Description
A market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition in at least one of its two sides.
Market Forces of Demand and Supply
Chapter 4
Demand and Supply
Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. ? Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. ? Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
?
Market
?
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets. Buyers determine demand. Sellers determine supply
?
? ?
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. ? Law of Demand
?
?
The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
The Demand Curve: The relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded
?
Demand Schedule
?
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Meeta’s Demand Schedule
Price of Ice cream (Rs) 0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Quantity Demanded 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Demand Curve
?
Demand Curve
?
The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
Meeta’s Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone 30.00 25.00 1. A decrease in price ...
20.00
15.00 10.00 5.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 2. ... increases quantity of cones demanded.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Market Demand Versus Individual Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service. ? Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
?
Shifts in Demand Curve
?
Change in Quantity Demanded
Movement along the demand curve. ? Caused by a change in the price of the product.
?
Price of IceCream Cones (Rs.)
Changes in Quantity Demanded
B
20.00
A tax that raises the price of ice-cream cones results in a movement along the demand curve.
A
10.00
D
0
4
8
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Shift in the demand Curve
• Consumer income • Prices of related goods • Tastes • Expectations • Number of buyers
Shift in the demand Curve
?
Change in Demand
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right. ? Caused by any change that alters the quantity demanded at every price.
?
Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone Increase in demand
Decrease in demand
Demand curve, D2 Demand curve, D1 Demand curve, D3 0 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Shift in the Demand Curve
?
Consumer Income
As income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. ? As income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease.
?
Consumer Income Normal Good Price of IceCream Cone
30.00
25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 Increase in demand
An increase in income...
D1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
D2
Consumer Income Inferior Good Price of IceCream Cone
30.00
25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 Decrease in demand
An increase in income...
D2
0 1
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Variables That Influence Buyers
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Supply
Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell. ? Law of Supply
?
?
The law of supply states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.
Supply Schedule
?
Supply Schedule
?
The supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied.
Mihir’s Supply Schedule
Price of Ice Cream 0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Quantity Supplied 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Supply Surve
?
Supply Curve
?
The supply curve is the graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.
Mihir’s Supply Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone 30.00
1. An increase in price ...
25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0
5.00
0
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.
Market Supply versus Individual Supply
Market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service. ? Graphically, individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve.
?
Shift in the Supply Curve
Input prices ? Technology ? Expectations ? Number of sellers
?
Shift in the Supply Curve
?
Change in Quantity Supplied
Movement along the supply curve. ? Caused by a change in anything that alters the quantity supplied at each price.
?
Change in Quantity Supplied Price of IceCream
S
30.00
C A rise in the price of ice cream results in a movement along the supply curve.
10.00
A
0
1
5
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Shift in the Supply Curve
?
Change in Supply
A shift in the supply curve, either to the left or right. ? Caused by a change in a determinant other than price.
?
Supply and Demand Together
?
Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Supply and Demand Together
?
Equilibrium Price
? ?
The price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect.
?
Equilibrium Quantity
?
?
The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Supply
Equilibrium price 20.00
Equilibrium
Equilibrium quantity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Demand
9 10 11 12 13 Quantity of Ice-Cream
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Markets Not in Equilibrium
(a) Excess Supply Price of Ice-Cream Cone 25.0 20.0 Supply Surplus
Demand
0
4 Quantity demanded
7
10 Quantity supplied
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Equilibrium
?
Surplus
?
When price > equilibrium price, then quantity supplied > quantity demanded.
• There is excess supply or a surplus. • Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Equilibrium
?
Shortage
?
When price < equilibrium price, then quantity demanded > the quantity supplied.
• There is excess demand or a shortage. • Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Law of supply and demand
?
The claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.
Three Steps to Analyze the change in the equilibrium
Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both). ? Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right. ? Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity.
?
How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium
Price of Ice-Cream Cone 1. Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream . . .
Supply 25.0 New equilibrium
20.0
2. . . . resulting in a higher price . . . Initial equilibrium D D 0 3. . . . and a higher quantity sold. 7 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Steps to Analyze changes in equilibrium
?
Shifts in Curves versus Movements along Curves
?
?
?
?
A shift in the supply curve is called a change in supply. A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a change in quantity supplied. A shift in the demand curve is called a change in demand. A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a change in quantity demanded.
How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium
Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 1. An increase in the price of sugar reduces the supply of ice cream. . .
S1
25.0
New equilibrium Initial equilibrium
20.0
2. . . . resulting in a higher price of ice cream . . .
Demand
0
4
7 3. . . . and a lower quantity sold.
