Discuss the Role of Financial Managers
DISCUSS THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGERS
The financial manager plays an important role in the functional areas of finance. The assignments of finance functions to the financial manager depend upon size of the business enterprise. The larger the business enterprise- the greater degree of specialization of tasks is needed. The financial manager is the key persons in any business enterprise. The function of finance manager includes budgeting and investing funds, accounting, products pricing and forecasting. The financial manager is engaged in the analysis, planning and control of the financial activities of the enterprise. The function of financial manager may be stated as underFINANCING AND INVESTING- The financial manager performs the financing and investing function of an enterprise. He supervises the cash and other holding of the firm. He arranges for raising additional funds as per the requirement of the enterprise. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Financial manager makes analysis of financial condition of the firm. Financial analysis ensures the effective and smooth functioning of any enterprise. Financial analysis is made to judge the propriety of the trend of share market prices, etc. DIVIDEND DECISIONS- The financial manager takes dividend decision. For taking decisions in respect of dividend, the following factors are considered-availability of cash, tax position of the share-holders, trend of earnings, etc. ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL- The financial manager arranges for the maintenance of financial records. He controls the financial activities of the enterprise. He identifies deviations from planned and efficient financial activities. FORECASTING AND LONG-RUN PLANNING- The finance manager forecasts costs and technological changes. He studies the market conditions and forecasts the funds needed for investment. He calculated the estimated returns on proposed investment project and forecasts about the demand for the products of the enterprise. CASH MANAGEMENT- The financial manager arranges for cash management of the enterprise. Through cash management, he ensures the supply of funds to the different dept. of the enterprise. The financial manager arranges for the adequate supply of cash to all sections of the enterprise for its smooth flow of operations. DECISION REGARDING CAPITAL STRUCTURE- The financial manager takes decision regarding capital structure of the firm. Capital structure indicates the proper mix of different sources of capital. He tries to maintain proper balances between the long-run funds and shorts-run funds.
EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE- The financial manager evaluates the financial performance for the analysis of financial performance of the enterprise. The financial manager constantly reviews the financial performance to assess the financial health of the business enterprise. The financial manager helps the management to take different decision on the result of the evaluation of the financial performances.
Long term sources of finance are those that are needed over a longer period of time generally over a year. The reasons for needing long term finance are generally different to those relating to short term finance. Long term finance may be needed to fund expansion projects - maybe a firm is considering setting up new offices in a European capital, maybe they want to buy new premises in another part of the UK, maybe they have a new product that they want to develop and maybe they want to buy another company. The methods of financing these types of projects will generally be quite complex and can involve billions of pounds. It is important to remember that in most cases, a firm will not use just one source of finance but a number of sources. There might be a dominant source of funds but when you are raising hundreds of millions of pounds it is unlikely to come from just one source. Shares A share is a part ownership of a company. Shares relate to companies set up as private limited companies or public limited companies (plcs). There are many small firms who decide to set themselves up as private limited companies; there are advantages and disadvantages of doing so. It is possible, therefore, that a small business might start up and have just two shareholders in the business. If the business wants to expand, they can issue more shares but there are limitations on who they can sell shares to - any share issue has to have the full backing of the existing shareholders. PLCs are different. They sell shares to the general public. This means that anyone could buy the shares in the business. Some firms might have started out as a private limited company and have expanded over time. There might come a time when they cannot issue any more shares to friends or family and need more funds to continue expanding. They might then decide to become a public limited company. This is called 'floating the business'. It means that the business will have to go through a number of administrative and legal procedures to allow it to be able to offer shares to the general public. It might be that a business wants to raise £300 million to finance its expansion plans. It might issue 300 million £1 shares in the company. The offering of these shares has to be accompanied by a prospectus which lays out details of the business - what it is
