Description
In the broadest sense, Cultural Resources Management (CRM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural resources, such as the arts and heritage. It incorporates Cultural Heritage Management which is concerned with traditional and historic culture.
Cultural Resource Inventory of the Mt. Olympus Preserve Project for the County of San Diego Parks Department San Diego County, California
Public Version
Lead Agency: County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation 9150 Chesapeake Drive Suite 200 San Diego, CA 92123 Contact: Ms. Jennifer Haines
Preparer: Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA 92602 714.508.4100
Signature (Lead Author) __________________________________________________ Authors: Michael H. Dice, M.A., RPA, Senior Archaeologist, Kathleen Crawford, M.A., Historian, Arabesque Said-Abdelwahed, B.A., Staff Archaeologist
Project Proponent: County of San Diego Parks and Recreation Report Date: October 22, 2009 by Michael H. Dice, M.A.
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
National Archaeological Database Information
National Archaeological Database Information
Authors
Michael H. Dice Kathleen Crawford Arabesque Said- Abdelwahed Michael Brandman Associates County of San Diego Parks and Recreation October 22, 2009 Cultural Resource Inventory of the Mt. Olympus Preserve Project for the County of San Diego Parks Department, San Diego County, California Archaeological survey and site inventory P37-030647, P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471), P37-030648, P37030649 None Pechanga, CA. 750 None Luiseño pictographs, Pala Creek, Historic-era nudist colony, Mt. Olympus trails
Firm Client/Project Proponent Report Date Report Title
Type of Study New Sites Updated Sites USGS Quad Acreage Permit Numbers Key Words
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
National Archaeological Database Information ................................................................. ii List of Acronyms................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 1 Section 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 - Project Description .............................................................................................. 3 Section 2: Background ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 - Existing Conditions.............................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 - Site Geography .................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 - Geology and Soils ................................................................................ 4 2.1.3 - Biology.................................................................................................. 8 2.2 - Cultural Setting.................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 - Prehistoric Period ................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 - Early Prehistoric Period........................................................................ 9 2.2.3 - Archaic Period .................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 - Late Period ......................................................................................... 10 2.2.5 - Spanish Period ................................................................................... 11 2.2.6 - The Mexican Period ........................................................................... 11 2.2.7 - American Period................................................................................. 12 2.3 - Ethnography...................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 - The Luiseño........................................................................................ 19 2.4 - Previous Research in the Area ......................................................................... 20 Section 3: Records Search Results and Research Methods .......................................... 22 3.1 - Research Context ............................................................................................. 22 3.2 - Survey Assumptions and Goals ........................................................................ 22 3.2.1 - Definitions of Sites and Isolates ......................................................... 23 3.3 - Record Search Methods ................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 - Information Center Search ................................................................. 23 3.4 - Applicable Regulations...................................................................................... 24 3.4.1 - Federal ............................................................................................... 24 3.4.2 - State ................................................................................................... 27 3.4.3 - County of San Diego .......................................................................... 29 3.4.4 - Tribal Consultation ............................................................................. 29 3.5 - Records Search Results ................................................................................... 30 Section 4: Field Methods.................................................................................................... 31 Section 5: Archaeological Resources............................................................................... 33 5.1 - The Compound Complex: P37-030647............................................................. 33 5.2 - New Prehistoric Site P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471) .......................................... 47 5.3 - New Historic Site P37-030648 .......................................................................... 49 5.4 - New P37-030649 .............................................................................................. 49 Section 6: Native American Participation and Consultation........................................... 50 Section 7: Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations....................... 51 7.1 - Impact Identification .......................................................................................... 51 7.2 - Management Considerations - Protection Recommendations and Design Considerations............................................................................................... 52
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Table of Contents
7.2.1 - Accidental Discovery of Human Remains .......................................... 52 7.2.2 - Accidental Discovery of Cultural Resources ...................................... 53 Section 8: References......................................................................................................... 54 Section 9: List of Preparers and Persons and Organizations Contacted...................... 57 Appendix A: Records Search Confirmation Appendix B: Confidential - Site Location Maps Appendix C: Native American Consultation C.1 - Native American Heritage Commission Sacred Lands File Search NAHC Request Letter NAHC Response Letters Native American Information Request Letters Information Request Responses C.2 - Tribal Response Letters Appendix D: DPR523 Primary Record Forms Appendix E: Survey Photographs Appendix F: Personnel Qualifications
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Potential Significance of Sites in the Preserve........................................................ 51
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1: Regional Location Map............................................................................................ 5 Exhibit 2: Local Vicinity USGS Map ........................................................................................ 6 Exhibit 3: Local Vicinity Aerial Map ......................................................................................... 7 Exhibit 4: GLO Map Summary .............................................................................................. 13 Exhibit 5: Areas Surveyed.................................................................................................... 32 Exhibit 6: 1946 Aerial Photograph......................................................................................... 34 Exhibit 7: 1967 Aerial Photograph......................................................................................... 35 Exhibit 8: 1978 Aerial Photograph......................................................................................... 36 Exhibit 9: Aerial View of the Compound Complex................................................................. 37 Exhibit 10a: Photographs - Site Structures 1 and 8 .............................................................. 44 Exhibit 10b: Photographs - Site Structures 13 and 18 .......................................................... 45 Exhibit 10c: Photographs - Site Structures 18 and 2 ............................................................ 46 Exhibit 11: Cultural Site Locations ........................................................................................ 48
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List of Acronyms
LIST OF ACRONYMS
Term Definition (in MBA Capitalization Style)
ACHP APE ARMR ARPA ASMD CCR CEQA CFR CHL CPHI CR CRM County DPR e.g., EIC GLO HRI MBA Preserve NAHC NHPA NRHP OHP PRC RMP RPA RPO SCIC SDDPR SHPO
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Area of Potential Effect Archaeological Resource Management Report Archaeological Resources Protection Act Area-Specific Management Directives California Code of Regulations California Environmental Quality Act Code of Federal Regulations California Historical Landmarks California Points of Historical Interest California Register of Historical Resources Cultural Resource Management County of San Diego County Department of Parks and Recreation for example Eastern Information Center General Land Office California State Historic Resources Inventory Michael Brandman Associates Mt. Olympus Preserve Native American Heritage Commission National Historic Preservation Act National Register of Historic Places Office of Historic Preservation Public Resources Code Resource Management Plan Register of Professional Archaeologists Resource Protection Ordinance South Coastal Information Center County of San Diego Parks and Recreation Department State Historic Preservation Office
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List of Acronyms
Term
Definition (in MBA Capitalization Style)
SLF SOW SWAP THPO USGS
Sacred Lands File Statement of Work Small Wilderness Area Preserves Tribal Historic Preservation Officer United States Geological Survey
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Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report documents a cultural resources inventory by Michael Brandman Associates (MBA) of the Mt. Olympus Preserve (Preserve) Project for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR). The Preserve contains a total of 750 acres in nine parcels. DPR proposes to manage the Preserve in accordance with a Resource Management Plan (RMP), which will include Area Specific Management Directives (ASMD). The RMP and ASMDs require up-to-date cultural resource and biological resource data associated with existing and historic conditions on the Preserve project grounds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether historic properties exist in the Preserve and to provide detailed cultural and historic information about these resources. In addition, the purpose is to provide recommendations to County of San Diego Parks on how to manage the resources to achieve the goal of preservation and avoidance of impacts to significant cultural resources. A cultural resource literature search was conducted for the Preserve at San Diego State University’s South Coastal Information Center (SCIC). The records search took place in May 2009 and was conducted by MBA archaeologist Arabesque Said-Abdelwahed. The search radius used for the Preserve project area consisted of the nine parcels in the project area plus land located at least 0.25mile around the margins of the project area. MBA contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) requesting a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search for traditional cultural properties. The results of the SLF search indicated that no known Native American resources are located near the Preserve project area. The response letter also provided a listing of Native American contacts that might have knowledge as to whether the proposed project would impact cultural resources known to local Tribes. Letters to each of the listed tribal contacts on the SLF list were sent via certified mail. As of the date of this report, one letter response from the Pala Band of Mission Indians has been received. The pedestrian survey of the Preserve project area was performed on various dates in May 2009 and a site review of discovered site was completed in July 2009. A monitor from the Pechanga Band, Cameron Linton, assisted during the May 2009 phase of analysis. No written comments from Mr. Linton were received. Only those lands exhibiting a 20 percent slope or less was scheduled to be examined (if possible) during the survey. This precluded direct examination of much of the project area. The slope restriction was justified by the fact that either prehistoric or historic peoples seldom use high-slope areas. The project area also exhibited dense chaparral, and examination of the Preserve showed that the vegetation in the project area has not burned for decades. Much of the vegetation was impenetrable and offered no ground visibility for the survey team. Areas exhibiting chaparral too thick to walk through were not examined.
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Executive Summary
Accessible bedrock boulders and outcrops of cliff rock near the Mt. Olympus Peak, a small hill west of the Peak, and at a site known as “The Compound” (P37-030647, Appendix D) were carefully examined for evidence of previously undetected sites and artifacts, along with isolated milling slicks, bedrock mortars and rock art. The property contains almost no isolated historic-era trash and the remnant structures are little impacted by vandalism. Background research showed that cultural resource specialists had never surveyed most of the property. MBA’s survey fieldwork detected a large set of buildings at The Compound: these were built between about 1940 and 1953 with construction/remodeling of the main house and outbuildings finished possibly as late as the mid-1970s. A pictograph site was detected on a small hill exhibiting housesized boulders (P37-030652, Appendix D), and a single-room structure with outhouse (P37-030648, Appendix D) was located near a small hill in the southern section of the property. The Mt. Olympus benchmark monument (P37-030649, Appendix D) was recorded as an isolated feature. New Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 Primary records for these resources are included in Appendix D. DPR considers all prehistoric cultural resources found in the Preserve project area to be significant, and MBA has determined that all historic-era resources not significant. The establishment of cultural resource-specific ASMDs as part of Preserve planning could reduce or eliminate potential direct and indirect impacts to cultural resources in the project area from any future activities. In summary, several significant cultural resources were detected during the survey. Because those resources are located in areas that may receive varying amounts of public traffic, ASMDs specific to cultural resource management plans are recommended.
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Introduction
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
At the request of County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR or Parks), MBA conducted a cultural resources inventory of the Mt. Olympus Preserve (Preserve). The purpose of this report is to present the results of MBA’s efforts to describe these resources. This study follows California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) procedures for cultural resource surveys, the OHP Archaeological Resource Management Report (ARMR) format for archaeological reports, and the County of San Diego recommended report structure. The report is structured following Parks’ Cultural Resources Phase 1 Survey and Inventory report organization. MBA staff archaeologist Arabesque Said-Abdulwahed at the South Coast Information Center (SCIC) conducted the cultural resource literature search. All three MBA archaeologists and a staff member of the Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians Cultural Resource Department completed the survey in May 2009. Additional site reviews took place in June and July 2009. Professional qualifications for all team members are located in Appendix F.
1.1 - Project Description
DPR proposes to manage the Preserve in accordance with a Resource Management Plan (RMP), which will include Area Specific Management Directives (ASMD). The RMP and ASMDs require up-to-date cultural resource and biological resource data associated with existing and historic conditions on the Preserve project grounds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether historic properties exist in the Preserve and to provide detailed cultural and historic information about these resources. In addition, the purpose is to provide recommendations to County Parks on how to manage the resources to achieve the goal of preservation and avoidance.
