Description
A significant factor that may play a role in this disparity can be contributed to the fact that women from low income countries often seek an additional means of income to support themselves and their families. Overall, 40 to 50 per cent of all small businesses are owned by women in developing countries.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIRUPUR CITY PROJECT REPORT
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF CHARTS I INTRODUCTION
PARTICULARS
PAGE NO.
1 1 3 3 9 10 12 18
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1.2 PULL-PUSH FACTORS 1.3 PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS 1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY II III REVIEW OF LITERARTURE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
IV V
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 5.2 SUGGESTION 5.3 CONCLUSION BIBILIOGRAPHY APPENDIX
24 64 65 66 67 70 73
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
S.NO
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1 2
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
24 26
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9.A 9.B 10
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION YEARS OF EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS TYPE OF FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS ABOVE 58 YEARS OF AGE NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
11 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS OF THE RESPONDENTS 12 13 FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST 14 15 MARKETING PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR 16 KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST
50 52
53 54
55
S.NO
TITLE
PAGE NO. 56
17
PRODUCTION PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
18 19
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST HEALTH PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
57 58
20 21
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST WORK PLACE FACILITY PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
59 60
22 23
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST WORK FAMILY CONFLICT AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
61 62
24
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST
63
LIST OF CHARTS
LIST OF CHARTS
S.NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION YEARS OF EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS TYPE OF FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
9.A 9.B 10
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS ABOVE 58 YEARS OF AGE NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
43 45 47 49
11
CHAPTER-I
CHAPTER-I
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
Women Entrepreneurship is both about Women pose in society and the role of Women Entrepreneurship in the same society. Women are faced with specific obstacles (such as family responsibilities) that have to be overcome in order to give them access to the same opportunities as men. Also, in some countries, women may experience obstacles with respect to holding property and entering contracts. Increased participation of women in the labour force is a prerequisite for improving the position of women in society and self-employed women. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise; undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and providing effective leadership in all aspects of business.
A DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP The word entrepreneur originates from the French word “entrepreneur” which means “ to undertake”. In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam Webster dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as an organizes, manages and assumes the risk of a business or enterprise. According to Peter Drucker, an “Entrepreneur is one who always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity”. Entrepreneurs innovate and innovation is a specific instrument of entrepreneurship. It creates resources because there is no such thing as a ‘resource’ until the human finds a use for something and endowse it with economic value.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR Women Entrepreneur has been recognized during the last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth. Women Entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and by being different also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems as well as to the exploitation of Women Entrepreneurial opportunities. However, they still represent a minority of all Women Entrepreneurs. Thus there exists a market failure discriminating against Women possibility to become Women Entrepreneurs and their possibility to become successful Women Entrepreneurs. This market failure needs to be addressed by policy makers so that the economic potential of this group can be fully utilized. While without a doubt the economic impact of women is substantial, we still lack a reliable picture describing in detail that specific impact. Women Entrepreneurship has been largely neglected both in society in general and in the social sciences. Not only have women lower participation rates in Women Entrepreneurship than men but they also generally choose to start and manage firms in different industries than men tend to do. The industries (primarily retail, education and other service industries) chosen by women are often perceived as being less important to economic development and growth than high-technology and manufacturing. 1.2 PUSH-PULL FACTORS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Women in business are a recent phenomenon in India. By and large they had confide themselves to petty business and tiny cottage industries. Women entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factors. Which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their on legs. A sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence. Under the influence of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do some thing new. Such situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them. 1.3 PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few problems can be detailed as; 1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal – male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women. 2. The financial institutions are skeptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. The bankers consider women loonies as higher risk than men loonies. The bankers put unrealistic and unreasonable securities to get loan to women entrepreneurs. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), "despite evidence that women's loan repayment rates are higher than men's, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups (UNIDO, 1995b). 3. Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch their ventures - be it a formal bank loan or money from a savings account. Women in developing nations have little access to funds, due to the fact that they are concentrated in poor rural communities with few opportunities to borrow money (Starcher, 1996; UNIDO, 1995a). The women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women entrepreneurs lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few women have the tangible property in hand. 4. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to their business" (Starcher, 1996, p. 8).The financial institutions discourage women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time leave their business and become housewives again. The result is that they are forced to rely on their own savings, and loan from relatives and family friends. 5. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have to make a fine balance between business and home. More over the business success is depends on
the support the family members extended to women in the business process and management. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations. 6. Another argument is that women entrepreneurs have low-level management skills. They have to depend on office staffs and intermediaries, to get things done, especially, the marketing and sales side of business. Here there is more probability for business fallacies like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit. Marketing means mobility and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of which women have been discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Even when they are otherwise in control of an enterprise, they often depend on males of the family in this area. 7. The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women entrepreneurs in the business management process. Despite the fact that women entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service prompt and delivery in time, due to lack of organisational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have to face constraints from competition. The confidence to travel across day and night and even different regions and states are less found in women compared to male entrepreneurs. This shows the low level freedom of expression. 8. Knowledge of alternative source of raw materials availability and high negotiation skills are the basic requirement to run a business. Getting the raw materials from different souse with discount prices is the factor that determines the profit margin. Lack of knowledge of availability of the raw materials and low-level negotiation and bargaining skills are the factors, which affect women entrepreneur's business adventures. 9. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education level of the person are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in India is found at low level compared to male population. Many women in developing nations lack the education needed to spur successful entrepreneurship. They are ignorant of new technologies or unskilled in their use, and often unable to do research and gain the necessary training (UNIDO, 1995b, p.1). Although great advances are being made in technology, many women's illiteracy, strucutural difficulties, and lack of access to technical training prevent the technology from being beneficial or even
available to females ("Women Entrepreneurs in Poorest Countries," 2001). According to The Economist, this lack of knowledge and the continuing treatment of women as second-class citizens keeps them in a pervasive cycle of poverty ("The Female Poverty Trap," 2001). The studies indicates that uneducated women do not have the knowledge of measurement and basic accounting. 10. Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get into business. Low-level education provides low-level self-confidence and self-reliance to the women folk to engage in business, which is continuous risk taking and strategic cession making profession. Investing money, maintaining the operations and ploughing back money for surplus generation requires high risk taking attitude, courage and confidence. Though the risk tolerance ability of the women folk in day-to-day life is high compared to male members, while in business it is found opposite to that.
11. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male members. The low level of education and confidence leads to low level achievement and advancement motivation among women folk to engage in business operations and running a business concern. 12. Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development of women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacity and like similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas. DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken into account for effective development of women entrepreneurs. 1. Consider women as specific target group for all developmental programmes.
2. Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from government part. 3. Adequate training programme on management skills to be provided to women community. 4. Encourage women's participation in decision-making. 5. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to understand the production process and production management. 6. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops. 7. Training on professional competence & leadership skill to be extended to women entrepreneurs. 8. Training and counseling on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs to remove psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear of success. 9. Counseling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs. 10. Continuous monitoring and improvement of training programmes. 11. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and profitability. 12. Making provision of marketing and sales assistance from government part. 13. To encourage more passive women entrepreneurs the Women training programme should be organised that taught to recognize her own psychological needs and express them.
14. State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs. 15. Women's development corporations have to gain access to open-ended financing. 16. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures. 17. Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at local level. 18. Repeated gender sensitization programmes should be held to train financiers to treat women with dignity and respect as persons in their own right. 19. Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries is to be provided by state run agencies. 20. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and sale of products made by women. 21. A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell set up to handle the various problems of women entrepreneurs all over the state. 22. District Industries Centres and Single Window Agencies should make use of assisting women in their trade and business guidance. 23. Programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship among women are to be extended at local level. 24. Training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through welldesigned courses, which build confidence through behavioral games.
25. More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in small scale and large-scale business ventures. 26. Involvement of Non Governmental Organizations in women entrepreneurial training programmes and counseling.
1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY Entrepreneurship amongst women is a relatively recent Phenomenon, which is gradually changing with the growing sensitivity of the roles, responsibilities and Economic status of women in the society in general and family in particular. For women entrepreneurs, starting and operating a business involves considerable risks and difficulties, because in the Indian social Environment women has always lived as subordinate to men the government of India, increase in the education levels of women and increased social awareness in respect of the role Women plays in the society. It is also a fact that more and more women are getting into the domain of entrepreneurial activities. The efforts of Government of India through various welfare organizations, nonGovernmental agencies, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and hosts of other agencies have started looking after and helping the efforts of women entrepreneurs. Industries being labour intensive, have high potential in employment generation. Thus they serve as an antidote to the widespread problems of disguised unemployment or underemployment stalking the urban and
rural territory. It helps for the growth of cities, reduces growth of slums, social tensions and atmospheric population.
This study discuss about the problems faced by the women entrepreneurs and the opportunities that is favor for them to run the business successfully and play role in the society.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To study the challenges and opportunities faced by women women entrepreneurs in running their business. 2. To ascertain the financial, marketing and production constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in their business. 3. To assess the health status and work place facilities of women entrepreneurs. 4. To ascertain the work-family conflicts faced by women entrepreneurs; 5. To suggest different remedial measures to help and accelerate women entrepreneurs to run their business successful.
CHAPTER-II
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Pooja Nayyar and et al(2007) conducted a study on hundred women entrepreneurs selected through random and snowball sampling technique from four zones of Himachal Pradesh. Nursing homes, boutiques, handloom units, beauty parlours carpet making units and
general stores were the enterprises selected for study. The objectives of the endeavour were to ascertain the financial, marketing and production constraints faced by women in their enterprises; assessment of their health status, work place facilities and to develop guidelines for becoming a successful entrepreneur. Poor location of unit, tough competition from larger and established units, lack of transport facility, lack of rest and sleep and non-availability of raw material were the significant problems faced by entrepreneurs. The factors causable to these problems were; difficulty in affording own vehicle, not being popular, heavy schedule of work and long working hours. Common entrepreneurial problems can be dealt by formulating self help mutually aided groups. Support mechanism such as institutional credit need to be strengthened to keep entrepreneurs aware about loaning schemes/credit facilities for further expansion. Dr Rajeev Singh & Mr. Pramod Nagaich(2011) made the analyses to identify the major problems of women entrepreneurs in Jabalpur city with the objectives of analyzing the various problems faced by them. For women entrepreneurs," starting and operating a business involves considerable risks and difficulties regarding obtaining lines on credit, problems in marketing management, production, advertising and packaging and other socio-personal, managerial, technical, Raw-material, Inventory, Financial and governmental assistance problems. By suggesting the remedial measure which will help in the acceleration of women entrepreneurship in the city.
