Description
It is Internship report done by us this summer in NRDA (Chhattisgarh state govt.), it deals with social and managerial issues of city development planning
note: some data and analysis are removed.
Strategic Development Planning Of Naya Raipur As An Inclusive City of Future
By
Lokesh Dhruw & Vinay Prabhakar
Indian Institute of Management
Raipur
June, 2011
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Strategic Development Planning of Naya Raipur As An Inclusive City Of Future
By
Lokesh Kumar Dhruw & Vinay Prabhakar
Under the guidance of Shri L. K. Panigrahi Chief Engineer (Projects) NRDA
Indian Institute of Management
Raipur
June, 2011
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Certificate of Approval
The following Summer Internship Report titled "Strategic Development Planning of Naya Raipur as inclusive city of future" is hereby approved as a certified study in management carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of Post-Graduate Programme in Management for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein but approve the Summer Internship Report only for the purpose it is submitted.
Summer Internship Report Examination Committee for evaluation of Summer Internship Report
Name
Signature
1. Faculty Examiner
___________________
___________________
2. PG Summer Internship Co-coordinator___________________ ___________________
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Certificate from Summer Internship Guides
This is to certify that Mr. Lokesh Kumar Dhruw and Vinay Prabhakar are students of the PostGraduate Programme in Management, have worked under our guidance and supervision. This Summer Internship Report has the requisite standard and an original work to the best of our knowledge.
Mr. L.K.Panigrahi Chief Engineer (Projects) Naya Raipur Development Authority Raipur Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Completing a task is never a one-man effort. It is often the result of valuable contribution of a member or individuals in a direct or an indirect manner, which helps in shaping and achieving an objective. Here we cannot resist the temptation of expressing our thanks to those who have contributed greatly for accomplishment of this task. We would like to pay our gratitude to Mr. L.K.Panigrahi (Chief Engineer, Projects) for his attention, support and providing us an opportunity to do project with NRDA on the topic “Strategic Development planning of Naya Raipur as an inclusive city of future”. We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Rohit Khandelwal (DGM-Planning), Miss Shruti Sullerey and Mr. Mustafa Ahmed for their valuable inputs. We feel obliged to all the staff for their generous help and support.
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Abstract
Strategic Development Planning of Naya Raipur as an Inclusive City of Future Naya Raipur will be new capital city for state of Chhattisgarh. Development of a green field city is an opportunity as well as challenge, as most other Indian cities failed to meet objectives of Inclusiveness and sustainability. NRDA has been assigned with responsibility to develop, monitor and control Naya Raipur as modern city of future. NRDA has developed CDP for Naya Raipur, after detailed study for site selection, future requirement of upcoming population and, funding for development of social infrastructure. It has been acknowledged that sustainability is not possible without inclusiveness of development plan. A literature review of Inclusiveness and sustainability is required before making a strategic development plan for Naya Raipur. The literature review provided important insights and experiences in urban development across world. It helped in creating a framework to probe inclusiveness and sustainability in CDP of Naya Raipur. The major findings of CDP are. ? City will function as Capital and commercial city of state, located at south east of Raipur. CDP has three implementation phases with three different layers Core area, peripheral area and Airport zone. Site selection of Naya Raipur has been done after detailed analysis of demography, land, Availability of resources such as water, Existing infrastructure, Accessibility, Environmental impact and sustainability, economic sustainability. Development plan segmented areas for different use/activity zones such as Capital complex, Residential, SEZ, Institutional area, Composite use zone, and Recreational area. All social infrastructures like health, education, socio cultural space, recreation, transport and other services has been planned around all areas based on guidelines.
? ? ?
The broad frame work probes CDP for following three dimensions. 1. Environmental sustainability 2. Economic inclusion 3. Social Inclusion
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A detailed analysis of finer parameters grouped on the basis of above dimensions has been done and some recommendations for improvement are being suggested at end of this report.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Content List of Tables Abbreviation Introduction Problem Formulation Literature Review Research Problem Research Design Analysis Conclusion Recommendations References Page No. 5 Page No. 6 Page No. 8 Page No.9 Page No.10 Page No.11 Page No. 12 Page No. 15 Page No. 28 Page No. 30 Page No.32 Page No.68 Page No.69 Page No.72
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List of Tables
Table Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Description Open Space Area Sewerage Land Use Distribution Type of Urban Centre Occupational Structure for Naya Raipur Employment generation Project Affected Persons Percentage distribution of dwelling units Informal sector Health Facilities Educational Facility Higher Education facility Skill Development Police service Postal Services Telecommunication Infrastructure Socio-cultural Infrastructure Distributive Infrastructure Other Community Facilities Recreational Areas Play Area Possible Transport Related Benefit Smart Growth Vs Sprawl Page Number 32 34 40 42 45 46 47 49 51 53 55 55 56 56 58 58 59 59 60 61 61 63 64
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Abbreviations
NRDA- Naya Raipur Development Authority NRDP- Naya Raipur Development Plan IT-Information Technology CDP-City Development Plan CBD-Central Business District C.G.-Chhattisgarh ETC-Earned Tax Credit UDPFI- Urban Development Planning, Formulation and Implementation
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About Chhattisgarh: It is located in central India, Chhattisgarh covers 135,191 sq km and accounts for 4.1 per cent of total land area of India. The state is divided into 18 districts; Chhattisgarh’s administrative capital is Raipur, which is also its largest city, Bhilai, Durg, Bilaspur, Korba and Rajnandgaon are other major and important cities. Mineral resources are Chhattisgarh's biggest strength. It has deposits of limestone, iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, manganese, bauxite, coal, asbestos and mica. Chhattisgarh accounts for about 17 per cent of the nation's coal reserves. The state also has proven diamond reserves along with potential gold reserves. The state offers a wide range of fiscal and policy incentives for businesses under its Industrial Policy, 2004. Additionally, the state has well drafted policies for the IT/ITES, minerals and energy sectors. Chhattisgarh is among the richest Indian states in terms of mineral wealth, with 28 varieties of major minerals, including diamonds. Chhattisgarh is making significant investments in industrial infrastructure. The Chhattisgarh Industrial Development Corporation has set up four industrial growth centers, five industrial parks and four integrated infrastructure development centers (IIDC). The state is also in the process of setting up two special economic zones (SEZ). Chhattisgarh's total exports were US$ 643.6 million in 2008-09. Exports increased at a CAGR of almost 38 per cent between 2002-03 and 2008-09. Nearly 75 per cent of exports come from Bhilai and the remaining from Urla, Bhanpuri and Sirgitti. The major exports products include steel, handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-products, iron, aluminum, cement, minerals and engineering products.
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1.2 About NRDA: After formation of new state Chhattisgarh in the year 2000, the state government has decided to create a well planned new city for Raipur. Hence Special area has been notified under section 64 of Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam 1973. The authority thus formed is named Capital Area Development Authority (CADA) which is now called as Naya Raipur Development Authority (NRDA). NRDA is the nodal agency undertaking comprehensive development of this Greenfield City. The development authority comprises of Chairman, CEO and other members. Chief Executive officers appointed by government and other officers and staff working under NRDA organization. Naya Raipur Development Authority (NRDA) is a special area development authority established by GoCG under the Chhattisgarh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam, 1973 for development and administration of Naya Raipur. As part of development activities, NRDA is developing and shall develop infrastructure, utility and social projects by various procurement methods such as Public Private Partnership framework, Engineering procurement contracts Percent Rate/ Item Rate/ lump sum contract etc, depending upon the nature of projects.
1.3 Background for the Study: An ‘inclusive city’ promotes growth with equity. It is a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer. For an inclusive city to take place, it is essential to address issues Relating to management of urban poverty alleviation and slum up gradation programs, resource mobilization for urban poverty alleviation, pro-poor city policies and programs, partnerships with a vibrant civil society coupled with inclusive urban and regional planning, inclusive infrastructure and social development, integrated informal and formal urban economies, besides inclusion of the excluded in city development process.
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1.4 Area of enquiry Chhattisgarh state was born on 1st Nov 2000, with it the largest city of the state Raipur became capital. For so many years Raipur was a leading market place in central India and has a cluttered civic infrastructure. But it was not well equipped to take on its newfound role being the administrative capital of a rapidly growing state. So this need of administrative capital mainly has fueled the debate for need of a new city along with location and the mode of financing its growth. Moreover it is generally being observed so many multinationals had shown interest in coming to Raipur but backed off due to poor Infrastructure and the new city will take into account the entire infrastructure that will act as magnet for the multinationals of service sectors and non/light polluting industries.
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CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
2.1 why not revive existing Raipur: It is obvious that the expanding urban population will require a whole range of infrastructure, services, housing and jobs, not to mention land. The urban land expansion could threaten agricultural land supply, cause growth in traffic volumes and increased pressure on the environment it is necessary to pursue sustainable urban development as city will continue to grow. It would be an uphill task to revive the Raipur city. The current city has its own constraints for expansion and it can be done to a certain limit only. Thus developing Raipur as host of various administrative agencies for long term was not possible. In short the current Raipur city is not sustainable in the long run. Ecologists have long argued for equilibrium with basic ecological support system1, since the 1987 Brundtland Commission, the notion of sustainable development has taken on renewed and urgent currency (Daly 1991, United Nations 1987, Silvers 1976). The notion of sustainable development enjoins current generations to take a systems approach to urban growth, and to manage resources – economic, social and environmental – in a responsible manner for their own and future generation’s enjoyment in line with the Earth’s carrying capacity. Over the years, various writers from a range of disciplines have expounded the concept, and suggested ways to measure, monitor and implement sustainability (Aguirre 2002, Kates et al. 2005, Hasna 2007, Boulanger 2008).But mainly the objective have been to direct urban development towards minimizing the use of land, energy and materials and preserving the natural environment while enhancing human well being and quality of life. It implies that settlement pattern needs to be livable, attractive while sustainable, and this can be achieved through inclusive planning. Urban land planning now can’t afford to be simply economic centric, but it has to consider humans, environmental issues including the interdependencies of human and non-human species. Building a city which will be truly inclusive in its core is indeed a challenging task. Ten dimensions for sustainable city development in the Third World were developed by Kenworthy (2006: 67).Developing a new green field city nearby, could serve the purpose well and it could be an opportunity to revive state capital’s image as an investment magnet. Naya Raipur would be developed as an inclusive city for future which carries modern infrastructure, along with regional identity. Naya Raipur can be host of various knowledge based industry. 1) Wong, Tai-Chee & Yuen, Belinda (Eds). (2010) “Eco-City Planning”
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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 City: Different text and literatures have defined city differently. For example some defined City as relatively permanent and highly organized center of population of greater size and importance than a town or village and Census of India defined a city as any place having population of more than hundred thousand. However if we have to define a city we will define it as center of population, commerce and culture. In different times and geography city acted as center of internal change and development, sometimes they acted as center for learning and art. City is also center of administration and political power. Modern cities are product of industrial revolution, as center of large scale manufacturing. These cities attracted large employable population thus requires equipping with solution for sanitation, utilities, distribution, housing and transport. “Not only is the city an object which is perceived (and perhaps enjoyed) by millions of people of widely diverse class and character but is the product of many builders who are constantly modifying the structure for reason of their own .While it may be stable in general outlines for some time, it is ever changing in detail. Only partial control can be exercised over its growth and form, there is no final result only continuous succession of phases.” 1 The city can be defined on the basis of following dimensions 2: Social: Connect between people and the place. Visual: Aesthetic Beauty Functional: Design Temporal: Continually evolving Morphological: Layout and spatial configuration Perceptual: Experience of citizens.
1) lynch, Kevin “The Image of the city” 2) www.cyburbia.org accessed on 22nd of April 2011 at 8:17 PM
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3.2 Sustainability As we see definition of city defined as an always progressive entity, it is ever changing, in detail much more than anything it must be sustainable. Dictionaries provide many definitions of sustainability such as to maintain, to support or to endure, However now a time human sustainability has become synonymous with sustainability and hence the most quoted definition of sustainability is “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - World commission on environment and development (1987) Hence we can say that sustainability is not a destination; it is not even a path but it’s a direction that helps us in reaching our destination. Sustainability is a transition from short term thinking to long term planning; an economy outside of nature, to an economy integrated with nature; a linear flow of resources to integrated systematic flow of resources, seeing environmental, social and economic challenges as separate and competing to seeing them in larger interconnected pictures. In essence we can say that the core Idea of sustainability has become the idea of 3 dimensions: economic, ecological and social, this has been drawn in variety of ways, as pillars, as concentric circle etc.
1. Scheme of social development (Adams, W.M. (2006). "The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century.")
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To get sustainability right we have to focus on 4 points agenda: 1) 2) 3) 4) Understanding the Science Creating the ethical framework Applying the human intention Designing System Response
Understanding Science: ? ? ? Identifying non sustainability Defining the ecological system we are working In Valuing natural resource assets
Creating Ethical framework: ? Meet the obligation to current and future generations built community inclusiveness and diversity ? Ensure social Equity ? Value all of nature Applying Human Intentions: ? Add economic value ? Enhance meaningful work ? Engage competencies for sustainability ? Seek valuation of local wealth ? Adopt breakthrough technologies Designing a system response: ? ? ? ? Optimize for the system Manage Zeros Have a big plan for present and the future Build ecological integrity and social justice into every action
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“General urban resiliency rule of thumb” 7 key steps to make cities sustainable are: Planning: Enable the development of vibrant mixed-use communities and higher-density regional centers, that create a sense of place, allow for transportation choices (other than private automobiles), and protect regional agricultural, watershed, and wildlife habitat lands. Mobility: Invest in high-quality pedestrian, bicycle, and public transit infrastructure with easy access, shared connectivity and rich information sources, from signage to cell phone alerts. Building Environment: Design new buildings and associated landscaping--and retrofit existing buildings--for state-of-the-art energy (smart grid applications), and resource efficiency, integrated with mobility options. Economy: Support businesses in order to provide quality local jobs and to meet the needs of the new economy with renewable energy and other "green" technologies and services. Support local and regional economic decision-makers in adapting to the new world of rising prices, volatile energy supplies and national demographic shifts. Food: Develop regional organic food production, processing, and metro-area distribution networks. Resources: Drastically cut use of water, waste and materials, re-using them whenever possible. Management: Engage government, businesses and citizens together in resilience planning and implementation; track and communicate the successes, failures, and opportunities of this community-wide effort.
3.3 Need for a new capital city : Chhattisgarh state was born on 1st Nov 2000, with it the largest city of the state, Raipur became capital. For so many years Raipur was a leading market place in central India and has a cluttered civic infrastructure. Raipur cannot be revived beyond certain limits as new infrastructure development in an old city is more difficult than financing and developing an entirely new city. The need of administrative capital had fueled the debate for need of a new city along with location and the mode of financing its growth. Moreover it is generally being observed so many multinationals had shown interest in coming to Raipur but backed off due to limitations current city will pose to expansion of infrastructure.
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With several consultations and with general consensus it was decided to develop a new capital city housing all the state administration at core and developing several light and pollution free industries like IT/ITES around it. The new capital city would be located just 20km from current city and will be named as “Naya Raipur” to retain people’s identity with current capital. The new city will be developed with modern infrastructure that will act as magnet for the multinational companies of service sectors and non/light polluting industries. It will also house several national level educational institutes to act as knowledge centers and accelerate future growth of the state. Several tourist attraction and recreational centers will be developed around it for all round development of its citizens. The new city provides us with the opportunity of developing a city, which whole world can be proud of, it should stimulate inclusive growth. To develop a city of that kind it’s important that the new city must be inclusive; there are several dimensions for a city to be truly inclusive. 3.4 Inclusive Growth: Rapid and sustained poverty reduction requires inclusive growth that allows people to contribute to and benefit from economic growth. Rapid pace of growth is unquestionably necessary for substantial poverty reduction, but for this growth to be sustainable in the long run, it should be broad-based across sectors1 , and inclusive of all the parts of society. This definition implies a direct relationship between macro and micro determinants of growth. The micro dimension take cares of the transformation for economic diversification. Inclusive growth refers both to the pace and pattern of growths which are considered, interlinked and hence need to be addressed together. The idea that both the pace and patterns are critical component for sustainable growth record and significant poverty reduction is in the lines of Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). The commission notes that inclusiveness – a concept that encompasses equity, equality of opportunity, and protection in market and employment transitions – is an essential ingredient of any successful growth strategy. Here we emphasize the idea of equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets, resources, and unbiased regulatory environment for businesses and individuals. 2 The Commission on Growth and Development (2008) considers systematic inequality of opportunity “toxic” as it will derail the growth process through political channels or conflict. The inclusive growth approach takes longer term perspective as the focus is on productive employment rather than on direct income redistribution, as a means of increasing incomes for excluded groups. In the short run, governments could use income distribution schemes to attenuate negative impacts on the poor of policies intended to jump start growth, but transfer schemes cannot be an answer in the long run and can be problematic also in the short run. We have reached to conclusion that the main instrument for a sustainable and inclusive growth is productive employment. Employment growth generates new jobs and income for the individual - from wages in all types of firms, or from self employment, usually in micro firms - while
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productivity growth has the potential to lift the wages of those employed and the returns to the self-employed. After all, in many low-income countries the problem is not unemployment, but rather underemployment. Hence, inclusive growth is not only about employment growth, but also about productivity growth.3
1) In lines of “OECD Development Assistance Committee’s” policy statement on pro-poor growth. 2) Report of the Commission on Growth and Development. 3) There is no preconception or bias in favor of labor-intensive industry policies. Indeed, the self-employed poor need improvements in productivity and leveling of the business environment in order to raise their income.
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3.5. Inclusive city: There is great wave for new urban planning all over the world and planners are working on new ways to design a city. But with our past experiences with urban planning, most city planning gave stress to physical infrastructure, ignoring integration of social, economical and physical aspect of planning. As we have seen in most urban development projects hovered around only commercial purpose, these cities are going to serve and rest of service planning had been left for physical environment around it. This led to problem of unplanned development in and around these cities based on various economic opportunities they had to offer. These unplanned fragments of the city contributes considerably to local economy but are deprived from basic services of housing, electricity, clean drinking water etc. Such disparity in different communities at same place gives rise to law and order problem and detrimental to city productivity. Also any commercial city lacking basic community service like school, educational institute, hospitals, sports and recreational facilities cannot sustain itself. It is important for people residing in city to have diverse jobs and livelihood opportunities. Thus ignoring inclusiveness of citizens in city planning could be costly. Solution is, focus on inclusive planning and design based on economic, social, environmental, and culturally sensitive policies that allow everyone to improve economically as the physical area improves. Cities need planning that recognize that every individual has right to full and equal participation in built environment and through their direct involvement they can shape environment around them according to their own need. Following could be possible frame work for city planners, elected officials, managers and community members. Economic Development: Land use and public policy decisions that create opportunities for everyone to participate fully in the economy of the city, with access to a variety of quality jobs. Housing and Neighborhoods: Codes, zoning and incentives that generate safe, healthy neighborhoods with a range of housing types and price levels to accommodate diverse socioeconomic background and lifestyle choices. Education: Full access to quality education choices for all residents, with shared use between schools, parks and community facilities. Access and Mobility: Viable, multimodal and interconnected public transit systems with seamless spaces that is friendly and inclusive of everyone: those with disabilities, young children, seniors, and parents pushing baby carriages. Habitat Protection and a Safe Public Realm: Connected, safe, healthy, functional and green connections with pedestrian and bike-friendly streets that reactivate the public realm and lead to environmental stewardship.
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Community Facilities and Gathering Spaces: Well-maintained and usable open spaces that can be built, landscaped, and maintained with funds from selling development rights. Cultural Meaning: Spaces and places to create and display social and cultural rituals and symbols that have meaning for all residents, ensuring that projects, especially large-scale redevelopments—retain a distinctive sense of place and neighborhood. The first element is an emphasis on robust public participation. We strongly believe that each project has to fulfill the community’s vision. All too often public participation is done entirely pro forma, with no real input. The inclusive approach ensures that everyone who is eventually going to live in the area—or be affected by it—needs to be involved in a meaningful way. And, community members have to know their ideas and comments will be incorporated into the design. That’s the kind of involvement that builds the community and makes a project truly inclusive. The second common element is equitable sharing: the local community that gets all the impacts needs to also get a proportionate share of the benefits. In far too many cases involving redevelopment, prices rise and the original inhabitants are forced out, destroying neighborhoods and historic communities whose roots can go back more than a century. We believe that in each case where redevelopment results in an uptick in property values, the increase in tax revenue generated thanks to the revitalization should go directly back to the area that generated them in terms of improvements that bring real benefits.