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Background
SECTION 2: BACKGROUND 2.1 - Existing Conditions
2.1.1 - Site Geography The Preserve contains 750 acres in nine parcels located a few miles northwest of the community of Pala (Exhibit 1). These parcels are located in a small portion of Section 4 and Section 8, and a large portion of Section 9 in T9S R2W (Exhibit 2). Access to the property is limited in that most of the property is fenced and gated except for an entry point off a cul-de-sac at the easternmost end of Mount Olympus Valley Road. This was used to access the San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E) transmission line that crosses the western side of the project area. Additional entry points can be found from a private gravel pit access road at the northern edge of the property, the Aruba Road-Farra Street entrance to the south, and from dirt roads that cross a historic site known as “The Compound” (P37-030647). Most entry points consist of gated and locked four-wheel drive two-tracks. There are no paved roads on the property (Exhibit 3). The SDG&E transmission line road allows for some traffic in the western portion of the project area, but access from the transmission road to the center of the property is limited to 4-wheel drive vehicles with very high ground clearance. 2.1.2 - Geology and Soils The Preserve lies on a mesa that extends south from tectonically disturbed hills and broad ridges aligned transversely and located between the Pauba Valley and the San Luis Rey River. Except for the northern end of the mesa, all sides of the project area are separated from adjacent valleys and creek beds by extremely steep hillsides of between 100 and 200 feet in grade. A series of minor faults forming a checkerboard pattern have contributed to the topography of the property, a fact that can be seen on all of the aerials placed in this report. Intermittent stream channels, broad and shallow on the mesa top, are extremely steep and difficult to navigate on the sides of the mesa. This fact signifies the youthfulness of the hills in the region. Faulting has contributed to an influx of mineral bearing ores in many of the hills in this region, especially east of Pala Creek on Tourmaline Queen Mountain. The Preserve appears to exhibit surface exposures of pegmatite that is broken by recent faulting, but does not include extensive quartzite inclusions or veins. No mines or adits could be found on the property although the USGS Pechanga, California map indicates that a mine adit is present. It is highly likely that the property was scouted for mining potential by locals because many mines exhibiting gemstones can be found a few miles away on Tourmaline Queen Mountain. No gembearing dikes seem to exist in the Preserve. There is no evidence of any mining claims filed on the property.
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Background
Soils in the project area are thin, but there are a few places on the mesa top that may contain soil more than a meter deep. The vegetation in the project area is dominated by old growth southern mixed chaparral. There is a significant amount of rocky outcrops with adjacent patches of southern coast live oak woodland. One small patch of native grasslands and a few patches of ornamental vegetation lie near The Compound. Discussions with County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use Fire Authority (Herb Dallas CDF personal communication 2009) indicated that sections of the property may have burned on or about 1942, but MBA observed a few dead/burned tree stumps or brush stems indicative of some fire activity, although not extensive enough to document. Trail use at one time was quite extensive, with many trails visible on aerial photographs taken in 1978. Currently, the public is not allowed to hike existing trails in the Preserve and the property remains closed until final assessments are made. The area has seen some illegal entry, as evidenced by a limited number of cans, and some evidence of OHV use along the existing trails. 2.1.3 - Biology Baseline biological surveys were conducted on the Preserve in the late spring and summer of 2009. MBA biologists conducted several time of sampling methods to assess the current status of biological resources onsite. Due to a series of drought years and the lack of late winter to early spring, results of these surveys may not represent an exhaustive list of all plant and wildlife species occurring within the Preserve. Seven vegetation communities were mapped within the Preserve and consist of Coast live oak woodland, Native grassland, Non-native grassland, Ornamental woodland, and Southern mixed chaparral, with minor amounts of rocky out-crops and urban/developed land. The most abundant vegetation community on the Preserve is Southern mixed chaparral. A total of 130 wildlife species were documented from the Preserve during the 2009 baseline surveys. These include 14 species of butterflies, 45 species of other invertebrates, one species of amphibian, 10 species of reptiles, 38 species of birds, and 24 species of mammals. No federally or State listed species were detected; however, 13 non-listed sensitive species were detected during baseline surveys.
2.2 - Cultural Setting
The region in and around Pala is significant from an archaeological history standpoint because 1) original concepts associated with southern California prehistory were generated by studying nearby archaeological sites in the 1940s and 1950s (Meighan 1954, True 1958), and 2) Spanish asistencias were usually established near significant protohistoric villages yet the protohistoric village at Pala has not yet been identified. The following is a brief overview of the prehistoric and historic context in which to understand the relevance of sites found in the general vicinity of the project area. This section is not intended to
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Background
serve as a generalized overview. Descriptions that are more detailed can be found in ethnographic studies, mission records, and major published sources including Kroeber (1925), Wallace (1955), Warren (1968), Heizer (1978), Heizer and Elasser (1980), Moratto (1984), Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984), Fagan (2003) and Jones and Klar (2007). 2.2.1 - Prehistoric Period The most accepted regional chronology for the coastal areas of southern California is from Wallace’s four-part Horizon format (1955), which was later updated and revised by Warren (1968). Created to place temporal structure upon materialistic phases observed during archaeological syntheses, the advantages and weaknesses of southern California chronological sequences are reviewed by Warren (in Moratto 1984), Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984), and Heizer (ed. 1978). Regional archaeologists generally follow a three-part southern California format when discussing the prehistory of San Diego County, but recent excavations and new models have forced local archaeologists to reconsider whether the early models are still valid. The Early Period is associated with the San Dieguito Tradition, the Archaic Period is associated with the Milling Stone Horizon, the Encinitas Tradition, and the La Jolla/Pauma Complexes, while the Late Period is associated with the Cuyamaca and San Luis Rey complexes. 2.2.2 - Early Prehistoric Period Spanning a time period from approximately 10,000 to roughly 8,000 years ago, archaeological assemblages attributed to an Early Period complex known as the San Dieguito are characterized by toolkits with fishing tools, large points, scrapers, and bifaces of various uses. These assemblages were found in lagoon shellfish middens and riverine village sites (Warren 1967, Warren et al 1998). Many of the earliest sites have been lost to current science as they are now inundated by the postPleistocene sea level rise. The limited data available suggests that inland populations focused on hunting and gathering, moving about the region in small nomadic groups between base camps as the seasons changed. Higher population densities could be achieved on the coast because of marine fisheries, but fresh reliable water was required and the interior food resources were probably exploited seasonally. The transition between the Early Prehistoric and the Archaic is uncertain, they are often lumped together, and the dates available to researchers are somewhat speculative. This is because the earliest deposits are rare and there is little difference in the style of toolkits for many thousands of years. It does appear that as Early Period populations slowly transitioned to the Archaic and Late Periods, toolkits were modified to reflect are a complex subsistence strategy with wild plant gathering being added to the fishing and hunting industries (Gallegos 1987). No sites found on the Preserve date to this period.
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Background
2.2.3 - Archaic Period Handstones and millingstones began being used during the La Jolla/Pauma Complex (Warren 1967, True 1958), which appears to date between roughly 8,000 to 1,500 years ago. Tool assemblages of the La Jolla Complex reflect an emphasis on plant foods and foraging subsistence systems as they include millingstones. For inland areas, it has been assumed that exploitation of grass seeds formed a primary subsistence activity during this Period and True (1980) speculated that the lack of shellfish remains was simply a product of geographical locale. Early Archaic artifact assemblages include choppers and scraper planes, but there is a general lack of projectile points in excavated assemblages. The appearance of smaller projectile points in the late portion of the La Jolla or early Pauma suggests the development of a more diverse economy, and the distribution of millingstone sites reflects the theory that aboriginal groups may have followed a modified central-based wandering settlement pattern. In this semi-sedentary pattern, a base camp would have been occupied for a portion of the year, but small population groups seasonally occupied subsidiary camps in order to exploit resources not generally available near the base camp. Sedentism apparently increased in areas possessing an abundance of resources that were available for longer periods. More arid inland regions would have provided a seasonally and spatially dispersed resource base, restricting sedentary occupation. No sites found on the Preserve date to this period. 2.2.4 - Late Period Dating between about 1,300 to roughly 800 years ago (Moratto 1984; Rogers 1945; Warren et al 1998), new tool technologies and subsistence patterns can be seen in the archaeological record during this time. The complexes within this time frame is known as the San Luis Rey I, while the period between about 800 years ago and contact with the Spanish is known as San Luis Rey II. Site assemblages retain many attributes of the earlier periods but also includes evidence of intensive exploitation of local resources (CSD 2009). It has been proposed that with an influx of peoples from the Great Basin and Arizona, Shoshonean and Yuman traditions were brought into the area (Kroeber 1925, Rogers 1945), and this is thought to have occurred at the beginning of the San Luis Rey I or about 1,300 years ago. Sedentism increased during the Late Period with the exploitation of storable food resources, such as acorns. The bow and arrow, and pottery were introduced. The duration and intensity of occupation of base camps increased during this period, especially in the latter part of the period. This may have more to do with issues of preservation (early sites tend to be scarce while later sites more plentiful), but could also reflect a slow increase in the population up to the point of Spanish contact. True proposed that the Kumeyaay were the direct descendents of the Late Period Cuyamaca peoples in southern San Diego County (1958), while he also proposed that the Luiseño were the direct ancestors of the San Luis Rey peoples (see True and Waugh 1982). Site P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471) on the Preserve may date to this period.
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Background
2.2.5 - Spanish Period Alta California was the remote northern region of the vast Spanish empire begun with the voyages of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. Encroachment by the Russians into the Pacific Northwest spurred the Spanish government to explore and settle California. In 1769, the Spanish sent Father Junipero Serra and a military escort to explore coastal California and choose locations for a chain of missions that would convert the native population and serve as an anchor for Spanish ambitions in the territory. Over the next several decades, twenty-one missions and six asistencias were established. The Franciscan missionaries who followed in Father Serra’s trail arrived in the San Luis Rey area in 1796. In 1798, they established the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia at Oceanside (Leffingwell 2005: 3237, Pourade 1961). The Franciscans used land of the interior within a day’s ride to pasture sheep, horses, and cattle as well as raise crops. Outposts served as good crop and grazing lands, which were located further inland. In 1810, the mission built a large granary at what was to become the community of Pala and soon Father Antonio Peyri began the process to establish an asistencia. On June 13, 1816, the Mission San Antonio de Padua asistencia was founded as an outpost for Mission San Luis Rey. By 1820, the asistencia had baptized over 1300 Luiseños and built a church dedicated to Saint Anthony. The Pala Church was 144 feet long and the complex exhibited dwellings for the residents, granaries, and materials to maintain nearby agricultural lands (Leffingwell 2005: 27-37). Englehardt (1920) stated, “San Antonio de Padua has a church, dwellings, granaries, wheat, corn, beans, garbanzo, vineyard, orchard, fruits and olives, the water is drawn from a stream which runs to the vicinity of the mission.” Wallace W. Elliott described the Pala area in his “History of San Bernardino and San Diego Counties” (Elliott 1883: pp189) as follows: “…Pala is a small trading center on the San Luis Rey River, 22 miles from Oceanside. The area is rugged and picturesque. Palomar Mountain is southeast of Pala. Its 6,000-foot slopes and summit are covered in oak, pine, cedar, and little brooks are on the sides. The word “Pala” in Indian means water. Pala was a chapel of the San Luis Rey Mission and was used by the padres as a place to grow vegetables, cereals and cotton, which was grown in large quantities. Fabrication of the cotton into clothing for the neophytes was undertaken at the mission. The ruins of a large aqueduct remain, and Padre Antonio Peyri began the construction. In the time of Peyri, it had a fine vineyard and peach orchard. About 60 olive trees and a few pear trees remain [to this day]. At the time of the secularization of the missions, the pastor, Antonio Peyri, shipped ten barrels of silver, as aguardiente, to Spain.” No sites from this period were found in the Preserve. 2.2.6 - The Mexican Period By the early 1830s, a number of changes had come to Alta California. Mexico had achieved its independence from Spain and had established large ranchos with vast herds of cattle across the land. In 1833, in its desire for more grazing and agricultural land, the decision was made by the Mexican government to secularize the missions and many of the mission lands became land grants to
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Background
Californio families. On August 22, 1835, Father Peyri’s successor, Father Buenaventura Fortuny, surrendered Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and the Pala and Las Flores assistencias to a government commission. (Leffingwell 2005: 27-37). In the 1840s lands in and around the Temecula and Wolf Valleys were granted to Mexican soldiers and important families for the purpose of cattle grazing. This included the Little Temecula Rancho (1845), the Rancho Pauba (1844), the Rancho Temecula (1844) and the Rancho Santa Rosa (1846). Ranchos located south of the future County line were also established (see Christenson and Sweet 2008), including the Rancho Pauma (early 1840s) and Rancho Cuca (1845). The mountainous acreage between the Little Temecula and Pauma ranchos does not appear to have been placed into either rancho. Except for the steep canyon of Pala Creek, there would be little reason to graze cattle in the Preserve as there is no sign of running water on the site. No sites from this period were found in the Preserve. 2.2.7 - American Period Between 1848 and the 1870s southern California was opened up to white settlers and pressure was placed upon the local Indians who had settled permanently on well-watered lands their ancestors had used. Although the new State of California had attempted to give local tribes lands upon which to settle through legislation, the pressure to remove them. In the 1870s President Grant ordered the creation of several reservations in San Diego County, but severe political battles over land and water continued well into the 1920s. In 1877, William Veal and his wife acquired the San Antonio de Padua church, and its associated lands from the U.S. government. Mrs. Veal was Roman Catholic and persuaded her husband to purchase the property and return the chapel and cemetery to the church in 1883. On December 25, 1899, a severe earthquake rattled the Pauma Valley and the roof of the church collapsed. In 1902, the Landmarks Club of Southern California acquired the church and began rebuilding the structure. Flooding during the winter of 1916 undermined the church foundations and its bell tower collapsed. In the 1880s, San Diego County (like most of southern California) was experiencing a land boom. Newcomers purchased land in large parcels, the City of San Diego grew rapidly into a large commercial center, and the North County area saw a boom in ranching and farming activities. By the late 1880s, the Pala area exhibited several large operating ranches and farms. These new families needed goods and services and the commercial sector of the county was continually expanding. General Land Office (GLO) written records and plat maps from the 1800s indicate a variety of owners held title to parts of Sections 4, 8 and 9 in Township 9 South, Range 2 West. Chain of Title documents indicate that a large portion of the project area was owned by the United States Government prior to the 1930s, but that the lands were assigned to various holders beginning in the 1890s (Exhibit 4).
