'--=' '+,'-'= ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- ¸· -'=---`' ¸-'
.¸,'-'·''
3 ª~ì,-¹ì ~'-~,- .
1 `- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` : -'' -',-¸-'' '+-- ¸`--,, .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'--' ª,-'-=' ª' :ª,''-'' ª,=¸
2 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' ¸`=`' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` :
3 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -',·¸-'' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` :
4 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= .,,=-'', .--'' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` :
5 -'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` : ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -¸'·-'', -'·--`' ¸,¸= ¸= -'=---`' ª,
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 133
6 .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·- ¸·,-- `:
4 . ª~ì,-¹ì ª-=¢--
1.4 . ª~ì,-¹ì ª---; ¿--=-
.`-- ' -'·---' -·- ¸-'-=`' .,'=-'' -·-= ¸-'' ª-,·'' '-' .(¸,¸, ·ª,--', ·_-'¸,' ) ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸-- ª-'¸-'' _--=- ) -·'- --· .,'=-'' ª=''-'' ¸,= -'-'=` 300 (
¸,'-'·'' ¸·- ª-'=--' »-·' ='-, ·ª--`-'' ª-,·'' -,'-'- »»¸',-=' »- -'´¸-'' ·-» ¸· `-'= '', .»+-- ¸·-'' _'' .,-,'' ª-,·-, ) »·¸ ¸='- 1 .ª-,·'' ¸-'-= _-,, (
2.4 . ª~ì,-¹ì ~ì,-·--
1 .¸-,=,'' '-¸'' :_-'-'' ¸,·--'' :
2 , -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·¸'='-'' ¸`=;' ¸- .´- -'`-- ¸-'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸», :ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' : ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, _''
ª·'-' ·-¸'·-'' .
3.4 . ~'-'--¹ì ¿-= ,-'~-
---'' --'= _'' ·--¸--;' _·',-, ¸,--='-'' .-'-¸, -',¸,-'', --´'' -'-- ¸-'' ª,,-'`'' ¸-'--'' ¸- .´- ª-'¸-'' -'-',- ¸-'-- -'`-- '-'---' '+-,--- »- ¸-'' ª-'---`'- .`---'' ¸',`' ¸
--'' _'= ) ---- ¸·',- ¸,- '- ª-'¸-· -'-'=' -=,'¸- ¸-'' ¸-¸'´,''' ,,- 5 ) ---- ¸·',- ¸,=, ( 1 .ª-'=--`' ¸-´ =, -¸'' ª,-= ¸'--' ='-, ¸-'-- .´--, ',,-, ¸,·-+---'' _'= '+·,¸,- »- -·, ·(
, :ª,''-'' -'¸=`' ¸- ª-'---`' --,´-
.ª-'¸-'' ª-,= ¸-'-=- ¸'·-, :.,`' -¸=''
'`'' -¸='' ¸- ¸,´-, ·¸-,=,'' '-¸'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`'- ¸'·-,:¸- 26 ·-¸-· 13 -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', · ¸'='-'' ¸`=;'- :ª'`---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸'·- '+--
, ·-¸'·-'', 6 , ·¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-- --'·- -'¸-· 7 .¸-,=,'' '-¸''-
,-- ¸'--=' »- -·, ) _'- ¸-'' '-'' _'--,¸´ .-'·- _'= '-'--='ª-'¸-'' -'-' ª'--` ¸'='-'' ¸'--`' 91.3 ) »·¸ ¸='-'', .ª'--`' ¸,- ¸,-- ¸'--' _'' ¸,-, '-- (% 2 .='- _-,, (
4.4 . ì ~'-'--¹ì J-¹=- ~;¹~ ª~ì,-¹ì ~ì--=-;
' ·-» _- -'-'·-, ¸-¸`' ¸· ¸,'='' .'--`' -'´¸- _,-= -'-- ª-'¸-'' ¸ ·-= _'= ª´¸- .´ ª-'¸-' .'=-'' _--, '-- '+-,- '-,· -,'--'' ¸- _'= ¸,'--''- -'´¸-'' .