3.6 History: At the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD), held in March 1995 in Copenhagen, Governments reached a new consensus on the need to put people at the centre of development. The Social Summit was the largest gathering ever of world leaders at that time. It pledged to make the conquest of poverty, the goal of full employment and the fostering of social integration overriding objectives of development. At the conclusion of the World Summit for Social Development, Governments adopted a declaration and Program of Action which represent a new consensus on the need to put people at the centre of development. The largest gathering yet of world leaders 117 heads of State or Government - pledged to make the conquest of poverty, the goal of full employment and the fostering of stable, safe and just societies their overriding objectives. The world summit endorsed a coherent people-centered approach to development, noting the importance of social integration as the key to creating a society for all, that actively supports
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eradicating poverty and generating productive employment for all. A ‘Society for all’ is the goal of such a declaration where all individuals with their rights and responsibilities has an active role to play in the functioning of the government and society they live in. Social integration was rightly identified as the underlying condition to enable societies and individuals living therein to fully participate in all the activities in all the domains of life, be they political, economic, and cultural and all other areas. Failure to achieve social integration is likely to lead to social fragmentation, increase disparities and inequalities within societies and thus undermining the social cohesion so much needed for avoiding conflict and promote cooperation. However, the question remained how countries achieve this lofty ideal? What are the means and steps to achieve social integration that will foster stable, safe and just societies? Social integration goals will require policies to be inclusive, an approach and process that embraces all groups and promotes tolerance for attending to the needs of all. This means societies must promote inclusionary approach in policies that fights the existing divisiveness and exclusionary tendencies almost inherent in all societies due to various factors of discrimination, control and authoritarian mindset and approaches. The fact that social exclusion is noticeable in most societies at varying degrees that keeps weaker sections out of the mainstream remains the primary constraint for achieving social integration. To fight this social, political and economic inclusion is increasingly being recognized as the key strategy. Inclusionary approach in policies is therefore being favored over top-down bureaucratic policy process. However, as increasing attention is being paid to inclusive policy questions are being raised if that is enough. Whether these inclusive policies will take care of the social exclusion and promote social integration as well can’t be told as of now.
3.7 Framework for Inclusive City Cities wanting to design and implement plans for inclusiveness can only succeed if they fully understand how the social, economic, political, cultural and environment can, together, best be integrated into the daily lives of the public.* Economic Inclusion: An economically inclusive city provides residents equal opportunities for business and access to employment and promotes pro-poor economic policies. Social Inclusion: A socially inclusive city provides all residents, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or socio- economic status, adequate housing, decent basic services, and equal access to social amenities, opportunities and other public goods essential to everyone’s general and environmental well-being.
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Political Inclusion: A politically inclusive city upholds citizens’ rights and liberties, encourages social and political participation so that city officials will make better informed decisions and in a democratic manner. Cultural Inclusion: A culturally inclusive city furthers social integration and celebrates diversity. It values cultural rights of all segments of society and encourages the arts and heritage. Environment Sustainability
*www.unhabitat.org An ‘inclusive city’ promotes growth with equity. It is a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer. Participatory planning and decision making are at the heart of ‘inclusive cities’. Promoting inclusiveness is socially just, good for growth and central to sustainable urban development. Inclusive governance reduces inequality and social tension, incorporates the knowledge, productivity, social and physical capital of the poor and disadvantaged in city development and increases local ownership of development and programs. One hundred and eighty nine (189) member nations, including India, came together at the United Nations Millennium Summit, in September 2000, to identify a number of general goals and specific, measurable targets for improving the human conditions in the 21st Century. One of the targets established was to improve the lives of millions of slum dwellers by 2020. To achieve this target, the ‘Cities without Slums Action Plan’ was conceived. According to the UN-Habitat Report, this Plan focuses on upgrading the most neglected, unhealthy and vulnerable urban slums and squatter settlements found in the developing world. While the Millennium target pales in comparison to the global scale of current and projected urban poverty and the related slum challenge, it is a critical first step in what must become a sustained effort to create truly inclusive cities and improve the lives of the most disadvantaged.
3.8. Critical factors for developing Inclusive City Strategies Urban and Rural Divide: As per 2011 Census, x million citizens of India live in urban areas still leaving about 742 million people living in the villages. Some percentages of urban population are recent migrants to city, there urban habitats are build with kaccha bricks (i.e. khapras etc). More disappointingly, their right to their homes is highly contested, often classified as illegal, with insecurity of tenure. More than 60 percent of all employment in Delhi and Mumbai
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actually comes from informal sector. Much of social security of this sector comes from a tiny piece of land back home in their native village or through families that have stayed behind. Unfortunately, a hard-headed study of urban habitats around the world reveals that the goals of modernizing the urban India may just not be achieved. This could have everything to do with the situation of 742 million rural Indians that shadow the horizon of all Indian cities. A shadow that may darken over a period of time when one finds that to feed the ever consuming cities with water, electricity and natural resources, the rural habitats gradually become more and more depleted, forcing larger and larger numbers to migrate to cities, thereby further straining Resources in the urban habitat.
Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure inadequacies in both rural and urban areas are the major constraints for India’s growth, which was pointed out in the mid-term appraisal of the Tenth Plan. Urban infrastructure plays immense role in providing basic and ancillary urban services to citizens to ensure their quality of life. However, lack of long-term development strategy, paucity of resources, weak managerial structure and operational deficiencies continue to hinder growth of efficient and environment friendly urban habitats.
Exclusion from Social Development: Lack of adequate education translates into lack of opportunity, making it much more difficult to break the cycle of poverty. Similarly, the effects of poverty begin in the womb and continue to haunt most health programs fall outside the reach of the poor. Informal sector workers are the least protected by labor laws, welfare benefits, exploitation at work and the non-existent maternity leave benefits. Disparity in Informal and Formal Urban Economies: Employment is an area, which shows up where growth process is failing on inclusiveness. During 1999-2000, the growth of employment accelerated to 2.6 percent, outpacing the growth of population. This was because working age population grew faster than total population and labor force participation rates, particularly among women, increased. Non-agricultural employment expanded robustly at an annual rate of 4.7 percent during 1999-2005 which was in the unorganized sector and low productivity self employment. Despite a healthy GDP growth, the employment in the organized sector declined. Similarly, the urban poor remains excluded from the city development process. While time and financial expenditure on travel has increased, employment opportunities have reduced. As a result, the urban poor have been forced to find employment in the informal sector to ‘Informalization’ of poverty. Besides, there is feeling of insecurity of the tenure they live in and work. 3.9 Inclusive Planning is important in achieving global commitments and goals:
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Since the Copenhagen Declaration (1995) and the First UN Decade for Eradication of Poverty (1997) and the Millennium Declaration (2000), global and national calls for creating a just and inclusive world that addresses the concerns of the weak and vulnerable have grown louder and planning for the goal has become pronounced through national multi-year plans, PRSPs and MTEFs and other home grown instruments around the world. However, as we now know progress on the poverty front has been limited and uneven and hence the necessity of proclamation of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017), and being midway to the Millennium Development Goal’s target date (2015), increasing and more comprehensive efforts are to be mounted if the world wishes to see the global community’s goals to be achieved.
Millennium development goals: Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015 The eight broad millennium development goals are: 1) Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 2) Achieve Universal Primary Education 3) Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment 4) Reduce Child Mortality 5) Improve Maternal Health 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases 7) Environmental Sustainability 8) Develop a Global Partnership for Development So looking at eight broad millennium development goals we can see it is very much in accordance with our framework which we use to define Inclusive city. Keys to develop an Inclusive city 1) To promote better quality of life and better living condition for all. 2) Promotes growth with equity. 3) All sections of society are enabled and empowered to participate in all the opportunities city offers. 4) Inclusive city is based on the vision of social, economic, environment, and culture inclusiveness. 5) Good professional urban governance is must for turning inclusive city vision into reality.
3.10 Government of India Initiatives:
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Ministry of Urban Development’s: Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: Mission of JNNURM: The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens. JNNURM has 2 sub-missions: The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance administered by the Ministry of Urban Development, with a focus on water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas. The Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban-Poor. The challenges are huge and constraints are many, yet there are reasons to be optimistic. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) a flagship program of the Government of India launched in 2005, for the first time recognized the importance of unleashing the energy within cities to drive economic and social development and had a focus on the provision of basic services with special reference to the urban poor. Other program that support the inclusive city agenda are the Affordable Housing in Partnership Scheme, Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP), Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program (IHSDP) and Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY). In order to have a focused approach towards slum that epitomizes abject human misery and ultimate inequity, the Honorable President of India announced a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) in June 2009. This scheme emphasizes a multi-pronged approach by addressing the issue of services, availability of land, financial services and skill development of the slum dwellers for ensuring a better future and equitable opportunities. However, fundamental to the success of government programs would be the participation and concerted efforts by all stakeholders to rise to the challenge and create healthier, cleaner, greener, safer, productive, sustainable and better cities for all residents. There is no preconception or bias in favor of labor-intensive industry policies. Indeed, the selfemployed poor need improvements in productivity and leveling of the business environment in order to raise their incomes.
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CHAPTER 4 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Analysis of Naya Raipur Development plan so as to find out possible strategies that will make Naya Raipur an inclusive city.
Analysis of the City Development Plan On the basis of following city development dimensions 4.1 Appropriate land use planning
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?
? ?
Land is key resource in urban development and availability of land in adequate quantity, appropriate location, and affordable prices is necessary for performance of economic activities. Mixed land use with traditional living pattern needs to be revived with environmentally sound land use strategies. Conversion of freehold into leasehold needs to be evolved to prevent escalation in land and real estate prices.
4.2 Affordable housing for all ? Shelter provides a sense of security and safety to the people, thus there is critical need of development of affordable, accessible and quality housing in all parts of city, providing minimum housing for all. ? Ensuring better living condition, women privacy and all basic amenities in housing. ? Promotion of cost effective innovative building material and technology and use of local resources that are environment friendly. ? Ensure range of type and opportunity of housing to maintain city diversity and inclusiveness. 4.3. Infrastructure for all ? Availability of basic infrastructure like water supply, electricity, sanitation facility and transport for all. ? Inviting outside private investment. ? Design progressive development plan. ? Involve local communities in design process. ? Design, built, operate and maintain locally to acceptable level. ? Development of social infrastructure like school, parks, health centers, for all round development of citizens. 4.4. Better Urban Transport ? Rapid motorization, inadequate urban transport planning and traffic management gives rise to increasing road accidents, injury, health risk and loss of economic productivity. ? Transport system should be economically efficient and environment friendly and socially sustainable manner. ? Promote human settlement development strategies integrated with transport, land use planning and environment to reduce emission and shorten up trips. ? Promote mass transport and non- motorized modes of transportation. ? Public awareness and mass participation in pollution control. ? For pollution and congestion control remedies could be.
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? ? ? ? ?
Curbing access and parking of cars in central areas. Improved public transport. Quicker traffic control through efficient traffic control. Promotion of pedestrianism and bicycle use. Stiff parking charges.
4.5. Environment conservation ? Public awareness of waste management for maintaining minimum ecological and environmental standards to prevent pollution. ? Urban tree plantation and protection of green area. ? Conservation of natural water bodies and ecosystem around it. ? Conservation of ground water through Water harvesting techniques.
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CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH DESIGN
4.1 Primary Objective: The objective is to check the inclusiveness parameter of Naya Raipur City being developed and possible Improvement strategies on the basis of our assessment. To understand the way city is being developed how it is planning to take all the stakeholders into consideration. 4.2 Sample Design: For the research activity to turnout into success city development plan of Naya Raipur was taken into account and a careful selection of different case studies have been taken into account in order to know how world class inclusive cities are being made. 4.3 Scope of the Study: This effort is to understand the a) Process of planning a new city and what planners keep in mind during the city building. b) Concept of Inclusive Growth and Henceforth Inclusive City. The observations were carefully analyzed and some constructive facts and figures were revealed .On the basis of those observations some recommendations and suggestions for NRDA are being made. To achieve the objectives stated above we have done “Descriptive Research” and data is collected from secondary sources. 4.4 Collection of Data: The research methodology comprised of secondary data collected from various websites including NRDA’s and various NRDA records and some journals on inclusive city. Major data is being collected fro 1) www.nayaraipur.com (NRDA’s Website). 2) Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 (City Development Plan).
4.6 Research Methodology:
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Introduction
understanding the concept of the Naya Raipur
Understanding the scope of Naya Raipur Development Plan .
Case Study
SWOT Analysis of NRDP
Drawing relevant areas for our project.
Observations
Recommendations
Conclusion
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CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS
6.1. Environment Sustainability
6.1.1. Strength
Site selection of the new capital area site selection has been done by keeping environmental sustainability in mind. The south eastern region is found to be more suitable as Green Area The selected site has minimum forest cover and wild life except some protected forest near Tilda, Mohrenga, Kendri, and around the confluence of Mahanadi and Sukha River, thus affecting environment in least way. The proposed Naya Raipur has balanced green area provisioned to ensure a green and environmentally sustainable city. In the proposed city large green and open spaces has been planned through various recreational areas, along with conservation of natural water bodies in following distribution of land. The following table shows the planned Open Space area for Naya Raipur. Table 1. Open Space Area Open Spaces Film city Parks and Play Areas Stadium & Sports Complex Nature Resort/Theme Park City Park Reserved Forest Botanical Park, Jungle Safari & Golf Course Water body Plantation (located within uses other than recreational) Total Area Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Area (Ha) 46.49 366.07 45.16 258.48 467.55 216.01 389.95 233.71 113.93 2137.36
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Beside above recreational open spaces more green area in terms of parks and play ground has been provided in residential sectors. Water conservation Surface water As part of conservation policy the major water bodies and other environmentally sensitive area shall be conserved with following provisions: A buffer of 20 m on either side of canals and streams and 50 m around water bodies shall be a no development zone to prevent pollution and conserve natural water shed of the water body. 100 m area along the Mahanadi canal shall be reserved as green without allowing any development or construct activity. No untreated water should be allowed to let out in the water bodies. Ground water Following measures should be taken to maintain the quality and quantity of ground water. Construction of wells, bore wells, tube wells, etc. should be restricted with permission from the concerned agency. Water harvesting should be practiced on a large scale to maintain the level of ground water. Effluent should be properly treated before letting the same on vacant land to avoid seepage and contamination. Storage of Rainwater: This can be achieved by following small-scale measures: Recharge Pits for recharging the aquifers. These are generally 1 m wide and 2 to 3 m deep back filled with boulders, gravels and coarse sand. Trenches: Usually constructed when permeable strata are available at shallow depths. Trenches may be 0.5 m to 1 m wide and 1 to 1.5 m deep, 10 to 15 m long depending upon availability of water. These are back filled with filter material. Dug wells: Existing wells can be utilized as recharge structures and water made to pass through filter media before putting into dug wells.
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4. Recharge wells: Recharge wells of 100 mm to 300 mm diameter are constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through filter media to avoid chock age of recharge well. 5. Roof top rain water: In big cities, roof top rainwater recharge has been recommended. Local authorities, communities need to be encouraged, can take up all these methods. Considering only 100 sq km of area water harvesting and assuming average rainfall 1000 mm and assuming only 40 % average runoff to be retained by soil, the quantity of water that can possible be recharged may be around 40 Mcum. Sewerage 80% of the total water consumption goes as sewerage. Project area is proposed to be divided into two drainage districts, Southern zone and Northern zone, each with independent sewer network, sewer pumping station and sewer treatment plant. Southern zone will cater for 60% of total sewage generated in area and one STP will be located at lowest spot of the zone after feasibility study by NRDA. Northern zone will account for 40% of total sewage and a pumping station will be setup which would pump about 50% of sewage generated in northern zone. Two STP with total capacity of 155 MLD capacity has been proposed for Naya Raipur which will be developed in modules in three phases Table 2. Sewerage Modules of STP in different Total phase of Development Capacity in MLD 2011 2021 2031 36 24 39 26 18 12 93 62 -
Particulars
STP (southern zone) Capacity in MLD STP (northern zone) Capacity in MLD CETP (for Industrial effluent)
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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Disposal Options The treated effluent shall be utilized in any of the following uses so as to conserve and minimize the overall water requirement viz., Irrigation, Horticulture, Ground water recharge. Three alternatives for the disposal of treated effluent are suggested as follows: i. Kulhannala ii. 50% down stream of Mahanadi Main canal running parallel and in the ridge line and 50% to Kulhannala. iii. Other alternative is to reuse water for irrigation purposes for the downstream area so that net water requirement for irrigation canal (Mahanadi Main Canal) can be reduced. This is best possible alternative for efficient use of wastewater. iv. Sewage after proper treatment and disinfections (not generally used for sewage treatment but required for effluent discharge Standards and DBU ‘Designated Best Use’ of Mahanadi Main Canal point of view) can be discharged to Mahanadi Main Canal. The Sewage treatment will be such that quality of water in Mahanadi Main Canal and treated sewage may not differ so much. In this case, a Pumping Station will be required to pump the treated sewage to Mahanadi Main Canal at suitable location to be decided after detail investigations. Storm Water Drainage The project area is traversed by four major streams thereby dividing the entire area into four catchment zones. All these streams are proposed to be preserved by carrying out rehabilitation/ improvements etc. All the proposed road side drains are proposed to convey the run off generated from the corresponding road and ultimately discharge the same into the corresponding nallahs / streams.
Hence the proposed storm water drainage system for project area consists basically of two systems i.e. i. Construction of Road side drains, ii. Improvement or rehabilitation of existing Natural streams channels /nallahs.
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Policy The following policies are to be adopted: i. Develop a storm water management system that manages the quality and quantity of storm water runoff of the region avoiding any water logging in the area. ii. Recognize the need for public ownership and operation of storm water management practices such as rainwater harvesting. iii. Prepare and adopt erosion and sediment control guidelines of the region.
Solid Waste Management The quantity of the solid-wastes generated is an indicator to the development and the character of city. More the city is developed, more the generation of the wastes. Again, the predominance of the industrial and commercial Land use in the city increases its generation. By comparing the per Capita generation of different world class and Indian cities the following norm have been suggested for generation of solid waste: Residential sectors: Commercial areas: @ 600 gm per Capita per day @ 600 gm per employee per day
Hospitals and Hotels: @ 600 bm per bed per day Other areas: @ 27 kg per ha per day
Solid Waste Management System for Naya Raipur City Depending upon the socio-economic condition, usual practices and availability of fund the selection of disposal methods are to be made judiciously. Considering the local condition of Raipur and the proposed Naya Raipur, the proposal is the combination of the following disposal methods: • Sanitary Landfill • Composting
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Solid Waste Collection System The daily-generated solid wastes from residential, institutional sources and from commercial areas are to be collected through by the appointed contractor of Welfare Society. The residents, commercial and institutionalizes will be charged the market rate for it. The contractor of the Welfare Society will deposit the solid wastes to the covered waste collection containers having suitable working and pneumatic container lifting arrangements so that the containers may be employed conveniently on the trucks. There will be covered container at 500 m distance on the roadside. The container will have two chambers one for recyclable material to be dropped and other for all organic and compost materials. The sorting of the solid waste can be done by the contractor. The sorters are to be provided with hand gloves, shocks and dress so that their health could be protected. In fact, the contract conditions are to be made considering this condition. The Consultant recommends a 75 T capacity compost plant and 7.5 acre area for dumping ground for phase I. The total area required for dumping ground is 22 acre. Two dumping grounds of 4.5 ha each are proposed at the north-eastern and south-eastern sides of the city in the peripheral area, at a distance of 5 Km from the city boundary. Other Management Measures The following activity needs to be considered: • Providing covered dust-bins/garbage collector in convenient position. • Coordinate with government and semi-governmental agencies, railways, industrial establishment and institutions to finalize a programme for efficient removal and reduction of solid waste from roadsides and drains. • Encourage recycling of newspaper, aluminium cans, glass bottles and plastics through private participation. • Hazardous wastes and bio-medical wastes should be disposed off separately; establish one centralized incinerator for disposal of all biological waste materials generated from various hospitals. • Enforce use of hand gloves, shoes and safety dress for all waste collectors and sorters to ensure health. • Provide modern trucks capable of using hydraulic lifting as well as safe garbage containers. • Increase public awareness of the benefit of living a clean and health life by proper management of solid wastes for persuading them to bear the cost of such services.
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• Encourage the CBO’s to promote use of biodegradable waste bags and dumping waste only in garbage containers and training the inhabitants the hygienic method of putting the waste bags. • Intensive program of tree plantation on the disposal areas to be undertaken after the site is filled up.
Green Transport Transport is an integral part of city planning and a green transportation system is must for future environment sustainability of city.
Intra city transport Naya Raipur as capital and commercial city will require frequent mobility of its citizens in and out of city. Connectivity of all important parts of the city is most important for a world class city. Choice of a mass public transport driven by green and clean energy is necessary in current scenario of shrinking non renewable energy resources.
Rail transit system For Naya Raipur a rail based urban transit system has been proposed to run along the central axial corridor between two intercity rail stations, covering all important functional area of the city (CBD, Capital complex, City Center Park, and other social and cultural institution. The corridor length is approx. 15.5 Km and shall have 12 intermediate stations. The system is proposed to run on elevated way with some short stretch to run underground to cross central park and 100 m east west central vista road.
The Bus system The bus system is another important part of public transport. The intercity bus system has been proposed to complement the LRTS. It has been recommended to use CNG or preferably battery based transport system to improve environment quality. It has been recommended to have 0.7 as load factor to maintain comfort level. Also bus system should be made more accessible by providing bus stops at adequate distance and pricing should be done to promote more usage of public transport.
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Intermediate Public transport Intermediate public transport (Auto rickshaw and cycle rickshaw) brings in private sector initiative, investment and management. Thus planning for a technologically modern, energy efficient and clean transport system is necessary. To facilitate operation of IPT service physical space for parking and other needs of operator has been provided as part of local area plan. Power Naya Raipur city for 5.6 lakh population is proposed to be developed in three phases. The estimated power requirement by the completion of phase III will be 565 MVA. The calculation is based on: Average Power Demand of 2 KW per household Rate of growth of Power demand @ 6.49 % per annum Power Factor - 0.9 Plant/Substation Load Factor - 0.8 Diversity Factor – 0.6 General Recommendations for setting up modern Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution system The following steps are recommended for improvement in Transmission and Distribution of Power Supply. 1. Power supply for up to 33 kV voltages should be taken through underground distribution system. The cables can be taken through underground duct or simply buried in the ground. 2. The Proposed Grid stations should preferably be built around outskirts of the city. Power supply at 132kV or above voltage level can be taken through overhead system. 3. To ensure minimum interruption of Power Supply, 11kV underground distribution system can be connected in Ring Main. It will ensure alternate source of power supply for all substations connected to the Ring Main. 4. Wherever it is necessary to use overhead transmission (Outside city limit), LT Arial Bunch cables can be used to check power theft. 5. 11/0.433kV substations can be indoor or outdoor type. 6. Wherever there is space constraints in congested areas, Modern compact packaged outdoor substations can be used. This type of modern outdoor substation contains Transformer, RMU, Capacitor and all the Switchgear arrangement in a single compartment. Space requirement for this type of substation is only 5m x 5m x 4m.