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
Richard J. Welty, following the 1862 Homestead Act, took title to 160 acres inside Section 4 on February 2, 1891. Welty also owned acreage in Section 10, Township 9 South, Range 2 West, which was acquired on November 23, 1891. The 1892, 1895, and 1896 plat maps confirm this ownership record. An unsourced and undated biographical reference indicates that an 1875 Plat Map showed the “Welty’s House” located in Section 32, Township 9 South, Range 2 West. In 1878, R.J. Welty moved a portion of his bees to the foot of Charles Thomas Mountain, outside the Indian Reservation, on his return he found that his bees had been fenced in and the Indians defied him to remove them (San Diego Union June 4, 1879, 1:5). In the “History of California,” Guinn (1887:1495) states that: A goodly number of the men who were identified with the early American colonization of Southern California have been spared to witness its remarkable development and prosperity. Included in this class may be mentioned Richard J. Welty, who since the year 1866 has made his home in this section of the country and who has been a factor in its material growth. Born and reared in Illinois, he became a resident of Iowa in early life and there met and married Miss Mary Singleton, a native of the state….When the tide of immigration turned toward San Diego county in 1869 he took up land on the Pala road and for seven years superintended his ranch, which is now occupied by Victor Magee and is known as the McCumber Ranch. Drifting from the occupation of a rancher into the specialty of an apiarist, Mr. Welty established his home in Aguanga and for twelve years he engaged in the bee business, meanwhile becoming the owner of four apiaries, which he conducted in a profitable manner. At the same time he had charge of a cattle ranch at San Ignacio. During the year 1885 he came to Temecula, Riverside county, where he still makes his home. Soon after his arrival he bought real estate and erected a building for hotel purposes. Later this was destroyed by fire, and soon afterward he put up the Welty Hotel on the same site. For some time, this hotel was leased to other parties, but June 17, 1906, Mr. Welty again assumed its management and since then has been its popular and efficient landlord. In addition to this property he owns several houses in Temecula and has ranch property in the locality. The family of Mr. Welty now comprises the following-named daughters: Nancy E. who married William Kinkead of Moosa Canyon; Matilda at home, Hattie who was appointed postmaster at Temecula in 1898 and has held the office continuously with the exception of one and one-half years; Laura wife of Hugh McConville, the well known liveryman at Temecula; Mattie, Fronie and Allie. The daughters are educated and refined, possess charitable dispositions and high principles, and in their religious views favor the Baptist and Christian Churches. Fraternally Mr. Welty long ago became identified with the Masonic Order and has remained to the present time an ardent disciple of the fraternity’s principles of brotherhood and charity.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
The 1892, 1895, 1896 and c. 1910 plat maps for the sections do not indicate owners or occupants in Sections 8 and 9. Only Section 4 contains ownership information. In the 1895, 1896, and c.1910 plat maps, Jacques Escallier owned 40 acres in the northeast quarter of Section 4. The Escallier family emigrated from France in the 1870s and several members settled in Northern California. Census records from the 1870s to the 1920s indicate that other members of the family resided in the Pala Township during this period. Jacques Escallier applied for a liquor license in 1892, which was granted by Township authorities. Louis Escallier was elected constable of the Pala Township in 1902. Members of the family still reside in San Diego County. By 1910, an additional owner has acquired property in Section 4. A. M. Lambaugh has acquired 120 acres in the east half of Section 4. A GLO on-line records search shows that the West half of the SE quarter of Section 4, all of the SE portion of Section 8 and the SW quarter of the SW quarter of Section 9 was patented by Everett Harvie Lea at the General Land Office in Los Angeles. Under 39 Stat. 862 (Homestead Entry-Stock Raising Act), a total of 300 acres was granted to him on May 19, 1936. According to www.ancestry.com, Lea was born in Victoria, Canada in September 1882, immigrated to southern California in October 1925 and applied for a declaration of intention to become a citizen in Los Angeles District Court in February 1928. His wife was named Caroline L. At that time, a person was required to reside in the United States for seven years before becoming a truly naturalized citizen. Records show Mr. Lea died in Riverside on April 9, 1972. Lea held no other title to other grantee lands in California per GLO records. A public school teacher, he resided at 1128 E 4th Street in Long Beach (this was an apartment building) when he applied for citizenship. The 1930 Census records show that a second, older woman resided with him, one Eleanor Phillippe (possibly a sister or sister in law). Aged 48 in 1930, Lea and Caroline had no children. Once Lea acquired the land in 1936, he had three years to make improvements to his properties, then full title would be granted and the land could be sold free and clear after that. It remains a mystery as to why a schoolteacher in Long Beach would lay claim to undeveloped property in San Diego County, but it is likely that it was a rather riskfree way of getting free land at a time when development and land values in California were increasing. Clearly, Lea did not have the ability to work the property and so any development plans he had had were quickly abandoned. A chain-of-title search shows that the Lea property in the NW quarter of the SE quarter belonged to the US Government when James Boynton Smith was given the deed on February 17, 1939. This suggests that Lea did not follow through on his claim per regulations associated with the StockRaising Act, but a structure and a water collection system at the north end of The Compound may have been built by Lea before Smith assumed title. As noted below, Smith was the recipient of much land in Section 9 (which is due south) and since he was able to retain title to the property after being granted ownership by the Government, improvements were probably made on the property following the regulations at the time. Smith then took the Lea land, which allowed him to link the acreage in Section 9 with the Pala-Temecula Road.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
The South half of the SW quarter of Section 4 (80 acres), and 480 acres divided into 40 acre lots in Section 9 (Section 9 is located due south of Section 4), was patented by Smith at the General Land Office in Los Angeles on December 12, 1938 using the parameters of the Stock-Raising Act. According to www.ancestry.com, Smith was born in Marissa, Illinois on 19 June 1891 and was drafted into the military (World War I) on June 5, 1917. His military registration file indicated that he lived in Marissa and listed his occupation as a farmer. Smith held no other title to federal grantee land in California per GLO records. MBA’s archaeologist, Michael Dice, attempted to contact a research user of www.ancestry.com who has posted Smith’s baby picture, school photograph and older photograph of this person on the ancestry website, for the purposes of an interview regarding his life. The California Death Index does not list Smith, but ancestry.com researchers have noted that he died on June 25, 1974 in Long Beach. When Smith acquired the property in 1938, he was 57 years old and married to Estella May Smith (d. 1970). They had no known children. As noted above, once he acquired the property, Smith had three years to make improvements associated with raising stock. Instead, the chain-of-title showed that Smith deeded the Compound parcel to the “Olympian Society” on February 2, 1940 and deeded his properties in Section 9 as shown in Exhibit 4 to the same group forming a parcel of about 640 acres in total size. The term “Olympian” or ‘Olympic’ was often used in the 1940s and 1950s as a code word for naturist or nudist societies, and this type of organization became increasingly popular in the U.S. beginning about 1933. For example, “Olympic Fields” is the name of the first nudist colony established in southern California. Located on leased USDA Forest Service land in the hills west of Lake Elsinore, the retreat was first used in 1934 and finally closed in 2007. The “Olympian Club” is currently an operating nudist colony located off Railroad Canyon Road in Canyon Lake, California. It is not certain just when Mt. Olympus was named, but the 1942 Temecula California USGS topographic map names the high point “Olympus” and the main access road off Temecula-Pala Road with three buildings at the main house site are shown on the map. It is possible that most of the buildings in The Compound were built for a small privately funded nudist group as the structures, walls and landscaping are quite extensive and appear to have been built over a several year period. Minor remodeling to the main house and nearby structures appears to have been done in the 1970s and it is likely that the complex had no electricity until the early 1950s. On May 26, 1953, the Olympian Society deeded the property to Whitney H. (Hart) Slocomb (a writein presidential candidate for the Greenback Party in 1960) and Jewell Ray Slocomb. Despite numerous websites stating that W.H. Slocomb was a woman, he was born in Ohio in 1895 and died in Los Angeles on 25 September 1962. The Slocomb’s were married: Whitney was a very obscure author while Jewell was an economist and the author of several nationalistic pamphlets and books on economics. Slocomb’s father, George Whitney Slocomb, was an English economist. Slocomb’s first imprints occurred in 1931 and 1933 and half of his published works were self-published in Los Angeles. The Meador Press, located in Connecticut, published several of his books. Slocomb and his running mate, Edward Kirby Meador, likely garnered very small vote totals, as they were write-in candidates on most ballots. The Greenback Party, not to be confused with an 1874-1888 version,
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
emerged in 1918 and ran Presidential candidates until the 1960 campaign. An Edmonds, Washington grocer, Frederick C. Proehl, was nominated by the Party for a 1952 run and again in 1956 with a running mate, E.K. Meador. After Proehl retired, Slocomb and Meador were the nominees. Greenback Party candidates favored the same types of freewheeling economic policies their 1870s ancestors desired: abolition of government-backed bonds, and the elimination of the Federal Reserve Bank as a tool of the wealthy. Greenbackers believed that paper money should not be backed by hard currency. The Compound may have seen some improvements between 1953 and 1959, but it is likely that no improvements were made to the cabins and facilities west of the main house. Given his background, it is suspected that Slocomb may have belonged to nudist organizations and bought the camp for that purpose. In 1959, prices for backcountry property were probably low, as a series of small recessions had plagued the economy during the latter years of the Eisenhower Administration. Slocomb deeded the combined properties to Alfred and Julia V. Morris and John and Carol Cianfrani on February 13 1959. The Cianfrani’s held title for five days deeding to the Morris’s on February 18, 1959. Alfred Morris was born December 31, 1917 and died on December 15, 2008 (data on Alfred Morris found at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=34850792). Morris was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island and was of Irish and Scottish ancestry. Morris served as a Sergeant in the U.S. Army from 1942 to 1946, serving in Africa and Europe and was injured by a land mine. While living in the Temecula area, he worked as a well driller at the Murrieta Machine Shop. Morris married Julia Vidosic Slama on January 21, 1951. They moved from Hermosa Beach to the Mt. Olympus property in 1956 (late 1950s magazines with a Hermosa Beach address were found in one of the green cabins on the Compound site). After selling the property, he moved to Murrieta and his wife died June 2, 2002. Given Morris’s background, it is likely the nudist activities at the camp had been abandoned. This means little may have been done to maintain the cabins and facilities west of the main house. The Morris’s probably lived at the main house until they sold it the property to the Ariaudos and Campbell’s in 1976. Arnold A. and Belva A. Ariaundo and M. Brent and Rita L. Campbell took possession of the combined properties on October 29, 1976. Dr. Arnold Ariaudo graduated from USC as a dentist in 1934. Dr. M. Brent Campbell was a psychiatrist practicing in San Diego in the 1970s. Little else is known of both physicians. The Ariaudos and Campbells sold the property to the County of San Diego on November 14, 1991, when Arnold Ariaundo was 74. Given the fact that improvements to The Compound do not appear to have been made between 1976 and 1991, both parties may have used the land as a vacation retreat during their ownership period. The Compound includes multiple buildings in various states of ruin with a variety of uses. The property has been graded to form several flat areas for use as building sites or other undetermined uses. The property has both native and ornamental vegetation, including ceanothus, chaparral pea, mimulous, peonies, jade plant, giant oleanders, cacti, succulents, yellow and white jonquils, mixed in
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
with large oak and eucalyptus trees. Various sized unmortared rock walls were used as retaining walls along the road, in front of houses or cabins and as foundations for some of the buildings.