Dr.G. Jayammal(2005) conducted the research study to analyse the problems of women entrepreneurs with special reference to some selected units in Coimbatore District of the state of Tamil Nadu .The main objective of the study has been to understand the socioeconomic back-ground of women entrepreneurs, and their problems in running their enterprises efficiently and profitably. All most all the women entrepreneurs irrespective of their education ,age, married and the unmarried, caste, religion, type of organizations, ownership type, experience, amount of capital investment , fixed assets have ranked the problem of finance as first in order
followed by the problem relating to sales, competition from other sellers, purchase of raw materials, technical problems and labour related problems. Dr. D.K.Maheswar and et al() conduct the study to ascertain the factors in the emergence of women entrepreneurs’ further study highlighted the major constraint and challenges faced by women entrepreneur and opportunity available to them. At the end the paper makes some suggestions for increase or promotion of women entrepreneurs and healthy growth of women entrepreneurs in India. Women entrepreneurs need to be lauded for their increased utilization of modern technology, increased investments, finding a niche in the export market, creating a sizable employment for others and setting the trend for other women entrepreneurs in the organized sector. Indian women business owners are changing the face of businesses of today, both literally and figuratively. The dynamic growth and all indications are that it will continue unabated. For more than a decade, the number of women-owned businesses has grown at one-and-a-half to two times the rate of all businesses. Even more important, the expansion in revenues and employment has far exceeded the growth in numbers. Tulus Tambunan(2009) has been made the study with aims to examine recent developments of women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries. This issue is currently very important since it is part of ongoing national efforts to alleviate poverty in developing countries in relation to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Greater opportunities for women to become entrepreneurs (or to have better income paid jobs) will help much in poverty reduction. .Methodologically, this study is based on data analysis and a review of recent key literature. This paper focuses only on women entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises. The findings of this study show three main important facts. First, SMEs are of overwhelming importance in the region, as they account, on average per country, for more than 95 percent of all firms in all sectors. Second, the representation of women entrepreneurs is still relatively low which can be attributed to factors such as low level of education, lack of capital, and cultural or religious constraints. Third, most of women entrepreneurs in SMEs are from the category of “forced” entrepreneurs seeking for better family incomes. This suggests that when women are better educated and have better paid employment opportunities increase for women, the participation of women as entrepreneurs in SMEs may decline.
Dr Rana Zehra Masood(2011) made the analyses to concept of women entrepreneurs in india; their traits in the business, the problems faced by them when they setup and make some suggestions for future prospects for the development of women entrepreneurs. In the era of liberalization, privatization and globalization along with ongoing IT revolution, today’s world is changing at asurprising pace. Political and economic transformations appear to be taking place everywhere as countries convert from command to demand economies, dictatorships moves toward democratic system and monarchies build new civil institutions. These changes have created economic opportunities for women who want to own and operate businesses. Dr N. Vasugi(2007) had conducted the study which deals with garments marketing and management. Fashion and garment industries is looked at as an industry of future. It also dealt with the development of women entrepreneurs and their association on different garment manufacturing activities and emerging possible opportunities in the cosmetic and global markets. Kishor N. Choudhary and Dr. Arvind P.Rayalwar(2011) intends to highlight some issues with reference to the strategic challenges and opportunities from a gender focus to analyze the prospects of rural small and medium entrepreneurship for women. Women entrepreneurs have been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy in India, However, it is potentially empowering and liberating only if it provides women an opportunity to improve their well-being and enhance their capabilities. On the other hand, if it is driven by distress and is low public support than it may only increase a womens drudgery. The small and medium enterprises led by women experiencing some major challenges and constraints.
R.Ganesan And Et Al(2002) holds strong particularly when such a strategy is being tried on women. In the present context many of the theories dealing with entrepreneurship has seen a divergence from practice. It is seen that many entrepreneurs are motivated on their own to start their own enterprises. Many of these entrepreneurs actually do not receive any structured entrepreneurial input. They learn the same through trial and error. Keeping these views on
entrepreneurship, this article deals with the problems, which these self-motivated women entrepreneurs con front, and then highlights the prospects and the future challenges. The article establishes the role entrepreneurial training can play in making the ventures initiated by these self-motivated women self-sustaining. The article identifies the concern areas of these women who are in business and also proposes what kind of entrepreneurial training would be ideal. The authors feel that when more women initiate businesses without such formal training, one should prob ably then start investing resources into making them stand on their own. The article has also identified certain special factors and problems women in business generally confront and the gendered root of such problems. The suggestion is that these problems could be taken care of through investing in building network and alliances. Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi and et al (2010) Today’s world is changing at a startling pace. Political and economic transformations seem to be occurring everywhere—as countries convert from command to demand economies, dictatorships move toward democracy, and monarchies build new civil institutions. These changes have created economic opportunities for women who want to own and operate businesses. Today, women in advanced market economies own more than 25% of all businesses and women-owned businesses in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America are growing rapidly. This paper focuses on woman entrepreneur. Any understanding of woman in global scene and especially in India, also the paper talks about the status of woman entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them when they set up and managed their own businesses in the competitive world of business environment. Sujata Kumari and et al (2010) The study was undertaken with an objective to study the problems of rural women entrepreneurs. It was conducted in the rural areas of Rajasthan with 60 rural women of whom half were engaged in entrepreneurial activity and half were not. Interview method was used to collect data from women. Information on the entrepreneurial problems was gathered and analyzed. The results of the study indicate lack of supportive network, financial and marketing problems were the major problem areas for rural women entrepreneurs and major demotivator for other women to initiate entrepreneurial activity. Yang (2004) explained that there are three stages of economic development of women. Stage 1: As family workers without wages, Stage 2: As the wife of the boss, Stage 3: As independent business owners. The availability of Internet at home in Asia has increased very
recently due to reduction in prices. Earlier it was not affordable for many household to have internet connection. In rural areas it is not available at all and in urban areas, where it is available, it is still treated as luxury. 1 means that for the first stage of economic Development of women, it was not available. For the second stage, certainly it is available but not many women are working in some of the Asian countries. At the third level, it is picking up as many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are adopting ICT for better decision making and reaching globally. (Yang, J. (2004). Free and Young- Programs for women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship and ICT World Knowledge Forum, 2004, Seoul Korea.) Dr.N.V.Kavitha And Dr .P.Sai Rani (2011) makes an attempt to study the opportunities and financial challenges of women entrepreneurs in Andhra Pradesh with an objective to ascertain the financial and marketing constraints faced by women in their enterprise .The Scope of study is restricted to few districts in Andhra Pradesh and small business units. The study was carried on 100 women enterprises with the help of structured questionnaires and efforts were made to cover all districts of Andhra Pradesh, with respect to small scale units with the help of data available from ALEAP,(Association of lady entrepreneurs in Andhra Pradesh) and FAPCCI (Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry)and at some places snow ball sampling was also adopted. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and they being tabulated taking educational qualification of the respondents, turnover of the enterprise, year of establishment, and age of the respondents as variables.
CHAPTER-III
CHAPTER-III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION Research is the process of gathering and analysis of critical and relevant facts about any. It is a way to systematically solve the search problem. The research is the process of “defining and redefining problems formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making declarations and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing to determine whether they fit the hypothesis” by Clifferd Woody. The researcher also need to understand the assumptions underlying the various techniques and procedures will be applicable to certain problems and others will not. The advanced dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as “A careful investigation or enquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevant to the research purpose with economy in procedure. The researcher has adopted Descriptive research design. Since, it describes the state of affairs as it exists at present. SAMPLE SIZE A sample of 100 respondents was taken for the study. Sample size refers to the number of respondents selected from the geographical area to constitute sample SAMPLING UNIT: Geographical Area : TIRUPUR
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The researcher had adopted the non-probability convenient sampling technique. According to Dr Yates, “There is no possibility of equal chance for the samples of all parent population”.
DATA COLLECTION Data collection means the assembling for the purpose of particular investigation of entirely new data, presumably not already available in published sources. The researcher should keep in mind two types of data 1) Primary data 2) Secondary data 1) PRIMARY DATA The primary data are those, which collected fresh for the first time and this to be original in character. The primary data collected from the respondents through questionnaire. 2) SECONDARY DATA The researcher collected the secondary data from Journals, Articles, Books, Websites, etc. PERIOD OF THE STUDY The period of the study was about 45 days. TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS The statistical tools used in this study are simple Percentage of respondents analysis, kruskal Wallis analysis and Likert scale analysis.
A. SIMPLE PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS ANALYSIS Simple Percentage of respondents has been used to compare the relationship between distributions of two or more items. In this study the Percentage of respondents analysis is used to assess the socio economic profile of the consumers of Public Distribution System in Madurai.
B. KRUSKAL WALLIS TEST (H TEST): H test is used to test the null hypothesis that ‘k’ independent random samples come from identical universes against the alternative hypothesis that the means of these universes are not equal g _ _ i=1 K = (N-1) _______________ g g _ _ ? ? (ri – r )2 i=1 j=1 Where ni is the number of observations in group i rij is the rank of observation j in group i N is the total number of observations across all groups g ? rij _ r = j=1 _____ ni _ r = ½ (N+1) is the average of all the rij
? ni (ri – r )2
Chi-square with k-1 (number of groups – 1) degrees of freedom can be used to approximate the significance level for the test. If null hypothesis is true then there is no difference between the sample means and each sample has at least five items, then the sampling distribution of H can be approximated with a chi-square distribution with (k-1) degrees of freedom. As such we can reject the null hypothesis at a given level of significance if H value calculated, as stated above, exceeds the concerned table value of chi-square.
C. LIKERT SCALE ANALYSIS A Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale, or more accurately the Likert-type scale, even though the two are not synonymous. The scale is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert. Likert distinguished between a scale proper, which emerges from collective responses to a set of items (usually eight or more), and the format in which responses are scored along a range. Technically speaking, a Likert scale refers only to the former. The difference between these two concepts has to do with the distinction Likert made between the underlying phenomenon being investigated and the means of capturing variation that points to the underlying phenomenon. When responding to a Likert questionnaire item, respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements. Thus, the range captures the intensity of their feelings for a given item, while the results of analysis of multiple items (if the items are developed appropriately) reveals a pattern that has scaled properties of the kind Likert identified.
The format of a typical five-level Likert item is: 1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive or negative response to a statement. Sometimes a four-point scale is used; this is a "forced choice" method since the middle option of "Neither agree nor disagree" is not available.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The following are the limitations of the study. They are as follows; 1. The study is restricted to the Tirupur only. 2. Time and cost constraints are the other important factors. 3. Chances of personal bias while responding to the questionnaire especially for the data such as family income, educational qualification, etc.
CHAPTER-IV
CHAPTER-IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE NO: 1 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS Age No of respondents Percentage of respondents 21-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years Above51 years Total 29 44 24 3 100 29 44 24 3 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 29 percent of the respondents belong to the age group of 21-30 years, 44 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 31-40 years, 24 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 41-50 years and 3 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of above 51 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (73 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are between the age group of 21-40 years.
CHART NO: 1
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 2
MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
Marital status
No of respondents
Percentage of respondents
Single Married Widow Divorce/Separated Total
23 67 1 9 100
23 67 1 9 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 23 percent of the respondents are unmarried, 67 percent of the respondents are married, 1 percent of the respondents are widow and 9 percent of the respondents are divorce/separated. INFERENCE: Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are get married.
CHART NO: 2 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION Age No of Respondents Percentage of respondents SSLC HSC UG DEGREE PG DEGREE Total 24 11 57 8 100 24 11 57 8 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 29 percent of the respondents belong to the age group of 21-30 years, 44 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 31-40 years, 24 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 41-50 years and 3 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of above 51 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were finished their UG Degree.
CHART NO: 3
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 4
YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION Percentage of respondents 6 7 33 42 12 100
Years Before 1996 1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2008 Above 2009 Total
No. of Organizations 6 7 33 42 12 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 6 percent of the women entrepreneurs started their business organizations before 1996, 7 percent of the business organizations were started between 1997-2000, 33 percent of the business organizations were started between 2001-2004, 42 percent of the business organizations were started between 2005-2008 and 12 percent of the business organizations were started after 2009.