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7. The main receiving stations (Grid Stations) should have the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) facility to ensure on line monitoring and control of power supply. All substations and distribution stations will be interconnected with controlling stations by using modern methods e.g. Fiber optics. 8. As far as the usage of power is concerned, it is proposed to use energy efficient electrical light fittings and lamps e.g. low power ballasts, low consumption high power luminaries, lux level limiters and timers for street lighting etc. Non-conventional source of energy e.g. solar heaters are proposed for heating. High masts will be used at road junctions, stadiums, transport hubs, parks and for area lighting. All consumers domestic, commercial, government organizations will be metered.
6.1.2. Weaknesses
Environmental sustainability Land Use
The following table shows the existing land use distribution in the NRDA Planning Area: Table 4. Land Use Distribution SN. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Land Use Residential Commercial Industrial Public and semi-public (Public amenities and facilities) Transportation - roads and streets Recreational Water bodies Agricultural Total Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Area (In Ha) 257.48 26.61 65.34 302.65 1131.44 107.73 1846.7 20004.68 23742.63 Percentage 1.08 0.11 0.28 1.27 4.77 0.45 7.78 84.26 100
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Ideally, development of physical infrastructure over land should be done over less fertile or barren lands affecting agricultural production and livelihood of people dependent upon them, in least way. But existing land use of NRDA planning area shows exorbitant 20004.68 Ha (84.26%) land as agricultural land which has to be diverted to residential and commercial purpose later on. This could be affecting the livelihood of dependent people in big way and has to be rehabilitated properly, more over with more shrinking agriculture land across nation this might impose burden over agricultural production. However this might be inevitable as according to the site selection analysis of CDP this is the best alternative among the four quadrants.
Conservation of water bodies Though provision for conserving natural water bodies has been done by declaring 20m area around it as no construction zone but this zone can utilized more effectively by developing green open space and recreational facility around it such as garden, boating rides etc. This will not only create a public space but also checks encroachment by land mafias.
Implementation and operation of sewage treatment plan Development of sewage water treatment would take huge exchequer’s investment and needs a sustainable business plan to roll out service. An STP can be a source of water for irrigation can be source of revenue. Also expenses can be met by charging tax to citizens for service.
Transport A clear directive is missing for planning and promotion of public transport. There should be clear policy framework to promote public transport by defining pricing of public transport and taxing over usage of private transport. There must be development of convenient transport as soon as capital complex starts functioning this will attract more people to city.
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6.1.3. Opportunities:
Existing Urban cities can be categorized into 3 basic types: a) Emerging Economy b) European c) American
Table 4. Types of Urban Centre Urban Centre Emerging Economies European Main Characteristics Dense Living, growing Population High Density, low car use Sprawl, High Car use Ecological Footprint (gha/capita) 01-Feb Human Development Index 0.4-0.8
Example Africa, Latin America, China, India Western Europe, Japan, Korea, Singapore North America, Australia
04-Aug
>0.8
American
15-Aug
>0.8
Source: Wong, Tai-Chee & Yuen, Belinda(Ed)(2010),Eco-city Planning, Practice and Design Observation: The low level of Ecological footprint in Emerging economies is because of two reasons: 1) High Population 2) Low level of Industrialization when compared to European and American type City. On analyzing the above table it can be said that the emerging economies goal is to avoid increase in ecological footprint as it continues to grow and improve its human development Index. To do this is an opportunity as well as challenge. Being a new city Naya Raipur has to be developed by keeping into mind this important objective. It has to be developed in a way that improves quality of life and creates jobs and opportunity. Higher urban density combined with good public transport and a switch to use of fuel efficient and renewable energy powered vehicles can decrease transport-related energy use and
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improve livability. Opening up the city roads to walking, biking improves air quality, reduces traffic congestion, and enhances community and healthy living. Real time information can support greater public transport use and scheduling. Intercity connections can rely on high speed rail, waterways, and green logistics services from freight hubs for goods delivery. Better transport options also improve other infrastructure. A simple example is that the use of quiet electric vehicles and pedestrian streets can mean the facades of buildings can be lighter in weight with the need for less noise attenuation, therefore consuming fewer resources; or that choosing more sustainable building material results in lower CO2 emissions. Improved air quality from non-polluting vehicles can facilitate natural ventilation of buildings, saving energy costs and improving residents’ health. Increasing biodiversity with green roofs, urban parks and tree planting along streets will reduce the heat island effect and give benefits of improved health through lowering heat stress and improving mental health (Mind 2007). The link between biodiversity and health can be illustrated by Singapore’s visionary approach to biodiversity management in parks. Dragonfly habitats are being introduced to try to help control mosquitoes and the problem of dengue fever in the city. Melbourne also uses species planting to create an eco-system in which mosquitoes do not proliferate. There is a virtuous cycle between the biodiversity of a city, and therefore living in harmony with nature, and the energy consumption and quality of life. There is strong evidence that access to green space increases demand for developments and opens the door for funding through land value uplift. It will also benefit the natural systems that maintain life. Trees and vegetation also help with water-management, slow down water run-off and improve air quality. There is also a need to restore rural and aquatic bio-diversity outside urban areas. Future urban centers can be transformed to reflect places where we live in harmony with nature in all its forms. Water management: There are major opportunities to use recycled water, This can be from urban development to give efficient irrigation of surrounding farmland and to collect and store water run-off in cities and use it as grey water for secondary uses. These lead to a reduction in the demand for potable water and the associated energy needed for treatment. It can also help mitigate climate change impacts of increased storm rainfall intensity on flooding. Likewise wastewater can be separated, and treated for reuse, and for conversion to energy. All the technology that would allow us to do this is on the market and is not excessively expensive, especially if the urban economies of scale are taken into consideration. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Improving the energy efficiency is one of the cheapest and easiest ways to conserve energy sources. Behavior changes, and smart energy monitoring in buildings and homes can reduce the need for excess energy. Work has shown that improvements such as insulation, efficient water heating and use of energy efficient appliances and lighting can reap rapid cost benefits to most householders. Cities can also look towards combined heat and power and local heat and power grids to supply their energy. They
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can take advantage of the waste to energy links and use secondary biomass for energy and products, including bio-fuel for transport. For low and middle income countries, the rapid uptake of the use of microfinance to install photovoltaic panels, local energy from waste facilities and solar powered irrigation pumps shows that, at current oil prices, the use of local renewable sources of energy is much more attractive for human development in remote inaccessible areas than expensive centralized power supply. This could also extend into transport once economic electric vehicles are available, and can already be seen in the use of electric bicycles. Energy from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal stream and wave power are greatly underutilized. We already see that development will move forward with a greater consumption of renewable resources (with nonrenewable gradually being priced or regulated out as they become more scarce) and will be underpinned by greater efficiency, lower environmental pollution and an emphasis on improving the effectiveness of human development through transition. Partnerships: Opportunity for long-term infrastructure partnerships between public and private sectors and community groups and NGOs and we can expect to see these emerging at a regional level and to include mitigation and adaptation. However Partnerships can be a necessity because often land ownership will be in both public and private sector hands. Risks of losses of value will be mitigated and so partnerships with insurance companies are also likely to be productive as will partnerships with mortgage lenders for the upgrading of homes and surrounding infrastructure to enable occupiers to see cost reductions quickly. Microfinance and micro-insurance schemes that deal with both adaptation and mitigation are emerging quickly and these can operate at a local community or regional scale in low and middle income countries to manage and share risks over the long term.
6.1.4 Threats:
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Continued Growth of Population: Present target for 2031 is .545 Million but in future it might grow further beyond the planned population and will burden the ecological environment. High carbon dioxide emission due to, large use of fossil-fuel dependence for personal vehicle. The rapid growth of resource consumption associated with urbanization. Limited financial resources. Open Spaces provided around water bodies could be encroached by land mafias unless they are utilized for some public utility like gardens, parks, boating area etc. Developing new city over agricultural land could lead to decline in agricultural production though may not be substantial reduction.
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?
There may be some ecological impact on existing forest cover with in the peripheral area.
6.2 Economic inclusion Occupational pattern for Naya Raipur With the detailed study of Delhi Master plan 2001 and occupational trends of Raipur and Chandigarh shows dominance of tertiary sector to the extent of 60% followed by Secondary and primary sectors respectively. As Naya Raipur would be developed as service city, more population will be employed in service industry. The broad distribution of jobs across sector is planned to be as follows:
Table 5. Proposed Occupational Structure for Naya Raipur Sector Primary sector Cultivation, Livestock etc. Mining & Quarrying Secondary sector Percentage Negligible Negligible 23
Manufacturing in household industry and nonhousehold industry 15 Construction Trade and commerce 8 28
Tertiary sector Transport and communication Other services Total Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 7 42 100
77
100
As City is meant for administrative and commercial purpose, primary sector (agriculture) and mining industry will not be part of occupation. While manufacturing in household and nonhouse hold industry can absorb most of the semi-skilled workers. There would be lots of
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infrastructure development across the city thus construction industry can absorb unskilled workers. Rest of the skilled population would be employed in tertiary sector.
6.2.1. Strength
Employment Generation Based on the adopted work participation ratio of 40% i.e. 222,950 jobs generated are distributed in use zones / activity zones. A break-up of the employment generated in each sector has been worked out in the following table. Table 6. Employment generated by various activities Activity/Use Zone Light Industries and Composite use zone Software Technology Park Construction Industry Capitol Complex Other Govt. offices Institutional areas CBD Wholesale Trade (Integrated Freight Complex) Transport Hub Planning Unit Centers Residential Area Total Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Number of employees 22295 8918 17836 26754 17836 31213 46819 11147 6688 20065 13379 222,950 Percentage 10 4 8 12 8 14 21 5 3 9 6 100
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Rehabilitation Program The NRDA planning area include rural and semi urban area as most population as unskilled workers. A special rehabilitation scheme under section 69 of Chhattisgarh Town and Country Planning Act 1973 read together with section 56 for land acquisition with mutual consent and agreement is proposed to ensure reasonable compensation package to project affected person in NRDA area. To economically include all affected by project following definition of “Project Affected Person” accepted. (a) Whose agricultural land is being acquired under the project. (b) Landless agricultural laborers from such villages where more than 50% of total private agricultural land is acquired under the project. (c) Kotwar in possession of service land which is acquired under the project. (d) Whose dwelling unit is acquired under the project. However all the above persons should be benefited residents of the affected villages. Those persons who were residing and earning their livelihood prior to 10.8.2005 from such villages will be treated as residents of such villages.
Compensation to Project Affected Persons Naya Raipur Development Authority will make payment of compensation to project affected persons, based on rates based on committee decision Naya Raipur Development Authority will in addition to payment of compensation, also make available land for horticulture/ floriculture or utility shops or residential plot, free of cost as a special gesture to the project affected persons. For this purpose the project affected persons have been classified in to the following categories:Table 7. Project Affected Persons Area of land Less than 0.5 hectare 0.5 hectare to < 1 hectare Acquired Category A B Rehabilitation scheme 3600 sq. ft. plot for cultivation 5400 sq. ft. plot for cultivation
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1 hectare to <1.5 hectare
C
7200 sq. ft. plot for cultivation 9000 sq. ft. plot for cultivation and one Kiosk (Gumti) free of cost A residential plot of 1500 sq. ft. free of cost/one Pucca shop of 100 sq. ft. area A residential plot of 2000 sq. ft. free of cost/one Pucca shop of 150 sq. ft. area A residential plot of 2400 to 2800 sq. ft. free of cost/one Pucca shop of 150 sq. ft. area
1.5 hectares to <2 hectares
D
2 hectares to <3 hectares
E
3 hectares to <4 hectares
F
4 hectares and above Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 ?
G
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?
Some areas of Naya Raipur will be reserved for vegetable gardens, horticulture, flower cultivation etc and would be given assured perennial irrigation from treated waste water or recycled water. Plot sizes would vary from 3600 to 9000 sq. ft. These plots will be allotted for horticulture, floriculture or for growing vegetables to certain categories of project affected persons. NRDA will make available for allotment, some shops in and around existing Abadi Land of the villages in the project area to certain categories of affected persons. Each pucca shop will have approximately 100 to 150 sq. ft. of constructed area, and some vacant land for access to the shop (which cannot be encroached on by the shop owner). Apart from these shops some Kiosks (Gumties) would also be made available for allotment to certain categories of project affected persons. Some housing plots would also be made available by NRDA for allotment to certain categories of affected persons. If any residential house is acquired under the project, compensation will be made to such person. He/she will also be given plot with house in a rehabilitation colony. If any service land of Kotwar comes under the land to be acquired for Naya Raipur, he/she will be entitled to similar benefits under the rehabilitation scheme as in the case of other project affected persons. Compensation will be made for land related construction on the land of project affected persons.
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?
Stamp duty will be waived on purchase of land/house by project affected persons within one year from the receipt of compensation. In respect of those persons who are allotted plot/shops under the rehabilitation scheme, registration charges and stamp duty on such transaction will be borne by NRDA.
Capacity Building Special Benefits to Project Affected Landless Laborers ? Training will be given to landless laborers or their children above 15 years of age towards capacity building. Entire expenditure on such training will be borne by the Government. Trainees will be paid stipend of Rs.500/- for a period of up to 3 months. All such landless laborers will be provided minimum employment of 100 days in a year, for two years from the date of land acquisition, under any schemes of State Government. The project affected persons will be given benefit of various self employment schemes being organized by various Departments of the Government. The self employment or profession will be provided financial assistance by bank or Government Agency or nongovernment organization.
?
?
Housing An adequate no. of quality and affordable housing with all type of houses is necessary to satisfy all economic sections of the city according to market demand. Following distribution of various houses has been suggested for Naya Raipur. Table8.Suggested (indicative) percentage of dwelling unit size based on number of rooms Number of rooms occupied 1-2 rooms 3-4 rooms 5-6 rooms 2011 60% 30% 10% 2031 46% 42% 12%
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 The housing size in the years to come shall however be determined by the market forces. The total number of dwelling units required with a household size of 4.5 works out being 123,860.
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Economic inclusion of Urban Poor in housing Chhattisgarh continues to be an agricultural economy with a growing tertiary informal urban sector. It becomes essential that appropriate planning concepts be implemented taking into consideration the informal sector, its housing needs and provision of workplace close to their residences. The Naya Raipur will however have, almost 100% induced population. The development of the new Capital City characterized by a high level of construction activity will attract a significant number of construction workers. Providing suitable housing to the population is thus an important issue. Incremental Housing It shall be made mandatory on part of the developers that minimum 10% of dwelling units in each neighborhood are reserved for incremental housing. The incremental housing shall be designed to be constructed depending upon the available resources and the increasing family needs and growing affordability. A low height high-density development is suggested for this housing type. Plot size for the incremental housing to be generally 6.0m in width and 9.0m in depth with mandatory front and rear setback of 1 meter/ 2 meter each and no side setbacks necessary. The permissible ground coverage shall be 65% and an FAR of 1.3 with the permissible number of 3 floors. In addition to the private backyard and front yard, the common cluster level spaces shall be with proper access to all. Night Shelters Night shelter shall be provided to fulfill the shelter needs of the houseless with basic facilities for sanitation. The night shelters shall be designed as per the modified guidelines laid down by the Scheme for Shelter & Sanitation Facilities for Footpath Dwellers. Night shelters to be provided in the Facility Centers along the central corridor. Informal sector A number of essential services such as dhobi, cobbler, vegetable vendor, etc. are provided through the informal sector. Provision shall be made for all these activities on 1 % of the net residential land to be indicated in the layout. The unorganized service providers normally set up their petty trade in the form of mobile shops or roadside kiosks near important commercial and business areas and residential sectors. It is proposed to integrate these in the city plan. This would be done by 1% reservation of net developed land in the following activity areas for the informal sector:
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Table 9. Area reserved for informal sector Sr. No Area (Ha) (net 1768.73 96.12 268 2132.85 17.68 0.96 2.68 21.32 Area reserved for informal sector (ha)
Activity Residential area) CBD Facility corridor Total
1 2 3
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Thus, the city plan makes provision for the informal service sector spread over the city. Attractive design shall be prepared for the space for stationary and mobile vending.
Weekly markets and Haats The weekly markets and haats are a vital characteristic of Indian cities and have a sense rich cultural identity attached to them. Spaces shall be allotted for weekly markets in the Facility Centers. Site with an area of about 0.4 Ha for weekly markets is included in the facility centers at the community level i.e., one for every one lakh population.
6.2.2 Weakness/Challenges
?
?
?
Attracting residents to live in a new city may become a huge task even after making it vibrant and lovely; economically it should make sense for them to move to this new city i.e. they must get better income opportunities if they choose to move in a new city from their old one. We need to continue to tackle the common phenomenon of a ‘two-speed economy’. Affluent areas with full employment still sit side-by-side with areas which are run-down, and which face challenges like poor housing and health, low skills, crime, unattractive or broken environments, low aspirations, and reliance on public-sector spending There are fewer businesses and lower levels of private-sector investment in communities with high levels of deprivation. We must continue to promote diversity, especially in light of continued demographic change.
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? ?
?
Attracting the skilled immigrants to its workforce will be a challenging job We need to understand the interrelationship between Economic Competitiveness and social inclusion to effectively leverage the social infrastructure for attracting the investor. Skill Development programs may need high level of commitment and consume time and money resources.
6.2.3 Opportunities
Economic Inclusion itself means opportunities for everyone, to live, to work and to do business, so in essence the Naya Raipur may help everyone in the new city to realize their potential, benefitting them personally, as well as the new city economically as well as socially. It provides opportunity to provide more jobs, attracting more investors into Chhattisgarh. It also provides opportunity to leverage its reach cultural diversity for beneficial economic gain, as various researchers in the Europe have demonstrated important role of the creative sector in enhancing the prosperity of urban centers. Given the right circumstances and supports, culture and creativity will flourish in an urban centre to significant and mutually beneficial economic effect. As a city grows as a centre of culture and creativity:
? ? ? ?
Cultural industries attract investment and jobs, expand exports and enhance income (both of residents and government revenues). Creative workers enhance creativity and innovativeness throughout the economy. Creative activity helps employers and the city to attract and retain talent (through quality of life and workplace opportunities). Creative people help regenerate urban neighborhoods, define the city’s ‘brand’ and create ‘buzz’ about the city.
6.2.4. Threats/Challenges
The NRDA planning area involves planning area with existing 84.26% land as agricultural land as in India most rural population are dependent on occupation like cultivation and farming. Development of Naya Raipur has no provision for such primary sector while it is expected that existing population should continue their cultivation elsewhere or change into some other vocational jobs. There could be discontent among existing population for this change. It will displace people from agricultural sector to secondary or tertiary sectors. This must be backed by technological advancement in agricultural practices to sustain agriculture productivity of the region. There should be schemes to promote household industries for project affected persons with some financial assistance. As land for horticulture and flower cultivation has been provided as part of rehabilitation program for project affected. They should be helped to market their product well through retail shops in residential areas.
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6.3. Social Inclusion
6.3.1. Strengths
Social inclusion is very important aspect of a City Development plant for a cohesive and sustainable society. A CDP must ensure equitable treatment to all its citizens and equal access to all social infrastructures. Also any development project must have social consensus before implementation and all the affected persons must be involved in planning process. In social inclusion we will discuss following social infrastructure: Health: According to W.H.O, “Health is state of complete physical, social and mental well being”. For appropriate distribution and availability of health facilities, the UDPFI guidelines suggest the norm of 5 beds per 1,000 persons. However as the health facilities are most likely to attract population from the region, the facilities are provided at 6 beds per 1,000 persons. Table 10. Health Facilities Beds per 1000 population Planning Norms Hierarchy Population /Unit Plot area Provisions In the convenience shopping center or in the residential houses. In the Neighborhood Centre.
SN.
Facility
Clinic/s 1 Dispensary or Polyclinic Nursing Homes (4 nos. 25 beds each),Child welfare, Maternity Centre Intermediate Hospital A (150-200 beds) Intermediate Hospital A (80-100 beds)
-
Housing area
-
Neighborhood
16,000
2
0.08 to 0.12 ha
1
Community
100000
0.2 to 0.3 ha In the health complex as part of community center
3
2
Community
1-1.5 Lakh
3.7 ha
4
2
Community
100000
1.0 ha
5
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General/Referr al or Specialty 1 City Hospital 6 (500 beds) Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
City population
10 ha
City level (2 Nos.)