It is possible that most of the buildings in The Compound were built for a small privately funded group of vacationers because the structures, walls and landscaping are quite extensive and appear to have been built over a several-year period. Minor remodeling to the main house and nearby structures appears to have been done in the 1970s and it is likely that the complex had no electricity until the early 1950s.
An unsourced and undated article was provided by preserve rangers regarding Mt. Olympus, entitled “Mt. Olympus and Temecula’s Cult,” written by local resident, Gene Knott. The article discusses a story about the property and states: The story has been banging around for quite some time. My father told it to me many years ago…Temecula wasn’t without its own cult of believers. Down the road about three miles south of the present Pechanga Casino on Riverside County S-16 is a tunnel bored into the side of the hill. Nobody knows how far back it goes, but some followers who believed in another person’s dream dug it by hand. I don’t remember the names of the two people who led these followers, so let’s just call them Smith and Jones. Mr. Smith had a vision that the area was the Holy Land and the center of the hill contained a biblical city and somewhere in the upper level of this hill they would discover Noah’s Ark! They called this hill Mt. Olympus! Smith’s partner believed this story and the two started to preach to others about their beliefs and soon they had a following. They built a few small dwellings on their property to house their new members, who provided the labor to dig the tunnel to locate the lost city. Some people talked of gold and riches that this close knit group was after, but it was their belief in God and their interpretation of the Bible that drove them to dig in the earth. Today they would be called religious fanatics…Years later after the property changed hands, I talked to the owner and asked if he knew nothing about Mr. Smith and if the tunnel still existed. He said it did but the entrance was boarded shut. I asked if he had ever been back into the tunnel. He said, ‘No, it isn’t even shored.’ I asked if he had any idea how far into Mt. Olympus the tunnel went, and he said he had taken a mirror to reflect sunlight and had shoved it into the tunnel. The tunnel curved so he couldn’t see very far, but it went back a heck of a long way. No evidence was found during the survey or other research associated with the project to corroborate this article. The adit marker identified on the USGS map was researched by a field visit guided by GPS systems. There is no evidence of any mine openings, tailings, or roads leading to the marker. The location does coincide with the markers identified as P37030649 (Appendix D).
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
2.3 - Ethnography
2.3.1 - The Luiseño The Luiseño spoke a language that belongs to the Cupan group of the Takic subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan language family, a language family that includes the Shoshonean groups of the Great Basin (Bean and Shipek 1978). The northern portion of the Luiseño traditional use area is also affiliated with the term Juaneño, but along the ocean coast only. In the 1920s and 1930s, A. Kroeber and J.P. Harrington used this designation to separate the native groups associated with the Mission San Juan Capistrano (est. 1776) from the groups associated with the Mission San Luis Rey (est. 1798). Later studies indicated that the Juaneño and Luiseño groups spoke closely related languages, both part of the Takic subfamily, and once shared many common cultural traits. The language studies indicated that the Juaneño and Luiseño are ethnologically and linguistically an ethnic nationality (Bean and Shipek 1978). Scholars generally use the term Luiseño when discussing the Takic speaking groups associated with both the Mission San Luis Rey and the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Some of the first known narratives associated with Luiseño creation myths are found in DuBois (1908), with additional commentaries by Kroeber (1908) and Harrington (1933). These researchers were among the first to separate the Luiseño from the Juaneño on the basis of linguistic differences, but are now considered a single ethnographic entity. Bean and Shipek (1978) summarize the most significant research on this issue made by the early ethnographic researchers before the last of the original informants died. Bean and Shipek noted that the policy of the Mission padres at San Luis Rey was to maintain Luiseño settlement patterns. Visitations to area villages were made and for the most part this pattern held until secularization in 1834. Generally, the Luiseño were characterized by the occupation of sedentary villages in subsistence territories that permitted them to reach the majority of their resources within a day’s walk. Villages were commonly located along valley bottoms, streams, or coastal strands. From October to November, much of the village population moved to temporary camps in the mountains to harvest acorns and hunt game. Inland groups also had fishing and gathering spots on the coast that they visited annually. In comparison with the Gabrieliño and Cahuilla, the Luiseño appear to have had higher population density and a more rigid social structure. The Luiseño patterns may have been relatively stable until mission secularization in 1834. Instability could have resulted from the policy of the Catholic Mission fathers or padres to maintain important European traditional style settlement and economic patterns (Bean and Shipek 1978). Currently, many traditional tribal groups characterize the region as their ancestral homeland and their elders believe that they have resided in the area for thousands of years (http://www.pechangansn.gov/page?pageId=6 and http://www.lajollaindians.com/History/) The history of Pala is both interesting from a historic standpoint in that the current reservation was the creation of the U.S.
Michael Brandman Associates
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Background
Government in 1875 for locally displaced Luiseño peoples. Even so, attempts were made to remove them for the next 30 years. Historians have never identified the location of the original village at Pala (True and Griset 1988) but apparently the San Luis Rey river bottom near Pala was being utilized by the ancestors of Luiseño peoples when the Spanish established Missions in the late 1700s. The Cupeños once occupied a territory 10 square miles in area in a mountainous region at the headwaters of the San Luis Rey River in the valley of San Jose de Valle. Linguistically, their language appears closer to Cahuilla than Luiseño (Bean and Smith 1978). Much of the Cupeño homeland was given to Juan Jose Warner in 1853 by the State Lands Commission, who promptly created a cattle ranch some 47,000 acres in size. Warner Springs was a popular hot springs in the center of the ranch and several thousand acres of land was purchased by California Governor Downey in 1880, who then attempted to removed the Cupeños. After years of litigation, the Cupeños at Warner Springs were forced to move to Pala in reaction to a Supreme Court ruling in 1903. Tradition holds that the people living at Warner Springs when the Spanish arrived were ‘Mountain Cahuilla’ whom had originated from a village in what is now the Soboba Reservation.
2.4 - Previous Research in the Area
In the 1940s and 1950s, local ranchers and farmers knew of dozens of large archaeological sites that had been disturbed during their agricultural development activities. Delbert L. True undertook the first fieldwork in the Pauma Valley in the late 1940s and early 1950s (True 1954, 1958). True, having been sponsored by the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and probably a graduate student there, published his interpretations in American Antiquity, the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, and in yearly University summaries of sponsored anthropological fieldwork. Undertaken many decades prior to the advent of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) contractual archaeology, the goal of this work was to understand why changes in site types and toolkits took place over time, how old each of the identifiable divisions were, and how they fit into the earlier concepts of Malcolm Rogers and other important California archaeologists. Processural archaeology was in its infancy, and the region held no baseline information until these studies were made. Out of this work came the concept of the Intermediate Period Pauma Complex and the Late Prehistoric Period San Luis Rey I and II Complexes. These historical conceptualizations are still used when specific periodic questions are addressed. True studied sites overlooking the San Luis River and of a number of the river’s tributaries including Frey Creek (True and Waugh 1982, True and Beemer 1982), Agua Tibia Creek (True 1958), and Marion Canyon (True 1958). True and Waugh (1982) believed that San Luis Rey peoples were the direct ancestors of Luiseños who did not live on the coast, while the temporally and ethnically similar Cuyamaca Complex demonstrated a precursor to the Kumeyaay (True 1958). True and Waugh proposed this concept because the first Luiseño ethnographic informants described their lifestyle as one where, “food resources were collected as part of a seasonal round of subsistence activities that exploited a variety of plant and animal species starting along the lowland thermal belt in early spring,
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
and working upslope over increasingly higher elevations through the late spring” (True and Beemer 1982:34). The winter camps (these camps are considered villages) were located on the western foot of Palomar Mountain near reliable water sources, while the summer camps were on the mountain itself. The proto-Luiseños considered the social and economic pattern described by True and Waugh. No ocean-to-Pauma Valley movement was postulated because interior Luiseños had no regular ocean-rounds and ocean-derived artifacts are not found at archaeological sites in any great quantity. True and Waugh suggest shifts in settlement pattern through time where, during San Luis Rey I, the winter camps are considered temporary and smaller. Transitioning to San Luis Rey II, the winter camps had slowly become real villages that were more established, larger and located in areas with year-round or nearly year-round water resources. Pottery was being used during this period. These concepts appear to have been based on logical conclusions rooted in ethnographic and survey studies rather than data derived from excavated sites. Nonetheless, the concepts formed testable models that have largely withstood time.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Records Search Results and Research Methods
SECTION 3: RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS AND RESEARCH METHODS
The primary purpose of a cultural resource survey and site inventory is to locate and document previously recorded or new cultural resource sites that are more than 45 years old within the project area, and to determine whether such resources will be or could be impacted by planning and future development. Following State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Survey Guidelines, research designs for general inventory studies do not require specific details, whereas research designs for reports that judge the historical significance of cultural resources do. A research context can provide the background necessary to support resource expectations before the survey is completed.
3.1 - Research Context
Previous research near the Preserve can provide a general basic understanding of cultural resources found within the project area. While little historical and archaeological work has been done on lands on or within a mile of the Preserve margins, as described in Section 2 above, research on the postcontact history of north San Diego County, the history of peoples living on and near the San Luis Rey River, and the land ownership history and background of person obtaining land from the government through various public claims acts can provide a starting point for further research. General topic areas common to southern California prehistory include 1) prehistoric chronology, 2) subsistence strategies, 3) settlement patterning, 4) exchange, and 5) tool technology. Historic topic areas include 1) land use, 2) personal backgrounds, and3) construction timetables. These general topics are contexts of research are difficult to address at the inventory level of analysis, but do provide a background for making statements about what is seen during an inventory. These topic allow for site type and content to be understood and evaluated within the framework of the local site area as well as in the broader context of the region.
3.2 - Survey Assumptions and Goals
The goals of any cultural resource survey are to determine whether cultural resources are located within or near a defined project area, what type of resources are present or could be present, and to predict the chance for future discoveries of sites in the project area. Survey assumptions were based upon the results of the record search conducted at the SCIC, and these consisted of the following: 1. The probability for detecting prehistoric archaeological sites in the project area appears to be low because the hillier portions of the Preserve are extremely steep and native peoples preferred flatter locations. In addition, while there are prehistoric sites located on mesa tops in this region, the Preserve project area is covered with dense chaparral, which is very difficult to walk through. Finally, there does not appear to be any creeks with reliable water in the Preserve, which would tend to limit the size of prehistoric sites and make the development of historic wells difficult in this area.
Michael Brandman Associates
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2. The probability for detecting historic resources appears to be low, because the project area is located in an area that was not ceded to homesteading or stock raising until the 1930s. Miners probably examined the mesa, but the potential for minerals given the geological background of the property appears to be low. The goal of this study is to determine whether cultural resources are located within the Preserve, and whether they will or will not be directly impacted by any future Preserve modifications. A second goal must be to determine whether any existing cultural resources should be considered potentially significant resources. Finally, specific protections should be developed that will address potential impacts to existing resources or buried resources. To achieve these goals, the study consisted of six distinct efforts: 1. Review previously detected cultural resource sites and studies in the region. 2. Examine archived aerial photographs, topographic maps, and road maps. 3. Request of NAHC Sacred Lands File record search and contact with appropriate tribal groups and individuals. 4. Conduct a survey of the project area. 5. Development of recommendations to preserve and protect and avoid the cultural resources. 6. Complete California State Department of Parks and Recreation forms for any newly discovered sites or update existing forms with new information. 3.2.1 - Definitions of Sites and Isolates Prehistoric and historic cultural resource sites can vary in form and function from area to area, and County regulations (CSD 2007a, CSD 2007b) do not provide a description of minimum qualities for a “site.” For the purposes of this study, prehistoric and historic cultural resource sites are minimally defined as a cluster of three or more items, such as lithics, stone tools, glass, cans, etc., that are not from a single source or material found within a 10 square meter area. Historic sites that could qualify as significant in California are typically more than 45 years old or have the potential to be more than 45 years old at the time of development activity. These definitions assume that items found in an area with a diversity of materials can represent more than a single activity at a location. Discrete components of a site, also known as loci, may be identified to represent repeated activity, such as milling stations, hearths, or isolated structures.