'' ¸·- .,-- »-= ¸-·, '-- ª--`-'' ª-,·'' -,'-' »'-=--' _'= -='-'' ¸-=' '-- ª-'¸-'' ª'--' _'= ª-'=`' ¸,'-'·'' ¸·- ª-'=--' »-= ¸,'-'· - ',-,=--, »' ¸,-'' – ,-' ¸,´, -· ¸,-'', »+
.ª-'¸-'' ª-'---' _'= ª-'=`' ¸· ª,'·-'' »+-´¸'-- ¸'--' ¸,'-'·'' ¸,-=- -=,--, '-», ·ª-'¸-'' ¸¸`- ª-+- -'-',-
5 '¢~,-; ¿-'--¹ì J-¹=- .
ª-'¸-'' -'-' -'¸-· ,=- ¸,`,=--'' -'»'=-' ¸',-- ¸'·-, '-,· ª-'¸-'' -'·-' ª-·'-- »- ) ¸- ¸-¸'´,''' ,,---'' ¸·, ª-,·'' -'¸·' -'-'=; ª,-'-='' -'=-,--'' -'--=' .`= ¸- 1 _'' ---- ¸·',- ¸,= (
) 5 :¸''-'' _'= ¸'¸-'' ---=', ·---- ¸·',- (
) ¸-'-='' =-,--'' ¸'´ '-' '+-',,---- ª-·',-'' »-= 1 - ¸- .·' 2.5 (
-'-='' =-,--'' ¸'´ '-' ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,--- ) ¸ 2.5 - ¸- .·' 3.5 (
) ¸-'-='' =-,--'' ¸'´ '-' '+-',,---- ª-·',-'' 3.5 - 5 .(
1.5 . ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,-'~-
1 : ¸'='-'' ¸`=;' ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' ¸,-,: 3 ¸' ( +=-' -· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ ¸'='-'' ¸`=;'- ª-'·--'' ª,--¸`' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' -'-'=' .ª-·',-'' ,=- -
2 -',·¸-'' : :ª,'='-'' ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' ¸,-, 4 -'' ¸- =-,-- ,,---, ª-·',-'' ¸,- -=,'¸- -· ª,--¸`' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ -',·¸-'' .,= ª-,·'' -'-'=' ¸'( .ª-·',
3 .,,=-'', .--'' : ¸,-,: ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' 5 .ª-·',-'' ,=- -+=-' -· .,,=-'', .--''- ª-'·--'' ª'--`' ¸= ¸,`,=--'' -'-'='-' (
4 : -¸'·-'', -'·--`' ¸,-,: ) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' 6 --, ª-·',-'' ¸,- --'= -· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ -¸'·-'', -'·--`'- ª-'·--'' ª'--`' .,= ¸,`,=--'' -'-'=' ¸'( .ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,-
2.5 . ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,--'·-
) »·¸ ¸='- .,-='' ¸- ¸,--, 7 =-,-- ,,---, ª-·',-'' ¸,- -=,'¸- -· ª,--¸`' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸· ª·---'' ¸,,'·-''- ª-'·--'' -'-'=;' ¸' ( .ª-·',-'' ¸-
134 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
3.5 . ¸--=;¹ì '~,¹ì
¸,-, ¸ ¸='- .,-='' ) »· 8 .ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,---, ª-·',-'' ¸,- -=,'¸- -· ¸-,=,'' '-¸''- ª-'·--'' ª-,·'' -'¸·' -'-'='-' (
4.5 . ~'-~,-¹ì ,'--=ì
_'= -'--=`' »- ¸=='' ¸'-=-`' .,'=- ) Regression Analysis ( · ª'`- ,,--- --= 0.05 '' _-¸'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸,- ª·`·'' ¸'--=` · ) --=','' ª-,·'' (-) ¸'--=', ·¸-,=, One
Sample t- test ( ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ª--=---'' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' -,-=-'
:_¹;Vì ª-~,-¹ì ¸`--,, .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'--' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` -'' '+-- :ª,''-'' ª,=¸-'' -',-¸
- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸'='-'' ¸`=`' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, `
- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -',·¸-'' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, `
- ' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= .,,=-'', .--'' ª,-'-=
- `' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= -¸'·-'', -'·--`' ¸,¸= ¸= -'=---`' ª,-'-=' ª'`- ,- ¸`' -=,, ` ¸-¸
'' ¸· '-´ ¸=='' ¸'-=-`' .,'=- _-'-- --,- ) »·¸ .,-= 1 =-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`') -'=---`' ¸-'--- ª'`---'' ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸,- ª,,·, ª-=,- ='--¸' ª·`= -,=, ( ·.,,
) ='--¸`' .-'·- ª-,· .`= ¸- ¸-,=,'' _-¸''- .`---'' _-'-'' ¸,·--'', (-¸'·-'', -'·--`', R ª·''-'' ( 0.812 _'- '-´ · ) -,-=-'' .-'·- R
2
_-'-'' ¸,·--'' ¸,-, ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸,- (
) 0.659 ) ª---- '- ¸--- (-¸'·-'', -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·¸'='-'' ¸`=;') ª'----'' -'¸,·--'' ¸' ¸' ·( 65.9 '-´ .(¸-,=,'' '-¸'') _-'-'' ¸,·--'' ¸· ª'-'='' -'¸,·-'' ¸- (%
ª-,· -·'- ) ª'`-'' ,,--- u ) -¸'·-'', -'·--`', ·.,,=-'', .--'', ·-',·¸-'', ·¸'='-'' ¸`=;' ¸- .´' ( 0.000 ), ·( 0.039 ), ·( 0.02 ), ·( 0.058 --= ',-'-=' ª''- »,· ¸», ·¸'',-'' _'= (
) ª-` ,,--- 0.95 _'= ª''-'' ª',--'' .,-·, '+=,¸· .´- ª,--·'' ª,-¸-'' ¸·¸ »-, ='- .= -'--, .( .¸-,=,'' _-¸'', ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸,- ª,-'-=' ª'`- -'- ª·`= -,=,
J;-= 1 - ,ì-=-Vì J-¹=- ,'--=ì ¿-'-- .
,-·--¹ì R R
2
þ o
¸'='-'' ¸`=;'
0.812 0.659
0.557 0.000
-',·¸-'' 0.187 0.039
.,,=-'', .--'' 0.219 0.022
-¸'·-'', -'·--`' 0.251 - 0.058
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-=' .
:ª--'-¹ì ª-~,-¹ì .¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·- ¸·,--`
¸'--=' _-'-- --,- T-test ) »·¸ .,-='' ¸· '-´ 2 ( ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, ¸-' ª'--` ª-·',-'' ¸- =-,-- ,,--- --¸`' ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ª, ¸-'-='' =-,'' ª-,-'`= ¸-
) 2.91 , ·( ) ª'`-'' ª-,· -·'- u) (0.000 ) ¸- .·' ª-,· ¸», ( 0.05 ª''- ¸,´- ='--, ( ª,--·'' ª,-¸-'' ¸·¸ »-, ='- _'= -'--, · ¸'='-'' -'=---`'- ª-'·--'' ¸,,'·-'' ¸·,- _'= ',-'-='
.ª',--'' ª,-¸-'' .,-·,
J;-= 2 - ,'--=ì ¿-'-- T-test -- ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,--'·- _¹·-- '- .
---¹ì ª--- T ¸-'~=¹ì =~;¹ì ª¹V-¹ì µ;-~-
¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·- 11.748 - 2.91 0.000
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-=' .
. ~'-~;-¹ì; ¿-'--¹ì 6
1.6 ¿-'--¹ì .
6 . 1 . 1 : ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- »'--»' ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' _'= ª='--'' ª,-,=,'' ¸=',-'' ª--·- ¸· '»-'--=' .`= ¸- ª,¸--'' '»-¸',- -¸'-' ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' -'-',-- »` ·
`,'
','='- ª-,'=-'' ª,-',-'', ª,¸'-`' -'¸-='', -'¸--'' ¸,- ¸,'-'·'' ¸·,- _'' ='- -,·, -·, .-',·¸-''· ·.,,=-'', .--'' -','-= ·--,---'' -'-»`' ¸,-=- _'= ¸-',´'' ·-» -¸--- -'´¸-' ·-» ¸'-,',
-'-='' -'=-,--'' .,'=- .`= ¸-
