Description
Training Analysis (sometimes called Training Needs Analysis (TNA)) is the process of identifying the a gap in employee training and related training needs.
ASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING NEEDS IN FISHERIES AND AGRICULTURE SECTORS
Inception Report
Click Associate Trainers and Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
April 2007
1. INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of Higher Education, Employment and Social Security (MHEESS) has launched the Employment Skills Training Project, with support from the Asian Development Bank. ESTP will expand the technical and vocational education system to meet employers long term needs for staff. To support the project, MHEESS has commissioned Click Associate Trainers and Consultants Pvt. Ltd. to conduct sector specific needs assessment studies for the construction, tourism, fisheries and agriculture, social and transport sectors. Employment Needs Assessment Study for Fisheries and Agriculture Sectors is one of theses studies.
1.1.
Objectives
The primary objectives of the study are to generate for the Employment Skills Training Project the following inputs that reflect and support the needs of the employers: • Number of people to be trained for jobs in sector priority occupations • Knowledge and skills required for the jobs • Mode of delivering (on-the job, formal, short-term or long-term) the training The above objectives are to be attained by implementing the following activities: • Review major reports, studies and surveys on the sectors • Compile profiles of the sectors • Compile profiles of the most important employment opportunities in the sectors with the required skills and training • Identify issues and constraints that hinders locals from working in the sectors • Develop study design and instruments • Prepare researchers manual and train researchers • Undertake a pilot study • Undertake the main study and prepare report
1.2.
Outcomes
At the end of the study a report with the following details has to be produced on the fisheries and agriculture sectors: • Profiles of the sector, outlining the history, scope and boundary of the sectors • Direction of the strategic employment growth in the sectors, listing all occupations according to ISCO classification and including wage structure and overview of working conditions • Current and future (2010) employment/occupational profiles of the sector showing gender for the current profiles • Assessment of present and future training needs and development of a training plan to meet theses needs • Identification of critical occupations for localization • Identification of attitude change towards employment among youth • Issues and problems related to Maldivian labour force
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2. STUDY METHODOLOGY 2.1. Desk study
Relevant reports, studies, surveys and guidelines are being reviewed to develop sector profiles and provide context for the study. The sector situation and direction of the development are being assessed by examining policy documents and analyzing primary and secondary data. The following flowchart (Fig.1) shows the approach to employment needs assessment, and training needs assessment.
Employment requirement No. of expatriate jobs + No. of local jobs + No. of forecasted jobs Employment needs assessment
Prioritizing occupations for localization
Employment gap No. of expatriate jobs that can be localized + No. of local vacant jobs + No. of forecasted jobs
Training needs assessment
Training requirement for prioritized occupations No. of people to be trained for localized expatriate jobs + No. of people to be trained for local jobs + No. of people to be trained for forecasted jobs Knowledge and skill required for the jobs
Training gaps No. of people to be trained for localized expatriate jobs if locals are not employed because of lack of training + No. of people to be trained for local jobs if vacancies exist because of lack of training + No. of people to be trained for forecasted jobs Gaps in knowledge and skill required for the jobs
Fig. 1 Approach to employment assessment and training assessment.
2.2.
Sample survey
A sample survey will be conducted in the northern and southern development regions, and Male’ and adjacent atolls to collect relevant primary data for the study. Sampling design for this survey is outlined below.
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2.2.1.
Scope and coverage
The sampling survey component of the project covers the following geographical regions. Northern development region Southern development region Male’ and adjacent atolls The study has adopted 2 stages of sampling. In the 1st stage, the islands to be enumerated was selected based on the number employed/engaged in fisheries and agriculture. For instance, to identify which islands to select from the North for fisheries and agriculture sectors, all islands in the north (all islands of HA, HDh, Sh and N) was listed with the number engaged fisheries and agriculture. Next a proportion was calculated for each island and the island with the highest proportion was selected as the initial sampling unit (Table 1). Apart from the islands Male’, will be enumerated to capture the sector specific information required. A minimum representative sample will be selected from each of the target populations. Table 1. Islands proposed for sampling in fisheries and agriculture sectors
Islands/Sectors Northern development region Kulhudhuffushi Dhihdhoo Kelaa Total of sample in North Total of North % covered Male’ and adjacent atolls Kaashidhoo Thulusdhoo Himmafushi Dhiffushi Total of sample in Kaafu Total of Kaafu % covered Southern development region Hithadhoo Fuvahmulah Thinadhoo Total of sample in South Total of South % covered Agriculture 17 32 121 170 1,148 15 220 5 12 4 241 259 93 20 236 24 280 741 38 Fisheries 172 84 22 278 1,786 16 15 54 3 83 155 483 32 153 145 166 464 1,672 28
2.2.2.
The frame
The frame and sampling details are summarised in Table 2. The sample size in relation to the target populations is shown in Tables 3 and 4.