INFERENCE: Majority (75 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were started their business organization between the years of 2001-2008.
CHART NO: 4 YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONS
TABLE NO: 5 YEARS OF EXPERIANCE OF THE RESPONDENTS Years No of respondents Percentage of respondents Upto 1 year 2-5 years 6-8 years 9-12 years Above 12 years Total 1 48 31 8 12 100 1 48 31 8 12 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011
INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 1 percent of the respondents having the experience of below 1 year, 48 percent of the respondents experience of 2-5 years, 31 percent of the respondents having the experience of 6-8 years, 8 percent of the respondents are having the experience of 9-12 years and 12 percent of the respondents are having above 12 years of experience. INFERENCE: Majority (48 percent) of the women entrepreneurs having the experience between 2 to 5 years.
CHART NO: 5 YEARS OF EXPERIANCE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 6 TYPE OF FAMILY Family Type No of respondents Percentage of respondents Nuclear Joint Family Total 71 29 100 71 29 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011
INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that 71 percent of the respondents are from nuclear family and 29 percent of the respondents from joint family. INFERENCE: Majority (71 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were from the nuclear family type.
CHART NO: 6 FAMILY TYPE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 7 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS Religion No of Respondents Percentage of respondents Hindu Muslim Christian Others Total 88 5 5 2 100 88 5 5 2 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTREPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 88 percent of the respondents belong to Hindu, 5 percent of the respondents belong to Muslim, 5 percent of the respondents belongs to Christian and 2 percent of the respondents belongs to the other religion. INFERENCE: Majority (88 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are from the Hindu religion.
CHART NO: 7 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 8 CASTE
Caste
No of Respondents
Percentage of respondents
BC MBC SC/ST FC OTHERS Total
20 54 14 4 8 100
20 54 14 4 8 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTREPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 20 percent of the respondents belong to BC, 54 percent of the respondents belong to MBC, 14 percent of the respondents belong to SC/ST, 4 percent of the respondents belong to the FC, and 8 percent of the respondents belong to other caste. INFERENCE: Majority (54 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are belong to the MBC caste.
CHART NO: 8
CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 9
TOTAL NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY Number Of Dependent 1 2 3 4 Total 2 35 57 6 100 No of Respondents Percentage of respondents 2 35 57 6 100
Source: estimates based on the field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table shoes that, 2 percent of the respondent family has only 1 dependent, 35 percent of the respondent family has 2 dependents, 57 percent of the respondent family has 3 dependents and 6 percent of the respondent family has 4 dependents in their family. INFERENCE: Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having the three numbers of dependents in their family.
CHART NO: 9 TOTAL NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY
TABLE NO: 9.A NO OF DEPENDENTS ABOVE 58 YEARS No Of Dependent above 58 Years 1 2 Total No of respondents 20 12 100 Percentage of respondents 62.5 37.5 100.0
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011
INTERPRETATION: The above table shoes that, 62.5 percent of the respondent family has only 1dependent above 58 years of age and 37.5 percent of the respondent family has 2 dependents in their family with above 58 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (62.5 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with above 58 years of age.
CHART NO: 9.A NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS WITH ABOVE 58 YEARS OF AGE
TABLE NO: 9.B NO OF DEPENDENTS WITH BELOW 18 YEARSOF AGE No Of Dependent Below 18 Years 1 2 Total No of Respondents 37 16 100 Percentage of respondents 69.8 30.2 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table shoes that, 69.8 percent of the respondent family has only 1dependent below 18 years of age and 30.2 percent of the respondent family has 2 dependents in their family with above 1s8 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (69.8 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with below 18 years of age.
CHART NO: 9.B NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS WITH BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE
TABLE NO: 10 MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS Monthly Income No of Respondents Percentage of respondents Below 6000 6001-12000 12001-18000 18001-24000 Above 24001 Total 22 41 28 5 4 100 22 41 28 5 4 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 22 percent of the respondent having the monthly income of below 6000, 41 percent of the respondent having the monthly income between 6001-12000, 28 percent of the respondent having the monthly income between 12001-18000, 5 percent of the respondent having the monthly income between 18001-24000, and 4 percent of the respondent having the monthly income of above 24001. INFERENCE: Majority (69 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are having their monthly income between Rs 6001-18000.
CHART NO: 10 MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 11 FAMILY INCOME Family Income No of Respondents Percentage of respondents Below 15000 15001-25000 25001-35000 35001-45000 Above 45001 Total 8 39 28 18 7 100 8 39 28 18 7 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 8 percent of the respondent having the family income of below 15000, 39 percent of the respondent having the family income between 15001-25000, 28 percent of the respondent having the family income between 25001-35000, 18 percent of the respondent having the family income between 35001-45000, and 7 percent of the respondent having the family income of above 45001. INFERENCE: Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having their family income
between Rs 15001-35000.
CHART NO: 11 FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 12 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS - SCORES OBTAINED PUSH FACTORS CODE I 1 2 3 4 II 1 2 3 4 5 FACTORS Push factors Death Of Bread Winner Sudden Fall In Family Income Permanent Inadequacy In Income Of The Family To Improve Standard Of Living Pull factors Women’s Desire To Evaluate Their Talent To Utilize Their Free Time And Education Need And Perception Of Women’s Liberation, Equity, Etc To Gain Recognition, Importance And Social Status To Get Economic Independence 54.7 38.4 36.7 34.0 24.5 1 2 3 4 5 SCORE 22.6 32.6 24.4 47.8 RANK 4 2 3 1
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The push factors which motivated women to undertake job were ‘to improve standard of living’, ‘sudden fall in family income’, ‘permanent inadequacy in income of the family’ and
‘death of bread winner’. The scores assigned for these factors were 47.8 points, 32.6 points, 24.4 points and 22.6 points respectively. The pull factors which motivated women to undertake job were ‘women’s desire to evaluate their talent’, ‘to utilize their free time and education’, ‘need and perception of women’s liberation, equity, etc’, ‘to gain recognition, importance and social status’ and ‘to get economic independence’. The scores assigned for these factors were 54.7 points, 38.4 points, 36.7 points, 34 points and 24.5 points respectively.
TABLE NO: 13 Financial Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs Financial Problems And Factors Non availability Of Long Term Finance Regular And Frequent Need Of Working Capital Long Procedure To Avail Financial Help High Cost Of Living 3.25 3.05 3.15 3.25 3.45 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.7 4.95 Garment sector 3.95 Beauty parlour 3.85 Depart mental stores 4.05 Fashion Designing 4.0 Checkin g center 3.95
Too Many Dependents Mean Score
4.3 4.02
4.3 3.94
4.25 4.03
4.25 4.0
4.35 4.1
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 4.02 for garment sector, 3.94 for beauty parlour, 4.03 for departmental stores, 4 for fashion designing and 4.1 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the dependents in their family (score above 4.2 points) and long procedure to avail financial help
(score above 3.7 points). Non availability of long term finance was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of departmental store and Fashion Designing (score above 4 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 14 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .232 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 15 Marketing Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Marketing Problems And Factors Lack Of Demand In Local Market Tough Competition From Larger And Established Units Poor Location Of Shop Lack Of Transport Facility Lack Of Marketing Center Inadequate Bus Facility Difficulty In Affording Own Vehicle Not Being Popular Mean Score 4.5 4.5 3.1 3.45 2.95 3.25 4.2 3.7125 4.35 4.15 3.35 3.0 2.8 3.5 4.2 3.6 4.4 4.65 3.15 3.45 2.9 3.2 4.45 3.7813 4.45 4.1 3.05 3.25 2.9 3.8 4.15 3.669 4.5 4.5 3.35 3.4 2.75 3.3 4.3 3.725 Garment Sector 3.75 Beauty Parlour 3.45 Departm ental Stores 4.05 Fashion Designing 3.65 Checking Center 3.7
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 3.7125 for garment sector, 3.6 for beauty parlour, 3.7813 for departmental stores, 3.669 for Fashion Designing and 3.725 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the tough competition from the larger and established units (score above 4.35 points) and poor
location of shop (score above 4.1 points) and difficulty in affording own vehicle (score above 3.2 points). Inadequate bus facility was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of beauty parlour and checking center (score above 2.75 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 16 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .440 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 17
Production Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Production Problems And Factors Non Availability Of Raw Materials Non Availability Of Machine Or Equipment Training Facility Repairing Facility Non Availability Of Labour Non Availability Of Shop/Place Workers Shirk Work High Cost Of Required Machine Or Equipment Overcrowded Area Non Availability Of Persons For Machine Repair Mean Score 3.2 2.45 3.38 3.15 2.6 3.46 3.15 2.4 3.435 3.1 2.6 3.475 3.05 2.5 3.4 3.8 2.85 2.4 4.5 3.45 2.5 4.8 3.6 2.8 2.95 4.7 4.15 2.95 4.1 4.0 2.95 2.45 4.55 3.65 2.45 4.65 3.9 3.05 2.65 4.7 4.1 2.8 4.0 3.65 2.7 3.0 4.65 3.6 2.75 4.15 Garment Beauty Sector 3.85 Parlour 3.6 Depart mental Stores 4.1 Fashion Designing 3.85 Checking Center 3.95
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 3.38 for garment sector, 3.46 for beauty parlour, 3.435 for departmental stores, 3.475 for Fashion Designing and 3.4 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the non availability of labour (score above 4.5 points) and high cost of required machines and equipments (score above 4.0 points) and non availability of shop/place and non availability of
raw materials (score above 3.6 points). Non availability of persons for machine repair was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector and departmental store (score above 2.4 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 18 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .316 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 19 Health Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs:
Health Problems And Factors Back Ache Eye-Strain Tension Fatigue Problems Of Joints Respiratory Problems Head Ache Body Ache Blood Pressure Gastric Trouble Lack Of Rest And Sleep Heavy Schedule Uncomfortable Working Posture Mean Score
Garment Sector 4.2 3.15 3.85 2.9 4.2 2.0 4.4 4.1 2.3 1.7 4.4 5.0 3.95 3.55
Beauty Parlour 3.8 3.5 3.85 3.15 3.95 2.75 4.25 3.8 2.7 2.2 4.7 4.5 3.5 3.5885
Depart mental Stores 4.2 3.25 3.85 2.85 4.15 2.15 4.1 4.15 2.1 1.5 4.75 4.95 2.9 3.4538
Fashion Designing 3.9 3.3 3.9 2.7 4.1 2.45 4.35 3.9 2.85 2.05 4.6 4.5 4.2 3.6
Checking Center 3.7 2.95 3.75 2.95 3.75 2.75 4.2 3.75 2.25 2.05 4.75 4.55 3.9 3.4846
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 3.55 for garment sector, 3.5885 for beauty parlour, 3.4538 for departmental stores, 3.6 for Fashion Designing and 3.4846 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on head ache (score above 4.1 points) and heavy schedule of work (score above 4.5 points) and lack of rest and sleep (score above 4.4 points). Gastric trouble was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector departmental store (score above 1.5 points).