3.3 - Record Search Methods
3.3.1 - Information Center Search The primary purpose of a cultural resource record search is to determine what cultural resources have been recorded near or within the project area, and whether such resources will be or could be impacted by development. A cultural resource literature search was conducted by MBA Cultural
Michael Brandman Associates
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Records Search Results and Research Methods
Resources Staff at the SCIC, which is located at California State University, San Diego. Since the project area is in the immediate vicinity of the Riverside County line, a records search was also conducted at the Eastern Information Center located at the University of California, Riverside. This determined the existence of previously documented cultural resources within the Area of Potential Effect (APE), and within one mile of the project APE. The records searches included reviews of archival maps and examinations of current inventories of:
• National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) • California Register of Historical Resources (CR) • California Historical Landmarks (CHL) • California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) • California State Historic Resources Inventory (HRI)
3.4 - Applicable Regulations
Federal, State, and local agencies have developed laws and regulations designed to protect significant cultural resources that may be affected by projects regulated, funded, or undertaken by these agencies. At the State-level of analysis, a cultural resource site may be considered an historical resource if it is significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military or cultural annals of California per Public Resources Code (PRC) § 5020.1(j); or if it meets the criteria for listing on the CR per California Code of Regulations (CCR) at Title 14 CCR § 4850. The project does not require a federal (Section 106-level) analysis of site significance because there is no direct federal nexus associated with the project. Review of federal laws help augment an understanding of State and County compliance requirements. 3.4.1 - Federal Federal agencies are required to consider the effects of their actions on historic properties and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment on such undertakings under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Federal agencies are responsible for initiating Section 106 review and completing the steps in the process that are outlined in the regulations. They must determine if Section 106 applies to a given project and, if so, initiate review in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and/or Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO). The NHPA established the National Register of Historic Properties (NRHP) as the official federal list for cultural resources that are considered important for their historical significance at the National level of analysis. To be determined eligible for listing in the NRHP, properties must meet specific criteria for historic significance and possess certain levels of integrity of form, location, and setting. The Section 106 process requires that any federal or federally assisted undertaking, or any undertaking requiring federal licensing or permitting, consider the effect of the action on historic properties listed in or eligible for the NRHP. Resource eligibility for listing on the NRHP is detailed
Michael Brandman Associates
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in 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63 and the criteria for resource evaluation are found in 36 CFR Part 60.4 [a-d]. The criteria allows the technical specialist to determine a resources’ significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture as present in districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects. Such resources must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. In addition, a resource must meet one or all of these eligibility criteria: 1. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; 2. Is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; 3. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; possess high artistic values, represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; and 4. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criterion D is usually reserved for archaeological resources. Eligible properties must meet at least one of the criteria and exhibit integrity, measured by the degree to which the resource retains its historical properties and conveys its historical character.
Criteria Considerations
Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, buildings that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years are generally not considered eligible for the NRHP. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories: a) A religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; b) A building or structure removed from its original location, which is primarily significant for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; c) A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building associated with his or her productive life; d) A cemetery that derives its primary importance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events;
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e) A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; f) A property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own exceptional significance; and g) A property achieving significance within the past 50 years, if it is of exceptional importance.
Thresholds of Significance
In consultation with the SHPO/THPO and other entities that attach religious and cultural significance to identified historic properties, the Agency shall apply the criteria of adverse effect to historic properties within the APE. The Agency official shall consider the views of consulting parties and the public when considering adverse effects.
Federal Criteria of Adverse Effects
Under federal regulations, 36 CFR Part 800.5, an adverse effect is found when an undertaking alters, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualifies the property for inclusion in the NRHP in a manner that diminishes the integrity of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Consideration will be given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property, including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property’s eligibility for listing in the NRHP. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time, be further removed in distance, or be cumulative. According to 36 CFR Part 800.5, adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to, those listed below:
• Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property; • Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization,
hazardous material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with the US Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties per 36 CFR Part 68 and applicable guidelines;
• Removal of the property from its historic location; • Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property’s
setting that contribute to its historic significance;
• Introduction of visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the
property’s significant historic features;
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• Neglect of a property that causes its deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration
are recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization; and
• Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of federal ownership or control without adequate and
legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long term preservation of the property’s historic significance.
If Adverse Effects Are Found
If adverse effects are found, the agency official shall continue consultation as stipulated in 36 CFR Part 800.6. The agency official shall consult with the SHPO/THPO and other consulting parties to develop alternatives to the undertaking that could avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects to historic resources. According to 36 CFR Part 800.14(d), if adverse effects cannot be avoided then standard treatments established by the ACHP may be used as a basis for Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). According to 36 CFR Part 800.11(e), the filing of an approved MOA, and appropriate documentation, concludes the Section 106 process. The MOA must be signed by all consulting parties and approved by the ACHP prior to construction activities. If no adverse affects are found and the SHPO/THPO or the ACHP do not object within 30 days of receipt, the agencies’ responsibilities under Section 106 will be satisfied upon completion of the report and documentation as stipulated in 36 CFR Part 800.11. The information must be made available for public review upon request, excluding information covered by confidentiality provisions. 3.4.2 - State The most recent amendments to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines direct lead agencies to evaluate cultural resources, if impacts to them are anticipated through the agency action, for listing in the CR. If the resource is an “historical resource”, in that it is listed or is eligible for listing in the CR, potential adverse impacts to it must be considered per PRC § 21084.1 and 21083.2(l). If the resource is evaluated and is considered not to be an historical resource, but meets the definition of a “unique archeological resource” as defined in PRC § 21083.2, then it would be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section. A unique resource is described as an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets one or more of the following criteria: 5. Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information. 6. Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type.
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7. Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person. A “non-unique archaeological resource” means an archaeological artifact, object, or site that does not meet the criteria for eligibility for listing on the CR, as noted in subdivision (g) of PRC § 21083.2. A non-unique archaeological resource requires no further consideration, other than simple recording of its components and features. Isolated artifacts are typically considered non-unique archaeological resources because they lack the contextual information associated with the whole. Historic structures that have had their superstructures demolished or removed can be considered historic archaeological sites and are evaluated following the processes used for prehistoric sites. Finally, OHP recognizes an age threshold of 45 years. Cultural resources built less than 45 years ago may qualify for consideration, but only under the most extraordinary circumstances. Title 14, CCR, Chapter 3 § 15064.5 is associated with determining the significance of impacts to archeological and historical resources. Here, the term historical resource includes the following: 1. A resource listed in, or determined eligible by the State Historical Resources Commission, for listing in the CR (PRC § 5024.1; Title 14 CCR, § 4850 et seq.). 2. A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in PRC § 5020.1(k) or identified as significant in an historical resource survey meeting the PRC § 5024.1(g) requirements, shall be presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant. 3. Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript, which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered a historical resource, provided the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be historically significant if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (PRC § 5024.1; Title 14 CCR § 4852) including the following: A. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage. B. Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past. C. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values. D. Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
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Typically, prehistoric sites exhibiting significant features qualify for the CR under Criterion D because such features have information important to the prehistory of California. A lead agency may determine that a resource may be a historical resource as defined in PRC §§ 5020.1(j) or 5024.1 even if it is:
• Not listed in or determined to be eligible for listing in the CR • Not included in a local register of historical resources pursuant to PRC § 5020.1(k) • Identified in an historical resources survey per PRC § 5024.1(g)
3.4.3 - County of San Diego DPR technical consultants are mandated to follow cultural resource codes and restrictions associated with the County of San Diego General Plan (1973, as amended 1992) and any County-approved Ordinances. The County has recently issued a new Draft Environmental Impact Report for a General Plan Update and as of the date of this report, the document is undergoing public comment. The County of San Diego has a Resource Protection Ordinance (RPO: Code of Regulatory Ordinances Sections 86.601-86.608) which requires that “cultural resources be evaluated as part of the County’s discretionary environmental review process and if any resources are determined significant under RPO, they must be preserved. RPO prohibits development, trenching, grading, clearing and grubbing, or any other activity or use damaging to significant prehistoric or historic site lands, except for scientific investigations with an approved research design prepared by an archaeologist certified by the [RPA]. Sites determined RPO significant must be avoided and preserved.” The County of San Diego Land Use and Environment Group has recently issued a document associated with report format and context requirements for all cultural resource technical analyses (CSD 2007b). As noted in the County Parks’ Statement of Work (SOW) for this project, MBA is required to follow this reporting format as closely as possible. As noted previously, the County has also issued a document associated with the Guidelines for Determining Significance (2007a). This document allows the researcher to determine the significance of cultural resources and severity of impacts to cultural resources. Procedures discussed in these two documents must be followed for projects that may require impacts to any cultural resource. Resource not evaluated for significance are automatically considered significant. 3.4.4 - Tribal Consultation Consultation with local tribes on any matter concerning cultural resources, especially prehistoric resources, is recommended for any project that involves potential impacts to cultural resources on lands owned or protected by a California public agency. Local governments should notify the appropriate tribes of the opportunity to conduct consultation for preserving or mitigating impacts to cultural places located on land within the local government’s jurisdiction that is affected by the
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adoption or amendment of an environmental plan. In brief, notices from government to the tribes should include:
• A clear statement of purpose; • A description of the proposed general or specific plan, the reason for the proposal, and the • • • •
specific geographic areas affected; Detailed maps to accompany the description; Deadline date for the tribes to respond; Government representative(s) contact information; and Contact information for project proponent/applicant, if applicable.
3.5 - Records Search Results
A cultural resource literature search was conducted by MBA Cultural Resources Staff at the SCIC on April 29, 2009. This determined the existence of previously documented cultural resources within the APE, and within one-quarter mile of the project APE. The records searches included reviews of archival maps and examinations of current inventories of the:
• National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) • California Register of Historical Resources (CR) • California Historical Landmarks (CHL) • California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) • California State Historic Resources Inventory (HRI)
According to the SCIC files, several linear surveys and a few block transect surveys on lands surrounding the project area have been conducted within a 0.25-mile search radius surrounding the Preserve. Of these, only the SDGE transmission line survey by Walker and Bule (1979) may have crossed into the project area. This was a reconnaissance survey that passed between Section 8 and 9 in the western portion of the Preserve. A report issued by the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG 2000) was associated with a Draft Conceptual Area Protection Plan filed with the SCIC, but the plan contains no archaeological information and no survey was undertaken. SCIC files indicated that there no known cultural resources are located within the project area, and that one historic trash scatter (P#37-024933) is known within the 0.25-mile search radius.
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Field Methods
SECTION 4: FIELD METHODS
Because of vegetation density and steepness of many areas, MBA staff performed a reconnaissance survey. Here, we examined all ground located in flat and cleared areas adjacent to all of the existing trails, and all the ground near The Compound (P37-030647), and any bare rocks that could be accessed from the existing trails. As noted above, only those areas deemed safe to walk were examined: in general, this included ground with 20 percent slopes or less and ground that did not exhibit thick stands of chaparral. Exhibit 5 below shows the relationship between the Preserve project area, ground that could be surveyed and areas of the Preserve in which surveys could not be performed due to extreme topography or vegetation density.
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Archaelogical Resources
SECTION 5: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
MBA staff identified two new historic sites (The Compound or P37-030647), a small single room structure with an outhouse (P37-030648), a new prehistoric pictograph site (P37-030652) and an isolated historic engineering feature (P37-030649) during the survey. Primary records (DPR523 series) have been developed for each and final versions of the forms were submitted to the SCIC after primary numbers were assigned to them. These records are located in Appendix D Attempts were made to determine when the property’s numerous trails were cut and structures built, and what qualities they exhibited through time. Three aerial photographs were purchased from www.historicaerials.com (1946: Exhibit 6, 1967: Exhibit 7 and 1978: Exhibit 8) and many of the trails visible in 1967 image were walked during the survey. Exhibits 6, 7, and 8 focus on the eastern portions of the Preserve since no cultural resources were found in the western portion and the trails displayed on the aerial photos appear to be confined to the eastern portion. Other trails are now severely overgrown such that the purpose of them is not now possible to ascertain. Main trails were cleared using a bulldozer as the largest trails exhibited dozer-related berms on either side. The expense associated with this activity is somewhat mysterious because it is assumed that the presumed nudist colony abandoned its cause on our about 1959.