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Table 2. Summary of sampling details
Target population Stratum Basis for stratification Frame Selection method Survey instrument Administration of the instrument Main TOR outcome related with the instrument Job profile Training need Wage/income structure
Fisheries Employer 1) Fishing boat operators A fishing boat operator offers very limited number of jobs to a limited number of people, but as employers they are many. A fish buyer/processor or institution offers relatively a large number of different jobs to many people; these employers are few Application of different selection methods Employees working for fishing boat operators are in the primary A list of fishing boat operators from fishery report forms submitted by the selected islands A full list of fish buyers/processors, institutions Simple Random Sampling Employer questionnaire Administered interviewer by
2) Fish buyers/processors and institutions
Population exhausting
Employer questionnaire
Part of the questionnaire administered by interviewer; part (job list and job details) self administered
Job profile Training need Wage structure Localization
Employee
1) Employees working for fishing boat operators
A list of employees working fishing boat operators in the selected islands
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion
5
2) Employees working for fish buyers/processors and institutions
production sector; employees working for fish buyers/processor s are in the secondary production sector Two groups have different training needs
Option 1: A list of employees working for fish buyers/processors and institutions Option: 2* A full list of fish buyers/processors and institutions A list of employees working for the selected fish buyers/processors, institutions in A list of subsistence farmers from the island office of the selected islands A full list of commercial farmers and institutions from Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
Agriculture Employer 1) Subsistence farmers A subsistence farmer offers very limited number of jobs to a limited number of people, but as employers they are many. A commercial farmer or an institute offers relatively a large number of different jobs to many people; these employers are few Simple Random Sampling Employer questionnaire Administered interviewer by Job profile Training need Wage/income structure
2) Commercial farmers (long-term leased islands) and institutions
Population exhausting
Employer questionnaire
Part of the questionnaire administered by interviewer; part (job list and job details) selfadministered
Job profile Training need Wage structure Localization
6
Application of different selection methods Employee 1) Employees working for subsistence farmers Two groups have different training needs Application of different selection methods A list of employees working for subsistence farmers in the selected island Option 1: A list of employees working for commercial farmers and institutions Option: 2* A full list of commercial farmers and institutions from Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources A list of employees working for the selected commercial farmers and institutions. Simple Random Sampling Employee questionnaire Administered by interviewer Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
2) Employees working for commercial farmers and institutions
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
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Both sectors Students of Grade 10-12, and school leavers or others seeking jobs**
A list of students in Grade 10-12 in the selected islands A list of households in the selected islands A list of households in the selected islands
Simple Random Sampling
Potential employee questionnaire
Self-administered in the presence of interviewer
Opinion/attitude
Parents/guardia ns of students in Grade 10-12, and school levers or others seeking jobs
*Option 2 is preferred
Simple Random Sampling
Household questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Opinion/attitude
**The component “school leavers or others seeking jobs” will be treated as a nonprobability sample
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Table 3.* Sampling in atolls: size relationship between sample and population
Total Number inhabited islands Sample Number of inhabited islands 03 03 04 10
Region
of
Number of establishme nts
Number of households
Number of establishmen ts
Number of households
1. North 2. South 3. Kaafu Total
58 27 09 94
9313 8028
Table 4* Sampling in Male’: size relationship between sample and population
Ward Number of blocks in Number establishments Total In % of Sample size Blocks Establishment
1. Henveiru 2. Galolhu 3. Machchangolhi 4. Maafannu 5. Villigili 6. Hulhumale’ Total Male' region * These tables will be completely filled once samples have been selected
2.2.3.
Sampling strategy
The initial selection of islands to carry out the survey is purposive because of the nature of spread of economic activity in the country. The research will be carried out in a manner that islands are selected based on the main economic activities carried out in the island. The sampling approach for this study will be a scientific approach; however, based on available information some large establishments may have to be purposively included in the sample. In any case, special emphasis will be given to arrive to a sample which is representative of the whole region and the collected data will be raised to the regional level.
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2.2.4.
Selection method
Selection of enumeration blocks in Male’ as well as in the islands will be based on Simple Random Sampling. Suppose 20 establishments
out of a total of 199 (N) were selected based on SRS method, then selection probability p would have been
p=
2.2.5.
n 20 = = 0.10 or 10 % N 199
Estimation of weights
For estimation of regional totals, weights will be calculated separately for Male’, North and South regions for the two sectors based on the listing frames used. 2.2.6. Sample Representative level
The sample will be representative to the regional level. The error margin for the estimates will be set to maximum 5% with a sample of 10% with a confidence interval of 95%.
2.3.
