Description
Change initiatives are time consuming and costly, significantly impacting an organization’s drive toward success. And nearly half of them fail. Since the reality is that change is unavoidable, organizations need to resolve how to successfully adapt and sustain change.
ENABLING
ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGE
Through Strategic
Initiatives
PMI’s
PULSE of the
PROFESSION
™
In-Depth Report
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
2 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Change initiatives are time consuming and costly, signi?cantly impacting
an organization’s drive toward success. And nearly half of them fail. Since
the reality is that change is unavoidable, organizations need to resolve how
to successfully adapt and sustain change. As outlined in Managing Change
in Organizations: A Practice Guide, PMI views change management as an
essential organizational capability that cascades across and throughout
portfolio, program and project management. All strategic change in
organizations is delivered through programs and projects, and successful
organizations lead change by managing their projects and programs
effectively.
1
Projects and programs by their very nature create change. To successfully
implement organizational strategy, companies need project and program
managers with the skills to drive and navigate change, while ensuring
that those changes are strategically aligned to business goals. The success
or failure of a change initiative is not just about initiating, planning,
monitoring, executing and evaluating the project that will drive the change.
It also involves preparing your organization for transformation, ensuring
stakeholder buy-in, and engaging executive sponsors to champion and
support the change before, during and after its implementation.
This in-depth report provides insights from a 2014 PMI study of experienced
project management practitioners from around the globe. The report seeks
to help organizations identify where they can create more ef?cient, effective
change management, and develop competencies to successfully implement
and sustain change. Change is inevitable and organizations that manage it
effectively will pull ahead of their competition.
Authors:
Tricia S. Cabrey | Amy Haughey
with contributions by:
Terry Cooke-Davies, PhD
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
3 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
PERSPECTIVE:
THE STRATEGIC BENEFITS OF CHANGE
by Terry Cooke-Davies, PhD
It isn’t easy to manage projects and programs that call for a
high degree of behavioral change. Of all the different types
of projects, they are the ones most likely to encounter delay
(especially if they are particularly large and complex)
2
and
the ones least likely to deliver on those aspects of scope that
relate to the behavioral change.
3
Yet in today’s business environment, with business models in
a state of ?ux just as products and services are, it is virtually
impossible for organizations to implement their chosen
strategies without undertaking the kinds of strategic initiatives
that inevitably require substantial behavioral and cultural
changes. It is not surprising that a recent report from the
Economist Intelligence Unit identi?es “the organization lacks
change management skills” as the most frequently cited
reason for the failure of strategic initiatives.
4
It isn’t that project and program management practices
don’t work for strategic initiatives; rather it is that additional
skills, capabilities and practices need to be integrated with
standard project and program management practices. These
practices will win the “hearts and minds” of those who must
behave differently if the initiatives are to deliver and sustain
their strategic bene?ts. There is widespread agreement that
additional change management capabilities are needed, both
among consultants supporting strategic change initiatives
(such as BCG, IBM and PwC) and also among academics (such
as John Kotter).
Behavior is strongly in?uenced by context: factors such as
culture, rewards, recognition, incentives and established
norms all play a signi?cant role. This means that managing
the context is crucial where change initiatives are concerned.
On the other hand, behavioral change involves people doing
things differently, so particular attention also needs to be paid
to project work speci?cally aimed at stakeholder engagement,
employee involvement and communication. Specialists in
such ?elds as industrial and organizational psychology and
organizational development are best involved right at the
outset of the initiative, so that they can develop change
management programs integrated into the initiative.
According to Jeanne Kwong Bickford, Partner and
Managing Director at The Boston Consulting Group,
a good practice at the launch of a strategic initiative is to
develop a deliberate and structured change management
plan to address both the hearts and minds of employees
up and down the organizational hierarchy. The “minds”
component includes, among other things, addressing the
contextual elements that reinforce the desired behaviors (e.g.,
metrics, incentive compensation, organizational structure
and responsibilities, management forums). The “hearts”
component includes aligning leaders to speak with one voice,
helping stakeholders to understand what the change means
for them, and maintaining morale over time in the face of
inevitable challenges in actual execution.
This latter set of activities are social processes involving
the engagement of all stakeholder groups in establishing
the case for change (“Why does this organization need to
change?”), in crafting the “story of the change” (“What will
this change mean for my team and for me, and how can I best
contribute?”) and in participating in planning the subsequent
stages of the strategic initiative. This may well also include
helping the organization to identify leading “soft” indicators
that the change is having the desired impact, which will
ultimately lead to the business bene?ts that are expected to
result.
Such engagement programs, unlike many other kinds of
projects, are not linear but iterative by nature, which presents
its own speci?c challenges to project planners. They also
provide two-way feedback, and are particularly valuable
when conducted in the very early stages of the initiative,
enabling “change champions” to emerge, and providing early
indications of additional work that might be necessary to
in?uence the hearts and minds of speci?c stakeholder groups.
This study provides ample evidence and new insights into the
need for these “soft” factors to be integrated with effective
project delivery processes to deliver the anticipated strategic
bene?ts of change.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
4 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
THE NECESSITY OF STRATEGIC
CHANGE
According to Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide, change
management is a comprehensive, cyclic and structured approach for
transitioning individuals, groups and organizations from a current state
to a future state with intended business bene?ts. The process of
change begins with organizational leaders developing an organizational
strategy, then with the creation of an initiative that is aligned with that
strategy. These strategic initiatives are formulated as a direct response to
a change in the business environment. Strategic initiatives—projects
and programs—by their very nature drive change in an organization.
In The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to Operations for Competitive
Advantage, Robert Kaplan and David Norton de?ne strategic initiatives as
“collections of ?nite-duration discretionary projects and programs, outside
of the organization’s day-to-day operational activities, that are designed to
help the organization achieve its targeted performance.”