To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 20 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .458 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 21 Work Place Facility Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Work Place Facility Problems And Factors Space Garment Sector 3.15 Beauty Parlour 4.15 Depart mental Stores 3.25 Fashion Designing 3.65 Checking Center 3.4
Natural Light Artificial Light Ventilation Water Lack Of Sufficient Area For Business Air Pollution Water Storage Less Entrance For Natural Light Mean Score
2.8 2.35 3.0 2.3 4.55 3.35 2.9 1.85 2.9167
3.05 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.4 3.4 3.05 2.55 3.3111
2.65 2.3 2.75 2.45 4.65 1.65 2.85 1.7 2.6944
3.1 2.55 3.05 3.05 4.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.133
3.1 2.55 2.85 3.25 4.35 2.85 2.8 2.25 3.0444
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 2.9167 for garment sector, 3.3111 for beauty parlour, 2.6944 for departmental stores, 3.133 for Fashion Designing and 3.0444 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the lack of sufficient area for business (score above 4.3 points) and space (score above 3.15 points). Less entrance for natural light was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector and departmental store (score above 1.7 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 22 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value 5.264 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 23 Work Family Conflict and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Work Family Conflict And Factors Dual Responsibility Incapability To Attend To Domestic Work Time For Education Of Children 4.7 4.65 4.5 4.45 4.4 Garment Sector 4.7 4.65 Beauty Parlour 4.8 4.5 Depart mental Stores 4.75 4.45 Fashion Designing 4.65 4.4 Checking Center 4.7 4.8
High Responsibility To Spend More Time For The Family Mean Score
4.95 4.65
4.7 4.55
4.8 4.4
4.7 4.6
4.75 4.7
4.73
4.64
4.58
4.56
4.67
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 4.73 for garment sector, 4.64 for beauty parlour, 4.58 for departmental stores, 4.56 for Fashion Designing and 4.67 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the dual responsibility of the women entrepreneurs (score above 4.65 points) and time for education of children (score above 4.4 points). To spend more time for the family was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector and departmental store (score above 4.4 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 24 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors
H Value 3.672
Degrees Of Freedom 4
Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488
Inference Accept Ho
The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job.
CHAPTER-V
CHAPTER-V
5.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ? Majority (73 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are between the age group of 21-40 years. ? Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are get married. ? Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were finished their UG Degree.
? Majority (75 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were started their business organization between the years of 2001-2008. ? Majority (48 percent) of the women entrepreneurs having the experience between 2 to 5 years. ? Majority (71 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were from the nuclear family type. ? Majority (88 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are from the Hindu religion. ? Majority (54 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are belong to the MBC caste. ? Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having the three numbers of dependents in their family. ? Majority (62.5 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with above 58 years of age. ? Majority (69.8 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with below 18 years of age. ? Majority (69 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are having their monthly income between Rs 6001-18000. ? Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having their family income between Rs 15001-35000. 5.2 SUGGESTIONS (1) The women an entrepreneur have felt necessity of, “proper sheds and plots", financial subsidies and "availability of raw materials and adequate and proper transport facilities etc. It is assumed that these factors are needed to be considered mostly by the government and funding agencies for various purposes. (2) There are many problems in relation to guidance as stated by the women entrepreneurs. The concentration of marketing problems and production problems were found to be of serious nature, which may also be rectified by using the parameters associated to this study.
(3) Women entrepreneurs have also communicated several financial problems in relation to price-fluctuations, non-availability of loan and funds and their release in time. Attention of the government as well as the voluntary organizations should be drawn in rectifying these problems by making liberal assistance and gearing up the various facilities for enhancement of the status of enterprises. (4) Finally on the basis of the study, several problems were faced with government assistance, which involves proper policy to help small entrepreneurs, red-tapism, non availability of guidance and advisory service in time, etc. (5) Obviously, these factors need to be considered in re-framing and re-organizing Entrepreneurial Development Programmes (EDPs) in the country, which will not only benefit the entrepreneurs but will be in the largest interest of the region and country, in achieving higher productivity and prosperity. The women should learn to analyze the different and small factors in business field like how to get raw materials of good quality at a cheap rate, how to negotiate and what are the discount facilities available. They should not allow anybody to cheat them in anyway, for being women. The women should not take emotional feelings in business. They should prove that they possess high management skills and courage, ready to take risk and ability to solve problems. The women entrepreneurs may have to leave the family and make business tours. They may have to travel alone or with others, stay in a new place. The family should not put any restriction and help them to look after the family in their absence. The women should not lose hope if they face failure, in spite of taking many efforts. They should not give up even if the loss is more. They should try to come up successfully again. 5.3 CONCLUSION This research work is a rewarding exercise to the researcher to gain more knowledge on the role of women entrepreneurs. It is concluded that most of the women entrepreneurs are facing the constraints in aspects of financial, marketing, production, health, work place facility problems and work family conflicts. All most all the women entrepreneurs are irrespective of their education ,age, marital status, caste, religion, type of organizations, ownership type, experience, amount of capital investment in their business. The major problems faced by women entrepreneurs are
Financial Problems: Finance is a most important aspect of any business. Non-availability of long-term finance, regular and frequent need of working capital and long procedure to avail financial help were found to be the financial problems faced by respondents based on the multiple responses given by them Non availability of long-term finance was found to be a problem faced by women entrepreneurs. Marketing Problems: During the process of marketing of products women entrepreneurs faced certain problems viz. poor location of shop, lack of transport facility and tough competition from larger and established units. There was a significant difference in the problems faced by entrepreneurs. Difficulty in affording own vehicle was a major factor causing marketing problem. Production Problems: Production problems faced by maximum respondents were non availability of raw material. Non-availability of raw material was one of the reasons to the slow growth of women entrepreneurs. Other production problems were non-availability of machine or equipment, lack of training facility and non availability of labour. Major causable factors leading to production problems were high cost of required machine or equipment. Health Problems: Major health problems faced by women entrepreneurs were tension, backache, eyestrain fatigue and headache by most of the respondents respectively. Women respondents faced the problem of feeling fatigued after returning home. Causable factors were lack of rest and sleep and heavy schedule. Work Place Problems: The work place facility problems faced were viz. inadequate work place for water, less entrance for natural light and improper space for work. Women entrepreneurs faced the problem of lack of proper places. Work place problems were faced by maximum respondents. Causable factors were water shortage, less entrance for natural light and lack of sufficient area for business.
Major problems faced by women entrepreneurs were poor location of unit, tough competition from larger and established units because in all the enterprises work was done manually so it was very tough to compete with those enterprises in which electrical equipments and big machineries were used. Other problems were lack of transport facility, lack of time for household work, non-availability of raw material, heavy schedule and lack of time for rest and sleep leading to mental tension and fatigue. The factors causable to these problems were difficulty in affording own vehicle, product not being popular, heavy schedule of work and long job hours. For effective sustainable development and technology transfer for women entrepreneurs proper training based on scientific inputs, Suitable product ideas, product identification, market survey, project formulation and necessary approvals from the government at the right time with less legal formalities, soft recovery rules are of utmost importance. Finance should be made available to women entrepreneurs at a reduced rate of interest. Collateral security should be done away with in the case of women applicant of small-scale industry. Margin money for women entrepreneurs should not be more than ten percent. The procedures and formalities of bank should be simplified and the required documents should be minimized. Moreover all the documents shall be in the regional language. At the district level, a separate women’s organization can be formed so as to help women entrepreneurs in fulfilling their requirements of financial assistance, marketing aid, obtaining subsides, concessions, technical know-how, raw material assistance, conduct of market surveys to asses the feasibility counseling, follow up guidance etc..
The women are expected to spend more time for the family and more responsibilities are thrust on them so that they cannot even think of doing any business. The family members should understand them and give way for continuing their efforts for becoming and being a woman entrepreneur. The family members may hesitate to invest money in business started by woman or permit to avail bank loan. Sometimes, all the property may be in the name of male persons and they may not be ready to put security for availing a bank loan. Woman should find a solution for
the opposition in the family for doing a business and try to get full moral and financial support from them. The women should not be treated as supplementary income providers.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
BIBILIOGRAPHY
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIRUPUR CITY. 1. Name of the Organization: 2. Personal Information: A) Name: B) Age: C) Marital Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Widow
( ) Divorce/Separated D) Education: E) Year of Establishment: F) Years of Experience: G) Type of the Family: ( ) Nuclear H) Religion: I) Caste: J) Family Background: S.No Name Relation Ship Sex Age (Years) Education Completed Doing OccuPation Monthly Income (Rs) ( ) Hindu ( ) Joint Family ( ) Muslim ( ) Christian ( ) Others
( ) BC ( ) MBC ( ) SC/ST ( )FC ( )Others
3. Motivational Factors to Take Up a Job: 1) Push Factors Code 1 2 Factors Death Of Bread Winner Sudden Fall In Family Income Permanent Inadequacy In 3 Income Of The Family To Improve Standard Of 4 Living Rank
Others(Specify) 5
2) Pull Factors Code 1 Factors Women’s Desire To Evaluate Their Talent 2 To Utilize Their Fue Time And Education 3 Need And Perception Of Women’s Liberation, Equity,Etc 4 To Gain Recognition, Importance And Social Status To Get Economic 5 Independence Others (Specify) 6 Rank
4. Financial Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: SA- Strongly Agree A-Agree AVG-Average SDA-Strongly Disagree DA-Disagree
S.No I 1 2
Problems And Factors Problems Availability Of Long Term Finance Regular And Frequent Need Of Working Capital
SA
A
AVG
DA
SDA
3 II 1 2
Long Procedure To Avail Financial Help Factors High Cost Of Living Too Many Dependents To Support
5. Marketing Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 Problems And Factors Problems Lack Of Demand In Local Market Tough Competition From Larger And Established Units 3 4 5 Poor Location Of Shop Lack Of Transport Facility Lack Of Marketing Center SA A AVG DA SDA
II
Factors
1 2 3
Inadequate Bus Facility Difficulty In Affording Own Vehicle Not Being Popular
6. Production Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 Problems And Factors Problems Non Availability Of Raw Materials Non Availability Of Machine Or Equipment Training Facility 3 Repairing Facility 4 Non Availability Of Labour 5 Non Availability Of Shop/Place 6 Workers Shirk Work 7 SA A AVG DA SDA
Factors II 1 High Cost Of Required Machine Or Equipment Overcrowded Area 2 Non Availability Of Persons For Machine 3 Repair
7. Health Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Problems And Factors Problems Back Ache Eye-Strain Tension Fatigue Problems Of Joints Respiratory Problems Head Ache SA A AVG DA SDA
8 9 10 II 1 2 3
Body Ache Blood Pressure Gastric Trouble Factors Lack Of Rest And Sleep Heavy Schedule Uncomfortable Working Posture
8. Work Place Facility Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 3 4 5 II 1 2 3 Problems And Factors Problems Space Natural Light Artificial Light Ventilation Water Factors Lack Of Sufficient Area For Business Air Pollution Water Storage SA A AVG DA SDA
4
Less Entrance For Natural Light
9. Work Family Conflict And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 Problems And Factors Problems Dual Responsibility Incapability To Attend To Domestic Work Time For Education Of Children 3 II 1 2 Factors High Responsibility To Spend More Time For The Family SA A AVG DA SDA
doc_999761800.doc
A significant factor that may play a role in this disparity can be contributed to the fact that women from low income countries often seek an additional means of income to support themselves and their families. Overall, 40 to 50 per cent of all small businesses are owned by women in developing countries.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIRUPUR CITY PROJECT REPORT
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF CHARTS I INTRODUCTION
PARTICULARS
PAGE NO.