Study team
The study consists of the following members: Project coordinator: Ibrahim Shareef Sector specialist: Hassan Shakeel Economist: Ahmed Munavvar Statistician: Idham Fahmy Enumerators: Five trained enumerators
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3. USEFUL REPORTS, STUDIES, SURVEYS AND GUIDELINES
The following reports, studies, surveys and guidelines are being reviewed to give context to Employment Needs Assessment Study for Fisheries and Agriculture Sectors: Republic of the Maldives Human Resource Needs Study, Final Report, March 2005, prepared by Robert Castley. Postsecondary Education and Skills Development, Republic of Maldives, ADB TA 3826-MLD, Penultimate Draft, 14 December 2002, COL International and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Statistical Yearbook of Maldives 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development Expatriate labour statistics, Ministry of Higher Education, Employment and Social Security Expatriate labour regulations, Ministry of Higher Education, Employment and Social Security Population and Housing Census of Maldives 2006, Media Release Edition, Population and Housing Basic Tables, Ministry of Planning and National Development. Gender and Development in the Maldives. A Review of Twenty Years – 1979-1999. 2000. BFS Consulting Group Pvt. Ltd. Third Fisheries Project Documents. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Fisheries Statistics. Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture,. Status and Needs of Fisherfolk: Vaavu, Meemu and Faafu Atolls, Maldives. 1991. The extension and Projects Section, Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Republic of Maldives, Published by the Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India. Discussion on Potential Collaborative Action to Increase Entry of Youth into the Fisheries sector. April 2002. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources Fisheries Sector Performance, Challenges and Projects. September 1999. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Draft Fisheries and Aquaculture Bill. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources. Establishment of Institute of Fisheries and Marine Resources. Development of the Fisheries Sector – Phase 2. 2004. Prepared for Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture and Marine Resources by Canadian Fisheries Consultants Limited in association with Al-Habsi Consultants Office. Fisheries Diversification Project – Phase II – Mariculture Development Study. 2004. Prepared for Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture and Marine Resources by Canadian Fisheries Consultants Limited in association with Al-Habsi Consultants Office. Sixth National Development Plan. Ministry of Planning and National Development.
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Maldives Human Development Report- Challenges and Responses. December 2002. Ministry of Planning and National Development, and United Nations Development Programme. Framework for a Strategic Plan for Gender Mainstreaming in the Maldives. 2001. Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Social Security and the UN Interagency Theme Group, Strategic Planning Workshop. Girl Child in the Maldives – A Survey Report. 1995. Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports. Women’s Status in the Maldives: Trends from Secondary Data Sources. Prepared for Department of Women’s Affairs, 1991. Miralao, Virginia A., and Khadeeja Ibrahim. Women’s Status and Development Trends in the Maldives: A Survey Report. Department of Women’s Affairs, 1991. Miralao, Virginia A., and Khadeeja Ibrahim. Republic of Maldives. Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment, UNDP, 1998. 1999.United Nations Development Programme and the Maldives Ministry of Planning and National Development. Agricultural Development Master Plan, Maldives (2006-2020), (Draft), Volumes I, II, & III, September 2006. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources.
4. GENERAL PROFILES OF THE SECTORS
To establish context for this study, a brief introduction to the fisheries and agriculture sectors is provided here.
4.1.
Fisheries sector
Traditionally, the life style and economy of Maldives has been dominated by artisanal fishing. Tuna fishery has been the dominant fishery (Table 5), and tuna has been a major export product (Table 6). Recently, the subsistence reef fish fishery has increased in scale and new exportoriented reef fisheries have started. The milestones in the development of Maldives fisheries can be identified as follows: • Export of dried skipjack (Maldivefish) exclusively to Sri Lanka until 1970 when a foreign exchange shortage in Sri Lanka essentially brought the Maldivefish market to a standstill. • Initiation of frozen fish export scheme in 1972 as a reaction to the loss of Sri Lankan market • Mechanization of fishing vessels in 1972, and subsequent establishment of a cold storage and a tuna cannery on Felivaru in Lhaviyani Atoll. • Introduction of tourism to the country, which increased the demand for reef fish. • Establishment of freezing facilities in Laamu Mandhoo and Gaafu Alifu Kooddoo. • Liberalization of tuna industry and opening of fisheries zones to private companies, ending the monopoly of Maldives Industrial Fishing Company over the tuna industry. • Introduction of large fishing vessels into the tuna fishing fleet, which increased the tuna catch.
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Table 5 Fishing vessels and fish catch
2000 Composition of fish catch (in metric tons) Total Skipjack Yellowfin Other tuna related species Other marine fish Average number of vessels engaged in fishing (per month) Mechanized Masdhoni Sailing Masdhoni Mechanized Vadhudhoni Sailing Vadhudhoni Rowing boats 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
118,963 79,683 15,706 6,339 17,236
127,184 88,044 15,246 6,778 17,115
163,388 115,322 24,525 7,219 16,322
155,415 108,329 22,914 7,508 16,664
158,576 109,749 24,818 6,543 17,466
185,980 132,060 24,571 8,302 21,047
1,137 41 58 72 19
1,128 66 49 40 13
1,102 90 59 9 16
1,104 117 49 8 18
1,112 8 61 25 22
1,002 5 63 15 18
Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development
Table 6. Export of marine products in relation to other products
2000 896,824 100 481,665 54 415,159 46 2001 937,325 100 538337 57 398,988 43 2002 1,161,683 100 716,706 62 444,977 38 2003 1445922 100 978,778 68 467,144 32 2004 1,572,277 100 1,155,347 73 416,930 27 2005 1334,060 100 1,312,33 8 98 21,722 2
Total exports (in ‘000Rufiyaa) (Percentage) Marine products (in ‘000 Rufiyaa) (Percentage) Other products (in ‘000 Rufiyaa) Percentage
Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development
4.2.