'-,' ='- --` -·, ·¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸---´ -¸,=`' ª--¸-'' .-=-' -¸'·-'', -'·--`' -'¸' ª´¸'- ¸='-'' ¸· '-´ ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, ¸-'- ª-'·--'' ª,
) »·¸ .,-= 7 `-=', ª-·',-'' ¸- ª,''= -',,---- ',== -· -'¸-='' -'=-', ·ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' ¸,- ¸,,·-- -'´¸-'' »'--»' ¸' ¸,- ¸-'' ( . .ª,-»`' ¸· _',`' --'¸-''
6 . 1 . 2 : ,=,'' »'¸-'`', ·¸,'-'·'' ª·--, ·-'¸-='', ·ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' _'= ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- -'--=' .'+,· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ---=- ¸,,'·-, ¸-'´ -'-`' »,,--, ·¸-
6 . 1 . 3 : , -'·--`' -'¸' ·-',·¸-'' ·.,,=-'', .--'' -','-= ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' :¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- _,-=' ¸-'=,' ¸`' -'- ª·`= -,=,
ª=,-- ='-, ·-'´¸-'' ¸· ¸,'-'·'' '-¸ _'= -¸'·-''
-'¸',--`' ¸= .'+,'= .,-='' ¸· »+=,-=, '+,'' .,-,'' ¸,'-'·'' ª-=¸, ','·'' --'=,'' ª,-,=,''
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 135
,-') ¸- .´ ª-'¸- _- ¸,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- _'= ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'=,`' ¸``'- ¸'·-, '-,· ª-'¸-'' ·-» _-'-- ----' -·, ·-,¸ 2002 ) , ( Jha and Bhattacharyya, 2012 , (
) Morion and Angle, 2006 ·¸,¸=', ¸-,-·'') ª-'¸- _- -'=---`' ¸,,'·- ¸,-=-- ¸'·-, '-,· '+=-'-- ----' '-´ ·( 2010 .(
2.6 ~'='---~Vì .
,'-'·'' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸-,=,'', ¸--,-'' '+-'-' ,,---- -'--¸`' '+·'-»' ¸,-=- ¸· ---·- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸' - '+,· ¸ -'-',- -'-,-=- _'= -'--=`' .`= ¸
¸,- ¸,'-'·'' .--, ·¸,'-'·'' ª,'='-'' -',·¸-'', ·'+,· -¸='-'' --'=,'' ¸= ª,'='-'' -'-`=`' ¸- .´- ª'`---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' , ·ª,-,=,'' »'-·`' .`= ¸- ¸='--=`' -·-'' -'--=' -¸'·-''
.ª,-,=,'' ¸=',-'' ª--·- ¸· -'·--`',
3.6 ~'-~;-¹ì .
1 .,,=-'', .--'' -','-=, ·ª,'='-'' -'-`=`'- ª'`---'' ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'-- _,-=- ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- »'--»' : ¸- ='-' '-' '+-,-=-, ·-¸'·-'', -'·--`' -'¸', ·-',·¸-'', ·
'' ¸,'-'·'' ,-' ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' ¸,-=- _'= ¸-'=,' ¸`' ¸,-'' ¸· ª,-·'--'' '+--'´- ¸- ¸¸·,, -'´¸-'' ·-+' ¸'´'' -'-`' _'= '-'=,' ¸´·-, ¸- .
2 -`' »,,-- -','-= ¸,- .,·--, ·ª,-',-'', ª,¸'-;' -'-'-´'', -'¸-='', ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' -'--´', -'´¸-'' ¸· ª'-'·'' ,,-'' .,'=- : -'' _- --'--, '-- ¸-,=,'' .,»'-'' ¸,,=-' -' .ª='--'' ¸=',
3 -'- ¸,,=-' »»¸,-=-, ·'+- »+-,¸'¸---', »+-'-- ¸'--' ¸-,=,'' »»'-¸ ¸,-=-, »+,'= ª=·'=-'', '+,· ¸,'-'·''- -'´¸-'' »'--»' --',¸ : ª='--'' ','·'' ¸=',-'' »+--,+-, »+ .
4 -,-=-, '--'- '+,· ','-= ¸-, -'´¸-'' ¸· ¸,'-'·'' _- --,= -'·`= -'-- : ª,-',-'', ª,¸'-`' -'-'-´'' ¸= -'-,'·-'' '¸--- ',-,´,' ¸='-'' _--=-'' _- ª-,= ª,='--=' -'·'--, -`- ¸,,´-, ·'+
-'´¸-'' ·-» '+='-=- ¸-'' ª='--'' .