Besides all the above facilities a medical college cum hospital (500 beds) for 5-lakh population with an area of 15 Ha is envisaged in the institutional and research complex. Education For the provision of education facilities the objective is: i. To provide primary, higher secondary schools education to 100% children of the age group 6 to 18 yrs. ii. To provide integrated school with and without hostel facilities to be developed as public and other similar schools. iii. To provide school for the mentally and physically disadvantaged. iv. To provide higher education facilities for at least 3% of the total population or for about 30% of the age group 18 to 24 yrs. Primary Education To provide school education for 100% children, the following norms are adopted based on UDPFI guidelines. Table 11. Norms for provision of Educational facility Sl. No 1 2 3 4 Level Provision Housing Area Housing Area Neighbourhood Community of Pop./Unit (approx.) 2,500 3,000 ~ 5,000 7,500 Plot Strength Area 250 500 1,000 0.1 0.4 1.6 3.9
Educational Facility Pre-primary/Nursery School Primary School Senior Secondary School Integrated School with hostel facility
90,000 ~ 1,00,000 1,000
5
Integrated School without hostel facility Community
90,000 ~ 1,00,000 1,000
3.9
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6
School for Handicapped
Community
45,000
400
0.5
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
Higher Education
For higher education, the facilities proposed are: Table 12. Norms for provision of Higher education facilities Sl. No. Facility 1 2 University Engineering College
Students 5000(min.) 2,000
Area Standard
Location Separately indicated
60 ha 15 ha (includes space form general hospital)
As part of University As part of institutional and research complex In Educational Complex
3
Medical College
1,500
4
General (4 nos.)
Colleges 8,000 4 ha each
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 The University would include colleges/institutions for new subjects like Information Technology, Biotechnology, Communication and also Culture and Fine Arts and other professional courses including Engineering and Medicine. The institutes in the institutional area and the University would have facilities for continuing education.
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Vocational Education The following norms have been adopted for provision of vocational education: Table 13. Provision of Higher and Vocational/Training Education Sl. Educational Facility No. Level Pop./Unit (approx.) Strength Plot Area (ha)
1
Technical Centre
To be provided in Education alternative 1-1.5 lakh Community Centers
500
4
a. Polytechnic b. ITI
400 100
2.4 1.6
Table 14. Prescribed norms for POLICE service: Pop./Unit (approx.)
No. Security Facilities
Hierarchy Community level
Area
1 2
Police Station Police Post Police Quarters Head
0.90 lakh Where required
1.0 ha 0.16 ha
3 4
City level City level
5 lakh 5 lakh 20.48 ha
Police Academy
? ? ?
Six Police stations have been provided in the city, four in facility complexes in the Facility Corridor, one in the industrial area and one in the exhibition area. Apart from the above Police Headquarters are provided at the Capitol Complex. Police Academy and Training Centre has also been provided at the North End of the City. Fire Services are needed for protecting people from fire hazards, building collapses, and other unforeseen emergencies. Fire station must be set up to serve population of 1.5
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lakh within 3 km radius with area provided to it should be at least 10000 sq. m. Following guidelines must be followed while setting up fire station.
1. Fire stations are located so that the fire engines are able to reach the disaster site within 3-5 minutes. 2. Fire Stations shall be located on main roads with minimum two entries. 3. The concept of underground pipelines on the periphery of the sector, exclusively for firefighting services to be provided 4. All major complexes and multi-storied buildings to have the plans sanction from the fire department. Disaster Management Centre Naya Raipur is generally not prone to any natural disaster, but disasters can be manmade and highly unpredictable; hence it is important to have a disaster management centre for crisis conditions. A Disaster Management Centre has been proposed in Naya Raipur with suitable open area (2 ha). This centre would accommodate the City level Fire Station with its head offices and Trauma Centre for coordination at the time of emergencies and safe parking. The Trauma Centre should be on 1 hectare of land and have a minimum of 100 beds. This would be linked with lower order Trauma Centers to be provided in selected hospitals.
Communication Postal Facility Table 15. Planning Norms for provision of Postal Facilities No Postal Facility Pop./Unit (approx.) Area Provision At Local Shopping Centre / Neighborhood Centers
1
Post Office Counter without 10,000 to delivery 15,000
60 sq. m. - 85 sq. m.
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2
Head Post Office Delivery Office
with 2 lakh ~ 2.5 lakh
480 sq. m. - 600 sq. m.
In Community Centers (Alternative) At Central Business District
3
Head Post Office with delivery and Administrative City level Office
2,000 sq. m. - 2,500 sq. m.
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
Telephones: Telecommunication is vital to the day to day functioning and an efficient telecommunication network ensures better efficiency. Naya Raipur shall be provided with a hitech communication system for internal as well as external communication. Digital exchange will be provided for STD/ ISD/ Internet facilities. The following norms have to be adopted for the provision of Telephone Exchanges.
Table 16. Prescribed Telecommunication Infrastructure Pop./Unit (approx.) Area Provision At Central Business District
No
Postal Facility
1
Telephone Exchange (With 40,000 lines) 4.0 – 5.0 lakh
2500 sq. m.
2
RSU (Remote Subscriber Unit)
At 1 No. within a Community radius of 3 Km Centers
Community Facility Centers
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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Socio – Cultural Facilities: The adopted norms for the provision of socio-cultural facilities for Naya Raipur have been listed below. Table 17. Norms for Socio-Cultural Facilities in Naya Raipur Facilities Standards 1 for 1,000/1,500 population Community Room / RWA centre Area: 500 sq. m. 1 for 15,000 population Community Hall & Library Area: 2,000 sq. m. Neighborhood Centre Community Centers Provision
1 for 100,000 population Recreation Club including Music, Dance & Drama Centre Area: 10,000 sq. m. 1 for 100,000 population Meditation & Yoga Centre Socio-cultural Complex Area: 4,000 sq. m. City level
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Distributive Services An efficient distribution system to fulfill the day-to-day needs of the citizens is necessary even at the smallest planning unit level of the city. The distributive services include milk, fruits, vegetables, LPG, petrol, etc. Table 18. Provision for Distributive Infrastructure in the New Capital City Adopted standards 50,000 5,000 Unit Area (Ha) 0.05 0.015
Facilities LPG Godowns Milk Booth
Location Facility Complex Convenience Shopping Centre As per Master Plan for Petrol Pumps
Petrol pumps
50,000
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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Other Facilities Table 19. Norms for provision of other community facilities Sr. no. Population/Unit (approx) Max. Plot area
Category
Location To be included in alternative facility complexes To be included in alternative facility complexes
1
Old Age Home
Community level
1,000 sq. m.
2
Working women- Community men hostel level Community level
1,000 sq. m. 2,000 sq. m. each, 3 units
3
Religious
Facility Complex
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
Cremation / Burial Ground Two cremation ground and burial ground in an area of 2 Ha each are provided outside the city in the Peripheral Region – one each in the North and the South.
Recreational areas Recreational space such as gardens, parks, open spaces, sports complex adds value to social life of its citizens. Thus planning and provisioning for recreational space in equitable manner to ensure accessibility to all is necessary. Areas for recreation at city level would be as follows. Table 20. Recreational Areas Open Spaces Film city Parks and Play Areas Area (Ha) 46.49 366.07
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Stadium & Sports Complex Nature Resort/Theme Park City Park Reserved Forest Botanical Park, Jungle Safari & Golf Course Water body Plantation (located recreational) Total Area Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 within uses other than
45.16 258.48 467.55 216.01 389.95 233.71
113.93 2137.36
Sports are an important recreational facility that contributes towards the physical and mental development of the citizens. The plan emphasizes the development of play and sports areas for all age groups in the form of parks, playgrounds, stadium and sports complex.
Table 21. Play Area Area (sq. m.) 0.5 Population Level Served
Play Facility
Provision
Housing Area Play Ground
5000
Housing area
In the layout plans
Neighbourhood Play ground
1.5
15,000
In Neighbourhood neighbourhood centers Community In Community Sports Complex City level
Community Centre
level
Sports
8
100,000
City level Stadium & Sports 24.21 Complex
500,000
City
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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6.3.2. Weakness
Ideally, development of infrastructure over land should be done over less fertile or barren lands affecting agricultural production and livelihood of people dependent upon them, in least way. But existing land use of NRDA planning area shows exorbitant 20004.68 Ha (84.26%) land as agricultural land which has to be diverted to residential and commercial purpose later on. This could be affecting the livelihood of dependent people in big way and has to be rehabilitated properly, more over with more shrinking agriculture land across nation this might impose burden over agricultural production. However this might be evitable as according to the site selection analysis of CDP this is the best alternative among the four quadrants. Transport A clear directive is missing for planning and promotion of public transport. There should be clear policy framework to promote public transport by defining pricing of public transport and taxing over usage of private transport.
6.3.3. Opportunities:
Accessibility: cities create social and economic value by connecting people and activities. These connections reflect accessibility, that is, the general ability to obtain goods and services, and participate in activities. Cities bring people and activities together and expand transport options. These connections are particularly important to people who are physically, economically and socially disadvantaged. As a result, cities help achieve social inclusion, that is, they increase social and economic opportunities for disadvantaged people. Planners likely to address social inclusion in terms of providing basic mobility, which refers to transport for goods, services and activities that have high social value. ? ? ? ? ? ? Emergency Services Health Care Essential Shopping Education and Employment Public Services, mail and freight distribution Social and recreational activities
Social inclusion is both efficiency and an equity issue. People who are excluded from social and economic opportunities suffer directly, and are less productive, more dependent on social programs, and more likely to be involved in criminal and self destructive behavior. Social
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inclusion therefore provides multiple benefits, including economic development, public cost savings, and reduced crime. Table 22. Possible Transport related Benefits Benefits Improved Accessibility Facility Cost Savings Consumer Savings Transport Diversity Road Safety Environmental Protection Efficient land use Economic Development Community Cohesion Public Health Description Improved accessibility among people and economic activities. Reduced per capita road and parking facility costs. Reduced per capita transportation costs. Improved transportation options, particularly for non-drives. Reduced per capita traffic crash rates. Reduced pollution emissions and habitat degradation. More compact development, reduced sprawl. Efficiencies of agglomeration, increases productivity and wealth. Positive interactions among people in a community. More physical activity (particularly walking) increases fitness and health.
The benefits of improved accessibility, transportation system diversity, and community cohesion are particularly important for people who are physically, economically or socially disadvantaged and so rely on non-automobile transportation. As a result, urban environments are more equitable than automobile-dependent suburban and rural land use patterns that isolate non-drivers and increase transportation costs. It also provide opportunity for smart growth (VTPI 2009), Smart growth (also called new urbanism and transit-oriented development) refers to planning policies that increase land use density, mix, connectivity and walkability. Table below compares smart growth with sprawl development patterns. There are many specific ways of encouraging smart growth, including development policy and planning reforms, infrastructure funding and pricing changes, roadway design, and open space preservation.
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Table 23. Difference between smart growth and sprawl Smart Growth Density Growth Pattern Compact development. Infill (Brownfield) development. Local, distributed, smaller. Accommodates walking access. Multi-modal transportation and land use patterns that support walking, cycling and public transit Highly connected roads, sidewalks and paths, allowing relatively direct travel by motorized and non-motorized modes Streets designed to accommodate a variety of activities. Traffic Calming Sprawl Lower-density, dispersed activities. Urban periphery (Greenfield) development. Regional, consolidated, larger. Requires automobile access. Automobile-oriented transportation and land use patterns, poorly suited for walking, cycling and transit. Hierarchical road network with numerous loops and dead-end streets, and unconnected sidewalks and paths, with many barriers to nonmotorized travel Streets designed to maximize motor vehicle traffic volume and speed.
Public Services
Transport
Connectivity
Street Design
Planning Process
Unplanned, with little coordination, Planned and coordinated between between jurisdictions and Jurisdictions and stakeholders. stakeholders. Emphasis on the public realm (streetscapes, pedestrian environment, public parks, public Facilities). Emphasis on the private realm (yards, shopping malls, gated communities, private clubs).
Public Space
Location Efficient Development Location efficient development means that activities are located together to increase accessibility and reduce vehicle travel. Current planning practices often consider housing and transportation costs separately, resulting in “affordable” housing being located in less accessible areas where transport costs are high. Location-efficient development locates affordable housing in compact, mixed-use, multi-modal neighborhoods where nondrivers experience a high level of accessibility and transportation costs are relatively low. It takes
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advantaged of reduced vehicle ownership rates to reduce parking requirements, providing additional opportunities for savings. Improving Transport System Diversity and Affordability There is much that can be done to create a more balanced and affordable transport system that provides a high level of mobility to non-drivers. Below are examples (VTPI, 2005). • Improve walking and cycling conditions. • Improve public transit, ridesharing and taxi services. • Cash-out and unbundled parking, so people who rely on alternative modes are able to capture the resulting parking cost savings. • Increased car-sharing (vehicle rental services designed to substitute for vehicle ownership), so people have a convenient alternative to private vehicle ownership. • Distance-based pricing, which converts fixed vehicle charges, such as ownership taxes, registration fees and insurance premiums, into mileage-based charges.
Universal Design Universal Design (also called Inclusive Design, Accessible Design or just Accessibility) refers to facility designs that accommodate the widest range of potential users, including people with mobility and visual impairments (disabilities) and other special needs. Although Universal Design standards address the needs of people with disabilities, it is a comprehensive concept that can benefit all users. For example, wider sidewalks, curb cuts and ramps, and low-floor buses can improve convenience for many types of travelers, not just those who use wheelchairs or walkers. Universal Design planning includes: • Standards for pedestrian facilities, transit vehicles and other transportation services adopted by local, state/provincial or federal governments. • Programs to educate planners and designers on incorporating Universal Design into planning. • Special projects and funding to reduce barriers and upgrade facilities to meet new accessibility standards.
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• Parking facility design standards that dedicate spaces for vehicles used by people with disabilities, and include extra large spaces for vans with lifts. • Development of Multi-Modal Access Guides, with maps and way finding information to a particular destination, including availability of transit and taxi services, and the quality of walking conditions. Support Community Cohesion Community cohesion refers to the quantity and quality of positive social interactions within a community, particularly among people of different economic classes and social conditions. Various transportation and land use policies can support community cohesion, by increasing opportunities for people who live and work in an area to meet during normal daily activities. • Create human-scale, mixed-use urban villages, with clearly defined geographic areas and unique identities (“New Urbanism,” VTPI, 2005). • Maximize walk-ability. Design streets with high-quality sidewalks, crosswalks, and paths. Incorporate features such as pedestrian-oriented street lighting, landscaping, benches, public art, and other design features that attract people of diverse incomes and cultural backgrounds. • Implement traffic calming and street beau to reduce vehicle traffic speeds and volumes, and create a more attractive and secure street environment for pedestrians and residents. • Maximize the quality of the public realm (public places where people naturally meet), including sidewalks, pocket parks, plazas, neighborhood schools, local shops, and bus shelters. • Encourage land use mixing at a fine grained scale, including mixed-use buildings (such as ground-floor retail with residential above), mixing on a street, and mixing within a neighborhood. • Manage parking to reduce the amount of parking required to serve destinations and to improve parking facility design. Orient buildings to the sidewalks, rather than behind large parking lots. • Support local services, such as neighborhood schools, shops, banks, and police stations. • Address security concerns. Encourage residents to work together to improve security. • Support neighborhood events and activities, such as street parties and fairs, and local sporting and cultural events.
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• Create more multi-modal transportation systems and more accessible land use development patterns. Correct policy and planning distortions that favor automobile travel and sprawl.
6.3.3 Threats
1) There could be regional discontent over large induced population from other states. 2) Lack of adequate funding to support necessary social infrastructure. 3) The induced population from other states may not associate themselves with the local identity. 4) People may not be willing to move to new city.
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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION
This is a just a glimpse of a way forward and a vision of the future for Naya Raipur city, but it is only a modest start for a long journey. Naya Raipur can make its mark in the global level by leading the way towards an inclusive age. Despite different local conditions, and various economic and environmental levels, the principles of urban design and resource management are universal. But they can also be localized to fit the context. Planning for new and retrofitting high, middle, and low income cities can transform the way we manage our water and waste; feed our community; supply our power; travel to places; and live each other and with nature. Together, with the supporting policy framework and new business model Naya Raipur can reduce its carbon emissions comparative to existing cities, retain a limited ecological footprint provide social and economic security for everyone and improve their human development to enter the new age of inclusive cities. It would be a wise thing to plan for inclusion at the developing phase and having physical and social infrastructure beforehand to support the needs of all future city dwellers, so as to promote well being of each city dweller of Naya Raipur city and making the city of Naya Raipur in true sense “Inclusive”.
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CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONS
1) Voluntarily Simplicity Strategy: Disapproving excessive consumption by persuading and providing incentives for simple living. I.e. Promoting Walking and Cycling. 2) Demand Management Strategy: Educating citizens the ways to meet their needs without consuming excessive non-renewable resources but without compromising the quality of life. Application of this strategy should be done at household as well as corporate level. 3) Ecological procurement Strategy: Environmentally sound products should be preferred by Government, Institution along with households. i.e. using solar energy ,CFL,LED bulbs etc 4) Using Natural Species for some problems: Implanting Mosquito-fish (Gambusia Affinis), Dragon fly etc. for encountering the problem of mosquitoes. 5) Water bodies can be utilized to develop recreational sites such as boating, musical fountain, water sports. These areas could be developed with private investment with proper promotion of recreational space. This will not only conserve water body and environment around it, but also help in generating more employment in terms of gardener, security, and maintenance staff. Here we have opportunity to provide employment to local population with adequate skill development program. 6) Using better sources of energy wherever possible: Though it is mentioned in the city development plan that the buses will run on CNG or preferably electric! There are certain disadvantages that are associated with CNG fuels: a) Limited service availability (i.e. there is lack of service stations where CNG has already been implemented). b) Dynamometer tests Indicates that CNG fuelled vehicle have 10-15% lower output than petrol engines. c) The additional weight of CNG cylinders does pose a problem d) Though it is better than conventional fuels i.e. petrol & diesel still it produce high level potentially hazardous carbonyl emissions. So, Battery/Fuel Cell will be much better options than CNG.
7) A Inclusion City Initiative or a unit should be established for Naya Raipur that will focus
on providing Chhattisgarh government with advice on innovative ways to address some
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of the most difficult social problems. They should also provide training programs to train
localities into well trained pools of talent that can be acquired by different offices/households.
8) Building Job Opportunities: Engaging, motivating and equipping job seekers, and doing so in a manner that takes into account a person’s family context and strengths, Building Job Opportunities initiative will offers a new approach that puts families experiencing entrenched disadvantage at the centre of service delivery. It will ensure that necessary services are joined up and applied with flexibility to meet family needs, i.e. There would
be huge requirement for various trades like electrician, plumber, carpenter, washer man, and barber in the new city. All such trades should be promoted among semiskilled youths and should be trained with initial incentives. There would be requirements for convenient stores in neighborhood there should be enough provision for such shops in each sector; also credit should be offered to projected affected persons at low rate of interest to start the venture.
9) Many young people with a disability or borderline indicators of developing long-term disability have been slipping through the service system gaps particularly if they leave school early. So to counter this starting a Coordination Program that will: a) Empower young people in navigating a clear career pathway. b) Influence and improve the responsiveness of mainstream agencies to better meet the needs of young people accessing the program. c) Build a nexus between local community services, employers, the education sector and State and Central govt.
10) Developing programs to promoting SME, Medium Enterprise and household businesses in the new city. As they will be critical in promoting economy by creating several jobs, this programs will provide medium to educate people about: a) Tackling marketplace discrimination b) Obtaining certifications c) Bonding and Insurance d) Technical expertise
11) Solid waste management is great challenge for modern cities. A business plan can be employed to convert this challenge into business opportunities. Various co-operative societies can be involved in revenue sharing operation of garbage collection from each neighborhood, in turn they can charge household for the service. Awareness among citizens must be raised for segregation of waste into recyclable and non recyclable items. In the downstream municipal corporation can collect garbage of different types and sold to recyclers and non recyclable, degradable items can be used to convert them
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into manure and sold later on there should be proper promotion and marketing of whole operation. All employees of garbage collection operation should be well trained and should not be ashamed of their occupation. Thus promotion of the job should be done with good incentives and modern equipments of garbage collection. 12) To fundamentally change economic perspective of lower section of society only wealth creation opportunities and subsidies are not enough, to change economic perspective will require knowledge and access to affordable financial product and services, incentives to encourage saving and investments and protections in financial marketplace. Some short of financial literacy workshop centre can be made in Naya Raipur city. Through the help of NGOs and educational Institutions. Some possible strategies that can be followed to achieve economic inclusion: AIM Improve access to high quality financial information through education and counseling Strategies ? Financial education and counseling centers ? Neighborhood-based financial onestop centers ? Incorporating financial education into social service and workforce program ? Enacting a local ETC program ? ? ? Protect consumers in the financial marketplace Short-term and emergency savings products Expanding access to small business capital and training Tax assistance for the self-employed
Increase access to income-boosting supports and tax credits Connect residents to safe, affordable financial products and services
Channelizing the transaction through an agency which will function as a monitor for microfinance firms so that they can’t charge unreasonable rates.
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REFERENCES
1) Wong, Tai Chee and Yuen Belinda (Ed)(2010),Eco-City Planning ( policies, practice and design), Springer, Singapore. 2) lynch, Kevin (1992), The Image of the city, MIT Press. 3) Aprodicio A. Laquian, V. K. Tewari and Lisa M. Hanley (Ed)(2007),The inclusive city : infrastructure and public services for the Urban poor in Asia, John Hopkins University Press. 4) Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India ( 2009),INDIA Urban Poverty Report, Oxford University Press. 5) Housing and Urban Development Corporation limited (2011), Shelter, HUDCO In-house publication. 6) Litman, Todd (2006), Cities Connect: How Urbanity Helps Achieve Social Inclusion Objectives, paper presented at Metropolis Conference, Toronto, Canada. 7) The World Conservation Union(2006), Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29-31 January 2006,www.iucn.org 8) www.cfed.org 9) www.rockefellerfoundation.org
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doc_944912782.pdf
It is Internship report done by us this summer in NRDA (Chhattisgarh state govt.), it deals with social and managerial issues of city development planning
note: some data and analysis are removed.