5
In today’s volatile environment, with the rate of change accelerating,
organizations that successfully manage strategic initiatives save more
money and are poised to gain an advantage over their competitors. “Today
we’re talking a lot about change management because organizations
live in a much more dynamic environment than in the past,” says Michel
Thiry, PhD, PMI Fellow, founder and managing partner of Valense Ltd. “The
economy is changing at the global level. Cultures are shifting. We’re moving
from a western business approach to a culture of countries in accelerated
development.”
However, the reality is that very few organizations successfully manage
these strategic initiatives to keep up with the volatile global economy. Our
research shows that only 18 percent of organizations report being highly
effective at organizational change management (those we call Change
Enablers, Figure 1).
In our 2014 Pulse of the Profession
: The High Cost of Low Performance
report, we highlight that organizations lose US$109 million for every US$1
billion invested in all projects, due to poor project performance.
6
But when
speci?cally looking at strategic initiatives, organizations report that only
52 percent of these are successful. The failure of strategic initiatives has a
signi?cantly greater ?nancial impact: nearly 15 percent of every dollar spent
on strategic initiatives is lost—US$149 million of every US$1 billion spent
(Figure 2).
Highly Effective –
Change Enablers
Minimally
Effective
Moderately
Effective
18%
18%
64%
Few organizations effectively
manage strategic initiatives
Figure 1: Effectiveness of organizational change
management.
US$149 million
The amount lost for every
US$1 billion spent on a strategic
initiative, due to poor project
performance.
Figure 2: Organizations lose on average US$149
million for every US$1 billion spent on strategic
initiatives, due to poor project performance.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
5 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
The primary reasons why organizations are failing—and losing money—are
insuf?cient communications and lack of leadership (Figure 3).
However, organizations that are highly effective at change management,
Change Enablers, incorporate certain practices that they deem important to
the success of strategic initiatives:
? Having well-de?ned milestones and metrics
? Having senior management committed to change
? Establishing and communicating concrete ownership and
accountability
? Using standardized project management practices
? Having engaged executive sponsors
It comes as no surprise that these practices are not frequently used within
organizations that are not very good at change management (Figure 4).
Insuf?cient
communications
Lack of
leadership
59%
56%
Primary causes of organizational
change failure
Figure 3
Well-de?ned milestones and metrics
Senior management committed
to the change
Concrete ownership and accountability
Standardized project management
practices
Engaged executive sponsors
22%
86%
29%
86%
24%
84%
21%
81%
25%
81%
Highly Effective
Minimally Effective
64%
57%
60%
60%
56%
Signi?cantly more Change Enablers focus on certain
practices for managing organizational change
Figure 4: Frequent practices of Change Enablers.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
6 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
Research by the Economist Intelligence Unit supports these ?ndings: the
top reasons why change initiatives did not succeed were a lack of clearly
de?ned milestones, a lack of commitment by senior management and
poor communication.
7
The practices used frequently by Change Enablers
overcome these failures.
Having each of these practices, though important and used frequently by
Change Enablers, is not enough. It is also critical to effectively communicate
the outcomes of these practices throughout the organization. For example,
while de?ning milestones and metrics is a key ?rst step, organization-
wide communication of their impact to the initiative is essential. The data
shows that creating an effective communication plan, properly executing
that plan and identifying, measuring and communicating the intended
bene?ts of change are key factors that make an organization good at change
management (Figure 5).
The bene?t of effective communication is noted in PMI’s Pulse of the
Profession In-Depth Report: The Essential Role of Communications, which
found that many organizations fail to effectively communicate the business
bene?ts of strategic initiatives to stakeholders at all levels of a project.
PMI’s research on the role of communications found that one half of
unsuccessful projects are related to ineffective communications.
8
Therefore,
the importance of communicating a strategic initiative’s alignment to
organizational strategy should not be overlooked.
68%
64%
62%
Communication is critical to effective organizational
change management
Effective communication plans
Effective identi?cation, measurement
and communication of the intended
bene?ts of the change
Effective execution of the
communication plans
Figure 5: Factors for effective organizational change management.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
7 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
ENABLING SUSTAINABLE
CHANGE
Our survey data reveals that among Change Enablers, twice as many
strategic initiatives meet original goals, are completed on time and on
budget compared to organizations that are not as good at organizational
change management (Figure 6).
This success comes from Change Enablers demonstrating certain practices
that allow them to successfully implement and sustain change:
? Standardized project and program management practices;
? Engaged sponsors who actively rally senior management to commit
to change; and
? Managing people through change.
Standardized Project and Program Management
Practices
Change Enablers instill a project and program management culture and
mindset that enable the success of strategic initiatives.
Our research shows that 86 percent of them either always or usually use
standardized project and program management practices to implement
organizational change, compared to just 12 percent of their less adept
counterparts (Figure 7). So Change Enablers are seven times more likely to
frequently use standardized project management for strategic initiatives,
and it shows in their results.
Meet goals On time On budget
31%
65%
34%
64%
36%
63%
Highly Effective Minimally Effective
34%
30%
27%
The strategic initiatives of Change
Enablers perform better
Figure 6: Change Enablers complete more
strategic initiatives that meet original goals, are
on time and are on budget.
86%
14%
12%
88%
74%
74%
Highly Effective
Minimally Effective
Use always or usually
Use sometimes,
rarely or never
Change Enablers are seven times more likely to frequently use
standardized project management practices for strategic initiatives
Figure 7: Frequency of using standardized project management practices to implement
organizational change.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
8 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
Furthermore, 85 percent of Change Enablers understand and are able to
harness the value of project management compared to their counterparts,
only 22 percent of whom report that they value the contributions of project
management in driving change.
Consequently, Change Enablers are ?nancially stronger: 83 percent of them
indicate a strong ?nancial condition compared to just 52 percent of their
less effective counterparts.