involved in, how it is structured, how it will be managed and so on. This is so that prospective investors, people or institutions who might want to buy the shares, can get information about the company before committing to buying shares. Often a business will employ the services of a merchant bank to help with a share issue. These institutions specialise in arranging large financial deals of this sort. Examples of such institutions are Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, Rothschilds and Goldman Sachs. These institutions may agree to underwrite the share issue. What this means is that if all the shares are not sold, the institution will still provide all the money to the firm issuing the shares. Once the shares are sold, share owners can buy and sell their shares through the stock exchange. Such buying and selling does not affect the business concerned directly and is one of the main advantages of the stock exchange. You can get more details of how the stock exchange works through our resource on the London Stock Exchange. There may be times in the development of a plc when it needs to raise more funds. In this case it can issue more shares. Many firms will do this through what is called a 'rights issue'. This occurs where new shares are issued but existing shareholders get the right to purchase new additional shares at a reduced price. If the business is doing well and the new finance is needed for expansion, this can be an attractive proposition for existing shareholders. For the business it is a relatively quick and cheap way of raising new funds. Venture Capital Venture capital is becoming an increasingly important source of finance for growing companies. Venture capitalists are groups of (generally very wealthy) individuals or companies specifically set up to invest in developing companies. Venture capitalists are on the look out for companies with potential. They are prepared to offer capital (money) to help the business grow. In return the venture capitalist gets some say in the running of the company as well as a share in the profits made. Venture capitalists are often prepared to take on projects that might be seen as high risk which some banks might not want to get involved in. The advantages of this might be outweighed by the possibility of the business losing some of its independence in decision making. Examples of venture capitalists (who are also called private equity firms) are Advantage Capital Limited, Braveheart Ventures, Permira and Hermes Private Equity. Government Grant Some firms might be eligible to get funds from the government. This could be the local authority, the national government or the European Union. These grants are
often linked to incentives to firms to set up in areas that are in need of economic development. In Cornwall, for example, there have been a number of initiatives to encourage new businesses to locate there. Cornwall has the lowest gross domestic product (GDP) per head of the population in the UK. The average wage in Cornwall is 28% below the UK average. As a result, the area attracts funding from the EU and the government. Firms looking to set up in Cornwall might be able to apply for some help in starting or moving a business to the area. One of the disadvantages of this type of funding is that it involves large amounts of paperwork and administration. This can add to costs and in some cases might not make the project worthwhile. One famous example of how a business project can be developed using European Union funding was the Eden Project. The EU was not the only source of finance to help set up the project but was an important partner in helping to realise this important tourist destination for a deprived part of Cornwall. Bank Loans As with short term finance, banks are an important source of longer term finance. Banks may lend sums over long periods of time - possibly up to 25 years or even more in some cases. The loans have a rate of interest attached to them. This can vary according to the way in which the Bank of England sets interest rates. For businesses, using bank loans might be relatively easy but the cost of servicing the loan (paying the money and interest back) can be high. If interest rates rise then it can add to a businesses costs and this has to be taken into account in the planning stage before the loan is taken out. Mortgage A mortgage is a loan specifically for the purchase of property. Some businesses might buy property through a mortgage. In many cases, mortgages are used as a security for a loan. This tends to occur with smaller businesses. A sole trader, for example, running a florists shop might want to move to larger premises. They find a new shop with a price of £200,000. To raise this sort of money, the bank will want some sort of security - a guarantee that if the borrower cannot pay the money back the bank will be able to get their money back somehow. The borrower can use their own property as security for the loan - it is often called taking out a second mortgage. If the business does not work out and the borrower could not pay the bank the loan then the bank has the right to take the home of the borrower and sell it to recover their money. Using a mortgage in this way is a very popular way of raising finance for small businesses but as you can see carries with it a big risk.
Owner's Capital Some people are in a fortunate position of having some money which they can use to help set up their business. The money may be the result of savings, money left to them by a relative in a will or money received as the result of a redundancy payment. This has the advantage that it does not carry with it any interest. It might not, however, be a large enough sum to finance the business fully but will be one of the contributions to the overall finance of the business. Retained Profit This is a source of finance that would only be available to a business that was already in existence. Profits from a business can be used by the owners for their own personal use (shareholders in plcs receive a share of the company profits in the form of a dividend - usually expressed as Xp per share) or can be used to put back into the business. This is often called 'ploughing back the profits'. The owners of a business will have to decide what the best option for their particular business is. In the early stages of business growth, it may be necessary to put back a lot of the profits into the business. This finance can be used to buy new equipment and machinery as well as more stock or raw materials and hopefully make the business more efficient and profitable in the future. Selling Assets As firms grow they build up assets. These assets could be in the form of property, machinery, equipment, other companies or even logos. In some cases it may be appropriate for a business to sell off some of these assets to finance other projects. Lottery Funding In the UK the National Lottery might be a possible source of funds for some types of business. These businesses will mostly be charities or charitable trusts. The Eden Project, referred to earlier, received some funding from the Lottery. The company that run the Eden Project are a not for profit business so any surplus they make is put back into the business to help develop and improve it.