Strategic Development Planning Of Naya Raipur As An Inclusive City of Future
By
Lokesh Dhruw & Vinay Prabhakar
Indian Institute of Management
Raipur
June, 2011
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Strategic Development Planning of Naya Raipur As An Inclusive City Of Future
By
Lokesh Kumar Dhruw & Vinay Prabhakar
Under the guidance of Shri L. K. Panigrahi Chief Engineer (Projects) NRDA
Indian Institute of Management
Raipur
June, 2011
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Certificate of Approval
The following Summer Internship Report titled "Strategic Development Planning of Naya Raipur as inclusive city of future" is hereby approved as a certified study in management carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of Post-Graduate Programme in Management for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein but approve the Summer Internship Report only for the purpose it is submitted.
Summer Internship Report Examination Committee for evaluation of Summer Internship Report
Name
Signature
1. Faculty Examiner
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2. PG Summer Internship Co-coordinator___________________ ___________________
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Certificate from Summer Internship Guides
This is to certify that Mr. Lokesh Kumar Dhruw and Vinay Prabhakar are students of the PostGraduate Programme in Management, have worked under our guidance and supervision. This Summer Internship Report has the requisite standard and an original work to the best of our knowledge.
Mr. L.K.Panigrahi Chief Engineer (Projects) Naya Raipur Development Authority Raipur Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Completing a task is never a one-man effort. It is often the result of valuable contribution of a member or individuals in a direct or an indirect manner, which helps in shaping and achieving an objective. Here we cannot resist the temptation of expressing our thanks to those who have contributed greatly for accomplishment of this task. We would like to pay our gratitude to Mr. L.K.Panigrahi (Chief Engineer, Projects) for his attention, support and providing us an opportunity to do project with NRDA on the topic “Strategic Development planning of Naya Raipur as an inclusive city of future”. We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Rohit Khandelwal (DGM-Planning), Miss Shruti Sullerey and Mr. Mustafa Ahmed for their valuable inputs. We feel obliged to all the staff for their generous help and support.
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Abstract
Strategic Development Planning of Naya Raipur as an Inclusive City of Future Naya Raipur will be new capital city for state of Chhattisgarh. Development of a green field city is an opportunity as well as challenge, as most other Indian cities failed to meet objectives of Inclusiveness and sustainability. NRDA has been assigned with responsibility to develop, monitor and control Naya Raipur as modern city of future. NRDA has developed CDP for Naya Raipur, after detailed study for site selection, future requirement of upcoming population and, funding for development of social infrastructure. It has been acknowledged that sustainability is not possible without inclusiveness of development plan. A literature review of Inclusiveness and sustainability is required before making a strategic development plan for Naya Raipur. The literature review provided important insights and experiences in urban development across world. It helped in creating a framework to probe inclusiveness and sustainability in CDP of Naya Raipur. The major findings of CDP are. ? City will function as Capital and commercial city of state, located at south east of Raipur. CDP has three implementation phases with three different layers Core area, peripheral area and Airport zone. Site selection of Naya Raipur has been done after detailed analysis of demography, land, Availability of resources such as water, Existing infrastructure, Accessibility, Environmental impact and sustainability, economic sustainability. Development plan segmented areas for different use/activity zones such as Capital complex, Residential, SEZ, Institutional area, Composite use zone, and Recreational area. All social infrastructures like health, education, socio cultural space, recreation, transport and other services has been planned around all areas based on guidelines.
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The broad frame work probes CDP for following three dimensions. 1. Environmental sustainability 2. Economic inclusion 3. Social Inclusion
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A detailed analysis of finer parameters grouped on the basis of above dimensions has been done and some recommendations for improvement are being suggested at end of this report.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Content List of Tables Abbreviation Introduction Problem Formulation Literature Review Research Problem Research Design Analysis Conclusion Recommendations References Page No. 5 Page No. 6 Page No. 8 Page No.9 Page No.10 Page No.11 Page No. 12 Page No. 15 Page No. 28 Page No. 30 Page No.32 Page No.68 Page No.69 Page No.72
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List of Tables
Table Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Description Open Space Area Sewerage Land Use Distribution Type of Urban Centre Occupational Structure for Naya Raipur Employment generation Project Affected Persons Percentage distribution of dwelling units Informal sector Health Facilities Educational Facility Higher Education facility Skill Development Police service Postal Services Telecommunication Infrastructure Socio-cultural Infrastructure Distributive Infrastructure Other Community Facilities Recreational Areas Play Area Possible Transport Related Benefit Smart Growth Vs Sprawl Page Number 32 34 40 42 45 46 47 49 51 53 55 55 56 56 58 58 59 59 60 61 61 63 64
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Abbreviations
NRDA- Naya Raipur Development Authority NRDP- Naya Raipur Development Plan IT-Information Technology CDP-City Development Plan CBD-Central Business District C.G.-Chhattisgarh ETC-Earned Tax Credit UDPFI- Urban Development Planning, Formulation and Implementation
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About Chhattisgarh: It is located in central India, Chhattisgarh covers 135,191 sq km and accounts for 4.1 per cent of total land area of India. The state is divided into 18 districts; Chhattisgarh’s administrative capital is Raipur, which is also its largest city, Bhilai, Durg, Bilaspur, Korba and Rajnandgaon are other major and important cities. Mineral resources are Chhattisgarh's biggest strength. It has deposits of limestone, iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, manganese, bauxite, coal, asbestos and mica. Chhattisgarh accounts for about 17 per cent of the nation's coal reserves. The state also has proven diamond reserves along with potential gold reserves. The state offers a wide range of fiscal and policy incentives for businesses under its Industrial Policy, 2004. Additionally, the state has well drafted policies for the IT/ITES, minerals and energy sectors. Chhattisgarh is among the richest Indian states in terms of mineral wealth, with 28 varieties of major minerals, including diamonds. Chhattisgarh is making significant investments in industrial infrastructure. The Chhattisgarh Industrial Development Corporation has set up four industrial growth centers, five industrial parks and four integrated infrastructure development centers (IIDC). The state is also in the process of setting up two special economic zones (SEZ). Chhattisgarh's total exports were US$ 643.6 million in 2008-09. Exports increased at a CAGR of almost 38 per cent between 2002-03 and 2008-09. Nearly 75 per cent of exports come from Bhilai and the remaining from Urla, Bhanpuri and Sirgitti. The major exports products include steel, handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-products, iron, aluminum, cement, minerals and engineering products.
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1.2 About NRDA: After formation of new state Chhattisgarh in the year 2000, the state government has decided to create a well planned new city for Raipur. Hence Special area has been notified under section 64 of Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam 1973. The authority thus formed is named Capital Area Development Authority (CADA) which is now called as Naya Raipur Development Authority (NRDA). NRDA is the nodal agency undertaking comprehensive development of this Greenfield City. The development authority comprises of Chairman, CEO and other members. Chief Executive officers appointed by government and other officers and staff working under NRDA organization. Naya Raipur Development Authority (NRDA) is a special area development authority established by GoCG under the Chhattisgarh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam, 1973 for development and administration of Naya Raipur. As part of development activities, NRDA is developing and shall develop infrastructure, utility and social projects by various procurement methods such as Public Private Partnership framework, Engineering procurement contracts Percent Rate/ Item Rate/ lump sum contract etc, depending upon the nature of projects.
1.3 Background for the Study: An ‘inclusive city’ promotes growth with equity. It is a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer. For an inclusive city to take place, it is essential to address issues Relating to management of urban poverty alleviation and slum up gradation programs, resource mobilization for urban poverty alleviation, pro-poor city policies and programs, partnerships with a vibrant civil society coupled with inclusive urban and regional planning, inclusive infrastructure and social development, integrated informal and formal urban economies, besides inclusion of the excluded in city development process.
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1.4 Area of enquiry Chhattisgarh state was born on 1st Nov 2000, with it the largest city of the state Raipur became capital. For so many years Raipur was a leading market place in central India and has a cluttered civic infrastructure. But it was not well equipped to take on its newfound role being the administrative capital of a rapidly growing state. So this need of administrative capital mainly has fueled the debate for need of a new city along with location and the mode of financing its growth. Moreover it is generally being observed so many multinationals had shown interest in coming to Raipur but backed off due to poor Infrastructure and the new city will take into account the entire infrastructure that will act as magnet for the multinationals of service sectors and non/light polluting industries.
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CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
2.1 why not revive existing Raipur: It is obvious that the expanding urban population will require a whole range of infrastructure, services, housing and jobs, not to mention land. The urban land expansion could threaten agricultural land supply, cause growth in traffic volumes and increased pressure on the environment it is necessary to pursue sustainable urban development as city will continue to grow. It would be an uphill task to revive the Raipur city. The current city has its own constraints for expansion and it can be done to a certain limit only. Thus developing Raipur as host of various administrative agencies for long term was not possible. In short the current Raipur city is not sustainable in the long run. Ecologists have long argued for equilibrium with basic ecological support system1, since the 1987 Brundtland Commission, the notion of sustainable development has taken on renewed and urgent currency (Daly 1991, United Nations 1987, Silvers 1976). The notion of sustainable development enjoins current generations to take a systems approach to urban growth, and to manage resources – economic, social and environmental – in a responsible manner for their own and future generation’s enjoyment in line with the Earth’s carrying capacity. Over the years, various writers from a range of disciplines have expounded the concept, and suggested ways to measure, monitor and implement sustainability (Aguirre 2002, Kates et al. 2005, Hasna 2007, Boulanger 2008).But mainly the objective have been to direct urban development towards minimizing the use of land, energy and materials and preserving the natural environment while enhancing human well being and quality of life. It implies that settlement pattern needs to be livable, attractive while sustainable, and this can be achieved through inclusive planning. Urban land planning now can’t afford to be simply economic centric, but it has to consider humans, environmental issues including the interdependencies of human and non-human species. Building a city which will be truly inclusive in its core is indeed a challenging task. Ten dimensions for sustainable city development in the Third World were developed by Kenworthy (2006: 67).Developing a new green field city nearby, could serve the purpose well and it could be an opportunity to revive state capital’s image as an investment magnet. Naya Raipur would be developed as an inclusive city for future which carries modern infrastructure, along with regional identity. Naya Raipur can be host of various knowledge based industry. 1) Wong, Tai-Chee & Yuen, Belinda (Eds). (2010) “Eco-City Planning”
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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 City: Different text and literatures have defined city differently. For example some defined City as relatively permanent and highly organized center of population of greater size and importance than a town or village and Census of India defined a city as any place having population of more than hundred thousand. However if we have to define a city we will define it as center of population, commerce and culture. In different times and geography city acted as center of internal change and development, sometimes they acted as center for learning and art. City is also center of administration and political power. Modern cities are product of industrial revolution, as center of large scale manufacturing. These cities attracted large employable population thus requires equipping with solution for sanitation, utilities, distribution, housing and transport. “Not only is the city an object which is perceived (and perhaps enjoyed) by millions of people of widely diverse class and character but is the product of many builders who are constantly modifying the structure for reason of their own .While it may be stable in general outlines for some time, it is ever changing in detail. Only partial control can be exercised over its growth and form, there is no final result only continuous succession of phases.” 1 The city can be defined on the basis of following dimensions 2: Social: Connect between people and the place. Visual: Aesthetic Beauty Functional: Design Temporal: Continually evolving Morphological: Layout and spatial configuration Perceptual: Experience of citizens.
1) lynch, Kevin “The Image of the city” 2) www.cyburbia.org accessed on 22nd of April 2011 at 8:17 PM
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3.2 Sustainability As we see definition of city defined as an always progressive entity, it is ever changing, in detail much more than anything it must be sustainable. Dictionaries provide many definitions of sustainability such as to maintain, to support or to endure, However now a time human sustainability has become synonymous with sustainability and hence the most quoted definition of sustainability is “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - World commission on environment and development (1987) Hence we can say that sustainability is not a destination; it is not even a path but it’s a direction that helps us in reaching our destination. Sustainability is a transition from short term thinking to long term planning; an economy outside of nature, to an economy integrated with nature; a linear flow of resources to integrated systematic flow of resources, seeing environmental, social and economic challenges as separate and competing to seeing them in larger interconnected pictures. In essence we can say that the core Idea of sustainability has become the idea of 3 dimensions: economic, ecological and social, this has been drawn in variety of ways, as pillars, as concentric circle etc.
1. Scheme of social development (Adams, W.M. (2006). "The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century.")
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To get sustainability right we have to focus on 4 points agenda: 1) 2) 3) 4) Understanding the Science Creating the ethical framework Applying the human intention Designing System Response
Understanding Science: ? ? ? Identifying non sustainability Defining the ecological system we are working In Valuing natural resource assets
Creating Ethical framework: ? Meet the obligation to current and future generations built community inclusiveness and diversity ? Ensure social Equity ? Value all of nature Applying Human Intentions: ? Add economic value ? Enhance meaningful work ? Engage competencies for sustainability ? Seek valuation of local wealth ? Adopt breakthrough technologies Designing a system response: ? ? ? ? Optimize for the system Manage Zeros Have a big plan for present and the future Build ecological integrity and social justice into every action
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“General urban resiliency rule of thumb” 7 key steps to make cities sustainable are: Planning: Enable the development of vibrant mixed-use communities and higher-density regional centers, that create a sense of place, allow for transportation choices (other than private automobiles), and protect regional agricultural, watershed, and wildlife habitat lands. Mobility: Invest in high-quality pedestrian, bicycle, and public transit infrastructure with easy access, shared connectivity and rich information sources, from signage to cell phone alerts. Building Environment: Design new buildings and associated landscaping--and retrofit existing buildings--for state-of-the-art energy (smart grid applications), and resource efficiency, integrated with mobility options. Economy: Support businesses in order to provide quality local jobs and to meet the needs of the new economy with renewable energy and other "green" technologies and services. Support local and regional economic decision-makers in adapting to the new world of rising prices, volatile energy supplies and national demographic shifts. Food: Develop regional organic food production, processing, and metro-area distribution networks. Resources: Drastically cut use of water, waste and materials, re-using them whenever possible. Management: Engage government, businesses and citizens together in resilience planning and implementation; track and communicate the successes, failures, and opportunities of this community-wide effort.
3.3 Need for a new capital city : Chhattisgarh state was born on 1st Nov 2000, with it the largest city of the state, Raipur became capital. For so many years Raipur was a leading market place in central India and has a cluttered civic infrastructure. Raipur cannot be revived beyond certain limits as new infrastructure development in an old city is more difficult than financing and developing an entirely new city. The need of administrative capital had fueled the debate for need of a new city along with location and the mode of financing its growth. Moreover it is generally being observed so many multinationals had shown interest in coming to Raipur but backed off due to limitations current city will pose to expansion of infrastructure.
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With several consultations and with general consensus it was decided to develop a new capital city housing all the state administration at core and developing several light and pollution free industries like IT/ITES around it. The new capital city would be located just 20km from current city and will be named as “Naya Raipur” to retain people’s identity with current capital. The new city will be developed with modern infrastructure that will act as magnet for the multinational companies of service sectors and non/light polluting industries. It will also house several national level educational institutes to act as knowledge centers and accelerate future growth of the state. Several tourist attraction and recreational centers will be developed around it for all round development of its citizens. The new city provides us with the opportunity of developing a city, which whole world can be proud of, it should stimulate inclusive growth. To develop a city of that kind it’s important that the new city must be inclusive; there are several dimensions for a city to be truly inclusive. 3.4 Inclusive Growth: Rapid and sustained poverty reduction requires inclusive growth that allows people to contribute to and benefit from economic growth. Rapid pace of growth is unquestionably necessary for substantial poverty reduction, but for this growth to be sustainable in the long run, it should be broad-based across sectors1 , and inclusive of all the parts of society. This definition implies a direct relationship between macro and micro determinants of growth. The micro dimension take cares of the transformation for economic diversification. Inclusive growth refers both to the pace and pattern of growths which are considered, interlinked and hence need to be addressed together. The idea that both the pace and patterns are critical component for sustainable growth record and significant poverty reduction is in the lines of Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). The commission notes that inclusiveness – a concept that encompasses equity, equality of opportunity, and protection in market and employment transitions – is an essential ingredient of any successful growth strategy. Here we emphasize the idea of equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets, resources, and unbiased regulatory environment for businesses and individuals. 2 The Commission on Growth and Development (2008) considers systematic inequality of opportunity “toxic” as it will derail the growth process through political channels or conflict. The inclusive growth approach takes longer term perspective as the focus is on productive employment rather than on direct income redistribution, as a means of increasing incomes for excluded groups. In the short run, governments could use income distribution schemes to attenuate negative impacts on the poor of policies intended to jump start growth, but transfer schemes cannot be an answer in the long run and can be problematic also in the short run. We have reached to conclusion that the main instrument for a sustainable and inclusive growth is productive employment. Employment growth generates new jobs and income for the individual - from wages in all types of firms, or from self employment, usually in micro firms - while
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productivity growth has the potential to lift the wages of those employed and the returns to the self-employed. After all, in many low-income countries the problem is not unemployment, but rather underemployment. Hence, inclusive growth is not only about employment growth, but also about productivity growth.3
1) In lines of “OECD Development Assistance Committee’s” policy statement on pro-poor growth. 2) Report of the Commission on Growth and Development. 3) There is no preconception or bias in favor of labor-intensive industry policies. Indeed, the self-employed poor need improvements in productivity and leveling of the business environment in order to raise their income.
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3.5. Inclusive city: There is great wave for new urban planning all over the world and planners are working on new ways to design a city. But with our past experiences with urban planning, most city planning gave stress to physical infrastructure, ignoring integration of social, economical and physical aspect of planning. As we have seen in most urban development projects hovered around only commercial purpose, these cities are going to serve and rest of service planning had been left for physical environment around it. This led to problem of unplanned development in and around these cities based on various economic opportunities they had to offer. These unplanned fragments of the city contributes considerably to local economy but are deprived from basic services of housing, electricity, clean drinking water etc. Such disparity in different communities at same place gives rise to law and order problem and detrimental to city productivity. Also any commercial city lacking basic community service like school, educational institute, hospitals, sports and recreational facilities cannot sustain itself. It is important for people residing in city to have diverse jobs and livelihood opportunities. Thus ignoring inclusiveness of citizens in city planning could be costly. Solution is, focus on inclusive planning and design based on economic, social, environmental, and culturally sensitive policies that allow everyone to improve economically as the physical area improves. Cities need planning that recognize that every individual has right to full and equal participation in built environment and through their direct involvement they can shape environment around them according to their own need. Following could be possible frame work for city planners, elected officials, managers and community members. Economic Development: Land use and public policy decisions that create opportunities for everyone to participate fully in the economy of the city, with access to a variety of quality jobs. Housing and Neighborhoods: Codes, zoning and incentives that generate safe, healthy neighborhoods with a range of housing types and price levels to accommodate diverse socioeconomic background and lifestyle choices. Education: Full access to quality education choices for all residents, with shared use between schools, parks and community facilities. Access and Mobility: Viable, multimodal and interconnected public transit systems with seamless spaces that is friendly and inclusive of everyone: those with disabilities, young children, seniors, and parents pushing baby carriages. Habitat Protection and a Safe Public Realm: Connected, safe, healthy, functional and green connections with pedestrian and bike-friendly streets that reactivate the public realm and lead to environmental stewardship.
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Community Facilities and Gathering Spaces: Well-maintained and usable open spaces that can be built, landscaped, and maintained with funds from selling development rights. Cultural Meaning: Spaces and places to create and display social and cultural rituals and symbols that have meaning for all residents, ensuring that projects, especially large-scale redevelopments—retain a distinctive sense of place and neighborhood. The first element is an emphasis on robust public participation. We strongly believe that each project has to fulfill the community’s vision. All too often public participation is done entirely pro forma, with no real input. The inclusive approach ensures that everyone who is eventually going to live in the area—or be affected by it—needs to be involved in a meaningful way. And, community members have to know their ideas and comments will be incorporated into the design. That’s the kind of involvement that builds the community and makes a project truly inclusive. The second common element is equitable sharing: the local community that gets all the impacts needs to also get a proportionate share of the benefits. In far too many cases involving redevelopment, prices rise and the original inhabitants are forced out, destroying neighborhoods and historic communities whose roots can go back more than a century. We believe that in each case where redevelopment results in an uptick in property values, the increase in tax revenue generated thanks to the revitalization should go directly back to the area that generated them in terms of improvements that bring real benefits.