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
doc_313844379.pptx
A market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition in at least one of its two sides.
Market Forces of Demand and Supply
Chapter 4
Demand and Supply
Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. ? Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. ? Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
?
Market
?
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets. Buyers determine demand. Sellers determine supply
?
? ?
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. ? Law of Demand
?
?
The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
The Demand Curve: The relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded
?
Demand Schedule
?
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Meeta’s Demand Schedule
Price of Ice cream (Rs) 0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Quantity Demanded 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Demand Curve
?
Demand Curve
?
The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
Meeta’s Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone 30.00 25.00 1. A decrease in price ...
20.00
15.00 10.00 5.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 2. ... increases quantity of cones demanded.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Market Demand Versus Individual Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service. ? Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
?
Shifts in Demand Curve
?
Change in Quantity Demanded
Movement along the demand curve. ? Caused by a change in the price of the product.
?
Price of IceCream Cones (Rs.)
Changes in Quantity Demanded
B
20.00
A tax that raises the price of ice-cream cones results in a movement along the demand curve.
A
10.00
D
0
4
8
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Shift in the demand Curve
• Consumer income • Prices of related goods • Tastes • Expectations • Number of buyers
Shift in the demand Curve
?
Change in Demand
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right. ? Caused by any change that alters the quantity demanded at every price.
?
Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone Increase in demand
Decrease in demand
Demand curve, D2 Demand curve, D1 Demand curve, D3 0 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Shift in the Demand Curve
?
Consumer Income
As income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. ? As income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease.
?
Consumer Income Normal Good Price of IceCream Cone
30.00
25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 Increase in demand
An increase in income...
D1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
D2
Consumer Income Inferior Good Price of IceCream Cone
30.00
25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 Decrease in demand
An increase in income...
D2
0 1
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Variables That Influence Buyers
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Supply
Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell. ? Law of Supply
?
?
The law of supply states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.
Supply Schedule
?
Supply Schedule
?
The supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied.
Mihir’s Supply Schedule
Price of Ice Cream 0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Quantity Supplied 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Supply Surve
?
Supply Curve
?
The supply curve is the graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.
Mihir’s Supply Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone 30.00
1. An increase in price ...
25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0
5.00
0
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.
Market Supply versus Individual Supply
Market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service. ? Graphically, individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve.
?
Shift in the Supply Curve
Input prices ? Technology ? Expectations ? Number of sellers
?
Shift in the Supply Curve
?
Change in Quantity Supplied
Movement along the supply curve. ? Caused by a change in anything that alters the quantity supplied at each price.
?
Change in Quantity Supplied Price of IceCream
S
30.00
C A rise in the price of ice cream results in a movement along the supply curve.
10.00
A
0
1
5
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Shift in the Supply Curve
?
Change in Supply
A shift in the supply curve, either to the left or right. ? Caused by a change in a determinant other than price.
?
Supply and Demand Together
?
Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Supply and Demand Together
?
Equilibrium Price
? ?
The price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect.
?
Equilibrium Quantity
?
?
The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Supply
Equilibrium price 20.00
Equilibrium
Equilibrium quantity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Demand
9 10 11 12 13 Quantity of Ice-Cream
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Markets Not in Equilibrium
(a) Excess Supply Price of Ice-Cream Cone 25.0 20.0 Supply Surplus
Demand
0
4 Quantity demanded
7
10 Quantity supplied
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Equilibrium
?
Surplus
?
When price > equilibrium price, then quantity supplied > quantity demanded.
• There is excess supply or a surplus. • Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Equilibrium
?
Shortage
?
When price < equilibrium price, then quantity demanded > the quantity supplied.
• There is excess demand or a shortage. • Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Law of supply and demand
?
The claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.
Three Steps to Analyze the change in the equilibrium
Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both). ? Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right. ? Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity.
?
How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium
Price of Ice-Cream Cone 1. Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream . . .
Supply 25.0 New equilibrium
20.0
2. . . . resulting in a higher price . . . Initial equilibrium D D 0 3. . . . and a higher quantity sold. 7 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Steps to Analyze changes in equilibrium
?
Shifts in Curves versus Movements along Curves
?
?
?
?
A shift in the supply curve is called a change in supply. A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a change in quantity supplied. A shift in the demand curve is called a change in demand. A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a change in quantity demanded.
How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium
Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 1. An increase in the price of sugar reduces the supply of ice cream. . .
S1
25.0
New equilibrium Initial equilibrium
20.0
2. . . . resulting in a higher price of ice cream . . .
Demand
0
4
7 3. . . . and a lower quantity sold.
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
doc_313844379.pptx