18.4 Sources of Short-term Finance There are a number of sources of short-term finance which are listed below: 1. Trade credit 2. Bank credit – Loans and advances – Cash credit
– Overdraft – Discounting of bills 3. Customers’ advances 4. Instalment credit 5. Loans from co-operatives 1 . Trade Credit Trade credit refers to credit granted to manufactures and traders by the suppliers of raw material, finished goods, components, etc. Usually business enterprises buy supplies on a 30 to 90 days credit. This means that the goods are delivered but payments are not made until the expiry of period of credit. This type of credit does not make the funds available in cash but it facilitates purchases without making immediate payment. This is quite a popular source of finance. 2 . Bank Credit Commercial banks grant short-term finance to business firms which is known as bank credit. When bank credit is granted, the borrower gets a right to draw the amount of credit at one time or in instalments as and when needed. Bank credit may be granted by way of loans, cash credit, overdraft and discounted bills.14 :: Business Studies ( i ) Loans When a certain amount is advanced by a bank repayable after a specified period, it is known as bank loan. Such advance is credited to a separate loan account and the borrower has to pay interest on the whole amount of loan irrespective of the amount of loan actually drawn. Usually loans are granted against security of assets. ( i i ) Cash Credit It is an arrangement whereby banks allow the borrower to withdraw money upto a specified limit. This limit is known as cash credit limit. Initially this limit is granted for one year. This limit can be extended after review for another year. However, if the borrower still desires to continue the limit, it must be renewed after three years. Rate of interest varies depending upon the amount of limit. Banks ask for collateral security for the grant of cash credit. In this arrangement, the borrower can draw, repay and again draw the amount within the sanctioned limit. Interest is charged only on the amount actually withdrawn and not on the amount of entire limit. ( i i i ) Overdraft When a bank allows its depositors or account holders to withdraw money in excess of the balance in his account upto a specified limit, it is known as overdraft facility. This limit is granted purely on the basis of credit-worthiness of the borrower. Banks generally give the limit upto Rs.20,000. In this system, the borrower has to show a positive balance in his account on the last friday of every month. Interest is charged only on the overdrawn money. Rate of interest in case of overdraft is less than the rate charged under cash credit.
(iv) Discounting of Bill Banks also advance money by discounting bills of exchange, promissory notes and hundies. When these documents are presented before the bank for discounting, banks credit the amount to cutomer’s account after deducting discount. The amount of discount is equal to the amount of interest for the period of bill. This part has been discussed in detail later on in this chapter.Sources of Short-term Finance :: 15 3. Customers’ Advances Sometimes businessmen insist on their customers to make some advance payment. It is generally asked when the value of order is quite large or things ordered are very costly. Customers’ advance represents a part of the payment towards price on the product (s) which will be delivered at a later date. Customers generally agree to make advances when such goods are not easily available in the market or there is an urgent need of goods. A firm can meet its short-term requirements with the help of customers’ advances. 4. Instalment credit Instalment credit is now-a-days a popular source of finance for consumer goods like television, refrigerators as well as for industrial goods. You might be aware of this system. Only a small amount of money is paid at the time of delivery of such articles. The balance is paid in a number of instalments. The supplier charges interest for extending credit. The amount of interest is included while deciding on the amount of instalment. Another comparable system is the hire purchase system under which the purchaser becomes owner of the goods after the payment of last instalment. Sometimes commercial banks also grant instalment credit if they have suitable arrangements with the suppliers. 5. Loans from Co-operative Banks Co-operative banks are a good source to procure short-term finance. Such banks have been established at local, district and state levels. District Cooperative Banks are the federation of primary credit societies. The State Cooperative Bank finances and controls the District Cooperative Banks in the state. They are also governed by Reserve Bank of India regulations. Some of these banks like the Vaish Co-operative Bank was initially established as a co-operative society and later converted into a bank. These banks grant loans for personal as well as business purposes. Membership is the primary condition for securing loan. The functions of these banks are largely comparable to the functions of commercial banks. ***Internal sources is finance which comes mainly frown own funds, profits and depreciation
The main internal sources of finance for sole proprietors are as follows; · Owner's funds · Selling personal assets · Profits · Depreciation External sources is capital obtained from financial institutions, such as banks, and from individuals willing to provide finance. The main external sources of finance for sole proprietors are as follows; · Bank loans · Mortgage loans · Grants and loans · Hiring and Leasing
What Does Profitability Index Mean? An index that attempts to identify the relationship between the costs and benefits of a proposed project through the use of a ratio calculated as:
doc_136075057.doc
DISCUSS THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGERS
The financial manager plays an important role in the functional areas of finance. The assignments of finance functions to the financial manager depend upon size of the business enterprise. The larger the business enterprise- the greater degree of specialization of tasks is needed. The financial manager is the key persons in any business enterprise. The function of finance manager includes budgeting and investing funds, accounting, products pricing and forecasting. The financial manager is engaged in the analysis, planning and control of the financial activities of the enterprise. The function of financial manager may be stated as underFINANCING AND INVESTING- The financial manager performs the financing and investing function of an enterprise. He supervises the cash and other holding of the firm. He arranges for raising additional funds as per the requirement of the enterprise. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Financial manager makes analysis of financial condition of the firm. Financial analysis ensures the effective and smooth functioning of any enterprise. Financial analysis is made to judge the propriety of the trend of share market prices, etc. DIVIDEND DECISIONS- The financial manager takes dividend decision. For taking decisions in respect of dividend, the following factors are considered-availability of cash, tax position of the share-holders, trend of earnings, etc. ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL- The financial manager arranges for the maintenance of financial records. He controls the financial activities of the enterprise. He identifies deviations from planned and efficient financial activities. FORECASTING AND LONG-RUN PLANNING- The finance manager forecasts costs and technological changes. He studies the market conditions and forecasts the funds needed for investment. He calculated the estimated returns on proposed investment project and forecasts about the demand for the products of the enterprise. CASH MANAGEMENT- The financial manager arranges for cash management of the enterprise. Through cash management, he ensures the supply of funds to the different dept. of the enterprise. The financial manager arranges for the adequate supply of cash to all sections of the enterprise for its smooth flow of operations. DECISION REGARDING CAPITAL STRUCTURE- The financial manager takes decision regarding capital structure of the firm. Capital structure indicates the proper mix of different sources of capital. He tries to maintain proper balances between the long-run funds and shorts-run funds.
EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE- The financial manager evaluates the financial performance for the analysis of financial performance of the enterprise. The financial manager constantly reviews the financial performance to assess the financial health of the business enterprise. The financial manager helps the management to take different decision on the result of the evaluation of the financial performances.
Long term sources of finance are those that are needed over a longer period of time generally over a year. The reasons for needing long term finance are generally different to those relating to short term finance. Long term finance may be needed to fund expansion projects - maybe a firm is considering setting up new offices in a European capital, maybe they want to buy new premises in another part of the UK, maybe they have a new product that they want to develop and maybe they want to buy another company. The methods of financing these types of projects will generally be quite complex and can involve billions of pounds. It is important to remember that in most cases, a firm will not use just one source of finance but a number of sources. There might be a dominant source of funds but when you are raising hundreds of millions of pounds it is unlikely to come from just one source. Shares A share is a part ownership of a company. Shares relate to companies set up as private limited companies or public limited companies (plcs). There are many small firms who decide to set themselves up as private limited companies; there are advantages and disadvantages of doing so. It is possible, therefore, that a small business might start up and have just two shareholders in the business. If the business wants to expand, they can issue more shares but there are limitations on who they can sell shares to - any share issue has to have the full backing of the existing shareholders. PLCs are different. They sell shares to the general public. This means that anyone could buy the shares in the business. Some firms might have started out as a private limited company and have expanded over time. There might come a time when they cannot issue any more shares to friends or family and need more funds to continue expanding. They might then decide to become a public limited company. This is called 'floating the business'. It means that the business will have to go through a number of administrative and legal procedures to allow it to be able to offer shares to the general public. It might be that a business wants to raise £300 million to finance its expansion plans. It might issue 300 million £1 shares in the company. The offering of these shares has to be accompanied by a prospectus which lays out details of the business - what it is
involved in, how it is structured, how it will be managed and so on. This is so that prospective investors, people or institutions who might want to buy the shares, can get information about the company before committing to buying shares. Often a business will employ the services of a merchant bank to help with a share issue. These institutions specialise in arranging large financial deals of this sort. Examples of such institutions are Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, Rothschilds and Goldman Sachs. These institutions may agree to underwrite the share issue. What this means is that if all the shares are not sold, the institution will still provide all the money to the firm issuing the shares. Once the shares are sold, share owners can buy and sell their shares through the stock exchange. Such buying and selling does not affect the business concerned directly and is one of the main advantages of the stock exchange. You can get more details of how the stock exchange works through our resource on the London Stock Exchange. There may be times in the development of a plc when it needs to raise