Agriculture sector
The share of agriculture (including mainly the crop sub-sector) in the national economy is low and declining. Its contribution to the GDP was around 7 percent in 1984, 3.6 percent in 1995 and 2.7 percent in 2003. It engages about three percent of the total labour force. However the sector is important in poverty alleviation, people’s livelihoods and nutrition. Agriculture is still traditional in nature and is practiced mostly as means of subsistence. It is mainly practiced as a family activity with minimal use of hired labour. Semicommercial and commercial farms employ expatriate labour. Women play a major role in
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farming activities. It is believed that domestic agricultural production covers only about 10 percent of the country’s food requirement and the rest, including staple food items, are imported. Coconut is the dominant crop which is produced and consumed throughout the country. Other important crops include breadfruit, banana, mango, papaya, watermelon, melon, pumpkin, cucumber, eggplant, chilli pepper, leaf cabbage, small red onion, brinjal, hot pepper, ridge pepper, pumpkin, luffa, taro, cassava, sweet, potato, betel leaf, arecanut, Indian almond, finger millet, common millet, sorghum and maize. Livestock raising is only a developing activity. Chicken and ducks are raised in backyards and some poultry have now appeared on large scale farms. In terms of land use, four types of farming practices are common in the Maldives. These are: • settled home gardens, • bush-fallow system of shifting cultivation, • settled type year-round cultivation and • small scale backyard chicken raising. In terms of subsistence-commercial orientation, three categories can be identified as follows: • Subsistence agriculture • Semi-subsistence/semi-commercial agriculture • Commercial agriculture on small to medium scales on relatively larger islands.
5. ISCO OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES
Different occupations in the fisheries and agriculture sectors are being identified and classified. Preliminary examination of present sector situations shows some of the occupations that exist in the sectors, namely managers, marine engineers, refrigeration engineers, marine biologists, fishing vessel operators, skippers, chummers, fishing labourers, , subsistence farmers, farm labourers Some potential occupations related with new developments of the sectors have also been identified: aquaculturists, pathologists , veterinarians, quality inspectors. These occupations are related with the development of marine aquaculture; quarantine services for imported plants and animals; and export of fishery products to more lucrative markets. In addition to sector-specific occupations, there are cross-sectoral ones that support fisheries and agriculture sectors; for example , statisticians, accountants, economists. These occupations are also important for the employers of the sectors: Further analysis of the past and present situations of the sectors, and the direction of future sectoral development will reveal specific job requirements of the employers and a suitable training plan in the context of the Employment Skills Training Project.
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6. EMPLOYMENT PROFILES OF THE SECTORS
The expatriate employment is increasing in the Maldives (Table 7). In 2005, there were 44,845 foreign workers in the country. Fisheries sector and agriculture sector employed 3 and 1% of expatriate labour respectively in 2005. This is a small proportion compared with the construction and tourism sectors, which employed 25 and 23 % respectively in 2005 (Table 8). Most foreign workers are found in elementary occupations (Table 9). Table 7. Expatriate employment
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 27,716 29,201 30,664 33,765 38,413 Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development 2005 44,845
Table 8. Percentage share of expatriate labour by industry, 2005
Industry Construction Tourism Community, social and personal services Financing, insurance, business, and real estate Hotels and restaurants Education Whole sale and retail trade Transport, storage, and communication Fishing Manufacturing Agriculture and forestry Electricity, gas and water Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development Percentage 25 23 15 12 7 6 4 3 3 2 1 0
Table 9. Percentage share of expatriate labour by occupation, 2005
Occupation Elementary occupations Crafts and related trade workers Service workers Professionals Technicians and associate professionals Legislators, senior officials and managers Plant, machine operators, assemblers Clerical and related workers Skilled agricultural and fisheries workers Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development Percentage 46 20 13 10 7 2 2 1 0
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7. PROPOSED STRUCTURE FOR THE STUDY REPORT
The following structure is being developed for the study report: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. Objectives 2.2. Outcomes 3. STUDY METHODOLOGY 4. GENERAL PROFILES OF THE SECTORS 4.1. Fisheries Sector 4.2. Agriculture Sector 5. EMPLOYMENT PROFILES OF THE SECTORS 5.1. Current employment: locals 5.2. Current employment: expatriates 5.3. Employment gaps 6. STRATEGIC EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN THE SECTORS 6.1. Employment forecast 7. CRITICAL OCCUPATIONS FOR LOCALIZATION 7.1. Problems and issues related to the local labour force 7.2. Attitude change towards employment among youth 7.3. Priority occupations for localization 8. TRAINING PLAN 8.1. Training needs assessment 8.1.1. Training requirement 8.1.2. Training gaps 8.2. Modes of training delivery
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doc_152679730.pdf
Training Analysis (sometimes called Training Needs Analysis (TNA)) is the process of identifying the a gap in employee training and related training needs.
ASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING NEEDS IN FISHERIES AND AGRICULTURE SECTORS
Inception Report
Click Associate Trainers and Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
April 2007
1. INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of Higher Education, Employment and Social Security (MHEESS) has launched the Employment Skills Training Project, with support from the Asian Development Bank. ESTP will expand the technical and vocational education system to meet employers long term needs for staff. To support the project, MHEESS has commissioned Click Associate Trainers and Consultants Pvt. Ltd. to conduct sector specific needs assessment studies for the construction, tourism, fisheries and agriculture, social and transport sectors. Employment Needs Assessment Study for Fisheries and Agriculture Sectors is one of theses studies.
1.1.
Objectives
The primary objectives of the study are to generate for the Employment Skills Training Project the following inputs that reflect and support the needs of the employers: • Number of people to be trained for jobs in sector priority occupations • Knowledge and skills required for the jobs • Mode of delivering (on-the job, formal, short-term or long-term) the training The above objectives are to be attained by implementing the following activities: • Review major reports, studies and surveys on the sectors • Compile profiles of the sectors • Compile profiles of the most important employment opportunities in the sectors with the required skills and training • Identify issues and constraints that hinders locals from working in the sectors • Develop study design and instruments • Prepare researchers manual and train researchers • Undertake a pilot study • Undertake the main study and prepare report
1.2.
Outcomes
At the end of the study a report with the following details has to be produced on the fisheries and agriculture sectors: • Profiles of the sector, outlining the history, scope and boundary of the sectors • Direction of the strategic employment growth in the sectors, listing all occupations according to ISCO classification and including wage structure and overview of working conditions • Current and future (2010) employment/occupational profiles of the sector showing gender for the current profiles • Assessment of present and future training needs and development of a training plan to meet theses needs • Identification of critical occupations for localization • Identification of attitude change towards employment among youth • Issues and problems related to Maldivian labour force
2
2. STUDY METHODOLOGY 2.1. Desk study
Relevant reports, studies, surveys and guidelines are being reviewed to develop sector profiles and provide context for the study. The sector situation and direction of the development are being assessed by examining policy documents and analyzing primary and secondary data. The following flowchart (Fig.1) shows the approach to employment needs assessment, and training needs assessment.
Employment requirement No. of expatriate jobs + No. of local jobs + No. of forecasted jobs Employment needs assessment
Prioritizing occupations for localization
Employment gap No. of expatriate jobs that can be localized + No. of local vacant jobs + No. of forecasted jobs
Training needs assessment
Training requirement for prioritized occupations No. of people to be trained for localized expatriate jobs + No. of people to be trained for local jobs + No. of people to be trained for forecasted jobs Knowledge and skill required for the jobs
Training gaps No. of people to be trained for localized expatriate jobs if locals are not employed because of lack of training + No. of people to be trained for local jobs if vacancies exist because of lack of training + No. of people to be trained for forecasted jobs Gaps in knowledge and skill required for the jobs
Fig. 1 Approach to employment assessment and training assessment.
2.2.
Sample survey
A sample survey will be conducted in the northern and southern development regions, and Male’ and adjacent atolls to collect relevant primary data for the study. Sampling design for this survey is outlined below.
3
2.2.1.
Scope and coverage
The sampling survey component of the project covers the following geographical regions. Northern development region Southern development region Male’ and adjacent atolls The study has adopted 2 stages of sampling. In the 1st stage, the islands to be enumerated was selected based on the number employed/engaged in fisheries and agriculture. For instance, to identify which islands to select from the North for fisheries and agriculture sectors, all islands in the north (all islands of HA, HDh, Sh and N) was listed with the number engaged fisheries and agriculture. Next a proportion was calculated for each island and the island with the highest proportion was selected as the initial sampling unit (Table 1). Apart from the islands Male’, will be enumerated to capture the sector specific information required. A minimum representative sample will be selected from each of the target populations. Table 1. Islands proposed for sampling in fisheries and agriculture sectors
Islands/Sectors Northern development region Kulhudhuffushi Dhihdhoo Kelaa Total of sample in North Total of North % covered Male’ and adjacent atolls Kaashidhoo Thulusdhoo Himmafushi Dhiffushi Total of sample in Kaafu Total of Kaafu % covered Southern development region Hithadhoo Fuvahmulah Thinadhoo Total of sample in South Total of South % covered Agriculture 17 32 121 170 1,148 15 220 5 12 4 241 259 93 20 236 24 280 741 38 Fisheries 172 84 22 278 1,786 16 15 54 3 83 155 483 32 153 145 166 464 1,672 28
2.2.2.
The frame
The frame and sampling details are summarised in Table 2. The sample size in relation to the target populations is shown in Tables 3 and 4.