5.1 - The Compound Complex: P37-030647
Numerous buildings were located on the grounds of The Compound over several visits to the site, and other features may still be hidden beneath heavy vegetation. Poison oak covered much of the property and although this noxious plant dies off in summer, the existence of it and the extremely dense vegetation made crawling through underbrush in search of structural elements difficult. A map of this site is found on the DPR523 form in Appendix D as well as Exhibit 9. Exhibit 9 shows an aerial view of the site with features and structures still visible at the date of the aerial plotted on the exhibit. The site consists of numerous small wood framed structures with distinctive purposes constructed between about 1938 and the 1970s with the main period of building likely from 1940-1947. Located on a gated dirt driveway from the west side of Pala-Temecula Road, the site appears to have been used as a residence starting about 1938, then a vacation or resort complex between 1940 and 1958, then may have been a single family residence after about 1958. The property is likely to have been completely abandoned in the late 1970s, with DPR acquiring the property in 1991. Rarely do abandoned historic building complexes in southern California survive intact: this is one of those complexes. The complex is located on a series of benches facing east and the driveway leads to abandoned dirt roads on the Mt. Olympus plateau. Road access may have served as a fire lookout complex in Section 9 during the 1960s.
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Little domestic trash is located on-site, which typically suggests that the resort occupants may have stayed on the property seasonally, cleaning up completely as a matter of course and locking the gate below. An extensive runoff collection system appears to have been used since the beginning of the development where water was collected from upslope drainages, piped to the site then stored in cement cisterns. In the professional experience of the Lead Author, this type of water collection system was common in the Inland Empire during the 1930s and 1940s. Power was probably supplied to the complex through a private connection to SDG&E lines presumably in the early 1960s. Structure 1: (Exhibit 10a). This structure, a garage with shed roof, measures 32 feet 2 inches (NWSE) x 18 feet (NE-SW) with four divisions for vehicles. The roof is constructed of sheet metal and the siding is vertical wood siding. The southwest elevation consists of four sets of large double swing doors with horizontal wood siding. The northwest elevation consists of three small storage units adjacent to the garage. The south elevation is collapsed, but there is evidence of a concrete foundation extending out six feet northeast. The southeast elevation consists of a collapsed structure attached to the garage, and it measures 36 feet (NE-SW) x 8 feet (NW-SE). Several large metal cylinder containers were observed inside and outside of the garage, and a dismantled truck was located within the garage. Intact structure section 1A can be observed on the 1946 www.historicaerial.com photograph, but this had collapsed by the time the Google Earth aerial image (Exhibit 9) was taken. Structure 2: This is a standard but collapsed outhouse or small (8 feet x 3 feet 7 inches x 5 feet) wooden storage structure. Feature 3: This is a small outbuilding that is located on a path that passes under a wooden gate. The feature consists of a rock-walled terrace, a few wooden implements (ladder, storage boxes) and what looks to be a collapsed shed roof. Fencing around the feature suggests an animal enclosure. Feature 4: This is a pond or open water storage reservoir that was located off the driveway between the garage and the house. The feature measures about 12 x 10 feet in size and exhibits drylaid rock masonry. Water appears to have been shunted into the feature from upslope and a cement pad near one corner probably represents where a pump was used to draw water. Feature 5: This appears to be a birdhouse constructed of a wood frame and surrounded with chicken wire. Wooden perches are located inside of the structure. The entire structure measures 12 feet x 5 feet. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form s and is too small to be seen on the aerial Structure 6: This is a small (10 feet NW-SE x 6 feet NE-SW) storage shed/building painted white with single-walled construction, with a cobble foundation, and cement floor. The southwest elevation consists of one wood frame door. Feature 7: This is a large boulder in the yard of the main house northeast of the structure. The boulder is surrounded by a low rock wall that forms a planter. The rock wall is typical of the complex
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and such walls are located almost everywhere on the complex grounds. Walls near Feature 23 are rock with mortar but the rest are drylaid. The fact that such walls were used everywhere and are the same except near Feature 23 suggest that after an initial building period at the north end, the main complex was built within a few years time. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial Structure 8: (Exhibit 10a). This small structure (28 feet NW-SE x 24 feet 5 inches NE-SW) is constructed with horizontal wood lap siding painted white, with a gabled, green asphalt shingle roof and a cobble foundation. The residence consists are four rooms including a kitchen, bathroom, dining room and bedroom. A spring mattress was observed inside the bedroom. The interior walls are constructed of brown wooden panels, and the floor throughout is cement. The southwest elevation consists of a screened porch that extends 9 feet southwest of the main entrance. There are two windows on the northern portion of the southwest face and one door that leads into the kitchen. The northwest elevation consists of two wood frame windows, and concrete steps that lead to one wood frame door. The northeast elevation consists of four wood-frame windows. The southeast elevation consists of two windows. Along the edge of the residence’s southeast face are the remains of a succulent plant garden. Beyond the garden is a transmission line and poles running northeast to southwest. In addition, there are two power poles located north and northwest of what is presumed to be the Main House. Structure 9: This is a one-story structure with plaster siding, front gabled roof with green asphalt shingles and a cement floor. The southeast elevation consists of a single wood frame door leading into the house and one window. The northeast, northwest and southwest elevations each consist of one window. Two shelves are attached to the walls inside of the single-room house. Structure 10: This is another building with construction similar to Structure 1; however, it has three rooms because of an extension on the east side. It has a gable roof and plaster siding. There is one large living room, a small kitchen and a small room north of the kitchen. The floor is covered by deteriorated purple and blue shag rug carpeting. Structure 11: The structure is a standard wooden outhouse with a corrugated metal roof and a moon on the entrance door. It was not painted green, as were most of the structures. Feature 12: This is a windmill with a square wooden base and a concrete foundation surrounding the wooden base measuring 6 feet 5 inches x 6 feet 5 inches. It is constructed with steel and cables. There is a metal cistern located next to the windmill with a diameter of 5 feet 6 inches and is three feet high. The windmill tower is roughly 25 feet to 30 feet tall and the mill blades are chained to the top of the tower so they cannot move. The purpose of the windmill was to draw water out of the concrete cistern and into the metal tank, but one wonders if any wind passes through the canyon such that the mill could turn. Feature 12 is somewhat mysterious because well water was needed after a hot water heater was added to the main house. It is likely the Feature 12 was a concrete cistern used
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to store water collected from uphill springs, but may have been converted to a well through excavation later in The Compound developmental history. Structure 13: (Exhibit 10b). This is a bathhouse with a gable roof, horizontal wood siding and two rooms. The north room has shelves and two large sinks. The southern room has a drain and a showerhead. The building measures 12 feet (NW-SE) x 8 feet (NE-SW) x 9 feet high. The north elevation consists of one window and one door. The east elevation consists of three windows. Two of the windows are on the north room and one window is in the south room. The south elevation consists of one window and one door. The west elevation has no doors, windows or decoration of any kind. There is a rock alignment that runs NW-SE about four feet east of the bathhouse. There is also a large clothes wheel made of a wooden post and wires for drying clothing about 10 feet northeast of the bathhouse. There are still clothing pins hanging on the wires. Feature 14: This is a one-hole outhouse painted green and is the same size as others on the property. Feature 15: This feature consists of a small metal shed that has collapsed completely and is covered in poison oak, which did not allow for an accurate measurement. It is likely not an outhouse as it has metal siding. Structure 16: (Exhibit 10b). This is a green-painted cabin located near the main trail and is the most northerly cabin of a group of three structures. Mortared rock steps lead from the trail to the entrance. A single room, approximately 14 x 12 feet in size, the structure exhibits screened windows and is built in the same manner as Structure 18 and 19 located on the same man-made bench to the south. This building rests somewhat more downslope than the latter buildings and required stabilization of the foundation through a short rock wall along the eastern side of the building. Structure 17: This is a green painted cabin located between the group of three green cabins (S16, S18 and S19) and the group of two non-green cabins. Crushed by a fallen tree, it is likely similar in form to the three-group cabins. This structure is plotted on the DPR523 form and is screened by overhead vegetation on the aerial Structure 18: (Exhibit 10c). This is a small cabin measuring about 12 by 14 feet in size. It consists of a single room with two windows facing east and one window facing south. Painted green, the structure is built similarly to Structure 16 and has a well-constructed dry-laid rock wall on the downslope side that supports the terrace. Metal pipe runs to the building supplying it with water; however, there is no electricity. The building has no insulation, and was once heated with a woodstove. Rafters emanate from a mid-axis positioned parallel with the slope. The cabin has a post and beam foundation with lapwood siding and tongue and groove flooring. The hardware appears post-war.
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Structure 19: This is a small structure built the same as Structure 18. It has completely collapsed under the weight of the roof. It is apparent that the builders leveled off the natural terrace, slope, and built a rock wall to fit both cabins in place securely. Structure 20: (Exhibit 10c). This is a cabin about 20 x 14 feet in size and about 15 feet tall at the peak. This is distinctive in that late 1950s magazines mostly from the summer-fall months were located in the structure. Several are addressed to 900 15th Street, Hermosa Beach, California. The structure is not painted green nor ever was and exhibits dark wood window trim and lap siding. This structure rests on a stone and mortar foundation that is situated on a terrace supported by drylaid masonry. Structure 21 lies directly north. Research showed that the Morris’s lived in Hermosa Beach before they began living on The Compound on or about 1958. Structure 21: This is very similar to Structure 20 except that the window trims and doorframes have been painted white. Reddish plywood is found in the interior: this is the same as that found inside the main house, Structure 8. A path lying between the two cabin structures in this area is rather short but connects with an overgrown one leading to a set of isolated wooden stairs, Feature 27. Structure 22: This is a large shed covered in corrugated metal. Measuring 24 x 12 feet in width and about 14 feet high, the purpose of the structure was to hold an automobile, but interior bins and shelving was added later indicating that it served as a place where small items could be stored for quick access. Swinging doors are located at both ends but the southern door has been blocked off so that the only access is from the north. The shed contains a few jars and oilcans. Feature 23: This consists of a rock-walled terrace and abandoned structure foundation about 25 x 35 feet in size. There are no superstructure fragments nearby and none is visible in the 1946 aerial photograph. The foundation is narrow and of poured concrete, with rebar upright studs, and is unlike all other foundations in the complex. The structure front door faced east with a beautiful view of the canyon and exhibited a half-moon poured concrete slab as an entrance step. There are a few breaks in the foundation that were built in suggesting that the cellar was deep and allowed for movement beneath the house. The upslope side of the foundation is buried in detritus and cannot be estimated as to E-W length. The northern corner of the foundation exhibits a concrete cistern of uncertain depth with a water valve attached to the top edge that might allow overflow. The cistern may connect to Feature 24, an irrigation vault and irrigation pipe. The foundation concrete appears old and has lichen growing on it. The terrace is supported by a well-made rock wall solidified with concrete mortar and at one point is more than six feet high. A quarter-pipe clay roof shingle served as a water pouroff at the corner of the terrace so that storm runoff would be directed away from the house. Rock terracing is extensive in this area and the entirety of the cliff face in this part of the site appears to have had many rock walls added: south of Feature 23 is a terraced possible garden and north of the feature is another terraced area with a lemon tree. Other walls are hidden from view. The amount of labor necessary to
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complete the rock wall features is quite large, and possibly required many thousands of labor workers and hours to build. Feature 24: This is a concrete vault feature that is located a few feet north of the Feature 23 cistern. The vault is sunk to a point about three feet below ground and exhibits a six-inch irrigation pipe running north toward Feature 25 and south toward Feature 23. The ground is moist and ferns are in the bottom of the vault, suggesting that a minute amount of runoff fills the pipe or the cistern year after year. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial photographs. Feature 25 and 28. These are terraced areas suggestive of gardening. The northern edge of Feature 25 exhibits a ditch that probably diverted runoff from a rocky drainage around the cliff face into the irrigation pipe that runs to Feature 24. A wooden post with wire fencing is located at the tip of the ditch. One lone small lemon tree with growth from the rootstock is located on one of the rock wall terraces. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial Structure 26: This is another standard outhouse covered in poison oak. Painted green, this outhouse would have served folks in Structure 20 and 21. Feature 27: This is a set of wooden stairs that allowed pedestrians to hike up the hill from the access road to the Structure 20, 21, 22 (cabins and garage/shed) complex. There are five risers and the object is painted green. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial.