more funds. In this case it can issue more shares. Many firms will do this through what is called a 'rights issue'. This occurs where new shares are issued but existing shareholders get the right to purchase new additional shares at a reduced price. If the business is doing well and the new finance is needed for expansion, this can be an attractive proposition for existing shareholders. For the business it is a relatively quick and cheap way of raising new funds. Venture Capital Venture capital is becoming an increasingly important source of finance for growing companies. Venture capitalists are groups of (generally very wealthy) individuals or companies specifically set up to invest in developing companies. Venture capitalists are on the look out for companies with potential. They are prepared to offer capital (money) to help the business grow. In return the venture capitalist gets some say in the running of the company as well as a share in the profits made. Venture capitalists are often prepared to take on projects that might be seen as high risk which some banks might not want to get involved in. The advantages of this might be outweighed by the possibility of the business losing some of its independence in decision making. Examples of venture capitalists (who are also called private equity firms) are Advantage Capital Limited, Braveheart Ventures, Permira and Hermes Private Equity. Government Grant Some firms might be eligible to get funds from the government. This could be the local authority, the national government or the European Union. These grants are
often linked to incentives to firms to set up in areas that are in need of economic development. In Cornwall, for example, there have been a number of initiatives to encourage new businesses to locate there. Cornwall has the lowest gross domestic product (GDP) per head of the population in the UK. The average wage in Cornwall is 28% below the UK average. As a result, the area attracts funding from the EU and the government. Firms looking to set up in Cornwall might be able to apply for some help in starting or moving a business to the area. One of the disadvantages of this type of funding is that it involves large amounts of paperwork and administration. This can add to costs and in some cases might not make the project worthwhile. One famous example of how a business project can be developed using European Union funding was the Eden Project. The EU was not the only source of finance to help set up the project but was an important partner in helping to realise this important tourist destination for a deprived part of Cornwall. Bank Loans As with short term finance, banks are an important source of longer term finance. Banks may lend sums over long periods of time - possibly up to 25 years or even more in some cases. The loans have a rate of interest attached to them. This can vary according to the way in which the Bank of England sets interest rates. For businesses, using bank loans might be relatively easy but the cost of servicing the loan (paying the money and interest back) can be high. If interest rates rise then it can add to a businesses costs and this has to be taken into account in the planning stage before the loan is taken out. Mortgage A mortgage is a loan specifically for the purchase of property. Some businesses might buy property through a mortgage. In many cases, mortgages are used as a security for a loan. This tends to occur with smaller businesses. A sole trader, for example, running a florists shop might want to move to larger premises. They find a new shop with a price of £200,000. To raise this sort of money, the bank will want some sort of security - a guarantee that if the borrower cannot pay the money back the bank will be able to get their money back somehow. The borrower can use their own property as security for the loan - it is often called taking out a second mortgage. If the business does not work out and the borrower could not pay the bank the loan then the bank has the right to take the home of the borrower and sell it to recover their money. Using a mortgage in this way is a very popular way of raising finance for small businesses but as you can see carries with it a big risk.
Owner's Capital Some people are in a fortunate position of having some money which they can use to help set up their business. The money may be the result of savings, money left to them by a relative in a will or money received as the result of a redundancy payment. This has the advantage that it does not carry with it any interest. It might not, however, be a large enough sum to finance the business fully but will be one of the contributions to the overall finance of the business. Retained Profit This is a source of finance that would only be available to a business that was already in existence. Profits from a business can be used by the owners for their own personal use (shareholders in plcs receive a share of the company profits in the form of a dividend - usually expressed as Xp per share) or can be used to put back into the business. This is often called 'ploughing back the profits'. The owners of a business will have to decide what the best option for their particular business is. In the early stages of business growth, it may be necessary to put back a lot of the profits into the business. This finance can be used to buy new equipment and machinery as well as more stock or raw materials and hopefully make the business more efficient and profitable in the future. Selling Assets As firms grow they build up assets. These assets could be in the form of property, machinery, equipment, other companies or even logos. In some cases it may be appropriate for a business to sell off some of these assets to finance other projects. Lottery Funding In the UK the National Lottery might be a possible source of funds for some types of business. These businesses will mostly be charities or charitable trusts. The Eden Project, referred to earlier, received some funding from the Lottery. The company that run the Eden Project are a not for profit business so any surplus they make is put back into the business to help develop and improve it.