3.6 History: At the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD), held in March 1995 in Copenhagen, Governments reached a new consensus on the need to put people at the centre of development. The Social Summit was the largest gathering ever of world leaders at that time. It pledged to make the conquest of poverty, the goal of full employment and the fostering of social integration overriding objectives of development. At the conclusion of the World Summit for Social Development, Governments adopted a declaration and Program of Action which represent a new consensus on the need to put people at the centre of development. The largest gathering yet of world leaders 117 heads of State or Government - pledged to make the conquest of poverty, the goal of full employment and the fostering of stable, safe and just societies their overriding objectives. The world summit endorsed a coherent people-centered approach to development, noting the importance of social integration as the key to creating a society for all, that actively supports
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eradicating poverty and generating productive employment for all. A ‘Society for all’ is the goal of such a declaration where all individuals with their rights and responsibilities has an active role to play in the functioning of the government and society they live in. Social integration was rightly identified as the underlying condition to enable societies and individuals living therein to fully participate in all the activities in all the domains of life, be they political, economic, and cultural and all other areas. Failure to achieve social integration is likely to lead to social fragmentation, increase disparities and inequalities within societies and thus undermining the social cohesion so much needed for avoiding conflict and promote cooperation. However, the question remained how countries achieve this lofty ideal? What are the means and steps to achieve social integration that will foster stable, safe and just societies? Social integration goals will require policies to be inclusive, an approach and process that embraces all groups and promotes tolerance for attending to the needs of all. This means societies must promote inclusionary approach in policies that fights the existing divisiveness and exclusionary tendencies almost inherent in all societies due to various factors of discrimination, control and authoritarian mindset and approaches. The fact that social exclusion is noticeable in most societies at varying degrees that keeps weaker sections out of the mainstream remains the primary constraint for achieving social integration. To fight this social, political and economic inclusion is increasingly being recognized as the key strategy. Inclusionary approach in policies is therefore being favored over top-down bureaucratic policy process. However, as increasing attention is being paid to inclusive policy questions are being raised if that is enough. Whether these inclusive policies will take care of the social exclusion and promote social integration as well can’t be told as of now.
3.7 Framework for Inclusive City Cities wanting to design and implement plans for inclusiveness can only succeed if they fully understand how the social, economic, political, cultural and environment can, together, best be integrated into the daily lives of the public.* Economic Inclusion: An economically inclusive city provides residents equal opportunities for business and access to employment and promotes pro-poor economic policies. Social Inclusion: A socially inclusive city provides all residents, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or socio- economic status, adequate housing, decent basic services, and equal access to social amenities, opportunities and other public goods essential to everyone’s general and environmental well-being.
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Political Inclusion: A politically inclusive city upholds citizens’ rights and liberties, encourages social and political participation so that city officials will make better informed decisions and in a democratic manner. Cultural Inclusion: A culturally inclusive city furthers social integration and celebrates diversity. It values cultural rights of all segments of society and encourages the arts and heritage. Environment Sustainability
*www.unhabitat.org An ‘inclusive city’ promotes growth with equity. It is a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer. Participatory planning and decision making are at the heart of ‘inclusive cities’. Promoting inclusiveness is socially just, good for growth and central to sustainable urban development. Inclusive governance reduces inequality and social tension, incorporates the knowledge, productivity, social and physical capital of the poor and disadvantaged in city development and increases local ownership of development and programs. One hundred and eighty nine (189) member nations, including India, came together at the United Nations Millennium Summit, in September 2000, to identify a number of general goals and specific, measurable targets for improving the human conditions in the 21st Century. One of the targets established was to improve the lives of millions of slum dwellers by 2020. To achieve this target, the ‘Cities without Slums Action Plan’ was conceived. According to the UN-Habitat Report, this Plan focuses on upgrading the most neglected, unhealthy and vulnerable urban slums and squatter settlements found in the developing world. While the Millennium target pales in comparison to the global scale of current and projected urban poverty and the related slum challenge, it is a critical first step in what must become a sustained effort to create truly inclusive cities and improve the lives of the most disadvantaged.
3.8. Critical factors for developing Inclusive City Strategies Urban and Rural Divide: As per 2011 Census, x million citizens of India live in urban areas still leaving about 742 million people living in the villages. Some percentages of urban population are recent migrants to city, there urban habitats are build with kaccha bricks (i.e. khapras etc). More disappointingly, their right to their homes is highly contested, often classified as illegal, with insecurity of tenure. More than 60 percent of all employment in Delhi and Mumbai
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actually comes from informal sector. Much of social security of this sector comes from a tiny piece of land back home in their native village or through families that have stayed behind. Unfortunately, a hard-headed study of urban habitats around the world reveals that the goals of modernizing the urban India may just not be achieved. This could have everything to do with the situation of 742 million rural Indians that shadow the horizon of all Indian cities. A shadow that may darken over a period of time when one finds that to feed the ever consuming cities with water, electricity and natural resources, the rural habitats gradually become more and more depleted, forcing larger and larger numbers to migrate to cities, thereby further straining Resources in the urban habitat.
Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure inadequacies in both rural and urban areas are the major constraints for India’s growth, which was pointed out in the mid-term appraisal of the Tenth Plan. Urban infrastructure plays immense role in providing basic and ancillary urban services to citizens to ensure their quality of life. However, lack of long-term development strategy, paucity of resources, weak managerial structure and operational deficiencies continue to hinder growth of efficient and environment friendly urban habitats.
Exclusion from Social Development: Lack of adequate education translates into lack of opportunity, making it much more difficult to break the cycle of poverty. Similarly, the effects of poverty begin in the womb and continue to haunt most health programs fall outside the reach of the poor. Informal sector workers are the least protected by labor laws, welfare benefits, exploitation at work and the non-existent maternity leave benefits. Disparity in Informal and Formal Urban Economies: Employment is an area, which shows up where growth process is failing on inclusiveness. During 1999-2000, the growth of employment accelerated to 2.6 percent, outpacing the growth of population. This was because working age population grew faster than total population and labor force participation rates, particularly among women, increased. Non-agricultural employment expanded robustly at an annual rate of 4.7 percent during 1999-2005 which was in the unorganized sector and low productivity self employment. Despite a healthy GDP growth, the employment in the organized sector declined. Similarly, the urban poor remains excluded from the city development process. While time and financial expenditure on travel has increased, employment opportunities have reduced. As a result, the urban poor have been forced to find employment in the informal sector to ‘Informalization’ of poverty. Besides, there is feeling of insecurity of the tenure they live in and work. 3.9 Inclusive Planning is important in achieving global commitments and goals:
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Since the Copenhagen Declaration (1995) and the First UN Decade for Eradication of Poverty (1997) and the Millennium Declaration (2000), global and national calls for creating a just and inclusive world that addresses the concerns of the weak and vulnerable have grown louder and planning for the goal has become pronounced through national multi-year plans, PRSPs and MTEFs and other home grown instruments around the world. However, as we now know progress on the poverty front has been limited and uneven and hence the necessity of proclamation of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017), and being midway to the Millennium Development Goal’s target date (2015), increasing and more comprehensive efforts are to be mounted if the world wishes to see the global community’s goals to be achieved.
Millennium development goals: Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015 The eight broad millennium development goals are: 1) Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 2) Achieve Universal Primary Education 3) Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment 4) Reduce Child Mortality 5) Improve Maternal Health 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases 7) Environmental Sustainability 8) Develop a Global Partnership for Development So looking at eight broad millennium development goals we can see it is very much in accordance with our framework which we use to define Inclusive city. Keys to develop an Inclusive city 1) To promote better quality of life and better living condition for all. 2) Promotes growth with equity. 3) All sections of society are enabled and empowered to participate in all the opportunities city offers. 4) Inclusive city is based on the vision of social, economic, environment, and culture inclusiveness. 5) Good professional urban governance is must for turning inclusive city vision into reality.
3.10 Government of India Initiatives:
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Ministry of Urban Development’s: Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: Mission of JNNURM: The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens. JNNURM has 2 sub-missions: The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance administered by the Ministry of Urban Development, with a focus on water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas. The Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban-Poor. The challenges are huge and constraints are many, yet there are reasons to be optimistic. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) a flagship program of the Government of India launched in 2005, for the first time recognized the importance of unleashing the energy within cities to drive economic and social development and had a focus on the provision of basic services with special reference to the urban poor. Other program that support the inclusive city agenda are the Affordable Housing in Partnership Scheme, Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP), Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program (IHSDP) and Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY). In order to have a focused approach towards slum that epitomizes abject human misery and ultimate inequity, the Honorable President of India announced a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) in June 2009. This scheme emphasizes a multi-pronged approach by addressing the issue of services, availability of land, financial services and skill development of the slum dwellers for ensuring a better future and equitable opportunities. However, fundamental to the success of government programs would be the participation and concerted efforts by all stakeholders to rise to the challenge and create healthier, cleaner, greener, safer, productive, sustainable and better cities for all residents. There is no preconception or bias in favor of labor-intensive industry policies. Indeed, the selfemployed poor need improvements in productivity and leveling of the business environment in order to raise their incomes.
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CHAPTER 4 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Analysis of Naya Raipur Development plan so as to find out possible strategies that will make Naya Raipur an inclusive city.
Analysis of the City Development Plan On the basis of following city development dimensions 4.1 Appropriate land use planning
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?
? ?
Land is key resource in urban development and availability of land in adequate quantity, appropriate location, and affordable prices is necessary for performance of economic activities. Mixed land use with traditional living pattern needs to be revived with environmentally sound land use strategies. Conversion of freehold into leasehold needs to be evolved to prevent escalation in land and real estate prices.
4.2 Affordable housing for all ? Shelter provides a sense of security and safety to the people, thus there is critical need of development of affordable, accessible and quality housing in all parts of city, providing minimum housing for all. ? Ensuring better living condition, women privacy and all basic amenities in housing. ? Promotion of cost effective innovative building material and technology and use of local resources that are environment friendly. ? Ensure range of type and opportunity of housing to maintain city diversity and inclusiveness. 4.3. Infrastructure for all ? Availability of basic infrastructure like water supply, electricity, sanitation facility and transport for all. ? Inviting outside private investment. ? Design progressive development plan. ? Involve local communities in design process. ? Design, built, operate and maintain locally to acceptable level. ? Development of social infrastructure like school, parks, health centers, for all round development of citizens. 4.4. Better Urban Transport ? Rapid motorization, inadequate urban transport planning and traffic management gives rise to increasing road accidents, injury, health risk and loss of economic productivity. ? Transport system should be economically efficient and environment friendly and socially sustainable manner. ? Promote human settlement development strategies integrated with transport, land use planning and environment to reduce emission and shorten up trips. ? Promote mass transport and non- motorized modes of transportation. ? Public awareness and mass participation in pollution control. ? For pollution and congestion control remedies could be.
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? ? ? ? ?
Curbing access and parking of cars in central areas. Improved public transport. Quicker traffic control through efficient traffic control. Promotion of pedestrianism and bicycle use. Stiff parking charges.
4.5. Environment conservation ? Public awareness of waste management for maintaining minimum ecological and environmental standards to prevent pollution. ? Urban tree plantation and protection of green area. ? Conservation of natural water bodies and ecosystem around it. ? Conservation of ground water through Water harvesting techniques.
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CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH DESIGN
4.1 Primary Objective: The objective is to check the inclusiveness parameter of Naya Raipur City being developed and possible Improvement strategies on the basis of our assessment. To understand the way city is being developed how it is planning to take all the stakeholders into consideration. 4.2 Sample Design: For the research activity to turnout into success city development plan of Naya Raipur was taken into account and a careful selection of different case studies have been taken into account in order to know how world class inclusive cities are being made. 4.3 Scope of the Study: This effort is to understand the a) Process of planning a new city and what planners keep in mind during the city building. b) Concept of Inclusive Growth and Henceforth Inclusive City. The observations were carefully analyzed and some constructive facts and figures were revealed .On the basis of those observations some recommendations and suggestions for NRDA are being made. To achieve the objectives stated above we have done “Descriptive Research” and data is collected from secondary sources. 4.4 Collection of Data: The research methodology comprised of secondary data collected from various websites including NRDA’s and various NRDA records and some journals on inclusive city. Major data is being collected fro 1) www.nayaraipur.com (NRDA’s Website). 2) Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 (City Development Plan).
4.6 Research Methodology:
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Introduction
understanding the concept of the Naya Raipur
Understanding the scope of Naya Raipur Development Plan .
Case Study
SWOT Analysis of NRDP
Drawing relevant areas for our project.
Observations
Recommendations
Conclusion
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CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS
6.1. Environment Sustainability
6.1.1. Strength
Site selection of the new capital area site selection has been done by keeping environmental sustainability in mind. The south eastern region is found to be more suitable as Green Area The selected site has minimum forest cover and wild life except some protected forest near Tilda, Mohrenga, Kendri, and around the confluence of Mahanadi and Sukha River, thus affecting environment in least way. The proposed Naya Raipur has balanced green area provisioned to ensure a green and environmentally sustainable city. In the proposed city large green and open spaces has been planned through various recreational areas, along with conservation of natural water bodies in following distribution of land. The following table shows the planned Open Space area for Naya Raipur. Table 1. Open Space Area Open Spaces Film city Parks and Play Areas Stadium & Sports Complex Nature Resort/Theme Park City Park Reserved Forest Botanical Park, Jungle Safari & Golf Course Water body Plantation (located within uses other than recreational) Total Area Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Area (Ha) 46.49 366.07 45.16 258.48 467.55 216.01 389.95 233.71 113.93 2137.36
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Beside above recreational open spaces more green area in terms of parks and play ground has been provided in residential sectors. Water conservation Surface water As part of conservation policy the major water bodies and other environmentally sensitive area shall be conserved with following provisions: A buffer of 20 m on either side of canals and streams and 50 m around water bodies shall be a no development zone to prevent pollution and conserve natural water shed of the water body. 100 m area along the Mahanadi canal shall be reserved as green without allowing any development or construct activity. No untreated water should be allowed to let out in the water bodies. Ground water Following measures should be taken to maintain the quality and quantity of ground water. Construction of wells, bore wells, tube wells, etc. should be restricted with permission from the concerned agency. Water harvesting should be practiced on a large scale to maintain the level of ground water. Effluent should be properly treated before letting the same on vacant land to avoid seepage and contamination. Storage of Rainwater: This can be achieved by following small-scale measures: Recharge Pits for recharging the aquifers. These are generally 1 m wide and 2 to 3 m deep back filled with boulders, gravels and coarse sand. Trenches: Usually constructed when permeable strata are available at shallow depths. Trenches may be 0.5 m to 1 m wide and 1 to 1.5 m deep, 10 to 15 m long depending upon availability of water. These are back filled with filter material. Dug wells: Existing wells can be utilized as recharge structures and water made to pass through filter media before putting into dug wells.
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4. Recharge wells: Recharge wells of 100 mm to 300 mm diameter are constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through filter media to avoid chock age of recharge well. 5. Roof top rain water: In big cities, roof top rainwater recharge has been recommended. Local authorities, communities need to be encouraged, can take up all these methods. Considering only 100 sq km of area water harvesting and assuming average rainfall 1000 mm and assuming only 40 % average runoff to be retained by soil, the quantity of water that can possible be recharged may be around 40 Mcum. Sewerage 80% of the total water consumption goes as sewerage. Project area is proposed to be divided into two drainage districts, Southern zone and Northern zone, each with independent sewer network, sewer pumping station and sewer treatment plant. Southern zone will cater for 60% of total sewage generated in area and one STP will be located at lowest spot of the zone after feasibility study by NRDA. Northern zone will account for 40% of total sewage and a pumping station will be setup which would pump about 50% of sewage generated in northern zone. Two STP with total capacity of 155 MLD capacity has been proposed for Naya Raipur which will be developed in modules in three phases Table 2. Sewerage Modules of STP in different Total phase of Development Capacity in MLD 2011 2021 2031 36 24 39 26 18 12 93 62 -
Particulars
STP (southern zone) Capacity in MLD STP (northern zone) Capacity in MLD CETP (for Industrial effluent)
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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Disposal Options The treated effluent shall be utilized in any of the following uses so as to conserve and minimize the overall water requirement viz., Irrigation, Horticulture, Ground water recharge. Three alternatives for the disposal of treated effluent are suggested as follows: i. Kulhannala ii. 50% down stream of Mahanadi Main canal running parallel and in the ridge line and 50% to Kulhannala. iii. Other alternative is to reuse water for irrigation purposes for the downstream area so that net water requirement for irrigation canal (Mahanadi Main Canal) can be reduced. This is best possible alternative for efficient use of wastewater. iv. Sewage after proper treatment and disinfections (not generally used for sewage treatment but required for effluent discharge Standards and DBU ‘Designated Best Use’ of Mahanadi Main Canal point of view) can be discharged to Mahanadi Main Canal. The Sewage treatment will be such that quality of water in Mahanadi Main Canal and treated sewage may not differ so much. In this case, a Pumping Station will be required to pump the treated sewage to Mahanadi Main Canal at suitable location to be decided after detail investigations. Storm Water Drainage The project area is traversed by four major streams thereby dividing the entire area into four catchment zones. All these streams are proposed to be preserved by carrying out rehabilitation/ improvements etc. All the proposed road side drains are proposed to convey the run off generated from the corresponding road and ultimately discharge the same into the corresponding nallahs / streams.
Hence the proposed storm water drainage system for project area consists basically of two systems i.e. i. Construction of Road side drains, ii. Improvement or rehabilitation of existing Natural streams channels /nallahs.
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Policy The following policies are to be adopted: i. Develop a storm water management system that manages the quality and quantity of storm water runoff of the region avoiding any water logging in the area. ii. Recognize the need for public ownership and operation of storm water management practices such as rainwater harvesting. iii. Prepare and adopt erosion and sediment control guidelines of the region.
Solid Waste Management The quantity of the solid-wastes generated is an indicator to the development and the character of city. More the city is developed, more the generation of the wastes. Again, the predominance of the industrial and commercial Land use in the city increases its generation. By comparing the per Capita generation of different world class and Indian cities the following norm have been suggested for generation of solid waste: Residential sectors: Commercial areas: @ 600 gm per Capita per day @ 600 gm per employee per day
Hospitals and Hotels: @ 600 bm per bed per day Other areas: @ 27 kg per ha per day
Solid Waste Management System for Naya Raipur City Depending upon the socio-economic condition, usual practices and availability of fund the selection of disposal methods are to be made judiciously. Considering the local condition of Raipur and the proposed Naya Raipur, the proposal is the combination of the following disposal methods: • Sanitary Landfill • Composting
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Solid Waste Collection System The daily-generated solid wastes from residential, institutional sources and from commercial areas are to be collected through by the appointed contractor of Welfare Society. The residents, commercial and institutionalizes will be charged the market rate for it. The contractor of the Welfare Society will deposit the solid wastes to the covered waste collection containers having suitable working and pneumatic container lifting arrangements so that the containers may be employed conveniently on the trucks. There will be covered container at 500 m distance on the roadside. The container will have two chambers one for recyclable material to be dropped and other for all organic and compost materials. The sorting of the solid waste can be done by the contractor. The sorters are to be provided with hand gloves, shocks and dress so that their health could be protected. In fact, the contract conditions are to be made considering this condition. The Consultant recommends a 75 T capacity compost plant and 7.5 acre area for dumping ground for phase I. The total area required for dumping ground is 22 acre. Two dumping grounds of 4.5 ha each are proposed at the north-eastern and south-eastern sides of the city in the peripheral area, at a distance of 5 Km from the city boundary. Other Management Measures The following activity needs to be considered: • Providing covered dust-bins/garbage collector in convenient position. • Coordinate with government and semi-governmental agencies, railways, industrial establishment and institutions to finalize a programme for efficient removal and reduction of solid waste from roadsides and drains. • Encourage recycling of newspaper, aluminium cans, glass bottles and plastics through private participation. • Hazardous wastes and bio-medical wastes should be disposed off separately; establish one centralized incinerator for disposal of all biological waste materials generated from various hospitals. • Enforce use of hand gloves, shoes and safety dress for all waste collectors and sorters to ensure health. • Provide modern trucks capable of using hydraulic lifting as well as safe garbage containers. • Increase public awareness of the benefit of living a clean and health life by proper management of solid wastes for persuading them to bear the cost of such services.
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• Encourage the CBO’s to promote use of biodegradable waste bags and dumping waste only in garbage containers and training the inhabitants the hygienic method of putting the waste bags. • Intensive program of tree plantation on the disposal areas to be undertaken after the site is filled up.
Green Transport Transport is an integral part of city planning and a green transportation system is must for future environment sustainability of city.
Intra city transport Naya Raipur as capital and commercial city will require frequent mobility of its citizens in and out of city. Connectivity of all important parts of the city is most important for a world class city. Choice of a mass public transport driven by green and clean energy is necessary in current scenario of shrinking non renewable energy resources.
Rail transit system For Naya Raipur a rail based urban transit system has been proposed to run along the central axial corridor between two intercity rail stations, covering all important functional area of the city (CBD, Capital complex, City Center Park, and other social and cultural institution. The corridor length is approx. 15.5 Km and shall have 12 intermediate stations. The system is proposed to run on elevated way with some short stretch to run underground to cross central park and 100 m east west central vista road.
The Bus system The bus system is another important part of public transport. The intercity bus system has been proposed to complement the LRTS. It has been recommended to use CNG or preferably battery based transport system to improve environment quality. It has been recommended to have 0.7 as load factor to maintain comfort level. Also bus system should be made more accessible by providing bus stops at adequate distance and pricing should be done to promote more usage of public transport.
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Intermediate Public transport Intermediate public transport (Auto rickshaw and cycle rickshaw) brings in private sector initiative, investment and management. Thus planning for a technologically modern, energy efficient and clean transport system is necessary. To facilitate operation of IPT service physical space for parking and other needs of operator has been provided as part of local area plan. Power Naya Raipur city for 5.6 lakh population is proposed to be developed in three phases. The estimated power requirement by the completion of phase III will be 565 MVA. The calculation is based on: Average Power Demand of 2 KW per household Rate of growth of Power demand @ 6.49 % per annum Power Factor - 0.9 Plant/Substation Load Factor - 0.8 Diversity Factor – 0.6 General Recommendations for setting up modern Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution system The following steps are recommended for improvement in Transmission and Distribution of Power Supply. 1. Power supply for up to 33 kV voltages should be taken through underground distribution system. The cables can be taken through underground duct or simply buried in the ground. 2. The Proposed Grid stations should preferably be built around outskirts of the city. Power supply at 132kV or above voltage level can be taken through overhead system. 3. To ensure minimum interruption of Power Supply, 11kV underground distribution system can be connected in Ring Main. It will ensure alternate source of power supply for all substations connected to the Ring Main. 4. Wherever it is necessary to use overhead transmission (Outside city limit), LT Arial Bunch cables can be used to check power theft. 5. 11/0.433kV substations can be indoor or outdoor type. 6. Wherever there is space constraints in congested areas, Modern compact packaged outdoor substations can be used. This type of modern outdoor substation contains Transformer, RMU, Capacitor and all the Switchgear arrangement in a single compartment. Space requirement for this type of substation is only 5m x 5m x 4m.