1 1 3 3 9 10 12 18
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1.2 PULL-PUSH FACTORS 1.3 PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS 1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY II III REVIEW OF LITERARTURE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
IV V
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 5.2 SUGGESTION 5.3 CONCLUSION BIBILIOGRAPHY APPENDIX
24 64 65 66 67 70 73
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
S.NO
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1 2
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
24 26
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9.A 9.B 10
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION YEARS OF EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS TYPE OF FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS ABOVE 58 YEARS OF AGE NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
11 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS OF THE RESPONDENTS 12 13 FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST 14 15 MARKETING PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR 16 KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST
50 52
53 54
55
S.NO
TITLE
PAGE NO. 56
17
PRODUCTION PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
18 19
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST HEALTH PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
57 58
20 21
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST WORK PLACE FACILITY PROBLEMS AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
59 60
22 23
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST WORK FAMILY CONFLICT AND CAUSATIVE FACTORS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
61 62
24
KRUSKAL WALLIS H TEST
63
LIST OF CHARTS
LIST OF CHARTS
S.NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION YEARS OF EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS TYPE OF FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
9.A 9.B 10
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS ABOVE 58 YEARS OF AGE NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
43 45 47 49
11
CHAPTER-I
CHAPTER-I
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
Women Entrepreneurship is both about Women pose in society and the role of Women Entrepreneurship in the same society. Women are faced with specific obstacles (such as family responsibilities) that have to be overcome in order to give them access to the same opportunities as men. Also, in some countries, women may experience obstacles with respect to holding property and entering contracts. Increased participation of women in the labour force is a prerequisite for improving the position of women in society and self-employed women. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise; undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and providing effective leadership in all aspects of business.
A DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP The word entrepreneur originates from the French word “entrepreneur” which means “ to undertake”. In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam Webster dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as an organizes, manages and assumes the risk of a business or enterprise. According to Peter Drucker, an “Entrepreneur is one who always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity”. Entrepreneurs innovate and innovation is a specific instrument of entrepreneurship. It creates resources because there is no such thing as a ‘resource’ until the human finds a use for something and endowse it with economic value.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR Women Entrepreneur has been recognized during the last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth. Women Entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and by being different also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems as well as to the exploitation of Women Entrepreneurial opportunities. However, they still represent a minority of all Women Entrepreneurs. Thus there exists a market failure discriminating against Women possibility to become Women Entrepreneurs and their possibility to become successful Women Entrepreneurs. This market failure needs to be addressed by policy makers so that the economic potential of this group can be fully utilized. While without a doubt the economic impact of women is substantial, we still lack a reliable picture describing in detail that specific impact. Women Entrepreneurship has been largely neglected both in society in general and in the social sciences. Not only have women lower participation rates in Women Entrepreneurship than men but they also generally choose to start and manage firms in different industries than men tend to do. The industries (primarily retail, education and other service industries) chosen by women are often perceived as being less important to economic development and growth than high-technology and manufacturing. 1.2 PUSH-PULL FACTORS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Women in business are a recent phenomenon in India. By and large they had confide themselves to petty business and tiny cottage industries. Women entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factors. Which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their on legs. A sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence. Under the influence of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do some thing new. Such situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them. 1.3 PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few problems can be detailed as; 1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal – male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women. 2. The financial institutions are skeptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. The bankers consider women loonies as higher risk than men loonies. The bankers put unrealistic and unreasonable securities to get loan to women entrepreneurs. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), "despite evidence that women's loan repayment rates are higher than men's, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups (UNIDO, 1995b). 3. Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch their ventures - be it a formal bank loan or money from a savings account. Women in developing nations have little access to funds, due to the fact that they are concentrated in poor rural communities with few opportunities to borrow money (Starcher, 1996; UNIDO, 1995a). The women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women entrepreneurs lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few women have the tangible property in hand. 4. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to their business" (Starcher, 1996, p. 8).The financial institutions discourage women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time leave their business and become housewives again. The result is that they are forced to rely on their own savings, and loan from relatives and family friends. 5. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have to make a fine balance between business and home. More over the business success is depends on
the support the family members extended to women in the business process and management. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations. 6. Another argument is that women entrepreneurs have low-level management skills. They have to depend on office staffs and intermediaries, to get things done, especially, the marketing and sales side of business. Here there is more probability for business fallacies like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit. Marketing means mobility and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of which women have been discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Even when they are otherwise in control of an enterprise, they often depend on males of the family in this area. 7. The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women entrepreneurs in the business management process. Despite the fact that women entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service prompt and delivery in time, due to lack of organisational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have to face constraints from competition. The confidence to travel across day and night and even different regions and states are less found in women compared to male entrepreneurs. This shows the low level freedom of expression. 8. Knowledge of alternative source of raw materials availability and high negotiation skills are the basic requirement to run a business. Getting the raw materials from different souse with discount prices is the factor that determines the profit margin. Lack of knowledge of availability of the raw materials and low-level negotiation and bargaining skills are the factors, which affect women entrepreneur's business adventures. 9. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education level of the person are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in India is found at low level compared to male population. Many women in developing nations lack the education needed to spur successful entrepreneurship. They are ignorant of new technologies or unskilled in their use, and often unable to do research and gain the necessary training (UNIDO, 1995b, p.1). Although great advances are being made in technology, many women's illiteracy, strucutural difficulties, and lack of access to technical training prevent the technology from being beneficial or even
available to females ("Women Entrepreneurs in Poorest Countries," 2001). According to The Economist, this lack of knowledge and the continuing treatment of women as second-class citizens keeps them in a pervasive cycle of poverty ("The Female Poverty Trap," 2001). The studies indicates that uneducated women do not have the knowledge of measurement and basic accounting. 10. Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get into business. Low-level education provides low-level self-confidence and self-reliance to the women folk to engage in business, which is continuous risk taking and strategic cession making profession. Investing money, maintaining the operations and ploughing back money for surplus generation requires high risk taking attitude, courage and confidence. Though the risk tolerance ability of the women folk in day-to-day life is high compared to male members, while in business it is found opposite to that.
11. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male members. The low level of education and confidence leads to low level achievement and advancement motivation among women folk to engage in business operations and running a business concern. 12. Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development of women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacity and like similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas. DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken into account for effective development of women entrepreneurs. 1. Consider women as specific target group for all developmental programmes.
2. Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from government part. 3. Adequate training programme on management skills to be provided to women community. 4. Encourage women's participation in decision-making. 5. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to understand the production process and production management. 6. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops. 7. Training on professional competence & leadership skill to be extended to women entrepreneurs. 8. Training and counseling on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs to remove psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear of success. 9. Counseling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs. 10. Continuous monitoring and improvement of training programmes. 11. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and profitability. 12. Making provision of marketing and sales assistance from government part. 13. To encourage more passive women entrepreneurs the Women training programme should be organised that taught to recognize her own psychological needs and express them.
14. State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs. 15. Women's development corporations have to gain access to open-ended financing. 16. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures. 17. Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at local level. 18. Repeated gender sensitization programmes should be held to train financiers to treat women with dignity and respect as persons in their own right. 19. Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries is to be provided by state run agencies. 20. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and sale of products made by women. 21. A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell set up to handle the various problems of women entrepreneurs all over the state. 22. District Industries Centres and Single Window Agencies should make use of assisting women in their trade and business guidance. 23. Programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship among women are to be extended at local level. 24. Training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through welldesigned courses, which build confidence through behavioral games.
25. More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in small scale and large-scale business ventures. 26. Involvement of Non Governmental Organizations in women entrepreneurial training programmes and counseling.
1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY Entrepreneurship amongst women is a relatively recent Phenomenon, which is gradually changing with the growing sensitivity of the roles, responsibilities and Economic status of women in the society in general and family in particular. For women entrepreneurs, starting and operating a business involves considerable risks and difficulties, because in the Indian social Environment women has always lived as subordinate to men the government of India, increase in the education levels of women and increased social awareness in respect of the role Women plays in the society. It is also a fact that more and more women are getting into the domain of entrepreneurial activities. The efforts of Government of India through various welfare organizations, nonGovernmental agencies, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and hosts of other agencies have started looking after and helping the efforts of women entrepreneurs. Industries being labour intensive, have high potential in employment generation. Thus they serve as an antidote to the widespread problems of disguised unemployment or underemployment stalking the urban and
rural territory. It helps for the growth of cities, reduces growth of slums, social tensions and atmospheric population.
This study discuss about the problems faced by the women entrepreneurs and the opportunities that is favor for them to run the business successfully and play role in the society.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To study the challenges and opportunities faced by women women entrepreneurs in running their business. 2. To ascertain the financial, marketing and production constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in their business. 3. To assess the health status and work place facilities of women entrepreneurs. 4. To ascertain the work-family conflicts faced by women entrepreneurs; 5. To suggest different remedial measures to help and accelerate women entrepreneurs to run their business successful.
CHAPTER-II
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Pooja Nayyar and et al(2007) conducted a study on hundred women entrepreneurs selected through random and snowball sampling technique from four zones of Himachal Pradesh. Nursing homes, boutiques, handloom units, beauty parlours carpet making units and
general stores were the enterprises selected for study. The objectives of the endeavour were to ascertain the financial, marketing and production constraints faced by women in their enterprises; assessment of their health status, work place facilities and to develop guidelines for becoming a successful entrepreneur. Poor location of unit, tough competition from larger and established units, lack of transport facility, lack of rest and sleep and non-availability of raw material were the significant problems faced by entrepreneurs. The factors causable to these problems were; difficulty in affording own vehicle, not being popular, heavy schedule of work and long working hours. Common entrepreneurial problems can be dealt by formulating self help mutually aided groups. Support mechanism such as institutional credit need to be strengthened to keep entrepreneurs aware about loaning schemes/credit facilities for further expansion. Dr Rajeev Singh & Mr. Pramod Nagaich(2011) made the analyses to identify the major problems of women entrepreneurs in Jabalpur city with the objectives of analyzing the various problems faced by them. For women entrepreneurs," starting and operating a business involves considerable risks and difficulties regarding obtaining lines on credit, problems in marketing management, production, advertising and packaging and other socio-personal, managerial, technical, Raw-material, Inventory, Financial and governmental assistance problems. By suggesting the remedial measure which will help in the acceleration of women entrepreneurship in the city.
Dr.G. Jayammal(2005) conducted the research study to analyse the problems of women entrepreneurs with special reference to some selected units in Coimbatore District of the state of Tamil Nadu .The main objective of the study has been to understand the socioeconomic back-ground of women entrepreneurs, and their problems in running their enterprises efficiently and profitably. All most all the women entrepreneurs irrespective of their education ,age, married and the unmarried, caste, religion, type of organizations, ownership type, experience, amount of capital investment , fixed assets have ranked the problem of finance as first in order
followed by the problem relating to sales, competition from other sellers, purchase of raw materials, technical problems and labour related problems. Dr. D.K.Maheswar and et al() conduct the study to ascertain the factors in the emergence of women entrepreneurs’ further study highlighted the major constraint and challenges faced by women entrepreneur and opportunity available to them. At the end the paper makes some suggestions for increase or promotion of women entrepreneurs and healthy growth of women entrepreneurs in India. Women entrepreneurs need to be lauded for their increased utilization of modern technology, increased investments, finding a niche in the export market, creating a sizable employment for others and setting the trend for other women entrepreneurs in the organized sector. Indian women business owners are changing the face of businesses of today, both literally and figuratively. The dynamic growth and all indications are that it will continue unabated. For more than a decade, the number of women-owned businesses has grown at one-and-a-half to two times the rate of all businesses. Even more important, the expansion in revenues and employment has far exceeded the growth in numbers. Tulus Tambunan(2009) has been made the study with aims to examine recent developments of women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries. This issue is currently very important since it is part of ongoing national efforts to alleviate poverty in developing countries in relation to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Greater opportunities for women to become entrepreneurs (or to have better income paid jobs) will help much in poverty reduction. .Methodologically, this study is based on data analysis and a review of recent key literature. This paper focuses only on women entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises. The findings of this study show three main important facts. First, SMEs are of overwhelming importance in the region, as they account, on average per country, for more than 95 percent of all firms in all sectors. Second, the representation of women entrepreneurs is still relatively low which can be attributed to factors such as low level of education, lack of capital, and cultural or religious constraints. Third, most of women entrepreneurs in SMEs are from the category of “forced” entrepreneurs seeking for better family incomes. This suggests that when women are better educated and have better paid employment opportunities increase for women, the participation of women as entrepreneurs in SMEs may decline.