Engaged Sponsors
Organizations are more effective when they demand active project
sponsorship as a core competency. According to Harold Sirkin, Perry Keenan
and Alan Jackson, “Sometimes, senior executives are reluctant to back
initiatives. That’s understandable; they’re often bringing about changes
that may negatively affect employees’ jobs and lives. However, if senior
executives do not communicate the need for change, and what it means for
employees, they endanger their projects’ success.”
9
A PMI-commissioned white paper on the role of sponsors in organizational
change states clearly that “ponsors play a critical role in effectively
integrating project management and a disciplined approach to change
management that dramatically improves the odds of a successful project
implementation. The sponsor plays a key role by promoting and sustaining
the focus on the project’s critical nature and its urgency as well as by
coaching employees and executives and, ?nally, by communicating a shared
sense of the need for change.”
10
Findings from an IBM survey support this: over 90 percent of respondents
cited “top management sponsorship” as the factor that makes change
successful.
11
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession research shows that it is critical to have
engaged sponsors who actively rally senior management to commit
to change. To ensure successful organizational change, the leading
responsibilities of the executive sponsor are to communicate and lead,
followed by clarifying direction and/or targets (Figure 8).
Furthermore, for change initiatives to be successfully implemented,
“projects are increasingly becoming the key drivers of organizational
success. It is absolutely essential that the executive team develops the
capability to be sponsors that truly understand, promote and demonstrate
Provide
communication
and leadership
Clarify direction
and/or targets
51%
42%
Communicate and lead, and clarify
directions and targets, are the
leading responsibilities of the
executive sponsor
Figure 8: Critical responsibilities of executive
sponsors.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
9 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
the organizational change management competencies in project
management.”
12
Our study shows that the top two factors that make an organization
effective at change management are support by senior management (72
percent) and stakeholder involvement in the initiative (70 percent).
Since lack of leadership is the second biggest cause for organizational
change failures (see Figure 3 on page 5), it is critical that senior
management is on board to lead and manage people through change.
According to Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide, it is
important to involve employees effectively in organizational decision
making and change initiatives. During times of change, communication
and stakeholder engagement are more important than usual and can
substantially affect the cost and outcome of change efforts. Executives
and employees see change differently: (1) senior managers typically see
change as an opportunity for both the business and themselves; and (2)
employees typically see change as disruptive, intrusive and likely to involve
loss. Understanding these different viewpoints and managing the change
from both positions ensure a smoother and more successful transition for
all stakeholders.
One important way to encourage the success of organizational change is
through an active sponsor rallying the senior management through change.
By doing this, strategic initiatives are more successful, as evident in our
research. Sixty-four percent of strategic initiatives with Change Enablers
have active executive sponsors, compared to just 41 percent at other
organizations.
Managing People through Change
While implementing change in organizations requires standardized project
and program management practices and engaged sponsors, the success of
strategic initiatives is also dependent on managing people through change.
In The Change Trifecta: Measuring ROI to Maximize Change Effectiveness, PwC
Advisory Services emphasizes that their approach to embedding successful
change management is based on “managing people through the process
of adopting and embracing change,” as they believe this is the best way to
secure stakeholder engagement and create sustainable change.
13
What is clear is that along with embracing change, creating sustainable
change is critical. Change Enablers incorporate a project and program
management culture and mindset to address the “hearts and minds”
Leaders must sponsor and
champion the change effort
and publicly demonstrate
their commitment to it. They
should communicate a clear
and compelling vision and
business case through a strong
communications plan.
People want the chance to have
a stake in what’s good for the
organization and they want
the chance to play an active
role in helping to achieve that
goal: Who are we? What are we
about? Why are we doing this?
That leads to engagement—
why we’re doing what we’re
doing and how they’re part of
the journey. This clear case for
change forms the platform for
making change stick.
~ Toni Cusumano
PwC change management leader
on successful change management;
www.pwc.com/us/peopleandchange
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
10 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
of employees in an organization, as mentioned in the Perspective on
page 3. The McKinsey report Winning Hearts and Minds: The Secrets of
Sustaining Change emphasizes that the “reshaping of employee attitudes
and behaviors is just as critical to the success of a transformation as the
implementation of process changes.”
14
Our research supports this, as it shows that important factors that make
organizations effective at change are:
? Having a culture that embraces the change (59 percent)
? Effectively managing employees through the change (58 percent)
Compared to their counterparts, the vast majority of Change Enablers
sustain organizational change by managing the change with standardized
project and program management practices, as mentioned above, or
ensuring that the intiatives are run through a project management of?ce
(PMO) (Figure 9).
The questions that inevitably arise are: How do organizations know
that they have enabled sustainable change? What are the metrics that
organizations use to determine the success of their strategic initiatives?
Our data shows that customer satisfaction (63 percent), cost reduction (62
percent) and sales/pro?ts (50 percent) are the three metrics routinely used
to evaluate the outcome of organizational change.
However, it is important to note that project and program managers report
that customer satisfaction (58 percent) and employee morale or retention
(45 percent) are by far the top metrics that they consider the best for
16%
56%
9%
27%
Highly Effective
Minimally Effective
40%
18%
PMOs and standardized project management practices are critical
to sustaining change
Standardized project
management practices
Project management
of?ce (PMO)
Figure 9: Management of initiatives that result in sustained organizational change.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
11 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
evaluating the outcome of organizational change. In their experience, sales/
pro?ts and cost reduction lag far behind, at 23 percent and 20 percent,
respectively.
Ultimately, this con?rms that organizations need to listen to their
customers and gauge the responses of their employees when enabling
sustainable change, as these factors are critical in an organization moving
from a current to a future state.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
12 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
PERSPECTIVE:
SUSTAINING CHANGE, REALIZING BENEFITS
by Terry Cooke-Davies, PhD
Delivering strategic change is only half of the story. The other
half is all about sustaining the change permanently, so as to
deliver the strategic bene?ts on which the business case for
the initiative depended, and then sustain them into the future.
