SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ERA
Robert Owen a British industrialist, reformer and humanitarian, is considered to be the first to adopt humanistic and paternalistic approach towards workers.
The philosophy underlying in Owens paternistic approach was that worker is just like a child and the owner is just like his father.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ERA
Development and use of scientific methods in setting work standards, determining a fair day’s work, and best way of doing work.
Scientific selection and placement of workers best suited to perform the various tasks and provision of their training and development for maximum efficiency.
Clear cut division of work and responsibility between management and workers.
Harmonious relations and close co-operation with workers to secure performance of work in accordance with the planned jobs and tasks.
Time study to analyze and measure the time taken in doing the various elements of a job and to standardize the operations of a job.
Motion study involving close observation of the movements required to perform a job with a view to eliminate wasteful motions and decide on the best way of doing the job.
Standardization of tools, equipments and machinery and working conditions.
Incentive wage plan with differential piece rate of wages for efficient and inefficient workmen.