Summary
The source of the Compounds water supply was not detected. Initially, water was diverted through metal pipes to cisterns from uphill seeps and springs, which have since dried. Such water collection systems have been personally observed by the author in rural Inland Empire areas. These were usually associated with sites exhibiting artifacts or inscriptions from the 1930s and 1940s. Development of a shunt water system appears to have been part of the original planning and suggests that the first developers were persons with some knowledge of the area’s weather. Later improvements included modifying the cistern at Feature 12 into a well that was powered by a windmill. Water from this unit would have had to be pumped uphill to the cabins, but it is possible that the cabins were abandoned by the time the windmill was in use. Electricity was likely not brought on-site until the late 1950s and no electricity was provided to any structure except Structure 1, 7 and the main house, Structure 8. Electricity allowed a water heater to be installed in the main house. Water heaters can only work if the water supply system has good pressure, so it is possible that gravity flows from the cistern tank located to the west near the windmill were high enough to allow refilling of the water heater when empty.
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Archaelogical Resources
The complex appears to have been built in three phases with two purposes in mind. First, a small house (Feature 23, since demolished but the foundation remains) about 400 square feet in size was built at the north end of the property in or about 1938, perhaps by Everett Lea. This exhibited a covered concrete cistern (Feature 24) attached to the northern side of the house foundation with an old-style water valve sticking out of it. The cistern was probably fed by runoff collected and piped in from seeps upslope. The house exhibited a cemented rock supporting wall on the bench edge to the south and east such that a view east and southeast was provided. All that remains of this house is a poured cement foundation with the occasional rebar pins and small gaps for door thresholds. A terraced garden area was found north and south of this structure: one lemon tree with live rootstock remains in the northern garden. An excavated ditch runs out of rocks at the far north end of the site, around the terracing, and appears to have fed the buried pipes leading to the vault. The barest remnants of a chicken coop were found in the brush north of Feature 24. The age of the tree canopy suggests that the house foundation and rock walls were built in the late 1930s but did not survive to 1946 when the first historic aerial is available. Exhibit 9 aerial shows the superstructure of the old house (Feature 23) was missing by 1946. Roads leading to the property center in 1946 are not well used but access to Pala-Temecula Road is clear. This suggests that the complex was a place where people drove up to but walked around in once they parked their cars. Two cabins and a large shed (Structures 20, 21 and 22) were built southwest of Feature 23 possibly after the 1946 image was made. The cabins are intact, built on rock outcrops on a rock and cement foundation and one has loose magazines published in the late 1950s. The magazines exhibit a Hermosa Beach address that probably belonged to a later landowner, Alfred and Julia Morris, or their relatives. The large shed exhibits corrugated metal siding and roof, glass jars, oilcans and various domestic paraphernalia. This was large enough to house a car but interior shelves were added blocking the entrances. Stairs run up from the dirt path to the cabins. Electricity was added after the structures were built, any exterior paint has washed off, and the foundations are of block and cement rather than a poured concrete foundation. The structures were not insulated but do exhibit exhaust ports for a wood stove. The fact that cabins were built suggests that the land continued to be used after the Feature 23 house was lost. The wood from the first may have been recycled into the newer buildings. South of the cabins discussed above, are a set of four green-painted cabins, two of which have collapsed under the weight of fallen trees. The green paint is the same as that of the washroom, which is located downslope near a windmill/cistern. The green structures cannot be seen in the 1946 aerial due to existing canopy and they may have been built after 1946. Fixtures inside and the style of siding suggests early to mid 20th century construction period.
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Exhibit 10a: Photographs - Site Structures 1 and 8
Structure 1 (Garage)
Structure 8 (Main House)
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Exhibit 10b: Photographs - Site Structures 13 and 16
Structure 13 (Shower House)
Structure 16 (Green House Cluster)
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Exhibit 10c: Photographs - Site Structures 18 and 20
Structure 18 (Green House Cluster)
Structure 20 (Magazine House)
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Archaelogical Resources
The total lack of historic-era trash on the site suggests that cleanliness was crucial: most multi-feature historic structural sites in California are known for deposits of trash in washes and creeks. None exists here. In addition, the complex lacks visible access to any other property until structures were built about a mile south in the 1960s. The complex was secluded, and clean.
5.2 - New Prehistoric Site P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471)
The site is located inside a small rock shelter at 490817mE/3697044mN (Exhibit 11). The site consists of a single pictograph located inside a highly concave base of a large boulder. The concavity forms an overhang about 2m deep, 4m wide and 1.5m high. The shelter is located at the east base of a large squat granite boulder, atop a boulder-covered hill, and is surrounded by thick chaparral/riparian oak forest. Made in a reddish paint (possibly two different red paints), the drawings consist of connected diagonal lines and runs of tick marks. Many of the boulders in this area are house-sized, and all boulder surfaces except the pictograph panel are exposed to weathering. A path leads to the site from a main pack trail/road southeast of the location. It has been a long time since the last fire in this District, as the nearby trees and brush are large, lacking scorched surfaces. Ethnographers Alfred Kroeber (Kroeber 1908, 1925), Constance DuBois (DuBois 1908) and J.P. Harrington (1933) discussed the relevance of certain symbolism such as Luiseño pictographs and made some of the first observations regarding their social importance and meaning. Paintings on rocks were associated with many rituals, especially girls’ puberty rites or initiation ceremonies. Painted rocks played important roles in mythology for Luiseño peoples (True and Griset 1988), and several are known in Inland sections of Luiseño territory. According to True (1954:72), “…such elements as diamonds, chevrons, dots, and simple line forms can be traced in petroglyphs throughout California and the southwest. It is only in the characteristic manner of assembly and the circumstances under which they were made that the pictographs of this area become especially distinctive. The distinctive use of the geometric forms and the almost complete absence of many elements common to other petroglyph areas cause the designs of this region to stand out in a comparative study.” Although several sections of the panel lack clarity, zigzag lines, “ladders,” lines with tick marks and dots, joined diamonds and checkerboard diamonds can be observed. A few of the bands of marks are 1.5 meters long. Most of the images are located about 1.30m off the floor of the shelter, although one ladder is located about 50cm off the sandy floor. All of the boulders in this area were inspected several times and attempts were made to climb to the tops of several in an effort to look for milling surfaces. A possible trail veers off to the north beneath the heavy oak woodland canopy but the forest was filled with poison oak making accessibility difficult. The boulder lacks cracks or veined inclusions that would erode the paint, but it is clear that through some mechanism there are places on the panel where the paint has merged suggesting multiple painting episodes and possible overpainting of older designs.
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Archaelogical Resources
Exhibit 11: Cultural Site Locations
This exhibit is confidential and not published in the public version of this report.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Archaelogical Resources
The panel lies in an arching space from the base of the boulder directly upward and onto the roof of the shelter. The rock itself is of moderately coarse granite and is in good shape, with little cracking and water damage. Fire would likely remove the panel, as heat would be trapped in the shelter and allow the paint to flake off. For this reason, we suspect that the drawings are young.
5.3 - New Historic Site P37-030648
This is a small structure foundation exhibiting wooden flooring, collapsed walls, and two bed frames. Although trash was not seen in the surrounding forest, detritus associated with the structure surrounds it and this has been pulled down either by vandals or windstorms. An intact outhouse is located southeast of the remnant building. When first observed, this was thought to be a fire-fighting outpost. After review of land ownership, it is clear that the property was once part of the James Boynton Smith landholding, which was sold to the Olympian Society in early 1940. Trails were developed over the years after the Olympians held the property and a trail to this spot could be seen in the 1946 aerial photograph. Given these facts, it is assumed that the structure was an isolated cabin for use by persons belonging to the Olympian Society.
5.4 - New P37-030649
Isolate P37-030649 consists of two brass markers placed on the bedrock boulders that form the peak at Mt. Olympus. Placed at this location by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1920, the caps are resting directly on the flat upright surface of the stones and set in mortar. There is no name assigned to the caps so the name Olympus must have been added on the 1942 Temecula, California. topographic map well after placement.
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Native American Participation and Consultation
SECTION 6: NATIVE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATION
Sacred Lands File search requests were sent to the NAHC in an effort to determine whether any sacred sites are recorded within each APE or in the general vicinity of each candidate location. Information request letters were sent to the tribal groups, as well as to individuals named by the NAHC as having potential knowledge of sacred properties. DPR also requested that MBA contact local Native American groups for providing cultural resource monitors during the survey. From the Pechanga Band, Cameron Linton of the Pechanga Band Cultural Resource Division was on site during the survey fieldwork phase. Mr. Linton observed and helped to discover Temp #6, the pictograph site. Cultural Resource Division staff, or the Tribe itself, has not yet indicated to MBA that the Preserve is located in or near any sensitive cultural resources. MBA contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on June 4, 2009 requesting a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search for traditional cultural properties. The results of the SLF search, dated June 11 2009, indicated that no known Native American resources are located near the Preserve project area. The response letter also provided a listing of Native American contacts that might have knowledge as to whether or not the proposed project would impact cultural resources known to local Tribes. For this reason, and to ensure that all potential Native American resources are adequately addressed, letters to each of the listed tribal contacts were sent on June 19, 2009. As of the date of this report, one letter response from the Pala Band of Mission Indians has been received. The Pala requested that they be kept informed of activities associated with the Preserve including copies of reports, further investigations and information on any sites found. Copies of correspondence are located in Appendix C.
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations
SECTION 7: IMPACTS, SIGNIFICANCE, AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 - Impact Identification
DPR proposes to manage the Preserve in accordance with a RMP, which will include ASMD. Development of a feasible RMP would typically involve avoidance of all prehistoric cultural resources located in the Preserve if such resources are determined important to the history of the Preserve. Should the cultural resources in the Preserve be determined not significant or important and federal, State or Local levels of analysis prove the same, ASMDs can be developed that allow for improvements to the Preserve without concern for the cultural resources located therein. Conversely, should any or all of the cultural resources located in the Preserve be determined significant, ASMDs must be designed to avoided all cultural resources and define what constitutes a threshold impact to a cultural resource in the form of a defined best-management practice. Several new cultural resources were detected during the survey and Primary Records have been provided to the South Coast Information Center for review and number issuance. Based on the results of the record searches, background information, and the results of field survey, all prehistoric cultural resource sites in the APE are considered significant by the County Guidelines. The County’s criteria for the determination of resource importance notes that “…any site that yields information or has the potential to yield information is considered a significant site” (2007a:16). An inventory study does allow the Project Planner to determine that sites do exist, but without formal evaluation of resources in a project area, the level of impact is not known and County requirements are incomplete. Table 1 lists the sites located inside the study area and includes the reasons for their potential significance, a requirement per the SOW (subtask 2.5) for the Preserve project.
Table 1: Potential Significance of Sites in the Preserve
Site Number Potential Significance Discussion
P37-030647
Not Significant
The site is a large historic structure complex that is not considered significant at the State or Local level of analysis. Pictograph sites in the Pala region are rare and carry high significance to local Native American Tribes. Clearly significant, further analysis of the panel will allow development of the area without impact to this resource. The small structural features at this site was probably built during Olympian Society era and appears to have been built after The Compound was in use.
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P37-030652
Significant
P37-030648
Not Significant
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations
Site Number
Potential Significance
Discussion
P37-030649
Not Significant
Older surveyor’s brass caps are common to this era and recordation of the feature has exhausted its research potential. No further research is necessary.
7.2 - Management Considerations - Protection Recommendations and Design Considerations
The section identifies the reasons protections should be applied to future Preserve studies. The County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation avoids and protects all cultural resources located in County Park properties. ASMD’s should be developed that avoid all prehistoric sites because under County Guidelines, they are considered significant. In our professional opinion, there is a moderate probability that significant cultural resources will be encountered during any development-related disturbance. In addition, because so much of the Preserve was covered in impenetrable brush, should the brush be removed in the future the result of wildfires or trail development, a survey of areas in which brush was removed should be undertaken. Therefore, MBA recommends that a cultural resource monitoring program be implemented during all ground-disturbing activities as part of the ASMD development process. Ground disturbing activities consist of all development related earth moving activities, including all clearing, grubbing or new trail development efforts. Full-time mitigation monitoring should continue until the project archaeologist determines that the overall sensitivity of the area has been reduced to low. This mitigationmonitoring program should commence with a meeting between the contracted archaeologist and the development crew. This meeting will serve to educate the crew on when monitoring activities should begin at the project location. Once the work effort has been completed, the project archaeologist should issue an Update DPR523 form detailing the changes to the site, if any, that resulted during construction. 7.2.1 - Accidental Discovery of Human Remains There is always the small possibility that ground-disturbing activities during construction may uncover previously unknown buried human remains. Discovery of such remains can occur in either a prehistoric or historic context. .In the event of an accidental discovery or recognition of any human remains, California State Health and Safety Code § 7050.5 dictates that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made the necessary findings as to origin and disposition pursuant to CEQA regulations and Public Resources Code (PRC) § 5097.98. The County Coroner may determine that the human remains are prehistoric, in this case, the NAHC will recommend one or more tribal groups as the most likely descendant. In the case of historic-era human remains, such a discovery may be associated with one or more local historic families and additional research on this discovery will be required.