18.4 Sources of Short-term Finance There are a number of sources of short-term finance which are listed below: 1. Trade credit 2. Bank credit – Loans and advances – Cash credit
– Overdraft – Discounting of bills 3. Customers’ advances 4. Instalment credit 5. Loans from co-operatives 1 . Trade Credit Trade credit refers to credit granted to manufactures and traders by the suppliers of raw material, finished goods, components, etc. Usually business enterprises buy supplies on a 30 to 90 days credit. This means that the goods are delivered but payments are not made until the expiry of period of credit. This type of credit does not make the funds available in cash but it facilitates purchases without making immediate payment. This is quite a popular source of finance. 2 . Bank Credit Commercial banks grant short-term finance to business firms which is known as bank credit. When bank credit is granted, the borrower gets a right to draw the amount of credit at one time or in instalments as and when needed. Bank credit may be granted by way of loans, cash credit, overdraft and discounted bills.14 :: Business Studies ( i ) Loans When a certain amount is advanced by a bank repayable after a specified period, it is known as bank loan. Such advance is credited to a separate loan account and the borrower has to pay interest on the whole amount of loan irrespective of the amount of loan actually drawn. Usually loans are granted against security of assets. ( i i ) Cash Credit It is an arrangement whereby banks allow the borrower to withdraw money upto a specified limit. This limit is known as cash credit limit. Initially this limit is granted for one year. This limit can be extended after review for another year. However, if the borrower still desires to continue the limit, it must be renewed after three years. Rate of interest varies depending upon the amount of limit. Banks ask for collateral security for the grant of cash credit. In this arrangement, the borrower can draw, repay and again draw the amount within the sanctioned limit. Interest is charged only on the amount actually withdrawn and not on the amount of entire limit. ( i i i ) Overdraft When a bank allows its depositors or account holders to withdraw money in excess of the balance in his account upto a specified limit, it is known as overdraft facility. This limit is granted purely on the basis of credit-worthiness of the borrower. Banks generally give the limit upto Rs.20,000. In this system, the borrower has to show a positive balance in his account on the last friday of every month. Interest is charged only on the overdrawn money. Rate of interest in case of overdraft is less than the rate charged under cash credit.
(iv) Discounting of Bill Banks also advance money by discounting bills of exchange, promissory notes and hundies. When these documents are presented before the bank for discounting, banks credit the amount to cutomer’s account after deducting discount. The amount of discount is equal to the amount of interest for the period of bill. This part has been discussed in detail later on in this chapter.Sources of Short-term Finance :: 15 3. Customers’ Advances Sometimes businessmen insist on their customers to make some advance payment. It is generally asked when the value of order is quite large or things ordered are very costly. Customers’ advance represents a part of the payment towards price on the product (s) which will be delivered at a later date. Customers generally agree to make advances when such goods are not easily available in the market or there is an urgent need of goods. A firm can meet its short-term requirements with the help of customers’ advances. 4. Instalment credit Instalment credit is now-a-days a popular source of finance for consumer goods like television, refrigerators as well as for industrial goods. You might be aware of this system. Only a small amount of money is paid at the time of delivery of such articles. The balance is paid in a number of instalments. The supplier charges interest for extending credit. The amount of interest is included while deciding on the amount of instalment. Another comparable system is the hire purchase system under which the purchaser becomes owner of the goods after the payment of last instalment. Sometimes commercial banks also grant instalment credit if they have suitable arrangements with the suppliers. 5. Loans from Co-operative Banks Co-operative banks are a good source to procure short-term finance. Such banks have been established at local, district and state levels. District Cooperative Banks are the federation of primary credit societies. The State Cooperative Bank finances and controls the District Cooperative Banks in the state. They are also governed by Reserve Bank of India regulations. Some of these banks like the Vaish Co-operative Bank was initially established as a co-operative society and later converted into a bank. These banks grant loans for personal as well as business purposes. Membership is the primary condition for securing loan. The functions of these banks are largely comparable to the functions of commercial banks. ***Internal sources is finance which comes mainly frown own funds, profits and depreciation
The main internal sources of finance for sole proprietors are as follows; · Owner's funds · Selling personal assets · Profits · Depreciation External sources is capital obtained from financial institutions, such as banks, and from individuals willing to provide finance. The main external sources of finance for sole proprietors are as follows; · Bank loans · Mortgage loans · Grants and loans · Hiring and Leasing
What Does Profitability Index Mean? An index that attempts to identify the relationship between the costs and benefits of a proposed project through the use of a ratio calculated as:
doc_136075057.doc