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Table 2. Summary of sampling details
Target population Stratum Basis for stratification Frame Selection method Survey instrument Administration of the instrument Main TOR outcome related with the instrument Job profile Training need Wage/income structure
Fisheries Employer 1) Fishing boat operators A fishing boat operator offers very limited number of jobs to a limited number of people, but as employers they are many. A fish buyer/processor or institution offers relatively a large number of different jobs to many people; these employers are few Application of different selection methods Employees working for fishing boat operators are in the primary A list of fishing boat operators from fishery report forms submitted by the selected islands A full list of fish buyers/processors, institutions Simple Random Sampling Employer questionnaire Administered interviewer by
2) Fish buyers/processors and institutions
Population exhausting
Employer questionnaire
Part of the questionnaire administered by interviewer; part (job list and job details) self administered
Job profile Training need Wage structure Localization
Employee
1) Employees working for fishing boat operators
A list of employees working fishing boat operators in the selected islands
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion
5
2) Employees working for fish buyers/processors and institutions
production sector; employees working for fish buyers/processor s are in the secondary production sector Two groups have different training needs
Option 1: A list of employees working for fish buyers/processors and institutions Option: 2* A full list of fish buyers/processors and institutions A list of employees working for the selected fish buyers/processors, institutions in A list of subsistence farmers from the island office of the selected islands A full list of commercial farmers and institutions from Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
Agriculture Employer 1) Subsistence farmers A subsistence farmer offers very limited number of jobs to a limited number of people, but as employers they are many. A commercial farmer or an institute offers relatively a large number of different jobs to many people; these employers are few Simple Random Sampling Employer questionnaire Administered interviewer by Job profile Training need Wage/income structure
2) Commercial farmers (long-term leased islands) and institutions
Population exhausting
Employer questionnaire
Part of the questionnaire administered by interviewer; part (job list and job details) selfadministered
Job profile Training need Wage structure Localization
6
Application of different selection methods Employee 1) Employees working for subsistence farmers Two groups have different training needs Application of different selection methods A list of employees working for subsistence farmers in the selected island Option 1: A list of employees working for commercial farmers and institutions Option: 2* A full list of commercial farmers and institutions from Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources A list of employees working for the selected commercial farmers and institutions. Simple Random Sampling Employee questionnaire Administered by interviewer Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
2) Employees working for commercial farmers and institutions
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
Simple Random Sampling
Employee questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Training need Wage/income structure Opinion/attitude
7
Both sectors Students of Grade 10-12, and school leavers or others seeking jobs**
A list of students in Grade 10-12 in the selected islands A list of households in the selected islands A list of households in the selected islands
Simple Random Sampling
Potential employee questionnaire
Self-administered in the presence of interviewer
Opinion/attitude
Parents/guardia ns of students in Grade 10-12, and school levers or others seeking jobs
*Option 2 is preferred
Simple Random Sampling
Household questionnaire
Administered by interviewer
Opinion/attitude
**The component “school leavers or others seeking jobs” will be treated as a nonprobability sample
8
Table 3.* Sampling in atolls: size relationship between sample and population
Total Number inhabited islands Sample Number of inhabited islands 03 03 04 10
Region
of
Number of establishme nts
Number of households
Number of establishmen ts
Number of households
1. North 2. South 3. Kaafu Total
58 27 09 94
9313 8028
Table 4* Sampling in Male’: size relationship between sample and population
Ward Number of blocks in Number establishments Total In % of Sample size Blocks Establishment
1. Henveiru 2. Galolhu 3. Machchangolhi 4. Maafannu 5. Villigili 6. Hulhumale’ Total Male' region * These tables will be completely filled once samples have been selected
2.2.3.
Sampling strategy
The initial selection of islands to carry out the survey is purposive because of the nature of spread of economic activity in the country. The research will be carried out in a manner that islands are selected based on the main economic activities carried out in the island. The sampling approach for this study will be a scientific approach; however, based on available information some large establishments may have to be purposively included in the sample. In any case, special emphasis will be given to arrive to a sample which is representative of the whole region and the collected data will be raised to the regional level.
9
2.2.4.
Selection method
Selection of enumeration blocks in Male’ as well as in the islands will be based on Simple Random Sampling. Suppose 20 establishments
out of a total of 199 (N) were selected based on SRS method, then selection probability p would have beenp=
2.2.5.
n 20 = = 0.10 or 10 % N 199
Estimation of weights
For estimation of regional totals, weights will be calculated separately for Male’, North and South regions for the two sectors based on the listing frames used. 2.2.6. Sample Representative level
The sample will be representative to the regional level. The error margin for the estimates will be set to maximum 5% with a sample of 10% with a confidence interval of 95%.
2.3.