Once again, experience suggests that it is people who are
key, most notably the executives who lead those parts of the
organization that stand to bene?t from the initiative. Survey
after survey has identi?ed the critical importance of engaged
sponsors in delivering bene?ts,
15
and this survey is no different.
The challenge for the project management practitioner,
however, is how to maintain the engagement of key
executives and to ensure that they have a clear understanding
of what sponsorship means—speci?cally how to deliver the
balance between driving accountability and energizing people.
Actual practice is likely to vary depending on the unique
culture and circumstances of the particular organization, but
two cases of good practice that worked in speci?c contexts
illustrate just what might be involved in sustaining the change.
The ?rst example concerns the senior executive team
(equivalent of the C-suite) of a ?nancial institution in the
United Kingdom. Faced with too many strategic initiatives
failing to sustain the change or deliver the promised bene?ts,
the head of the enterprise PMO and the CEO re-formatted
their monthly review of strategic initiatives. Instead of starting
with a review of current initiatives, presented by the respective
project managers, the meeting started by reviewing the status
of initiatives completed during the previous year or two, with
the emphasis being on the bene?ts delivered, and the review
was presented by the responsible executive sponsor. Only
after reviewing the completed initiatives, was the status of
current initiatives reviewed. This created lasting accountability
on the part of the responsible executive and ensured that the
executive did not declare victory too soon, diverting focus to
the next hot topic.
A second example comes from change management
practitioners at The Boston Consulting Group who have
found that a key to sustaining change is going beyond the
executive sponsors of strategic initiatives to enrolling the
extended leadership team in the change, often extending to
the middle managers who will actually be executing and living
with the results of the initiatives on a day-to-day basis. At
one international bank, the C-suite started out by de?ning the
desired behaviors of the leadership team itself in line with the
new strategy. The process was then further cascaded through
to the top 500 managers, with recurring quarterly workshops
to focus on their behaviors and corresponding outcomes as
well as periodic trainings to reinforce their learnings. To keep
the new behaviors top of mind, the bank instituted regular
communications and newsletters to the entire organization on
the progress of the strategic initiatives, including recognition
of those individuals demonstrating the targeted new
behaviors.
These two examples are illustrative of the general need to
engage leadership in sustaining the change so that strategic
bene?ts ?ow from the initiative.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
13 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
CONCLUSION
Failed projects can result in huge ?nancial losses for an organization, but a
failed strategic initiative has an impact far beyond just the ?nancials. When
an organization embarks on change, it’s likely that systems, processes,
vendors and perhaps even the overall organizational mindset (or mission)
will be impacted. Failure to successfully enable sustainable change leaves an
organization losing its competitive advantage.
All organizations go through change. Some organizations proactively
opt to change to take advantage of new growth and opportunities;
other organizations are forced to quickly change to survive and remain
competitive. Those organizations highly effective at organizational change
management, the Change Enablers, demonstrate that the success of
strategic initiatives occurs through:
? Standardized project and program management practices;
? Engaged sponsors who actively rally senior management to commit
to change; and
? Managing people through organizational change.
Successful organizational change management requires a commitment to
transform from what an organization is into what it wants to be.
With a project management culture and mindset, organizations adept at
the iterative process of change can enable longer-term sustainable change.
Change Enablers understand the necessity of strategic change: there are
more dollars lost on strategic initiatives due to poor project performance.
And while change may be inevitable in today’s business environment, the
insights offered in this report can help leaders at organizations pull ahead
of their competition—without losing customer con?dence and risking
employee morale and retention.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
14 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
ABOUT THIS REPORT
Research for PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling
Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives was conducted in
January 2014 among 723 project management practitioners with ?ve or
more years of project management experience and who are currently doing
professional project, program or portfolio management work on a full-time
basis.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
15 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
REFERENCES
1 PMI. Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide. 2013.
2 Dinsmore, P. C. and Terry Cooke-Davies. The Right Projects, Done Right. San
Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2006. 144–145.
3 Storm, P. The Management of Soft Projects. IPMA, World Congress of Project
Management, 1996. Elsevier Applied Science, 803–810.
4 Economist Intelligence Unit. Why Good Strategies Fail: Lessons for the C-Suite.
July 2013.
5 Kaplan, Robert and David Norton. The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to
Operations for Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business School Press, 103.
6 PMI. Pulse of the Profession
®
: The High Cost of Low Performance. January 2014.
7 Economist Intelligence Unit. Leaders of Change. 2011
8 PMI. Pulse of the Profession
®
In-Depth Report: The Essential Role of
Communications. May 2013.
9 Sirkin, Harold L., Perry Keenan and Alan Jackson. “The Hard Side of Change
Management.” Harvard Business Review, 163. October 2005.
10 Harrington, Dr. H. James and Douglas Nelson. The Sponsor as the Face of
Organizational Change. PMI, 2013.
11 IBM. Making Change Work. 2008.
12 Harrington, Dr. H. James and Douglas Nelson. The Sponsor as the Face of
Organizational Change. PMI, 2013.
13 PriceWaterhouseCoopers. The Change Trifecta: Measuring ROI to Maximize
Change Effectiveness. 2012.
14 Aiken, Carolyn, Dmitriy Galper and Scott Keller. Winning Hearts and Minds: The
Secrets of Sustaining Change. McKinsey & Company.
15 See Crawford, L., T. Cooke-Davies, B. Hobbs, L. Labuschagne, K. Remington,
and P. Chen (2008). Situational Sponsorship of Projects and Programmes. PMI.
90–92.