Dr Rana Zehra Masood(2011) made the analyses to concept of women entrepreneurs in india; their traits in the business, the problems faced by them when they setup and make some suggestions for future prospects for the development of women entrepreneurs. In the era of liberalization, privatization and globalization along with ongoing IT revolution, today’s world is changing at asurprising pace. Political and economic transformations appear to be taking place everywhere as countries convert from command to demand economies, dictatorships moves toward democratic system and monarchies build new civil institutions. These changes have created economic opportunities for women who want to own and operate businesses. Dr N. Vasugi(2007) had conducted the study which deals with garments marketing and management. Fashion and garment industries is looked at as an industry of future. It also dealt with the development of women entrepreneurs and their association on different garment manufacturing activities and emerging possible opportunities in the cosmetic and global markets. Kishor N. Choudhary and Dr. Arvind P.Rayalwar(2011) intends to highlight some issues with reference to the strategic challenges and opportunities from a gender focus to analyze the prospects of rural small and medium entrepreneurship for women. Women entrepreneurs have been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy in India, However, it is potentially empowering and liberating only if it provides women an opportunity to improve their well-being and enhance their capabilities. On the other hand, if it is driven by distress and is low public support than it may only increase a womens drudgery. The small and medium enterprises led by women experiencing some major challenges and constraints.
R.Ganesan And Et Al(2002) holds strong particularly when such a strategy is being tried on women. In the present context many of the theories dealing with entrepreneurship has seen a divergence from practice. It is seen that many entrepreneurs are motivated on their own to start their own enterprises. Many of these entrepreneurs actually do not receive any structured entrepreneurial input. They learn the same through trial and error. Keeping these views on
entrepreneurship, this article deals with the problems, which these self-motivated women entrepreneurs con front, and then highlights the prospects and the future challenges. The article establishes the role entrepreneurial training can play in making the ventures initiated by these self-motivated women self-sustaining. The article identifies the concern areas of these women who are in business and also proposes what kind of entrepreneurial training would be ideal. The authors feel that when more women initiate businesses without such formal training, one should prob ably then start investing resources into making them stand on their own. The article has also identified certain special factors and problems women in business generally confront and the gendered root of such problems. The suggestion is that these problems could be taken care of through investing in building network and alliances. Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi and et al (2010) Today’s world is changing at a startling pace. Political and economic transformations seem to be occurring everywhere—as countries convert from command to demand economies, dictatorships move toward democracy, and monarchies build new civil institutions. These changes have created economic opportunities for women who want to own and operate businesses. Today, women in advanced market economies own more than 25% of all businesses and women-owned businesses in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America are growing rapidly. This paper focuses on woman entrepreneur. Any understanding of woman in global scene and especially in India, also the paper talks about the status of woman entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them when they set up and managed their own businesses in the competitive world of business environment. Sujata Kumari and et al (2010) The study was undertaken with an objective to study the problems of rural women entrepreneurs. It was conducted in the rural areas of Rajasthan with 60 rural women of whom half were engaged in entrepreneurial activity and half were not. Interview method was used to collect data from women. Information on the entrepreneurial problems was gathered and analyzed. The results of the study indicate lack of supportive network, financial and marketing problems were the major problem areas for rural women entrepreneurs and major demotivator for other women to initiate entrepreneurial activity. Yang (2004) explained that there are three stages of economic development of women. Stage 1: As family workers without wages, Stage 2: As the wife of the boss, Stage 3: As independent business owners. The availability of Internet at home in Asia has increased very
recently due to reduction in prices. Earlier it was not affordable for many household to have internet connection. In rural areas it is not available at all and in urban areas, where it is available, it is still treated as luxury. 1 means that for the first stage of economic Development of women, it was not available. For the second stage, certainly it is available but not many women are working in some of the Asian countries. At the third level, it is picking up as many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are adopting ICT for better decision making and reaching globally. (Yang, J. (2004). Free and Young- Programs for women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship and ICT World Knowledge Forum, 2004, Seoul Korea.) Dr.N.V.Kavitha And Dr .P.Sai Rani (2011) makes an attempt to study the opportunities and financial challenges of women entrepreneurs in Andhra Pradesh with an objective to ascertain the financial and marketing constraints faced by women in their enterprise .The Scope of study is restricted to few districts in Andhra Pradesh and small business units. The study was carried on 100 women enterprises with the help of structured questionnaires and efforts were made to cover all districts of Andhra Pradesh, with respect to small scale units with the help of data available from ALEAP,(Association of lady entrepreneurs in Andhra Pradesh) and FAPCCI (Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry)and at some places snow ball sampling was also adopted. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and they being tabulated taking educational qualification of the respondents, turnover of the enterprise, year of establishment, and age of the respondents as variables.
CHAPTER-III
CHAPTER-III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION Research is the process of gathering and analysis of critical and relevant facts about any. It is a way to systematically solve the search problem. The research is the process of “defining and redefining problems formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making declarations and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing to determine whether they fit the hypothesis” by Clifferd Woody. The researcher also need to understand the assumptions underlying the various techniques and procedures will be applicable to certain problems and others will not. The advanced dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as “A careful investigation or enquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevant to the research purpose with economy in procedure. The researcher has adopted Descriptive research design. Since, it describes the state of affairs as it exists at present. SAMPLE SIZE A sample of 100 respondents was taken for the study. Sample size refers to the number of respondents selected from the geographical area to constitute sample SAMPLING UNIT: Geographical Area : TIRUPUR
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The researcher had adopted the non-probability convenient sampling technique. According to Dr Yates, “There is no possibility of equal chance for the samples of all parent population”.
DATA COLLECTION Data collection means the assembling for the purpose of particular investigation of entirely new data, presumably not already available in published sources. The researcher should keep in mind two types of data 1) Primary data 2) Secondary data 1) PRIMARY DATA The primary data are those, which collected fresh for the first time and this to be original in character. The primary data collected from the respondents through questionnaire. 2) SECONDARY DATA The researcher collected the secondary data from Journals, Articles, Books, Websites, etc. PERIOD OF THE STUDY The period of the study was about 45 days. TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS The statistical tools used in this study are simple Percentage of respondents analysis, kruskal Wallis analysis and Likert scale analysis.
A. SIMPLE PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS ANALYSIS Simple Percentage of respondents has been used to compare the relationship between distributions of two or more items. In this study the Percentage of respondents analysis is used to assess the socio economic profile of the consumers of Public Distribution System in Madurai.
B. KRUSKAL WALLIS TEST (H TEST): H test is used to test the null hypothesis that ‘k’ independent random samples come from identical universes against the alternative hypothesis that the means of these universes are not equal g _ _ i=1 K = (N-1) _______________ g g _ _ ? ? (ri – r )2 i=1 j=1 Where ni is the number of observations in group i rij is the rank of observation j in group i N is the total number of observations across all groups g ? rij _ r = j=1 _____ ni _ r = ½ (N+1) is the average of all the rij
? ni (ri – r )2
Chi-square with k-1 (number of groups – 1) degrees of freedom can be used to approximate the significance level for the test. If null hypothesis is true then there is no difference between the sample means and each sample has at least five items, then the sampling distribution of H can be approximated with a chi-square distribution with (k-1) degrees of freedom. As such we can reject the null hypothesis at a given level of significance if H value calculated, as stated above, exceeds the concerned table value of chi-square.
C. LIKERT SCALE ANALYSIS A Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale, or more accurately the Likert-type scale, even though the two are not synonymous. The scale is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert. Likert distinguished between a scale proper, which emerges from collective responses to a set of items (usually eight or more), and the format in which responses are scored along a range. Technically speaking, a Likert scale refers only to the former. The difference between these two concepts has to do with the distinction Likert made between the underlying phenomenon being investigated and the means of capturing variation that points to the underlying phenomenon. When responding to a Likert questionnaire item, respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements. Thus, the range captures the intensity of their feelings for a given item, while the results of analysis of multiple items (if the items are developed appropriately) reveals a pattern that has scaled properties of the kind Likert identified.
The format of a typical five-level Likert item is: 1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive or negative response to a statement. Sometimes a four-point scale is used; this is a "forced choice" method since the middle option of "Neither agree nor disagree" is not available.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The following are the limitations of the study. They are as follows; 1. The study is restricted to the Tirupur only. 2. Time and cost constraints are the other important factors. 3. Chances of personal bias while responding to the questionnaire especially for the data such as family income, educational qualification, etc.
CHAPTER-IV
CHAPTER-IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE NO: 1 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS Age No of respondents Percentage of respondents 21-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years Above51 years Total 29 44 24 3 100 29 44 24 3 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 29 percent of the respondents belong to the age group of 21-30 years, 44 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 31-40 years, 24 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 41-50 years and 3 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of above 51 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (73 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are between the age group of 21-40 years.
CHART NO: 1
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 2
MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
Marital status
No of respondents
Percentage of respondents
Single Married Widow Divorce/Separated Total
23 67 1 9 100
23 67 1 9 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 23 percent of the respondents are unmarried, 67 percent of the respondents are married, 1 percent of the respondents are widow and 9 percent of the respondents are divorce/separated. INFERENCE: Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are get married.
CHART NO: 2 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION Age No of Respondents Percentage of respondents SSLC HSC UG DEGREE PG DEGREE Total 24 11 57 8 100 24 11 57 8 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 29 percent of the respondents belong to the age group of 21-30 years, 44 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 31-40 years, 24 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 41-50 years and 3 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of above 51 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were finished their UG Degree.
CHART NO: 3
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 4
YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION Percentage of respondents 6 7 33 42 12 100
Years Before 1996 1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2008 Above 2009 Total
No. of Organizations 6 7 33 42 12 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 6 percent of the women entrepreneurs started their business organizations before 1996, 7 percent of the business organizations were started between 1997-2000, 33 percent of the business organizations were started between 2001-2004, 42 percent of the business organizations were started between 2005-2008 and 12 percent of the business organizations were started after 2009.
INFERENCE: Majority (75 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were started their business organization between the years of 2001-2008.
CHART NO: 4 YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONS
TABLE NO: 5 YEARS OF EXPERIANCE OF THE RESPONDENTS Years No of respondents Percentage of respondents Upto 1 year 2-5 years 6-8 years 9-12 years Above 12 years Total 1 48 31 8 12 100 1 48 31 8 12 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011
INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 1 percent of the respondents having the experience of below 1 year, 48 percent of the respondents experience of 2-5 years, 31 percent of the respondents having the experience of 6-8 years, 8 percent of the respondents are having the experience of 9-12 years and 12 percent of the respondents are having above 12 years of experience. INFERENCE: Majority (48 percent) of the women entrepreneurs having the experience between 2 to 5 years.