Study team
The study consists of the following members: Project coordinator: Ibrahim Shareef Sector specialist: Hassan Shakeel Economist: Ahmed Munavvar Statistician: Idham Fahmy Enumerators: Five trained enumerators
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3. USEFUL REPORTS, STUDIES, SURVEYS AND GUIDELINES
The following reports, studies, surveys and guidelines are being reviewed to give context to Employment Needs Assessment Study for Fisheries and Agriculture Sectors: Republic of the Maldives Human Resource Needs Study, Final Report, March 2005, prepared by Robert Castley. Postsecondary Education and Skills Development, Republic of Maldives, ADB TA 3826-MLD, Penultimate Draft, 14 December 2002, COL International and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Statistical Yearbook of Maldives 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development Expatriate labour statistics, Ministry of Higher Education, Employment and Social Security Expatriate labour regulations, Ministry of Higher Education, Employment and Social Security Population and Housing Census of Maldives 2006, Media Release Edition, Population and Housing Basic Tables, Ministry of Planning and National Development. Gender and Development in the Maldives. A Review of Twenty Years – 1979-1999. 2000. BFS Consulting Group Pvt. Ltd. Third Fisheries Project Documents. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Fisheries Statistics. Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture,. Status and Needs of Fisherfolk: Vaavu, Meemu and Faafu Atolls, Maldives. 1991. The extension and Projects Section, Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Republic of Maldives, Published by the Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India. Discussion on Potential Collaborative Action to Increase Entry of Youth into the Fisheries sector. April 2002. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources Fisheries Sector Performance, Challenges and Projects. September 1999. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Draft Fisheries and Aquaculture Bill. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources. Establishment of Institute of Fisheries and Marine Resources. Development of the Fisheries Sector – Phase 2. 2004. Prepared for Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture and Marine Resources by Canadian Fisheries Consultants Limited in association with Al-Habsi Consultants Office. Fisheries Diversification Project – Phase II – Mariculture Development Study. 2004. Prepared for Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture and Marine Resources by Canadian Fisheries Consultants Limited in association with Al-Habsi Consultants Office. Sixth National Development Plan. Ministry of Planning and National Development.
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Maldives Human Development Report- Challenges and Responses. December 2002. Ministry of Planning and National Development, and United Nations Development Programme. Framework for a Strategic Plan for Gender Mainstreaming in the Maldives. 2001. Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Social Security and the UN Interagency Theme Group, Strategic Planning Workshop. Girl Child in the Maldives – A Survey Report. 1995. Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports. Women’s Status in the Maldives: Trends from Secondary Data Sources. Prepared for Department of Women’s Affairs, 1991. Miralao, Virginia A., and Khadeeja Ibrahim. Women’s Status and Development Trends in the Maldives: A Survey Report. Department of Women’s Affairs, 1991. Miralao, Virginia A., and Khadeeja Ibrahim. Republic of Maldives. Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment, UNDP, 1998. 1999.United Nations Development Programme and the Maldives Ministry of Planning and National Development. Agricultural Development Master Plan, Maldives (2006-2020), (Draft), Volumes I, II, & III, September 2006. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources.
4. GENERAL PROFILES OF THE SECTORS
To establish context for this study, a brief introduction to the fisheries and agriculture sectors is provided here.
4.1.
Fisheries sector
Traditionally, the life style and economy of Maldives has been dominated by artisanal fishing. Tuna fishery has been the dominant fishery (Table 5), and tuna has been a major export product (Table 6). Recently, the subsistence reef fish fishery has increased in scale and new exportoriented reef fisheries have started. The milestones in the development of Maldives fisheries can be identified as follows: • Export of dried skipjack (Maldivefish) exclusively to Sri Lanka until 1970 when a foreign exchange shortage in Sri Lanka essentially brought the Maldivefish market to a standstill. • Initiation of frozen fish export scheme in 1972 as a reaction to the loss of Sri Lankan market • Mechanization of fishing vessels in 1972, and subsequent establishment of a cold storage and a tuna cannery on Felivaru in Lhaviyani Atoll. • Introduction of tourism to the country, which increased the demand for reef fish. • Establishment of freezing facilities in Laamu Mandhoo and Gaafu Alifu Kooddoo. • Liberalization of tuna industry and opening of fisheries zones to private companies, ending the monopoly of Maldives Industrial Fishing Company over the tuna industry. • Introduction of large fishing vessels into the tuna fishing fleet, which increased the tuna catch.
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Table 5 Fishing vessels and fish catch
2000 Composition of fish catch (in metric tons) Total Skipjack Yellowfin Other tuna related species Other marine fish Average number of vessels engaged in fishing (per month) Mechanized Masdhoni Sailing Masdhoni Mechanized Vadhudhoni Sailing Vadhudhoni Rowing boats 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
118,963 79,683 15,706 6,339 17,236
127,184 88,044 15,246 6,778 17,115
163,388 115,322 24,525 7,219 16,322
155,415 108,329 22,914 7,508 16,664
158,576 109,749 24,818 6,543 17,466
185,980 132,060 24,571 8,302 21,047
1,137 41 58 72 19
1,128 66 49 40 13
1,102 90 59 9 16
1,104 117 49 8 18
1,112 8 61 25 22
1,002 5 63 15 18
Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development
Table 6. Export of marine products in relation to other products
2000 896,824 100 481,665 54 415,159 46 2001 937,325 100 538337 57 398,988 43 2002 1,161,683 100 716,706 62 444,977 38 2003 1445922 100 978,778 68 467,144 32 2004 1,572,277 100 1,155,347 73 416,930 27 2005 1334,060 100 1,312,33 8 98 21,722 2
Total exports (in ‘000Rufiyaa) (Percentage) Marine products (in ‘000 Rufiyaa) (Percentage) Other products (in ‘000 Rufiyaa) Percentage
Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development
4.2.