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doc_408990932.pdf
Change initiatives are time consuming and costly, significantly impacting an organization’s drive toward success. And nearly half of them fail. Since the reality is that change is unavoidable, organizations need to resolve how to successfully adapt and sustain change.
ENABLING
ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGE
Through Strategic
Initiatives
PMI’s
PULSE of the
PROFESSION
™
In-Depth Report
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
2 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Change initiatives are time consuming and costly, signi?cantly impacting
an organization’s drive toward success. And nearly half of them fail. Since
the reality is that change is unavoidable, organizations need to resolve how
to successfully adapt and sustain change. As outlined in Managing Change
in Organizations: A Practice Guide, PMI views change management as an
essential organizational capability that cascades across and throughout
portfolio, program and project management. All strategic change in
organizations is delivered through programs and projects, and successful
organizations lead change by managing their projects and programs
effectively.
1
Projects and programs by their very nature create change. To successfully
implement organizational strategy, companies need project and program
managers with the skills to drive and navigate change, while ensuring
that those changes are strategically aligned to business goals. The success
or failure of a change initiative is not just about initiating, planning,
monitoring, executing and evaluating the project that will drive the change.
It also involves preparing your organization for transformation, ensuring
stakeholder buy-in, and engaging executive sponsors to champion and
support the change before, during and after its implementation.
This in-depth report provides insights from a 2014 PMI study of experienced
project management practitioners from around the globe. The report seeks
to help organizations identify where they can create more ef?cient, effective
change management, and develop competencies to successfully implement
and sustain change. Change is inevitable and organizations that manage it
effectively will pull ahead of their competition.
Authors:
Tricia S. Cabrey | Amy Haughey
with contributions by:
Terry Cooke-Davies, PhD
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
3 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
PERSPECTIVE:
THE STRATEGIC BENEFITS OF CHANGE
by Terry Cooke-Davies, PhD
It isn’t easy to manage projects and programs that call for a
high degree of behavioral change. Of all the different types
of projects, they are the ones most likely to encounter delay
(especially if they are particularly large and complex)
2
and
the ones least likely to deliver on those aspects of scope that
relate to the behavioral change.
3
Yet in today’s business environment, with business models in
a state of ?ux just as products and services are, it is virtually
impossible for organizations to implement their chosen
strategies without undertaking the kinds of strategic initiatives
that inevitably require substantial behavioral and cultural
changes. It is not surprising that a recent report from the
Economist Intelligence Unit identi?es “the organization lacks
change management skills” as the most frequently cited
reason for the failure of strategic initiatives.
4
It isn’t that project and program management practices
don’t work for strategic initiatives; rather it is that additional
skills, capabilities and practices need to be integrated with
standard project and program management practices. These
practices will win the “hearts and minds” of those who must
behave differently if the initiatives are to deliver and sustain
their strategic bene?ts. There is widespread agreement that
additional change management capabilities are needed, both
among consultants supporting strategic change initiatives
(such as BCG, IBM and PwC) and also among academics (such
as John Kotter).
Behavior is strongly in?uenced by context: factors such as
culture, rewards, recognition, incentives and established
norms all play a signi?cant role. This means that managing
the context is crucial where change initiatives are concerned.
On the other hand, behavioral change involves people doing
things differently, so particular attention also needs to be paid
to project work speci?cally aimed at stakeholder engagement,
employee involvement and communication. Specialists in
such ?elds as industrial and organizational psychology and
organizational development are best involved right at the
outset of the initiative, so that they can develop change
management programs integrated into the initiative.
According to Jeanne Kwong Bickford, Partner and
Managing Director at The Boston Consulting Group,
a good practice at the launch of a strategic initiative is to
develop a deliberate and structured change management
plan to address both the hearts and minds of employees
up and down the organizational hierarchy. The “minds”
component includes, among other things, addressing the
contextual elements that reinforce the desired behaviors (e.g.,
metrics, incentive compensation, organizational structure
and responsibilities, management forums). The “hearts”
component includes aligning leaders to speak with one voice,
helping stakeholders to understand what the change means
for them, and maintaining morale over time in the face of
inevitable challenges in actual execution.
This latter set of activities are social processes involving
the engagement of all stakeholder groups in establishing
the case for change (“Why does this organization need to
change?”), in crafting the “story of the change” (“What will
this change mean for my team and for me, and how can I best
contribute?”) and in participating in planning the subsequent
stages of the strategic initiative. This may well also include
helping the organization to identify leading “soft” indicators
that the change is having the desired impact, which will
ultimately lead to the business bene?ts that are expected to
result.
Such engagement programs, unlike many other kinds of
projects, are not linear but iterative by nature, which presents
its own speci?c challenges to project planners. They also
provide two-way feedback, and are particularly valuable
when conducted in the very early stages of the initiative,
enabling “change champions” to emerge, and providing early
indications of additional work that might be necessary to
in?uence the hearts and minds of speci?c stakeholder groups.
This study provides ample evidence and new insights into the
need for these “soft” factors to be integrated with effective
project delivery processes to deliver the anticipated strategic
bene?ts of change.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
4 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
THE NECESSITY OF STRATEGIC
CHANGE
According to Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide, change
management is a comprehensive, cyclic and structured approach for
transitioning individuals, groups and organizations from a current state
to a future state with intended business bene?ts. The process of
change begins with organizational leaders developing an organizational
strategy, then with the creation of an initiative that is aligned with that
strategy. These strategic initiatives are formulated as a direct response to
a change in the business environment. Strategic initiatives—projects
and programs—by their very nature drive change in an organization.
In The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to Operations for Competitive
Advantage, Robert Kaplan and David Norton de?ne strategic initiatives as
“collections of ?nite-duration discretionary projects and programs, outside
of the organization’s day-to-day operational activities, that are designed to
help the organization achieve its targeted performance.”