CHART NO: 5 YEARS OF EXPERIANCE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 6 TYPE OF FAMILY Family Type No of respondents Percentage of respondents Nuclear Joint Family Total 71 29 100 71 29 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011
INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that 71 percent of the respondents are from nuclear family and 29 percent of the respondents from joint family. INFERENCE: Majority (71 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were from the nuclear family type.
CHART NO: 6 FAMILY TYPE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 7 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS Religion No of Respondents Percentage of respondents Hindu Muslim Christian Others Total 88 5 5 2 100 88 5 5 2 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTREPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 88 percent of the respondents belong to Hindu, 5 percent of the respondents belong to Muslim, 5 percent of the respondents belongs to Christian and 2 percent of the respondents belongs to the other religion. INFERENCE: Majority (88 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are from the Hindu religion.
CHART NO: 7 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 8 CASTE
Caste
No of Respondents
Percentage of respondents
BC MBC SC/ST FC OTHERS Total
20 54 14 4 8 100
20 54 14 4 8 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTREPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 20 percent of the respondents belong to BC, 54 percent of the respondents belong to MBC, 14 percent of the respondents belong to SC/ST, 4 percent of the respondents belong to the FC, and 8 percent of the respondents belong to other caste. INFERENCE: Majority (54 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are belong to the MBC caste.
CHART NO: 8
CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 9
TOTAL NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY Number Of Dependent 1 2 3 4 Total 2 35 57 6 100 No of Respondents Percentage of respondents 2 35 57 6 100
Source: estimates based on the field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table shoes that, 2 percent of the respondent family has only 1 dependent, 35 percent of the respondent family has 2 dependents, 57 percent of the respondent family has 3 dependents and 6 percent of the respondent family has 4 dependents in their family. INFERENCE: Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having the three numbers of dependents in their family.
CHART NO: 9 TOTAL NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN THE FAMILY
TABLE NO: 9.A NO OF DEPENDENTS ABOVE 58 YEARS No Of Dependent above 58 Years 1 2 Total No of respondents 20 12 100 Percentage of respondents 62.5 37.5 100.0
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011
INTERPRETATION: The above table shoes that, 62.5 percent of the respondent family has only 1dependent above 58 years of age and 37.5 percent of the respondent family has 2 dependents in their family with above 58 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (62.5 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with above 58 years of age.
CHART NO: 9.A NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS WITH ABOVE 58 YEARS OF AGE
TABLE NO: 9.B NO OF DEPENDENTS WITH BELOW 18 YEARSOF AGE No Of Dependent Below 18 Years 1 2 Total No of Respondents 37 16 100 Percentage of respondents 69.8 30.2 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table shoes that, 69.8 percent of the respondent family has only 1dependent below 18 years of age and 30.2 percent of the respondent family has 2 dependents in their family with above 1s8 years of age. INFERENCE: Majority (69.8 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with below 18 years of age.
CHART NO: 9.B NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS WITH BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE
TABLE NO: 10 MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS Monthly Income No of Respondents Percentage of respondents Below 6000 6001-12000 12001-18000 18001-24000 Above 24001 Total 22 41 28 5 4 100 22 41 28 5 4 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 22 percent of the respondent having the monthly income of below 6000, 41 percent of the respondent having the monthly income between 6001-12000, 28 percent of the respondent having the monthly income between 12001-18000, 5 percent of the respondent having the monthly income between 18001-24000, and 4 percent of the respondent having the monthly income of above 24001. INFERENCE: Majority (69 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are having their monthly income between Rs 6001-18000.
CHART NO: 10 MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 11 FAMILY INCOME Family Income No of Respondents Percentage of respondents Below 15000 15001-25000 25001-35000 35001-45000 Above 45001 Total 8 39 28 18 7 100 8 39 28 18 7 100
Source: estimates based on field survey, 2011 INTERPRETATION: The above table indicates that, 8 percent of the respondent having the family income of below 15000, 39 percent of the respondent having the family income between 15001-25000, 28 percent of the respondent having the family income between 25001-35000, 18 percent of the respondent having the family income between 35001-45000, and 7 percent of the respondent having the family income of above 45001. INFERENCE: Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having their family income
between Rs 15001-35000.
CHART NO: 11 FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO: 12 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS - SCORES OBTAINED PUSH FACTORS CODE I 1 2 3 4 II 1 2 3 4 5 FACTORS Push factors Death Of Bread Winner Sudden Fall In Family Income Permanent Inadequacy In Income Of The Family To Improve Standard Of Living Pull factors Women’s Desire To Evaluate Their Talent To Utilize Their Free Time And Education Need And Perception Of Women’s Liberation, Equity, Etc To Gain Recognition, Importance And Social Status To Get Economic Independence 54.7 38.4 36.7 34.0 24.5 1 2 3 4 5 SCORE 22.6 32.6 24.4 47.8 RANK 4 2 3 1
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The push factors which motivated women to undertake job were ‘to improve standard of living’, ‘sudden fall in family income’, ‘permanent inadequacy in income of the family’ and
‘death of bread winner’. The scores assigned for these factors were 47.8 points, 32.6 points, 24.4 points and 22.6 points respectively. The pull factors which motivated women to undertake job were ‘women’s desire to evaluate their talent’, ‘to utilize their free time and education’, ‘need and perception of women’s liberation, equity, etc’, ‘to gain recognition, importance and social status’ and ‘to get economic independence’. The scores assigned for these factors were 54.7 points, 38.4 points, 36.7 points, 34 points and 24.5 points respectively.
TABLE NO: 13 Financial Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs Financial Problems And Factors Non availability Of Long Term Finance Regular And Frequent Need Of Working Capital Long Procedure To Avail Financial Help High Cost Of Living 3.25 3.05 3.15 3.25 3.45 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.7 4.95 Garment sector 3.95 Beauty parlour 3.85 Depart mental stores 4.05 Fashion Designing 4.0 Checkin g center 3.95
Too Many Dependents Mean Score
4.3 4.02
4.3 3.94
4.25 4.03
4.25 4.0
4.35 4.1
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 4.02 for garment sector, 3.94 for beauty parlour, 4.03 for departmental stores, 4 for fashion designing and 4.1 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the dependents in their family (score above 4.2 points) and long procedure to avail financial help
(score above 3.7 points). Non availability of long term finance was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of departmental store and Fashion Designing (score above 4 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 14 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .232 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 15 Marketing Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Marketing Problems And Factors Lack Of Demand In Local Market Tough Competition From Larger And Established Units Poor Location Of Shop Lack Of Transport Facility Lack Of Marketing Center Inadequate Bus Facility Difficulty In Affording Own Vehicle Not Being Popular Mean Score 4.5 4.5 3.1 3.45 2.95 3.25 4.2 3.7125 4.35 4.15 3.35 3.0 2.8 3.5 4.2 3.6 4.4 4.65 3.15 3.45 2.9 3.2 4.45 3.7813 4.45 4.1 3.05 3.25 2.9 3.8 4.15 3.669 4.5 4.5 3.35 3.4 2.75 3.3 4.3 3.725 Garment Sector 3.75 Beauty Parlour 3.45 Departm ental Stores 4.05 Fashion Designing 3.65 Checking Center 3.7
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 3.7125 for garment sector, 3.6 for beauty parlour, 3.7813 for departmental stores, 3.669 for Fashion Designing and 3.725 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the tough competition from the larger and established units (score above 4.35 points) and poor
location of shop (score above 4.1 points) and difficulty in affording own vehicle (score above 3.2 points). Inadequate bus facility was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of beauty parlour and checking center (score above 2.75 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 16 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .440 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 17
Production Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Production Problems And Factors Non Availability Of Raw Materials Non Availability Of Machine Or Equipment Training Facility Repairing Facility Non Availability Of Labour Non Availability Of Shop/Place Workers Shirk Work High Cost Of Required Machine Or Equipment Overcrowded Area Non Availability Of Persons For Machine Repair Mean Score 3.2 2.45 3.38 3.15 2.6 3.46 3.15 2.4 3.435 3.1 2.6 3.475 3.05 2.5 3.4 3.8 2.85 2.4 4.5 3.45 2.5 4.8 3.6 2.8 2.95 4.7 4.15 2.95 4.1 4.0 2.95 2.45 4.55 3.65 2.45 4.65 3.9 3.05 2.65 4.7 4.1 2.8 4.0 3.65 2.7 3.0 4.65 3.6 2.75 4.15 Garment Beauty Sector 3.85 Parlour 3.6 Depart mental Stores 4.1 Fashion Designing 3.85 Checking Center 3.95
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 3.38 for garment sector, 3.46 for beauty parlour, 3.435 for departmental stores, 3.475 for Fashion Designing and 3.4 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the non availability of labour (score above 4.5 points) and high cost of required machines and equipments (score above 4.0 points) and non availability of shop/place and non availability of
raw materials (score above 3.6 points). Non availability of persons for machine repair was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector and departmental store (score above 2.4 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 18 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .316 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 19 Health Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs:
Health Problems And Factors Back Ache Eye-Strain Tension Fatigue Problems Of Joints Respiratory Problems Head Ache Body Ache Blood Pressure Gastric Trouble Lack Of Rest And Sleep Heavy Schedule Uncomfortable Working Posture Mean Score
Garment Sector 4.2 3.15 3.85 2.9 4.2 2.0 4.4 4.1 2.3 1.7 4.4 5.0 3.95 3.55
Beauty Parlour 3.8 3.5 3.85 3.15 3.95 2.75 4.25 3.8 2.7 2.2 4.7 4.5 3.5 3.5885
Depart mental Stores 4.2 3.25 3.85 2.85 4.15 2.15 4.1 4.15 2.1 1.5 4.75 4.95 2.9 3.4538
Fashion Designing 3.9 3.3 3.9 2.7 4.1 2.45 4.35 3.9 2.85 2.05 4.6 4.5 4.2 3.6
Checking Center 3.7 2.95 3.75 2.95 3.75 2.75 4.2 3.75 2.25 2.05 4.75 4.55 3.9 3.4846
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 3.55 for garment sector, 3.5885 for beauty parlour, 3.4538 for departmental stores, 3.6 for Fashion Designing and 3.4846 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on head ache (score above 4.1 points) and heavy schedule of work (score above 4.5 points) and lack of rest and sleep (score above 4.4 points). Gastric trouble was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector departmental store (score above 1.5 points).