5 '+- »'¸-'`', ·(-'-`' .,»'-'' ·ª·--'' ·»'¸-'`' ·-'¸-='' ·-'¸--'') ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸,,'·-, ¸-' ¸,-=- : .ª-'¸-'' ·-» ¸· -'= '- _- ª--=- '- ª-¸'-- .`= ¸- -'´¸-'' ¸·
6 '+- ¸,'-·, ¸-'' -'´¸-'' '»---·- ¸-'' ¸,,'·-'', ¸-`' _'= -¸·-'', ·¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸-'--- »'--»`' -'´¸-'' ¸· ¸,'-'·'' _'= : ª,¸'-;' »+-'-' -',,--- ¸,-=-, »+-'-'-´, »+-'¸-· ¸,,=-,
-',-'', ','= ª,-,=, ¸¸· _'= »+',-= ª,''--=' --',¸' ª, .
7 ¸-¸`' ¸· ª,,'='' -`'--`' -'´¸- ¸· ¸-,=,'' '-¸'' _'= ¸=¸'='' -'=---`' ¸-'-- ¸`' .,= ª-=` ª-'¸- -'¸=' : .
8 `' ¸-'-- .,= -'-'¸- -'¸=' _'' ª,=,-'' -=,-, ª-'· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸· ª-'¸-'' -,-=- .= ¸· : ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸`' -'-'¸- -'¸=' _'' ª·'-' ·ª-'¸-'' _--=- _'= ¸=¸'='' -'=---
ª,---'' ,=- ª=,-'', ¸-=,'' -'--·`'- -'--¸`', ·-'='=-'' ·-» ¸· ª'-'·'' -'´¸-'' -'-' ,,--- ¸,-=-' ¸-¸`' ¸· -'='=-'' ª,-- _'= .ª-'----''
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) .» ·-,¸ ,-' 2004 .( -- ¸`' ,--- _'= ª,-,-=- ª-'¸- :-',·'', ¸-,=--'' -`,'', ¸-,=,'' -'-`' _'= ª'-'·'' ,,-'' -'=---' ¸-' ª,--¸`' ¸,-'-'' -'´¸- ¸,-'- ¸- . ª,¸'-;' »,'·'' -'-'¸- · 31 ) 2 .(
) .¸ ·¸¸,- 2011 = ·ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' -¸'-' .( 1 . _,¸,-'', ¸--'' ª·'-`'' ¸'- .¸-¸`' :¸'-= ·
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¸ ·¸'-= ) . 2003 ª,¸--'' -¸',-'' -¸'-' .( . _,¸,-'', ¸--'' .-', ¸'- .¸-¸`' :¸'-= ·
-'' --= ) .» ·¸·' 2001 ¸-,=--'' =,'-'' .( . ª,·-'='' ¸'-'' .¸-- :ª,¸--´-`' ·
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_=>-¹ì
J;-= 1 - .ª~ì,-¹ì ª--- ç-'~=
,-·--¹ì ª--¹ì ,ì,--¹ì %
¸-=''
¸´- 158 52.7
_`-' 142 47.3
_,-=-'' 300 100
¸-'·'' .»,-''
.·'· ª,,-'` 73 24.3
»,'-- 134 44.7
¸,,¸,''´- 66 22
','= -'-'¸- 27 9
_,-=-'' 300 100
¸¸+-'' --'¸''
(¸--¸' ¸'-,-)
250 .·'· 68 22.7
250 – 500 92 30.7
501 – 750 74 24.6
¸- ¸`´' 750 66 22
_,-=-'' 300 100
-¸-='' -',--
¸- .·' 3 -',-- 87 29
¸- 3 – 6 -',-- 142 47.3
¸- 7 – 10 -',-- 38 12.7
¸- ¸`´' 10 -',-- 33 11
_,-=-'' 300 100
ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138 137
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-='
J;-= 2 - _'--;,-) ,'--=ì – ('-¹ì .
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.913 26
:¸---'' -='-'' ·-='
J;-= 3 - ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì ¸¹=ì-¹ì Q>-7'- ª-¹·--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
1 . .'+,· ¸=',-'' ¸·,- .,= ª´¸-'' ','='- '+-'-`=' ª´¸-'' ¸¸·- 3.691 1.342
2 . -- ¸'¸---'- ª,'='-'' ¸,,·-'' -'-`=' ª´¸-'' _, . 3.872 1.062
3 . .¸,,-- ¸,- »'-·`' _,-=' ª,'='-'' '+-'-`=' ª´¸-'' .-,-- 4.013 1.116
.-·-'' 3.859 1.173
.=','' ·.=' :¸.==''
J;-= 4 - ,\>l.\l =\,¡_.\\, -s\·.=\l -.,·\l .l_¡l =\,\¡] -,,\=>\l =\==¡.=\l - .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
4 . ª´¸-'' _=,-- ª,=,-,-'' , ,·'´- '+-',·¸- ¸· ¸¸-'' . 3.692 1.378
5 . _-=, »'=- ª,·¸-'' ª´¸-'' ¸· ¸,- ª,--·`' --'-´'', . 3.401 1.170
6 . ª,·¸-'' ª=-', ª== ª´¸-'' ---·- . 3.756 1.395
'' .-·- 3.616 1.314
=='' .=','' ·.=' :¸.