5
In today’s volatile environment, with the rate of change accelerating,
organizations that successfully manage strategic initiatives save more
money and are poised to gain an advantage over their competitors. “Today
we’re talking a lot about change management because organizations
live in a much more dynamic environment than in the past,” says Michel
Thiry, PhD, PMI Fellow, founder and managing partner of Valense Ltd. “The
economy is changing at the global level. Cultures are shifting. We’re moving
from a western business approach to a culture of countries in accelerated
development.”
However, the reality is that very few organizations successfully manage
these strategic initiatives to keep up with the volatile global economy. Our
research shows that only 18 percent of organizations report being highly
effective at organizational change management (those we call Change
Enablers, Figure 1).
In our 2014 Pulse of the Profession
: The High Cost of Low Performance
report, we highlight that organizations lose US$109 million for every US$1
billion invested in all projects, due to poor project performance.
6
But when
speci?cally looking at strategic initiatives, organizations report that only
52 percent of these are successful. The failure of strategic initiatives has a
signi?cantly greater ?nancial impact: nearly 15 percent of every dollar spent
on strategic initiatives is lost—US$149 million of every US$1 billion spent
(Figure 2).
Highly Effective –
Change Enablers
Minimally
Effective
Moderately
Effective
18%
18%
64%
Few organizations effectively
manage strategic initiatives
Figure 1: Effectiveness of organizational change
management.
US$149 million
The amount lost for every
US$1 billion spent on a strategic
initiative, due to poor project
performance.
Figure 2: Organizations lose on average US$149
million for every US$1 billion spent on strategic
initiatives, due to poor project performance.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
5 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
The primary reasons why organizations are failing—and losing money—are
insuf?cient communications and lack of leadership (Figure 3).
However, organizations that are highly effective at change management,
Change Enablers, incorporate certain practices that they deem important to
the success of strategic initiatives:
? Having well-de?ned milestones and metrics
? Having senior management committed to change
? Establishing and communicating concrete ownership and
accountability
? Using standardized project management practices
? Having engaged executive sponsors
It comes as no surprise that these practices are not frequently used within
organizations that are not very good at change management (Figure 4).
Insuf?cient
communications
Lack of
leadership
59%
56%
Primary causes of organizational
change failure
Figure 3
Well-de?ned milestones and metrics
Senior management committed
to the change
Concrete ownership and accountability
Standardized project management
practices
Engaged executive sponsors
22%
86%
29%
86%
24%
84%
21%
81%
25%
81%
Highly Effective
Minimally Effective
64%
57%
60%
60%
56%
Signi?cantly more Change Enablers focus on certain
practices for managing organizational change
Figure 4: Frequent practices of Change Enablers.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
6 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
Research by the Economist Intelligence Unit supports these ?ndings: the
top reasons why change initiatives did not succeed were a lack of clearly
de?ned milestones, a lack of commitment by senior management and
poor communication.
7
The practices used frequently by Change Enablers
overcome these failures.
Having each of these practices, though important and used frequently by
Change Enablers, is not enough. It is also critical to effectively communicate
the outcomes of these practices throughout the organization. For example,
while de?ning milestones and metrics is a key ?rst step, organization-
wide communication of their impact to the initiative is essential. The data
shows that creating an effective communication plan, properly executing
that plan and identifying, measuring and communicating the intended
bene?ts of change are key factors that make an organization good at change
management (Figure 5).
The bene?t of effective communication is noted in PMI’s Pulse of the
Profession In-Depth Report: The Essential Role of Communications, which
found that many organizations fail to effectively communicate the business
bene?ts of strategic initiatives to stakeholders at all levels of a project.
PMI’s research on the role of communications found that one half of
unsuccessful projects are related to ineffective communications.
8
Therefore,
the importance of communicating a strategic initiative’s alignment to
organizational strategy should not be overlooked.
68%
64%
62%
Communication is critical to effective organizational
change management
Effective communication plans
Effective identi?cation, measurement
and communication of the intended
bene?ts of the change
Effective execution of the
communication plans
Figure 5: Factors for effective organizational change management.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
7 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
ENABLING SUSTAINABLE
CHANGE
Our survey data reveals that among Change Enablers, twice as many
strategic initiatives meet original goals, are completed on time and on
budget compared to organizations that are not as good at organizational
change management (Figure 6).
This success comes from Change Enablers demonstrating certain practices
that allow them to successfully implement and sustain change:
? Standardized project and program management practices;
? Engaged sponsors who actively rally senior management to commit
to change; and
? Managing people through change.
Standardized Project and Program Management
Practices
Change Enablers instill a project and program management culture and
mindset that enable the success of strategic initiatives.
Our research shows that 86 percent of them either always or usually use
standardized project and program management practices to implement
organizational change, compared to just 12 percent of their less adept
counterparts (Figure 7). So Change Enablers are seven times more likely to
frequently use standardized project management for strategic initiatives,
and it shows in their results.
Meet goals On time On budget
31%
65%
34%
64%
36%
63%
Highly Effective Minimally Effective
34%
30%
27%
The strategic initiatives of Change
Enablers perform better
Figure 6: Change Enablers complete more
strategic initiatives that meet original goals, are
on time and are on budget.
86%
14%
12%
88%
74%
74%
Highly Effective
Minimally Effective
Use always or usually
Use sometimes,
rarely or never
Change Enablers are seven times more likely to frequently use
standardized project management practices for strategic initiatives
Figure 7: Frequency of using standardized project management practices to implement
organizational change.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
8 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
Furthermore, 85 percent of Change Enablers understand and are able to
harness the value of project management compared to their counterparts,
only 22 percent of whom report that they value the contributions of project
management in driving change.
Consequently, Change Enablers are ?nancially stronger: 83 percent of them
indicate a strong ?nancial condition compared to just 52 percent of their
less effective counterparts.