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7. The main receiving stations (Grid Stations) should have the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) facility to ensure on line monitoring and control of power supply. All substations and distribution stations will be interconnected with controlling stations by using modern methods e.g. Fiber optics. 8. As far as the usage of power is concerned, it is proposed to use energy efficient electrical light fittings and lamps e.g. low power ballasts, low consumption high power luminaries, lux level limiters and timers for street lighting etc. Non-conventional source of energy e.g. solar heaters are proposed for heating. High masts will be used at road junctions, stadiums, transport hubs, parks and for area lighting. All consumers domestic, commercial, government organizations will be metered.
6.1.2. Weaknesses
Environmental sustainability Land Use
The following table shows the existing land use distribution in the NRDA Planning Area: Table 4. Land Use Distribution SN. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Land Use Residential Commercial Industrial Public and semi-public (Public amenities and facilities) Transportation - roads and streets Recreational Water bodies Agricultural Total Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Area (In Ha) 257.48 26.61 65.34 302.65 1131.44 107.73 1846.7 20004.68 23742.63 Percentage 1.08 0.11 0.28 1.27 4.77 0.45 7.78 84.26 100
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Ideally, development of physical infrastructure over land should be done over less fertile or barren lands affecting agricultural production and livelihood of people dependent upon them, in least way. But existing land use of NRDA planning area shows exorbitant 20004.68 Ha (84.26%) land as agricultural land which has to be diverted to residential and commercial purpose later on. This could be affecting the livelihood of dependent people in big way and has to be rehabilitated properly, more over with more shrinking agriculture land across nation this might impose burden over agricultural production. However this might be inevitable as according to the site selection analysis of CDP this is the best alternative among the four quadrants.
Conservation of water bodies Though provision for conserving natural water bodies has been done by declaring 20m area around it as no construction zone but this zone can utilized more effectively by developing green open space and recreational facility around it such as garden, boating rides etc. This will not only create a public space but also checks encroachment by land mafias.
Implementation and operation of sewage treatment plan Development of sewage water treatment would take huge exchequer’s investment and needs a sustainable business plan to roll out service. An STP can be a source of water for irrigation can be source of revenue. Also expenses can be met by charging tax to citizens for service.
Transport A clear directive is missing for planning and promotion of public transport. There should be clear policy framework to promote public transport by defining pricing of public transport and taxing over usage of private transport. There must be development of convenient transport as soon as capital complex starts functioning this will attract more people to city.
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6.1.3. Opportunities:
Existing Urban cities can be categorized into 3 basic types: a) Emerging Economy b) European c) American
Table 4. Types of Urban Centre Urban Centre Emerging Economies European Main Characteristics Dense Living, growing Population High Density, low car use Sprawl, High Car use Ecological Footprint (gha/capita) 01-Feb Human Development Index 0.4-0.8
Example Africa, Latin America, China, India Western Europe, Japan, Korea, Singapore North America, Australia
04-Aug
>0.8
American
15-Aug
>0.8
Source: Wong, Tai-Chee & Yuen, Belinda(Ed)(2010),Eco-city Planning, Practice and Design Observation: The low level of Ecological footprint in Emerging economies is because of two reasons: 1) High Population 2) Low level of Industrialization when compared to European and American type City. On analyzing the above table it can be said that the emerging economies goal is to avoid increase in ecological footprint as it continues to grow and improve its human development Index. To do this is an opportunity as well as challenge. Being a new city Naya Raipur has to be developed by keeping into mind this important objective. It has to be developed in a way that improves quality of life and creates jobs and opportunity. Higher urban density combined with good public transport and a switch to use of fuel efficient and renewable energy powered vehicles can decrease transport-related energy use and
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improve livability. Opening up the city roads to walking, biking improves air quality, reduces traffic congestion, and enhances community and healthy living. Real time information can support greater public transport use and scheduling. Intercity connections can rely on high speed rail, waterways, and green logistics services from freight hubs for goods delivery. Better transport options also improve other infrastructure. A simple example is that the use of quiet electric vehicles and pedestrian streets can mean the facades of buildings can be lighter in weight with the need for less noise attenuation, therefore consuming fewer resources; or that choosing more sustainable building material results in lower CO2 emissions. Improved air quality from non-polluting vehicles can facilitate natural ventilation of buildings, saving energy costs and improving residents’ health. Increasing biodiversity with green roofs, urban parks and tree planting along streets will reduce the heat island effect and give benefits of improved health through lowering heat stress and improving mental health (Mind 2007). The link between biodiversity and health can be illustrated by Singapore’s visionary approach to biodiversity management in parks. Dragonfly habitats are being introduced to try to help control mosquitoes and the problem of dengue fever in the city. Melbourne also uses species planting to create an eco-system in which mosquitoes do not proliferate. There is a virtuous cycle between the biodiversity of a city, and therefore living in harmony with nature, and the energy consumption and quality of life. There is strong evidence that access to green space increases demand for developments and opens the door for funding through land value uplift. It will also benefit the natural systems that maintain life. Trees and vegetation also help with water-management, slow down water run-off and improve air quality. There is also a need to restore rural and aquatic bio-diversity outside urban areas. Future urban centers can be transformed to reflect places where we live in harmony with nature in all its forms. Water management: There are major opportunities to use recycled water, This can be from urban development to give efficient irrigation of surrounding farmland and to collect and store water run-off in cities and use it as grey water for secondary uses. These lead to a reduction in the demand for potable water and the associated energy needed for treatment. It can also help mitigate climate change impacts of increased storm rainfall intensity on flooding. Likewise wastewater can be separated, and treated for reuse, and for conversion to energy. All the technology that would allow us to do this is on the market and is not excessively expensive, especially if the urban economies of scale are taken into consideration. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Improving the energy efficiency is one of the cheapest and easiest ways to conserve energy sources. Behavior changes, and smart energy monitoring in buildings and homes can reduce the need for excess energy. Work has shown that improvements such as insulation, efficient water heating and use of energy efficient appliances and lighting can reap rapid cost benefits to most householders. Cities can also look towards combined heat and power and local heat and power grids to supply their energy. They
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can take advantage of the waste to energy links and use secondary biomass for energy and products, including bio-fuel for transport. For low and middle income countries, the rapid uptake of the use of microfinance to install photovoltaic panels, local energy from waste facilities and solar powered irrigation pumps shows that, at current oil prices, the use of local renewable sources of energy is much more attractive for human development in remote inaccessible areas than expensive centralized power supply. This could also extend into transport once economic electric vehicles are available, and can already be seen in the use of electric bicycles. Energy from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal stream and wave power are greatly underutilized. We already see that development will move forward with a greater consumption of renewable resources (with nonrenewable gradually being priced or regulated out as they become more scarce) and will be underpinned by greater efficiency, lower environmental pollution and an emphasis on improving the effectiveness of human development through transition. Partnerships: Opportunity for long-term infrastructure partnerships between public and private sectors and community groups and NGOs and we can expect to see these emerging at a regional level and to include mitigation and adaptation. However Partnerships can be a necessity because often land ownership will be in both public and private sector hands. Risks of losses of value will be mitigated and so partnerships with insurance companies are also likely to be productive as will partnerships with mortgage lenders for the upgrading of homes and surrounding infrastructure to enable occupiers to see cost reductions quickly. Microfinance and micro-insurance schemes that deal with both adaptation and mitigation are emerging quickly and these can operate at a local community or regional scale in low and middle income countries to manage and share risks over the long term.
6.1.4 Threats:
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Continued Growth of Population: Present target for 2031 is .545 Million but in future it might grow further beyond the planned population and will burden the ecological environment. High carbon dioxide emission due to, large use of fossil-fuel dependence for personal vehicle. The rapid growth of resource consumption associated with urbanization. Limited financial resources. Open Spaces provided around water bodies could be encroached by land mafias unless they are utilized for some public utility like gardens, parks, boating area etc. Developing new city over agricultural land could lead to decline in agricultural production though may not be substantial reduction.
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?
There may be some ecological impact on existing forest cover with in the peripheral area.
6.2 Economic inclusion Occupational pattern for Naya Raipur With the detailed study of Delhi Master plan 2001 and occupational trends of Raipur and Chandigarh shows dominance of tertiary sector to the extent of 60% followed by Secondary and primary sectors respectively. As Naya Raipur would be developed as service city, more population will be employed in service industry. The broad distribution of jobs across sector is planned to be as follows:
Table 5. Proposed Occupational Structure for Naya Raipur Sector Primary sector Cultivation, Livestock etc. Mining & Quarrying Secondary sector Percentage Negligible Negligible 23
Manufacturing in household industry and nonhousehold industry 15 Construction Trade and commerce 8 28
Tertiary sector Transport and communication Other services Total Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 7 42 100
77
100
As City is meant for administrative and commercial purpose, primary sector (agriculture) and mining industry will not be part of occupation. While manufacturing in household and nonhouse hold industry can absorb most of the semi-skilled workers. There would be lots of
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infrastructure development across the city thus construction industry can absorb unskilled workers. Rest of the skilled population would be employed in tertiary sector.
6.2.1. Strength
Employment Generation Based on the adopted work participation ratio of 40% i.e. 222,950 jobs generated are distributed in use zones / activity zones. A break-up of the employment generated in each sector has been worked out in the following table. Table 6. Employment generated by various activities Activity/Use Zone Light Industries and Composite use zone Software Technology Park Construction Industry Capitol Complex Other Govt. offices Institutional areas CBD Wholesale Trade (Integrated Freight Complex) Transport Hub Planning Unit Centers Residential Area Total Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Number of employees 22295 8918 17836 26754 17836 31213 46819 11147 6688 20065 13379 222,950 Percentage 10 4 8 12 8 14 21 5 3 9 6 100
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Rehabilitation Program The NRDA planning area include rural and semi urban area as most population as unskilled workers. A special rehabilitation scheme under section 69 of Chhattisgarh Town and Country Planning Act 1973 read together with section 56 for land acquisition with mutual consent and agreement is proposed to ensure reasonable compensation package to project affected person in NRDA area. To economically include all affected by project following definition of “Project Affected Person” accepted. (a) Whose agricultural land is being acquired under the project. (b) Landless agricultural laborers from such villages where more than 50% of total private agricultural land is acquired under the project. (c) Kotwar in possession of service land which is acquired under the project. (d) Whose dwelling unit is acquired under the project. However all the above persons should be benefited residents of the affected villages. Those persons who were residing and earning their livelihood prior to 10.8.2005 from such villages will be treated as residents of such villages.
Compensation to Project Affected Persons Naya Raipur Development Authority will make payment of compensation to project affected persons, based on rates based on committee decision Naya Raipur Development Authority will in addition to payment of compensation, also make available land for horticulture/ floriculture or utility shops or residential plot, free of cost as a special gesture to the project affected persons. For this purpose the project affected persons have been classified in to the following categories:Table 7. Project Affected Persons Area of land Less than 0.5 hectare 0.5 hectare to < 1 hectare Acquired Category A B Rehabilitation scheme 3600 sq. ft. plot for cultivation 5400 sq. ft. plot for cultivation
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1 hectare to <1.5 hectare
C
7200 sq. ft. plot for cultivation 9000 sq. ft. plot for cultivation and one Kiosk (Gumti) free of cost A residential plot of 1500 sq. ft. free of cost/one Pucca shop of 100 sq. ft. area A residential plot of 2000 sq. ft. free of cost/one Pucca shop of 150 sq. ft. area A residential plot of 2400 to 2800 sq. ft. free of cost/one Pucca shop of 150 sq. ft. area
1.5 hectares to <2 hectares
D
2 hectares to <3 hectares
E
3 hectares to <4 hectares
F
4 hectares and above Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 ?
G
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?
Some areas of Naya Raipur will be reserved for vegetable gardens, horticulture, flower cultivation etc and would be given assured perennial irrigation from treated waste water or recycled water. Plot sizes would vary from 3600 to 9000 sq. ft. These plots will be allotted for horticulture, floriculture or for growing vegetables to certain categories of project affected persons. NRDA will make available for allotment, some shops in and around existing Abadi Land of the villages in the project area to certain categories of affected persons. Each pucca shop will have approximately 100 to 150 sq. ft. of constructed area, and some vacant land for access to the shop (which cannot be encroached on by the shop owner). Apart from these shops some Kiosks (Gumties) would also be made available for allotment to certain categories of project affected persons. Some housing plots would also be made available by NRDA for allotment to certain categories of affected persons. If any residential house is acquired under the project, compensation will be made to such person. He/she will also be given plot with house in a rehabilitation colony. If any service land of Kotwar comes under the land to be acquired for Naya Raipur, he/she will be entitled to similar benefits under the rehabilitation scheme as in the case of other project affected persons. Compensation will be made for land related construction on the land of project affected persons.
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?
Stamp duty will be waived on purchase of land/house by project affected persons within one year from the receipt of compensation. In respect of those persons who are allotted plot/shops under the rehabilitation scheme, registration charges and stamp duty on such transaction will be borne by NRDA.
Capacity Building Special Benefits to Project Affected Landless Laborers ? Training will be given to landless laborers or their children above 15 years of age towards capacity building. Entire expenditure on such training will be borne by the Government. Trainees will be paid stipend of Rs.500/- for a period of up to 3 months. All such landless laborers will be provided minimum employment of 100 days in a year, for two years from the date of land acquisition, under any schemes of State Government. The project affected persons will be given benefit of various self employment schemes being organized by various Departments of the Government. The self employment or profession will be provided financial assistance by bank or Government Agency or nongovernment organization.
?
?
Housing An adequate no. of quality and affordable housing with all type of houses is necessary to satisfy all economic sections of the city according to market demand. Following distribution of various houses has been suggested for Naya Raipur. Table8.Suggested (indicative) percentage of dwelling unit size based on number of rooms Number of rooms occupied 1-2 rooms 3-4 rooms 5-6 rooms 2011 60% 30% 10% 2031 46% 42% 12%
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 The housing size in the years to come shall however be determined by the market forces. The total number of dwelling units required with a household size of 4.5 works out being 123,860.
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Economic inclusion of Urban Poor in housing Chhattisgarh continues to be an agricultural economy with a growing tertiary informal urban sector. It becomes essential that appropriate planning concepts be implemented taking into consideration the informal sector, its housing needs and provision of workplace close to their residences. The Naya Raipur will however have, almost 100% induced population. The development of the new Capital City characterized by a high level of construction activity will attract a significant number of construction workers. Providing suitable housing to the population is thus an important issue. Incremental Housing It shall be made mandatory on part of the developers that minimum 10% of dwelling units in each neighborhood are reserved for incremental housing. The incremental housing shall be designed to be constructed depending upon the available resources and the increasing family needs and growing affordability. A low height high-density development is suggested for this housing type. Plot size for the incremental housing to be generally 6.0m in width and 9.0m in depth with mandatory front and rear setback of 1 meter/ 2 meter each and no side setbacks necessary. The permissible ground coverage shall be 65% and an FAR of 1.3 with the permissible number of 3 floors. In addition to the private backyard and front yard, the common cluster level spaces shall be with proper access to all. Night Shelters Night shelter shall be provided to fulfill the shelter needs of the houseless with basic facilities for sanitation. The night shelters shall be designed as per the modified guidelines laid down by the Scheme for Shelter & Sanitation Facilities for Footpath Dwellers. Night shelters to be provided in the Facility Centers along the central corridor. Informal sector A number of essential services such as dhobi, cobbler, vegetable vendor, etc. are provided through the informal sector. Provision shall be made for all these activities on 1 % of the net residential land to be indicated in the layout. The unorganized service providers normally set up their petty trade in the form of mobile shops or roadside kiosks near important commercial and business areas and residential sectors. It is proposed to integrate these in the city plan. This would be done by 1% reservation of net developed land in the following activity areas for the informal sector:
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Table 9. Area reserved for informal sector Sr. No Area (Ha) (net 1768.73 96.12 268 2132.85 17.68 0.96 2.68 21.32 Area reserved for informal sector (ha)
Activity Residential area) CBD Facility corridor Total
1 2 3
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Thus, the city plan makes provision for the informal service sector spread over the city. Attractive design shall be prepared for the space for stationary and mobile vending.
Weekly markets and Haats The weekly markets and haats are a vital characteristic of Indian cities and have a sense rich cultural identity attached to them. Spaces shall be allotted for weekly markets in the Facility Centers. Site with an area of about 0.4 Ha for weekly markets is included in the facility centers at the community level i.e., one for every one lakh population.
6.2.2 Weakness/Challenges
?
?
?
Attracting residents to live in a new city may become a huge task even after making it vibrant and lovely; economically it should make sense for them to move to this new city i.e. they must get better income opportunities if they choose to move in a new city from their old one. We need to continue to tackle the common phenomenon of a ‘two-speed economy’. Affluent areas with full employment still sit side-by-side with areas which are run-down, and which face challenges like poor housing and health, low skills, crime, unattractive or broken environments, low aspirations, and reliance on public-sector spending There are fewer businesses and lower levels of private-sector investment in communities with high levels of deprivation. We must continue to promote diversity, especially in light of continued demographic change.
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? ?
?
Attracting the skilled immigrants to its workforce will be a challenging job We need to understand the interrelationship between Economic Competitiveness and social inclusion to effectively leverage the social infrastructure for attracting the investor. Skill Development programs may need high level of commitment and consume time and money resources.
6.2.3 Opportunities
Economic Inclusion itself means opportunities for everyone, to live, to work and to do business, so in essence the Naya Raipur may help everyone in the new city to realize their potential, benefitting them personally, as well as the new city economically as well as socially. It provides opportunity to provide more jobs, attracting more investors into Chhattisgarh. It also provides opportunity to leverage its reach cultural diversity for beneficial economic gain, as various researchers in the Europe have demonstrated important role of the creative sector in enhancing the prosperity of urban centers. Given the right circumstances and supports, culture and creativity will flourish in an urban centre to significant and mutually beneficial economic effect. As a city grows as a centre of culture and creativity:
? ? ? ?
Cultural industries attract investment and jobs, expand exports and enhance income (both of residents and government revenues). Creative workers enhance creativity and innovativeness throughout the economy. Creative activity helps employers and the city to attract and retain talent (through quality of life and workplace opportunities). Creative people help regenerate urban neighborhoods, define the city’s ‘brand’ and create ‘buzz’ about the city.
6.2.4. Threats/Challenges
The NRDA planning area involves planning area with existing 84.26% land as agricultural land as in India most rural population are dependent on occupation like cultivation and farming. Development of Naya Raipur has no provision for such primary sector while it is expected that existing population should continue their cultivation elsewhere or change into some other vocational jobs. There could be discontent among existing population for this change. It will displace people from agricultural sector to secondary or tertiary sectors. This must be backed by technological advancement in agricultural practices to sustain agriculture productivity of the region. There should be schemes to promote household industries for project affected persons with some financial assistance. As land for horticulture and flower cultivation has been provided as part of rehabilitation program for project affected. They should be helped to market their product well through retail shops in residential areas.
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6.3. Social Inclusion
6.3.1. Strengths
Social inclusion is very important aspect of a City Development plant for a cohesive and sustainable society. A CDP must ensure equitable treatment to all its citizens and equal access to all social infrastructures. Also any development project must have social consensus before implementation and all the affected persons must be involved in planning process. In social inclusion we will discuss following social infrastructure: Health: According to W.H.O, “Health is state of complete physical, social and mental well being”. For appropriate distribution and availability of health facilities, the UDPFI guidelines suggest the norm of 5 beds per 1,000 persons. However as the health facilities are most likely to attract population from the region, the facilities are provided at 6 beds per 1,000 persons. Table 10. Health Facilities Beds per 1000 population Planning Norms Hierarchy Population /Unit Plot area Provisions In the convenience shopping center or in the residential houses. In the Neighborhood Centre.
SN.
Facility
Clinic/s 1 Dispensary or Polyclinic Nursing Homes (4 nos. 25 beds each),Child welfare, Maternity Centre Intermediate Hospital A (150-200 beds) Intermediate Hospital A (80-100 beds)
-
Housing area
-
Neighborhood
16,000
2
0.08 to 0.12 ha
1
Community
100000
0.2 to 0.3 ha In the health complex as part of community center
3
2
Community
1-1.5 Lakh
3.7 ha
4
2
Community
100000
1.0 ha
5
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General/Referr al or Specialty 1 City Hospital 6 (500 beds) Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
City population
10 ha
City level (2 Nos.)