J;-= 5 - J-;=-¹ì; J--¹'- ª-¹·--¹ì ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
7 ´¸-'' »¸-'- .,,=-'', .--'' ª,'-·- ª''-·'' ª . 3.874 1.342
8 -'' »'-·' ¸,- ¸¸',-'' .,,=-'', .--'' ª,'-= ¸'=- .ª´¸ 3.821 1.172
9 .,,=-'', .--'' _'= ª´¸-'' ---·- »+-'¸'+-, ¸,'-'·'' -'¸-= _,,--' . 3.652 1.424
.-·-'' 3.782 1.320
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
J;-= 6 - ~,'·-¹ì; -'--~V'- ª-¹·--¹ì Q--;=--¹ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
10 -¸='-'' --'=,'' _,-¸-'' --= ¸,--'-'' ¸,-=,-'' -'¸'- ª´¸-'' -='- . 4.012 1.260
11 .ª-,=,'' ¸,=-¸-'' -'--'- _'¸-·' ¸,-=,-'' ¸- ª´¸-'' -'=- 3.310 1.374
12 ---·- -¸'·-'', -'·--`' -',-,- ª´¸-'' ¸,,·-'' -','-= ¸· . 3.563 1.145
13 -'' ª´¸-'' _-=- .-¸'·-'', -'·--`' .-· ¸- »+- _-,-'' ¸,=-¸-'' ¸= -'-,'· 3.112 1.413
.-·-'' 3.499 1.298
138 ARAB ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 10 (2015) 130–138
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
J;-= 7 - ¸¹=ì-¹ì ~'=--~Vì ,--'·-; ç~'- ª-¹·--¹ì ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
-·-¹ì ¡,'
14 '+,-' ª,-,=,'' -'¸--'' ¸,- ¸,,·-- ª´¸-'' »-+- 4.410 1.125
15 ª-,=,'' .·-,- ¸-' ª-,=,'' -¸-='' -',-- ª´¸-'' ¸='¸- 4.021 1.091
16 »-+- ¸'='-'' -'=---`' ª,'-= .`= '+,-' ¸,'-'·'' ª·--- ª´¸-'' 3.978 0.989
17 '+,'-'·' ¸-,=,'' .,»'-'' ª´¸-'' _-'-- 3.652 1.327
18 .ª-'='--, ª'-·- .-'·'' »'¸-'' ª´¸-'' ---·- 3.968 0.750
19 .¸'='-'' -'=---`' ¸· -'-`' »,,-- -`'--`' ª´¸-'' ¸='¸- 3.421 1.234
.-·-'' 3.908 1.086
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
J;-= 8 - '- ª-¹·--¹ì ª--·¹ì -ì,-ì ~'-'=7 ª--'~=¹ì ~'=~;--¹ì ¸--=;¹ì _~,¹ .
;-,¹ì -,--¹ì =~;--¹ì
¸-'~=¹ì
~ì,=-Vì
¡,'-·-¹ì
20 ª,-,=,'' -'¸'+-'', -'¸--'' ¸,-=- ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 4.029 1.175
21 .---=-'' --',¸'' »'- .,-· ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.395 1.361
22 -,=,'' »+-'' --',¸ ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, ¸ 3.713 1.247
23 .¸-,=,'' ¸'¸---`' --',¸ ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.581 1.300
24 -'-'' _'= -'--=`' ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.726 1.274
25 .ª,¸·'='' --',¸ ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, 3.837 1.201
26 =,'', ¸-+-'' ¸,=-'' ¸· ¸'='-'' -'=---`' »»'-, .¸-, 3.999 1.094
.-·-'' 3.754 1.231
-='-'' ·-=' :¸---''
doc_610734124.pdf