Engaged Sponsors
Organizations are more effective when they demand active project
sponsorship as a core competency. According to Harold Sirkin, Perry Keenan
and Alan Jackson, “Sometimes, senior executives are reluctant to back
initiatives. That’s understandable; they’re often bringing about changes
that may negatively affect employees’ jobs and lives. However, if senior
executives do not communicate the need for change, and what it means for
employees, they endanger their projects’ success.”
9
A PMI-commissioned white paper on the role of sponsors in organizational
change states clearly that “
integrating project management and a disciplined approach to change
management that dramatically improves the odds of a successful project
implementation. The sponsor plays a key role by promoting and sustaining
the focus on the project’s critical nature and its urgency as well as by
coaching employees and executives and, ?nally, by communicating a shared
sense of the need for change.”
10
Findings from an IBM survey support this: over 90 percent of respondents
cited “top management sponsorship” as the factor that makes change
successful.
11
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession research shows that it is critical to have
engaged sponsors who actively rally senior management to commit
to change. To ensure successful organizational change, the leading
responsibilities of the executive sponsor are to communicate and lead,
followed by clarifying direction and/or targets (Figure 8).
Furthermore, for change initiatives to be successfully implemented,
“projects are increasingly becoming the key drivers of organizational
success. It is absolutely essential that the executive team develops the
capability to be sponsors that truly understand, promote and demonstrate
Provide
communication
and leadership
Clarify direction
and/or targets
51%
42%
Communicate and lead, and clarify
directions and targets, are the
leading responsibilities of the
executive sponsor
Figure 8: Critical responsibilities of executive
sponsors.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
9 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
the organizational change management competencies in project
management.”
12
Our study shows that the top two factors that make an organization
effective at change management are support by senior management (72
percent) and stakeholder involvement in the initiative (70 percent).
Since lack of leadership is the second biggest cause for organizational
change failures (see Figure 3 on page 5), it is critical that senior
management is on board to lead and manage people through change.
According to Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide, it is
important to involve employees effectively in organizational decision
making and change initiatives. During times of change, communication
and stakeholder engagement are more important than usual and can
substantially affect the cost and outcome of change efforts. Executives
and employees see change differently: (1) senior managers typically see
change as an opportunity for both the business and themselves; and (2)
employees typically see change as disruptive, intrusive and likely to involve
loss. Understanding these different viewpoints and managing the change
from both positions ensure a smoother and more successful transition for
all stakeholders.
One important way to encourage the success of organizational change is
through an active sponsor rallying the senior management through change.
By doing this, strategic initiatives are more successful, as evident in our
research. Sixty-four percent of strategic initiatives with Change Enablers
have active executive sponsors, compared to just 41 percent at other
organizations.
Managing People through Change
While implementing change in organizations requires standardized project
and program management practices and engaged sponsors, the success of
strategic initiatives is also dependent on managing people through change.
In The Change Trifecta: Measuring ROI to Maximize Change Effectiveness, PwC
Advisory Services emphasizes that their approach to embedding successful
change management is based on “managing people through the process
of adopting and embracing change,” as they believe this is the best way to
secure stakeholder engagement and create sustainable change.
13
What is clear is that along with embracing change, creating sustainable
change is critical. Change Enablers incorporate a project and program
management culture and mindset to address the “hearts and minds”
Leaders must sponsor and
champion the change effort
and publicly demonstrate
their commitment to it. They
should communicate a clear
and compelling vision and
business case through a strong
communications plan.
People want the chance to have
a stake in what’s good for the
organization and they want
the chance to play an active
role in helping to achieve that
goal: Who are we? What are we
about? Why are we doing this?
That leads to engagement—
why we’re doing what we’re
doing and how they’re part of
the journey. This clear case for
change forms the platform for
making change stick.
~ Toni Cusumano
PwC change management leader
on successful change management;
www.pwc.com/us/peopleandchange
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
10 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
of employees in an organization, as mentioned in the Perspective on
page 3. The McKinsey report Winning Hearts and Minds: The Secrets of
Sustaining Change emphasizes that the “reshaping of employee attitudes
and behaviors is just as critical to the success of a transformation as the
implementation of process changes.”
14
Our research supports this, as it shows that important factors that make
organizations effective at change are:
? Having a culture that embraces the change (59 percent)
? Effectively managing employees through the change (58 percent)
Compared to their counterparts, the vast majority of Change Enablers
sustain organizational change by managing the change with standardized
project and program management practices, as mentioned above, or
ensuring that the intiatives are run through a project management of?ce
(PMO) (Figure 9).
The questions that inevitably arise are: How do organizations know
that they have enabled sustainable change? What are the metrics that
organizations use to determine the success of their strategic initiatives?
Our data shows that customer satisfaction (63 percent), cost reduction (62
percent) and sales/pro?ts (50 percent) are the three metrics routinely used
to evaluate the outcome of organizational change.
However, it is important to note that project and program managers report
that customer satisfaction (58 percent) and employee morale or retention
(45 percent) are by far the top metrics that they consider the best for
16%
56%
9%
27%
Highly Effective
Minimally Effective
40%
18%
PMOs and standardized project management practices are critical
to sustaining change
Standardized project
management practices
Project management
of?ce (PMO)
Figure 9: Management of initiatives that result in sustained organizational change.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
11 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
evaluating the outcome of organizational change. In their experience, sales/
pro?ts and cost reduction lag far behind, at 23 percent and 20 percent,
respectively.
Ultimately, this con?rms that organizations need to listen to their
customers and gauge the responses of their employees when enabling
sustainable change, as these factors are critical in an organization moving
from a current to a future state.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
12 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
PERSPECTIVE:
SUSTAINING CHANGE, REALIZING BENEFITS
by Terry Cooke-Davies, PhD
Delivering strategic change is only half of the story. The other
half is all about sustaining the change permanently, so as to
deliver the strategic bene?ts on which the business case for
the initiative depended, and then sustain them into the future.