Besides all the above facilities a medical college cum hospital (500 beds) for 5-lakh population with an area of 15 Ha is envisaged in the institutional and research complex. Education For the provision of education facilities the objective is: i. To provide primary, higher secondary schools education to 100% children of the age group 6 to 18 yrs. ii. To provide integrated school with and without hostel facilities to be developed as public and other similar schools. iii. To provide school for the mentally and physically disadvantaged. iv. To provide higher education facilities for at least 3% of the total population or for about 30% of the age group 18 to 24 yrs. Primary Education To provide school education for 100% children, the following norms are adopted based on UDPFI guidelines. Table 11. Norms for provision of Educational facility Sl. No 1 2 3 4 Level Provision Housing Area Housing Area Neighbourhood Community of Pop./Unit (approx.) 2,500 3,000 ~ 5,000 7,500 Plot Strength Area 250 500 1,000 0.1 0.4 1.6 3.9
Educational Facility Pre-primary/Nursery School Primary School Senior Secondary School Integrated School with hostel facility
90,000 ~ 1,00,000 1,000
5
Integrated School without hostel facility Community
90,000 ~ 1,00,000 1,000
3.9
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6
School for Handicapped
Community
45,000
400
0.5
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
Higher Education
For higher education, the facilities proposed are: Table 12. Norms for provision of Higher education facilities Sl. No. Facility 1 2 University Engineering College
Students 5000(min.) 2,000
Area Standard
Location Separately indicated
60 ha 15 ha (includes space form general hospital)
As part of University As part of institutional and research complex In Educational Complex
3
Medical College
1,500
4
General (4 nos.)
Colleges 8,000 4 ha each
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 The University would include colleges/institutions for new subjects like Information Technology, Biotechnology, Communication and also Culture and Fine Arts and other professional courses including Engineering and Medicine. The institutes in the institutional area and the University would have facilities for continuing education.
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Vocational Education The following norms have been adopted for provision of vocational education: Table 13. Provision of Higher and Vocational/Training Education Sl. Educational Facility No. Level Pop./Unit (approx.) Strength Plot Area (ha)
1
Technical Centre
To be provided in Education alternative 1-1.5 lakh Community Centers
500
4
a. Polytechnic b. ITI
400 100
2.4 1.6
Table 14. Prescribed norms for POLICE service: Pop./Unit (approx.)
No. Security Facilities
Hierarchy Community level
Area
1 2
Police Station Police Post Police Quarters Head
0.90 lakh Where required
1.0 ha 0.16 ha
3 4
City level City level
5 lakh 5 lakh 20.48 ha
Police Academy
? ? ?
Six Police stations have been provided in the city, four in facility complexes in the Facility Corridor, one in the industrial area and one in the exhibition area. Apart from the above Police Headquarters are provided at the Capitol Complex. Police Academy and Training Centre has also been provided at the North End of the City. Fire Services are needed for protecting people from fire hazards, building collapses, and other unforeseen emergencies. Fire station must be set up to serve population of 1.5
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lakh within 3 km radius with area provided to it should be at least 10000 sq. m. Following guidelines must be followed while setting up fire station.
1. Fire stations are located so that the fire engines are able to reach the disaster site within 3-5 minutes. 2. Fire Stations shall be located on main roads with minimum two entries. 3. The concept of underground pipelines on the periphery of the sector, exclusively for firefighting services to be provided 4. All major complexes and multi-storied buildings to have the plans sanction from the fire department. Disaster Management Centre Naya Raipur is generally not prone to any natural disaster, but disasters can be manmade and highly unpredictable; hence it is important to have a disaster management centre for crisis conditions. A Disaster Management Centre has been proposed in Naya Raipur with suitable open area (2 ha). This centre would accommodate the City level Fire Station with its head offices and Trauma Centre for coordination at the time of emergencies and safe parking. The Trauma Centre should be on 1 hectare of land and have a minimum of 100 beds. This would be linked with lower order Trauma Centers to be provided in selected hospitals.
Communication Postal Facility Table 15. Planning Norms for provision of Postal Facilities No Postal Facility Pop./Unit (approx.) Area Provision At Local Shopping Centre / Neighborhood Centers
1
Post Office Counter without 10,000 to delivery 15,000
60 sq. m. - 85 sq. m.
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2
Head Post Office Delivery Office
with 2 lakh ~ 2.5 lakh
480 sq. m. - 600 sq. m.
In Community Centers (Alternative) At Central Business District
3
Head Post Office with delivery and Administrative City level Office
2,000 sq. m. - 2,500 sq. m.
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
Telephones: Telecommunication is vital to the day to day functioning and an efficient telecommunication network ensures better efficiency. Naya Raipur shall be provided with a hitech communication system for internal as well as external communication. Digital exchange will be provided for STD/ ISD/ Internet facilities. The following norms have to be adopted for the provision of Telephone Exchanges.
Table 16. Prescribed Telecommunication Infrastructure Pop./Unit (approx.) Area Provision At Central Business District
No
Postal Facility
1
Telephone Exchange (With 40,000 lines) 4.0 – 5.0 lakh
2500 sq. m.
2
RSU (Remote Subscriber Unit)
At 1 No. within a Community radius of 3 Km Centers
Community Facility Centers
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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Socio – Cultural Facilities: The adopted norms for the provision of socio-cultural facilities for Naya Raipur have been listed below. Table 17. Norms for Socio-Cultural Facilities in Naya Raipur Facilities Standards 1 for 1,000/1,500 population Community Room / RWA centre Area: 500 sq. m. 1 for 15,000 population Community Hall & Library Area: 2,000 sq. m. Neighborhood Centre Community Centers Provision
1 for 100,000 population Recreation Club including Music, Dance & Drama Centre Area: 10,000 sq. m. 1 for 100,000 population Meditation & Yoga Centre Socio-cultural Complex Area: 4,000 sq. m. City level
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 Distributive Services An efficient distribution system to fulfill the day-to-day needs of the citizens is necessary even at the smallest planning unit level of the city. The distributive services include milk, fruits, vegetables, LPG, petrol, etc. Table 18. Provision for Distributive Infrastructure in the New Capital City Adopted standards 50,000 5,000 Unit Area (Ha) 0.05 0.015
Facilities LPG Godowns Milk Booth
Location Facility Complex Convenience Shopping Centre As per Master Plan for Petrol Pumps
Petrol pumps
50,000
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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Other Facilities Table 19. Norms for provision of other community facilities Sr. no. Population/Unit (approx) Max. Plot area
Category
Location To be included in alternative facility complexes To be included in alternative facility complexes
1
Old Age Home
Community level
1,000 sq. m.
2
Working women- Community men hostel level Community level
1,000 sq. m. 2,000 sq. m. each, 3 units
3
Religious
Facility Complex
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
Cremation / Burial Ground Two cremation ground and burial ground in an area of 2 Ha each are provided outside the city in the Peripheral Region – one each in the North and the South.
Recreational areas Recreational space such as gardens, parks, open spaces, sports complex adds value to social life of its citizens. Thus planning and provisioning for recreational space in equitable manner to ensure accessibility to all is necessary. Areas for recreation at city level would be as follows. Table 20. Recreational Areas Open Spaces Film city Parks and Play Areas Area (Ha) 46.49 366.07
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Stadium & Sports Complex Nature Resort/Theme Park City Park Reserved Forest Botanical Park, Jungle Safari & Golf Course Water body Plantation (located recreational) Total Area Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031 within uses other than
45.16 258.48 467.55 216.01 389.95 233.71
113.93 2137.36
Sports are an important recreational facility that contributes towards the physical and mental development of the citizens. The plan emphasizes the development of play and sports areas for all age groups in the form of parks, playgrounds, stadium and sports complex.
Table 21. Play Area Area (sq. m.) 0.5 Population Level Served
Play Facility
Provision
Housing Area Play Ground
5000
Housing area
In the layout plans
Neighbourhood Play ground
1.5
15,000
In Neighbourhood neighbourhood centers Community In Community Sports Complex City level
Community Centre
level
Sports
8
100,000
City level Stadium & Sports 24.21 Complex
500,000
City
Source: Naya Raipur Development Plan 2031
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6.3.2. Weakness
Ideally, development of infrastructure over land should be done over less fertile or barren lands affecting agricultural production and livelihood of people dependent upon them, in least way. But existing land use of NRDA planning area shows exorbitant 20004.68 Ha (84.26%) land as agricultural land which has to be diverted to residential and commercial purpose later on. This could be affecting the livelihood of dependent people in big way and has to be rehabilitated properly, more over with more shrinking agriculture land across nation this might impose burden over agricultural production. However this might be evitable as according to the site selection analysis of CDP this is the best alternative among the four quadrants. Transport A clear directive is missing for planning and promotion of public transport. There should be clear policy framework to promote public transport by defining pricing of public transport and taxing over usage of private transport.
6.3.3. Opportunities:
Accessibility: cities create social and economic value by connecting people and activities. These connections reflect accessibility, that is, the general ability to obtain goods and services, and participate in activities. Cities bring people and activities together and expand transport options. These connections are particularly important to people who are physically, economically and socially disadvantaged. As a result, cities help achieve social inclusion, that is, they increase social and economic opportunities for disadvantaged people. Planners likely to address social inclusion in terms of providing basic mobility, which refers to transport for goods, services and activities that have high social value. ? ? ? ? ? ? Emergency Services Health Care Essential Shopping Education and Employment Public Services, mail and freight distribution Social and recreational activities
Social inclusion is both efficiency and an equity issue. People who are excluded from social and economic opportunities suffer directly, and are less productive, more dependent on social programs, and more likely to be involved in criminal and self destructive behavior. Social
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inclusion therefore provides multiple benefits, including economic development, public cost savings, and reduced crime. Table 22. Possible Transport related Benefits Benefits Improved Accessibility Facility Cost Savings Consumer Savings Transport Diversity Road Safety Environmental Protection Efficient land use Economic Development Community Cohesion Public Health Description Improved accessibility among people and economic activities. Reduced per capita road and parking facility costs. Reduced per capita transportation costs. Improved transportation options, particularly for non-drives. Reduced per capita traffic crash rates. Reduced pollution emissions and habitat degradation. More compact development, reduced sprawl. Efficiencies of agglomeration, increases productivity and wealth. Positive interactions among people in a community. More physical activity (particularly walking) increases fitness and health.
The benefits of improved accessibility, transportation system diversity, and community cohesion are particularly important for people who are physically, economically or socially disadvantaged and so rely on non-automobile transportation. As a result, urban environments are more equitable than automobile-dependent suburban and rural land use patterns that isolate non-drivers and increase transportation costs. It also provide opportunity for smart growth (VTPI 2009), Smart growth (also called new urbanism and transit-oriented development) refers to planning policies that increase land use density, mix, connectivity and walkability. Table below compares smart growth with sprawl development patterns. There are many specific ways of encouraging smart growth, including development policy and planning reforms, infrastructure funding and pricing changes, roadway design, and open space preservation.
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Table 23. Difference between smart growth and sprawl Smart Growth Density Growth Pattern Compact development. Infill (Brownfield) development. Local, distributed, smaller. Accommodates walking access. Multi-modal transportation and land use patterns that support walking, cycling and public transit Highly connected roads, sidewalks and paths, allowing relatively direct travel by motorized and non-motorized modes Streets designed to accommodate a variety of activities. Traffic Calming Sprawl Lower-density, dispersed activities. Urban periphery (Greenfield) development. Regional, consolidated, larger. Requires automobile access. Automobile-oriented transportation and land use patterns, poorly suited for walking, cycling and transit. Hierarchical road network with numerous loops and dead-end streets, and unconnected sidewalks and paths, with many barriers to nonmotorized travel Streets designed to maximize motor vehicle traffic volume and speed.
Public Services
Transport
Connectivity
Street Design
Planning Process
Unplanned, with little coordination, Planned and coordinated between between jurisdictions and Jurisdictions and stakeholders. stakeholders. Emphasis on the public realm (streetscapes, pedestrian environment, public parks, public Facilities). Emphasis on the private realm (yards, shopping malls, gated communities, private clubs).
Public Space
Location Efficient Development Location efficient development means that activities are located together to increase accessibility and reduce vehicle travel. Current planning practices often consider housing and transportation costs separately, resulting in “affordable” housing being located in less accessible areas where transport costs are high. Location-efficient development locates affordable housing in compact, mixed-use, multi-modal neighborhoods where nondrivers experience a high level of accessibility and transportation costs are relatively low. It takes
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advantaged of reduced vehicle ownership rates to reduce parking requirements, providing additional opportunities for savings. Improving Transport System Diversity and Affordability There is much that can be done to create a more balanced and affordable transport system that provides a high level of mobility to non-drivers. Below are examples (VTPI, 2005). • Improve walking and cycling conditions. • Improve public transit, ridesharing and taxi services. • Cash-out and unbundled parking, so people who rely on alternative modes are able to capture the resulting parking cost savings. • Increased car-sharing (vehicle rental services designed to substitute for vehicle ownership), so people have a convenient alternative to private vehicle ownership. • Distance-based pricing, which converts fixed vehicle charges, such as ownership taxes, registration fees and insurance premiums, into mileage-based charges.
Universal Design Universal Design (also called Inclusive Design, Accessible Design or just Accessibility) refers to facility designs that accommodate the widest range of potential users, including people with mobility and visual impairments (disabilities) and other special needs. Although Universal Design standards address the needs of people with disabilities, it is a comprehensive concept that can benefit all users. For example, wider sidewalks, curb cuts and ramps, and low-floor buses can improve convenience for many types of travelers, not just those who use wheelchairs or walkers. Universal Design planning includes: • Standards for pedestrian facilities, transit vehicles and other transportation services adopted by local, state/provincial or federal governments. • Programs to educate planners and designers on incorporating Universal Design into planning. • Special projects and funding to reduce barriers and upgrade facilities to meet new accessibility standards.
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• Parking facility design standards that dedicate spaces for vehicles used by people with disabilities, and include extra large spaces for vans with lifts. • Development of Multi-Modal Access Guides, with maps and way finding information to a particular destination, including availability of transit and taxi services, and the quality of walking conditions. Support Community Cohesion Community cohesion refers to the quantity and quality of positive social interactions within a community, particularly among people of different economic classes and social conditions. Various transportation and land use policies can support community cohesion, by increasing opportunities for people who live and work in an area to meet during normal daily activities. • Create human-scale, mixed-use urban villages, with clearly defined geographic areas and unique identities (“New Urbanism,” VTPI, 2005). • Maximize walk-ability. Design streets with high-quality sidewalks, crosswalks, and paths. Incorporate features such as pedestrian-oriented street lighting, landscaping, benches, public art, and other design features that attract people of diverse incomes and cultural backgrounds. • Implement traffic calming and street beau to reduce vehicle traffic speeds and volumes, and create a more attractive and secure street environment for pedestrians and residents. • Maximize the quality of the public realm (public places where people naturally meet), including sidewalks, pocket parks, plazas, neighborhood schools, local shops, and bus shelters. • Encourage land use mixing at a fine grained scale, including mixed-use buildings (such as ground-floor retail with residential above), mixing on a street, and mixing within a neighborhood. • Manage parking to reduce the amount of parking required to serve destinations and to improve parking facility design. Orient buildings to the sidewalks, rather than behind large parking lots. • Support local services, such as neighborhood schools, shops, banks, and police stations. • Address security concerns. Encourage residents to work together to improve security. • Support neighborhood events and activities, such as street parties and fairs, and local sporting and cultural events.
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• Create more multi-modal transportation systems and more accessible land use development patterns. Correct policy and planning distortions that favor automobile travel and sprawl.
6.3.3 Threats
1) There could be regional discontent over large induced population from other states. 2) Lack of adequate funding to support necessary social infrastructure. 3) The induced population from other states may not associate themselves with the local identity. 4) People may not be willing to move to new city.
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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION
This is a just a glimpse of a way forward and a vision of the future for Naya Raipur city, but it is only a modest start for a long journey. Naya Raipur can make its mark in the global level by leading the way towards an inclusive age. Despite different local conditions, and various economic and environmental levels, the principles of urban design and resource management are universal. But they can also be localized to fit the context. Planning for new and retrofitting high, middle, and low income cities can transform the way we manage our water and waste; feed our community; supply our power; travel to places; and live each other and with nature. Together, with the supporting policy framework and new business model Naya Raipur can reduce its carbon emissions comparative to existing cities, retain a limited ecological footprint provide social and economic security for everyone and improve their human development to enter the new age of inclusive cities. It would be a wise thing to plan for inclusion at the developing phase and having physical and social infrastructure beforehand to support the needs of all future city dwellers, so as to promote well being of each city dweller of Naya Raipur city and making the city of Naya Raipur in true sense “Inclusive”.
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CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONS
1) Voluntarily Simplicity Strategy: Disapproving excessive consumption by persuading and providing incentives for simple living. I.e. Promoting Walking and Cycling. 2) Demand Management Strategy: Educating citizens the ways to meet their needs without consuming excessive non-renewable resources but without compromising the quality of life. Application of this strategy should be done at household as well as corporate level. 3) Ecological procurement Strategy: Environmentally sound products should be preferred by Government, Institution along with households. i.e. using solar energy ,CFL,LED bulbs etc 4) Using Natural Species for some problems: Implanting Mosquito-fish (Gambusia Affinis), Dragon fly etc. for encountering the problem of mosquitoes. 5) Water bodies can be utilized to develop recreational sites such as boating, musical fountain, water sports. These areas could be developed with private investment with proper promotion of recreational space. This will not only conserve water body and environment around it, but also help in generating more employment in terms of gardener, security, and maintenance staff. Here we have opportunity to provide employment to local population with adequate skill development program. 6) Using better sources of energy wherever possible: Though it is mentioned in the city development plan that the buses will run on CNG or preferably electric! There are certain disadvantages that are associated with CNG fuels: a) Limited service availability (i.e. there is lack of service stations where CNG has already been implemented). b) Dynamometer tests Indicates that CNG fuelled vehicle have 10-15% lower output than petrol engines. c) The additional weight of CNG cylinders does pose a problem d) Though it is better than conventional fuels i.e. petrol & diesel still it produce high level potentially hazardous carbonyl emissions. So, Battery/Fuel Cell will be much better options than CNG.
7) A Inclusion City Initiative or a unit should be established for Naya Raipur that will focus
on providing Chhattisgarh government with advice on innovative ways to address some
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of the most difficult social problems. They should also provide training programs to train
localities into well trained pools of talent that can be acquired by different offices/households.
8) Building Job Opportunities: Engaging, motivating and equipping job seekers, and doing so in a manner that takes into account a person’s family context and strengths, Building Job Opportunities initiative will offers a new approach that puts families experiencing entrenched disadvantage at the centre of service delivery. It will ensure that necessary services are joined up and applied with flexibility to meet family needs, i.e. There would
be huge requirement for various trades like electrician, plumber, carpenter, washer man, and barber in the new city. All such trades should be promoted among semiskilled youths and should be trained with initial incentives. There would be requirements for convenient stores in neighborhood there should be enough provision for such shops in each sector; also credit should be offered to projected affected persons at low rate of interest to start the venture.
9) Many young people with a disability or borderline indicators of developing long-term disability have been slipping through the service system gaps particularly if they leave school early. So to counter this starting a Coordination Program that will: a) Empower young people in navigating a clear career pathway. b) Influence and improve the responsiveness of mainstream agencies to better meet the needs of young people accessing the program. c) Build a nexus between local community services, employers, the education sector and State and Central govt.
10) Developing programs to promoting SME, Medium Enterprise and household businesses in the new city. As they will be critical in promoting economy by creating several jobs, this programs will provide medium to educate people about: a) Tackling marketplace discrimination b) Obtaining certifications c) Bonding and Insurance d) Technical expertise
11) Solid waste management is great challenge for modern cities. A business plan can be employed to convert this challenge into business opportunities. Various co-operative societies can be involved in revenue sharing operation of garbage collection from each neighborhood, in turn they can charge household for the service. Awareness among citizens must be raised for segregation of waste into recyclable and non recyclable items. In the downstream municipal corporation can collect garbage of different types and sold to recyclers and non recyclable, degradable items can be used to convert them
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into manure and sold later on there should be proper promotion and marketing of whole operation. All employees of garbage collection operation should be well trained and should not be ashamed of their occupation. Thus promotion of the job should be done with good incentives and modern equipments of garbage collection. 12) To fundamentally change economic perspective of lower section of society only wealth creation opportunities and subsidies are not enough, to change economic perspective will require knowledge and access to affordable financial product and services, incentives to encourage saving and investments and protections in financial marketplace. Some short of financial literacy workshop centre can be made in Naya Raipur city. Through the help of NGOs and educational Institutions. Some possible strategies that can be followed to achieve economic inclusion: AIM Improve access to high quality financial information through education and counseling Strategies ? Financial education and counseling centers ? Neighborhood-based financial onestop centers ? Incorporating financial education into social service and workforce program ? Enacting a local ETC program ? ? ? Protect consumers in the financial marketplace Short-term and emergency savings products Expanding access to small business capital and training Tax assistance for the self-employed
Increase access to income-boosting supports and tax credits Connect residents to safe, affordable financial products and services
Channelizing the transaction through an agency which will function as a monitor for microfinance firms so that they can’t charge unreasonable rates.
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REFERENCES
1) Wong, Tai Chee and Yuen Belinda (Ed)(2010),Eco-City Planning ( policies, practice and design), Springer, Singapore. 2) lynch, Kevin (1992), The Image of the city, MIT Press. 3) Aprodicio A. Laquian, V. K. Tewari and Lisa M. Hanley (Ed)(2007),The inclusive city : infrastructure and public services for the Urban poor in Asia, John Hopkins University Press. 4) Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India ( 2009),INDIA Urban Poverty Report, Oxford University Press. 5) Housing and Urban Development Corporation limited (2011), Shelter, HUDCO In-house publication. 6) Litman, Todd (2006), Cities Connect: How Urbanity Helps Achieve Social Inclusion Objectives, paper presented at Metropolis Conference, Toronto, Canada. 7) The World Conservation Union(2006), Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29-31 January 2006,www.iucn.org 8) www.cfed.org 9) www.rockefellerfoundation.org
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