Agriculture sector
The share of agriculture (including mainly the crop sub-sector) in the national economy is low and declining. Its contribution to the GDP was around 7 percent in 1984, 3.6 percent in 1995 and 2.7 percent in 2003. It engages about three percent of the total labour force. However the sector is important in poverty alleviation, people’s livelihoods and nutrition. Agriculture is still traditional in nature and is practiced mostly as means of subsistence. It is mainly practiced as a family activity with minimal use of hired labour. Semicommercial and commercial farms employ expatriate labour. Women play a major role in
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farming activities. It is believed that domestic agricultural production covers only about 10 percent of the country’s food requirement and the rest, including staple food items, are imported. Coconut is the dominant crop which is produced and consumed throughout the country. Other important crops include breadfruit, banana, mango, papaya, watermelon, melon, pumpkin, cucumber, eggplant, chilli pepper, leaf cabbage, small red onion, brinjal, hot pepper, ridge pepper, pumpkin, luffa, taro, cassava, sweet, potato, betel leaf, arecanut, Indian almond, finger millet, common millet, sorghum and maize. Livestock raising is only a developing activity. Chicken and ducks are raised in backyards and some poultry have now appeared on large scale farms. In terms of land use, four types of farming practices are common in the Maldives. These are: • settled home gardens, • bush-fallow system of shifting cultivation, • settled type year-round cultivation and • small scale backyard chicken raising. In terms of subsistence-commercial orientation, three categories can be identified as follows: • Subsistence agriculture • Semi-subsistence/semi-commercial agriculture • Commercial agriculture on small to medium scales on relatively larger islands.
5. ISCO OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES
Different occupations in the fisheries and agriculture sectors are being identified and classified. Preliminary examination of present sector situations shows some of the occupations that exist in the sectors, namely managers, marine engineers, refrigeration engineers, marine biologists, fishing vessel operators, skippers, chummers, fishing labourers, , subsistence farmers, farm labourers Some potential occupations related with new developments of the sectors have also been identified: aquaculturists, pathologists , veterinarians, quality inspectors. These occupations are related with the development of marine aquaculture; quarantine services for imported plants and animals; and export of fishery products to more lucrative markets. In addition to sector-specific occupations, there are cross-sectoral ones that support fisheries and agriculture sectors; for example , statisticians, accountants, economists. These occupations are also important for the employers of the sectors: Further analysis of the past and present situations of the sectors, and the direction of future sectoral development will reveal specific job requirements of the employers and a suitable training plan in the context of the Employment Skills Training Project.
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6. EMPLOYMENT PROFILES OF THE SECTORS
The expatriate employment is increasing in the Maldives (Table 7). In 2005, there were 44,845 foreign workers in the country. Fisheries sector and agriculture sector employed 3 and 1% of expatriate labour respectively in 2005. This is a small proportion compared with the construction and tourism sectors, which employed 25 and 23 % respectively in 2005 (Table 8). Most foreign workers are found in elementary occupations (Table 9). Table 7. Expatriate employment
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 27,716 29,201 30,664 33,765 38,413 Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development 2005 44,845
Table 8. Percentage share of expatriate labour by industry, 2005
Industry Construction Tourism Community, social and personal services Financing, insurance, business, and real estate Hotels and restaurants Education Whole sale and retail trade Transport, storage, and communication Fishing Manufacturing Agriculture and forestry Electricity, gas and water Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development Percentage 25 23 15 12 7 6 4 3 3 2 1 0
Table 9. Percentage share of expatriate labour by occupation, 2005
Occupation Elementary occupations Crafts and related trade workers Service workers Professionals Technicians and associate professionals Legislators, senior officials and managers Plant, machine operators, assemblers Clerical and related workers Skilled agricultural and fisheries workers Source: Statistical Year Book 2006, Ministry of Planning and National Development Percentage 46 20 13 10 7 2 2 1 0
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7. PROPOSED STRUCTURE FOR THE STUDY REPORT
The following structure is being developed for the study report: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. Objectives 2.2. Outcomes 3. STUDY METHODOLOGY 4. GENERAL PROFILES OF THE SECTORS 4.1. Fisheries Sector 4.2. Agriculture Sector 5. EMPLOYMENT PROFILES OF THE SECTORS 5.1. Current employment: locals 5.2. Current employment: expatriates 5.3. Employment gaps 6. STRATEGIC EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN THE SECTORS 6.1. Employment forecast 7. CRITICAL OCCUPATIONS FOR LOCALIZATION 7.1. Problems and issues related to the local labour force 7.2. Attitude change towards employment among youth 7.3. Priority occupations for localization 8. TRAINING PLAN 8.1. Training needs assessment 8.1.1. Training requirement 8.1.2. Training gaps 8.2. Modes of training delivery
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