Once again, experience suggests that it is people who are
key, most notably the executives who lead those parts of the
organization that stand to bene?t from the initiative. Survey
after survey has identi?ed the critical importance of engaged
sponsors in delivering bene?ts,
15
and this survey is no different.
The challenge for the project management practitioner,
however, is how to maintain the engagement of key
executives and to ensure that they have a clear understanding
of what sponsorship means—speci?cally how to deliver the
balance between driving accountability and energizing people.
Actual practice is likely to vary depending on the unique
culture and circumstances of the particular organization, but
two cases of good practice that worked in speci?c contexts
illustrate just what might be involved in sustaining the change.
The ?rst example concerns the senior executive team
(equivalent of the C-suite) of a ?nancial institution in the
United Kingdom. Faced with too many strategic initiatives
failing to sustain the change or deliver the promised bene?ts,
the head of the enterprise PMO and the CEO re-formatted
their monthly review of strategic initiatives. Instead of starting
with a review of current initiatives, presented by the respective
project managers, the meeting started by reviewing the status
of initiatives completed during the previous year or two, with
the emphasis being on the bene?ts delivered, and the review
was presented by the responsible executive sponsor. Only
after reviewing the completed initiatives, was the status of
current initiatives reviewed. This created lasting accountability
on the part of the responsible executive and ensured that the
executive did not declare victory too soon, diverting focus to
the next hot topic.
A second example comes from change management
practitioners at The Boston Consulting Group who have
found that a key to sustaining change is going beyond the
executive sponsors of strategic initiatives to enrolling the
extended leadership team in the change, often extending to
the middle managers who will actually be executing and living
with the results of the initiatives on a day-to-day basis. At
one international bank, the C-suite started out by de?ning the
desired behaviors of the leadership team itself in line with the
new strategy. The process was then further cascaded through
to the top 500 managers, with recurring quarterly workshops
to focus on their behaviors and corresponding outcomes as
well as periodic trainings to reinforce their learnings. To keep
the new behaviors top of mind, the bank instituted regular
communications and newsletters to the entire organization on
the progress of the strategic initiatives, including recognition
of those individuals demonstrating the targeted new
behaviors.
These two examples are illustrative of the general need to
engage leadership in sustaining the change so that strategic
bene?ts ?ow from the initiative.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
13 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
CONCLUSION
Failed projects can result in huge ?nancial losses for an organization, but a
failed strategic initiative has an impact far beyond just the ?nancials. When
an organization embarks on change, it’s likely that systems, processes,
vendors and perhaps even the overall organizational mindset (or mission)
will be impacted. Failure to successfully enable sustainable change leaves an
organization losing its competitive advantage.
All organizations go through change. Some organizations proactively
opt to change to take advantage of new growth and opportunities;
other organizations are forced to quickly change to survive and remain
competitive. Those organizations highly effective at organizational change
management, the Change Enablers, demonstrate that the success of
strategic initiatives occurs through:
? Standardized project and program management practices;
? Engaged sponsors who actively rally senior management to commit
to change; and
? Managing people through organizational change.
Successful organizational change management requires a commitment to
transform from what an organization is into what it wants to be.
With a project management culture and mindset, organizations adept at
the iterative process of change can enable longer-term sustainable change.
Change Enablers understand the necessity of strategic change: there are
more dollars lost on strategic initiatives due to poor project performance.
And while change may be inevitable in today’s business environment, the
insights offered in this report can help leaders at organizations pull ahead
of their competition—without losing customer con?dence and risking
employee morale and retention.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
14 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
ABOUT THIS REPORT
Research for PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling
Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives was conducted in
January 2014 among 723 project management practitioners with ?ve or
more years of project management experience and who are currently doing
professional project, program or portfolio management work on a full-time
basis.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth Report: Enabling Organizational Change Through Strategic Initiatives March 2014
15 ©2014 Project Management Institute, Inc. PMI.org/Pulse
REFERENCES
1 PMI. Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide. 2013.
2 Dinsmore, P. C. and Terry Cooke-Davies. The Right Projects, Done Right. San
Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2006. 144–145.
3 Storm, P. The Management of Soft Projects. IPMA, World Congress of Project
Management, 1996. Elsevier Applied Science, 803–810.
4 Economist Intelligence Unit. Why Good Strategies Fail: Lessons for the C-Suite.
July 2013.
5 Kaplan, Robert and David Norton. The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to
Operations for Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business School Press, 103.
6 PMI. Pulse of the Profession
®
: The High Cost of Low Performance. January 2014.
7 Economist Intelligence Unit. Leaders of Change. 2011
8 PMI. Pulse of the Profession
®
In-Depth Report: The Essential Role of
Communications. May 2013.
9 Sirkin, Harold L., Perry Keenan and Alan Jackson. “The Hard Side of Change
Management.” Harvard Business Review, 163. October 2005.
10 Harrington, Dr. H. James and Douglas Nelson. The Sponsor as the Face of
Organizational Change. PMI, 2013.
11 IBM. Making Change Work. 2008.
12 Harrington, Dr. H. James and Douglas Nelson. The Sponsor as the Face of
Organizational Change. PMI, 2013.
13 PriceWaterhouseCoopers. The Change Trifecta: Measuring ROI to Maximize
Change Effectiveness. 2012.
14 Aiken, Carolyn, Dmitriy Galper and Scott Keller. Winning Hearts and Minds: The
Secrets of Sustaining Change. McKinsey & Company.
15 See Crawford, L., T. Cooke-Davies, B. Hobbs, L. Labuschagne, K. Remington,
and P. Chen (2008). Situational Sponsorship of Projects and Programmes. PMI.
90–92.
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