To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 20 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value .458 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 21 Work Place Facility Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Work Place Facility Problems And Factors Space Garment Sector 3.15 Beauty Parlour 4.15 Depart mental Stores 3.25 Fashion Designing 3.65 Checking Center 3.4
Natural Light Artificial Light Ventilation Water Lack Of Sufficient Area For Business Air Pollution Water Storage Less Entrance For Natural Light Mean Score
2.8 2.35 3.0 2.3 4.55 3.35 2.9 1.85 2.9167
3.05 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.4 3.4 3.05 2.55 3.3111
2.65 2.3 2.75 2.45 4.65 1.65 2.85 1.7 2.6944
3.1 2.55 3.05 3.05 4.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.133
3.1 2.55 2.85 3.25 4.35 2.85 2.8 2.25 3.0444
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 2.9167 for garment sector, 3.3111 for beauty parlour, 2.6944 for departmental stores, 3.133 for Fashion Designing and 3.0444 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the lack of sufficient area for business (score above 4.3 points) and space (score above 3.15 points). Less entrance for natural light was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector and departmental store (score above 1.7 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 22 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011 Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job. H Value 5.264 Degrees Of Freedom 4 Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488 Inference Accept Ho
TABLE NO: 23 Work Family Conflict and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: Work Family Conflict And Factors Dual Responsibility Incapability To Attend To Domestic Work Time For Education Of Children 4.7 4.65 4.5 4.45 4.4 Garment Sector 4.7 4.65 Beauty Parlour 4.8 4.5 Depart mental Stores 4.75 4.45 Fashion Designing 4.65 4.4 Checking Center 4.7 4.8
High Responsibility To Spend More Time For The Family Mean Score
4.95 4.65
4.7 4.55
4.8 4.4
4.7 4.6
4.75 4.7
4.73
4.64
4.58
4.56
4.67
Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
The level of satisfaction that women experienced from their job are determined on the basis of mean score of all the statements of respondents, which came out to be 4.73 for garment sector, 4.64 for beauty parlour, 4.58 for departmental stores, 4.56 for Fashion Designing and 4.67 for checking center. Irrespective of the type of business the women entrepreneurs faced common problem based on the dual responsibility of the women entrepreneurs (score above 4.65 points) and time for education of children (score above 4.4 points). To spend more time for the family was the other problem faced by entrepreneurs of garment sector and departmental store (score above 4.4 points). To find out whether there exist any significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession; Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The null hypothesis tested was Ho: There was no significant difference in the level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in different profession Ha: Level of problem differed.
TABLE NO: 24 Variability in the level of problem ;Kruskal Wallis H test Source: estimation based on field survey, 2011
Variable Financial Problems and Causative Factors
H Value 3.672
Degrees Of Freedom 4
Chi-square at 5 percent level 9.488
Inference Accept Ho
The table shows that the women did not differ significantly on various issues related to the level of problem they experienced in their job.
CHAPTER-V
CHAPTER-V
5.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ? Majority (73 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are between the age group of 21-40 years. ? Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are get married. ? Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were finished their UG Degree.
? Majority (75 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were started their business organization between the years of 2001-2008. ? Majority (48 percent) of the women entrepreneurs having the experience between 2 to 5 years. ? Majority (71 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were from the nuclear family type. ? Majority (88 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are from the Hindu religion. ? Majority (54 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are belong to the MBC caste. ? Majority (57 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having the three numbers of dependents in their family. ? Majority (62.5 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with above 58 years of age. ? Majority (69.8 percent) of the Respondents were having the single dependent with below 18 years of age. ? Majority (69 percent) of the women entrepreneurs are having their monthly income between Rs 6001-18000. ? Majority (67 percent) of the women entrepreneurs were having their family income between Rs 15001-35000. 5.2 SUGGESTIONS (1) The women an entrepreneur have felt necessity of, “proper sheds and plots", financial subsidies and "availability of raw materials and adequate and proper transport facilities etc. It is assumed that these factors are needed to be considered mostly by the government and funding agencies for various purposes. (2) There are many problems in relation to guidance as stated by the women entrepreneurs. The concentration of marketing problems and production problems were found to be of serious nature, which may also be rectified by using the parameters associated to this study.
(3) Women entrepreneurs have also communicated several financial problems in relation to price-fluctuations, non-availability of loan and funds and their release in time. Attention of the government as well as the voluntary organizations should be drawn in rectifying these problems by making liberal assistance and gearing up the various facilities for enhancement of the status of enterprises. (4) Finally on the basis of the study, several problems were faced with government assistance, which involves proper policy to help small entrepreneurs, red-tapism, non availability of guidance and advisory service in time, etc. (5) Obviously, these factors need to be considered in re-framing and re-organizing Entrepreneurial Development Programmes (EDPs) in the country, which will not only benefit the entrepreneurs but will be in the largest interest of the region and country, in achieving higher productivity and prosperity. The women should learn to analyze the different and small factors in business field like how to get raw materials of good quality at a cheap rate, how to negotiate and what are the discount facilities available. They should not allow anybody to cheat them in anyway, for being women. The women should not take emotional feelings in business. They should prove that they possess high management skills and courage, ready to take risk and ability to solve problems. The women entrepreneurs may have to leave the family and make business tours. They may have to travel alone or with others, stay in a new place. The family should not put any restriction and help them to look after the family in their absence. The women should not lose hope if they face failure, in spite of taking many efforts. They should not give up even if the loss is more. They should try to come up successfully again. 5.3 CONCLUSION This research work is a rewarding exercise to the researcher to gain more knowledge on the role of women entrepreneurs. It is concluded that most of the women entrepreneurs are facing the constraints in aspects of financial, marketing, production, health, work place facility problems and work family conflicts. All most all the women entrepreneurs are irrespective of their education ,age, marital status, caste, religion, type of organizations, ownership type, experience, amount of capital investment in their business. The major problems faced by women entrepreneurs are
Financial Problems: Finance is a most important aspect of any business. Non-availability of long-term finance, regular and frequent need of working capital and long procedure to avail financial help were found to be the financial problems faced by respondents based on the multiple responses given by them Non availability of long-term finance was found to be a problem faced by women entrepreneurs. Marketing Problems: During the process of marketing of products women entrepreneurs faced certain problems viz. poor location of shop, lack of transport facility and tough competition from larger and established units. There was a significant difference in the problems faced by entrepreneurs. Difficulty in affording own vehicle was a major factor causing marketing problem. Production Problems: Production problems faced by maximum respondents were non availability of raw material. Non-availability of raw material was one of the reasons to the slow growth of women entrepreneurs. Other production problems were non-availability of machine or equipment, lack of training facility and non availability of labour. Major causable factors leading to production problems were high cost of required machine or equipment. Health Problems: Major health problems faced by women entrepreneurs were tension, backache, eyestrain fatigue and headache by most of the respondents respectively. Women respondents faced the problem of feeling fatigued after returning home. Causable factors were lack of rest and sleep and heavy schedule. Work Place Problems: The work place facility problems faced were viz. inadequate work place for water, less entrance for natural light and improper space for work. Women entrepreneurs faced the problem of lack of proper places. Work place problems were faced by maximum respondents. Causable factors were water shortage, less entrance for natural light and lack of sufficient area for business.
Major problems faced by women entrepreneurs were poor location of unit, tough competition from larger and established units because in all the enterprises work was done manually so it was very tough to compete with those enterprises in which electrical equipments and big machineries were used. Other problems were lack of transport facility, lack of time for household work, non-availability of raw material, heavy schedule and lack of time for rest and sleep leading to mental tension and fatigue. The factors causable to these problems were difficulty in affording own vehicle, product not being popular, heavy schedule of work and long job hours. For effective sustainable development and technology transfer for women entrepreneurs proper training based on scientific inputs, Suitable product ideas, product identification, market survey, project formulation and necessary approvals from the government at the right time with less legal formalities, soft recovery rules are of utmost importance. Finance should be made available to women entrepreneurs at a reduced rate of interest. Collateral security should be done away with in the case of women applicant of small-scale industry. Margin money for women entrepreneurs should not be more than ten percent. The procedures and formalities of bank should be simplified and the required documents should be minimized. Moreover all the documents shall be in the regional language. At the district level, a separate women’s organization can be formed so as to help women entrepreneurs in fulfilling their requirements of financial assistance, marketing aid, obtaining subsides, concessions, technical know-how, raw material assistance, conduct of market surveys to asses the feasibility counseling, follow up guidance etc..
The women are expected to spend more time for the family and more responsibilities are thrust on them so that they cannot even think of doing any business. The family members should understand them and give way for continuing their efforts for becoming and being a woman entrepreneur. The family members may hesitate to invest money in business started by woman or permit to avail bank loan. Sometimes, all the property may be in the name of male persons and they may not be ready to put security for availing a bank loan. Woman should find a solution for
the opposition in the family for doing a business and try to get full moral and financial support from them. The women should not be treated as supplementary income providers.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
BIBILIOGRAPHY
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIRUPUR CITY. 1. Name of the Organization: 2. Personal Information: A) Name: B) Age: C) Marital Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Widow
( ) Divorce/Separated D) Education: E) Year of Establishment: F) Years of Experience: G) Type of the Family: ( ) Nuclear H) Religion: I) Caste: J) Family Background: S.No Name Relation Ship Sex Age (Years) Education Completed Doing OccuPation Monthly Income (Rs) ( ) Hindu ( ) Joint Family ( ) Muslim ( ) Christian ( ) Others
( ) BC ( ) MBC ( ) SC/ST ( )FC ( )Others
3. Motivational Factors to Take Up a Job: 1) Push Factors Code 1 2 Factors Death Of Bread Winner Sudden Fall In Family Income Permanent Inadequacy In 3 Income Of The Family To Improve Standard Of 4 Living Rank
Others(Specify) 5
2) Pull Factors Code 1 Factors Women’s Desire To Evaluate Their Talent 2 To Utilize Their Fue Time And Education 3 Need And Perception Of Women’s Liberation, Equity,Etc 4 To Gain Recognition, Importance And Social Status To Get Economic 5 Independence Others (Specify) 6 Rank
4. Financial Problems and Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: SA- Strongly Agree A-Agree AVG-Average SDA-Strongly Disagree DA-Disagree
S.No I 1 2
Problems And Factors Problems Availability Of Long Term Finance Regular And Frequent Need Of Working Capital
SA
A
AVG
DA
SDA
3 II 1 2
Long Procedure To Avail Financial Help Factors High Cost Of Living Too Many Dependents To Support
5. Marketing Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 Problems And Factors Problems Lack Of Demand In Local Market Tough Competition From Larger And Established Units 3 4 5 Poor Location Of Shop Lack Of Transport Facility Lack Of Marketing Center SA A AVG DA SDA
II
Factors
1 2 3
Inadequate Bus Facility Difficulty In Affording Own Vehicle Not Being Popular
6. Production Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 Problems And Factors Problems Non Availability Of Raw Materials Non Availability Of Machine Or Equipment Training Facility 3 Repairing Facility 4 Non Availability Of Labour 5 Non Availability Of Shop/Place 6 Workers Shirk Work 7 SA A AVG DA SDA
Factors II 1 High Cost Of Required Machine Or Equipment Overcrowded Area 2 Non Availability Of Persons For Machine 3 Repair
7. Health Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Problems And Factors Problems Back Ache Eye-Strain Tension Fatigue Problems Of Joints Respiratory Problems Head Ache SA A AVG DA SDA
8 9 10 II 1 2 3
Body Ache Blood Pressure Gastric Trouble Factors Lack Of Rest And Sleep Heavy Schedule Uncomfortable Working Posture
8. Work Place Facility Problems And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 3 4 5 II 1 2 3 Problems And Factors Problems Space Natural Light Artificial Light Ventilation Water Factors Lack Of Sufficient Area For Business Air Pollution Water Storage SA A AVG DA SDA
4
Less Entrance For Natural Light
9. Work Family Conflict And Causative Factors Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: S.No I 1 2 Problems And Factors Problems Dual Responsibility Incapability To Attend To Domestic Work Time For Education Of Children 3 II 1 2 Factors High Responsibility To Spend More Time For The Family SA A AVG DA SDA
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