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Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations
7.2.2 - Accidental Discovery of Cultural Resources It is always possible that ground-disturbing activities during construction will uncover previously unknown, buried cultural resources. In the event that buried prehistoric or historic cultural resources are discovered during construction, operations shall stop in the immediate vicinity of the find and, in the case of prehistoric discoveries, a qualified archaeologist shall be consulted to determine whether the resource requires further study. In the case of historic findings, a qualified architectural historian shall be consulted to determine whether the resource requires further study. The qualified archeologist or historian shall make recommendations to the Lead Agency on the measures that shall be implemented to protect the discovered resources. Potentially significant cultural resources consist of, but is not limited to, buildings or building remnants, stone, bone, fossils, wood or shell artifacts or features, including hearths, structural remains, or historic dumpsites. Any previously undiscovered resources found during construction within the project area should be recorded on appropriate DPR forms. No further construction-related earthmoving shall occur in the area of the discovery until County Parks approves the measures to protect these resources. Any archaeological artifacts recovered because of monitoring shall be donated to a qualified scientific institution approved by the Lead Agency where they would be afforded long-term preservation to allow future scientific study. In addition, reasonable efforts to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects to the property will be taken and the SHPO and Native American tribes with concerns about the property, as well as the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) will be notified within 48 hours in compliance with 36 CFR 800.13(b)(3).
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
References
SECTION 8: REFERENCES
Bean, L.J. and F.C. Shipek. 1978. Luiseño. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. California Department of Fish and Game (DFG). 2000. Draft Conceptual Area Protection Plan Mount Olympus – Magee Ridge Preserve in San Diego County. State of California Department of Fish and Game Region 5. On file, SCIC. Chartkoff J.L. and K.K. Chartkoff. 1984. The Archaeology of California. Menlo Park: Stanford University Press. Christenson, L.N and E.L. Sweet. 2008. Ranchos of San Diego County. Arcadia Press, San Francisco. County of San Diego (CSD). 2007a. County of San Diego Report Format and Content Requirements. Cultural Resources: Archaeological and Historic Resources. Land Use Environmental Group, Department of Planning and Land Use, Department of Public Works. First Revision December 5, 2007. Available on-line from the County of San Diego County of San Diego (CSD). 2007b. County of San Diego Guidelines for Determining Significance. Cultural Resources: Archaeological and Historic Resources. Land Use Environmental Group, Department of Planning and Land Use, Department of Public Works. First Revision December 5, 2007. Available on-line from the County of San Diego County of San Diego (CSD). 2009. Section 2.5, Cultural and Paleontological Resources pp 2.5 12.5 49. In San Diego County General Plan Update DEIR, County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use DuBois, C.G. 1908. The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:69-185. Elliott, W.W. 1883. History of San Bernardino and San Diego Counties. Republished in 1965 by the Riverside Museum Press, Riverside. Englehardt, Z. 1920. San Diego Mission. The James H. Barry Company, San Francisco. Fagan, B.M. 2003. Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants. New York: Alta Mira Press. Gallegos, D. ed. 1987. San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper No. 1. San Diego, CA. Guinn, E. 1887. History of California, on file at San Diego Historical Society Research Archives, Balboa Park, San Diego, p. 1495. Harrington, J.P. 1933. Annotations in Chingichnich. A Revised and Annotated Version of A. Robinson’s Translation of Father Geronimo Boscana’s Historical Account of the Indians of the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Fine Arts Press, Santa Ana.
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References
Heizer, R.F. and A.B. Elasser. 1980. The Natural World of the California Indians. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Heizer, R.F., ed. 1978. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Jones, T.L. and K.A. Klar, eds. 2007. California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press. Kroeber. A.L. 1908. Notes on the Luiseños. In The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:174-186. Kroeber, A.L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bulletin 78. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Lajolla Band of Luiseño Indians. 2009. http://www.lajollaindians.com/History/. September 2009. Leffingwell, R. 2005. California Missions and Presidios: The History and Beauty of the Spanish Missions. MRI Publishing, St, Paul. Meighan, C.W. 1954. A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10:215-227 Moratto, M.J. 1984. California Archaeology. San Diego: Academic Press. Pachanga Band of Luiseño Indians. 2009. http://www.pechanga-nsn.gov/page?pageId=6. September 2009. Pourade, R.F. 1961. The History of San Diego: The Time of the Bells. The Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Pourade, R.F. 1964. Historic Ranchos of San Diego. The Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Rogers, M. 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167198 San Diego Union. 1879. June 4. 1:5. True, D.L. 1954. Pictographs of the San Luis Rey Basin. American Antiquity 20:68-72 True, D.L. 1958. An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23:255263 True, D.L. 1980. The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. Journal of New World Archaeology 3:1-30. True, D.L. and E. Beemer. 1982. Two Milling Stone Inventories from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:223-261
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References
True, D.L. and S. Griset. 1988. Exwanyawish: A Luiseño Sacred Rock. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 10:270-274 True D.L. and G. Waugh. 1981. Archaeological Investigations in Northern San Diego County, California: Frey Creek. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:84-115 True D.L. and G. Waugh. 1982. Proposed Settlement Shifts during San Luis Rey Times: Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:34-54 Walker, C.J. and C.S. Bule. 1979. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of the Talega Substantion to Rainbow Substation 230 Kv Transmission Line Corridor. RECON, San Diego. Unpublished report on file at the SCIC. Wallace, W. 1955. A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11(3):214-230. Warren, C.N. 1967. The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity 32:168-185. Warren, C.N. 1968. Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by Cynthia Irwin-Williams, pp. 114. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology No. 1. Warren, C.N., G. Siegler and F. Dittner 1998. Prehistoric and Early Archaic Periods. In Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Metropolitan San Diego: A Historic Properties Background Study. Report obtained from the SCIC.
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
List of Preparers and Persons Contacted
SECTION 9: LIST OF PREPARERS AND PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONTACTED
Authors Michael H. Dice Kathleen Crawford Arabesque Said-Abdulwahed Kenneth J. Lord, PhD Pattie Opincar Sandra L. Tomlin NAHC, Mount Olympus Preserve staff, Pechanga Cultural Resource Division, Pauma Band of Mission Indians, Richard Carrico, Richard Crawford, Fallbrook Historical Society, Temecula Historical Society, Vista Historical Society, San Diego Historical Society Research Archives Files, Dr. Lynne Newell Christenson the County of San Diego, Department of Parks and Recreation history archives.
Editors
Organizations and Persons Contacted Directly
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix A: Records Search Confirmation
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix B: Confidential - Site Location Maps
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
This exhibit is confidential and not published in the public version of this report.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix C: Native American Consultation
Michael Brandman Associates
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C.1 - Native American Heritage Commission Sacred Lands File Search
NAHC Request Letter NAHC Response Letters Native American Information Request Letters Information Request Responses
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
NAHC Request Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
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June 10, 2009 Native American Heritage Commission 915 Capitol Mall, Suite 364 Sacramento, CA 95814-4801 VIA FACSIMILE: 916.657.5390 Subject: Request for a Sacred Lands Records Search for the Parks Trails Project located in the County of San Diego, California. (USGS Pechanga, CA. and Pala, CA. quads) County of San Diego, California. To Whom It May Concern: Michael Brandman Associates (MBA) would like to determine whether any listed sacred sites are located within or near a public trails project on County land near the community of Pala. The project involves due diligence efforts associated with potential impacts to cultural resources on or near the depicted parcels. No earthmoving or trail creation is planned at the present time: it is possible that new trails will be carved by County staff at some date in the future. As seen in the attached topographic maps, the Wilderness section is located in Section 36 of T9S and R2W and Section 31 of T9S R1W (USGS Pala, CA. 7.5' topographic quadrangle). The Mt. Olympus section is located in Section 4, 8, 9 and 10 of T9S and R2W (USGS Pechanga, CA. 7.5' topographic quadrangle) Please notify us of any sacred Native American sites that may be affected by the undertaking. A full description of this project can be found in our archaeological survey report, which is forthcoming. A response can be sent to our FAX, 909-884-2113. If you have any more questions or need to speak with me, please feel free to call me at 714.742.0468. Thank you for your time and effort! Sincerely,
Bakersfield 661.334.2755 Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847 Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Michael Dice, M.A. Senior Archaeologist Michael Brandman Associates 621 E Carnegie Drive Suite 100 San Bernardino, CA. 92408
Enclosures:
Exhibit 1: USGS Topo Map
Q:\Michael Dice\2009 Projects\0070.0035.0 San Diego Parks\00700035_NAHC Request Letter.doc MD:md
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
NAHC Response Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Native American Information Request Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
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June 18, 2009 Mr. Bennae Calac Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians P.O. Box 369 Pauma Valley, CA 92061
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Mr. Calac: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Mr. Henry Contreras San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1763 Chapulin Lane Fallbrook, CA 92028
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Mr. Contreras: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Chairperson Christobal C. Devers Pauma & Yuima P.O. Box 369 Pauma Valley, CA 92061
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Chairperson Devers: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Assistant Director Shasta Gaughen Cupa Cultural Center (Pala Band) 35008 Pala-Temecula Rd. PMB Box 445 Pala, CA 92059
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Assistant Director Gaughen: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Co-Chair Carmen Mojado San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1889 Sunset Drive Vista, CA 92081
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Co-Chair Mojado: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Chairman Russell Romo San Luis Rey Band of MissionIndians 12064 Old Promerado Road Poway, CA 92064
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Chairman Romo: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Environmental Director Rob Roy La Jolla Band of Mission Indians 22000 Highway 76 Pauma Valley, CA 92061
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Environmental Director Roy: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Ms. Angela Veltrano Rincon Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 68 Valley Center, CA 92082
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Ms. Veltrano: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Chairperson Mel Vernon San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1044 North Ivy Street Escondido, CA 92026
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Chairperson Vernon: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
C.2 - Tribal Response Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix D: DPR523 Primary Record Forms Confidential
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix E: Survey Photographs
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View of a cabin at The Compound, collapsed beneath a fallen tree.
View of the main residence at The Compound
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View of a cabin at The Compound. These structures exhibit stable rock foundations.
View of windmill and bathhouse (left) at The Compound
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
Typical landscape view of the existing Mt. Olympus vegetation density. The boulders in the foreground are larger that most persons, and stick up above the ground.
View of boulders near the center of the project area.
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View of the boulder overhang at the pictograph site.
View east from Mt. Olympus
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View northwest from the west-facing slope of Mt. Olympus
View of site Temp #7, a small collapsed cabin.
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix F: Personnel Qualifications
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
Michael H. Dice, RPA
Project Scientist/Senior Archaeologist
Education M.A., Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 1993 B.A., Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. 1985 Anthropology Track, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Professional Affiliations Member, California Historical Society Member, National Trust for Historic Preservation Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA 2000) Registered Archaeologist, Orange County, 2006
Experience Summary
Mr. Dice, a certified archaeologist, has performed record searches, archaeological surveys, archaeological site testing (Phase 2), and data collection (Phase 3) on private and public lands in the Southwestern United States and Southern California since 1986. During his career, he has authored or co-authored more than 150 CEQA and/or NEPA level documents including several manuscripts for the National Park Service. Mr. Dice is a member of the California Historical Society, the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) and is a member of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Project Experience, 1998-2009
Transportation
Sunset Avenue PEAR Project, City of Banning. Caltrans-compliant Cultural Resource and Paleontological Reports for the Sunset Avenue Overcrossing Project.
Santa Ana Art Wall Project (Santa Ana, CA), OCTA Tracks/Santa Ana Depot at Santiago Street. Caltrans-compliant ASR/HRER/HPSR package for the City of Santa Ana as part of a Caltrans District 12 submission. Community Impact Assessment and Cultural Resource Survey for the Westside Parkway Project, West Bakersfield, Kern County. Cultural survey report for planned infrastructure development in Bakersfield. Section 106 HPSR Technical Analysis for the City of Santa Ana Art Wall Project, City of Santa Ana. Caltrans-compliant Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Santa Ana. Included Section 106 evaluation of specific properties. Cultural Resource Survey for the Patricia Lane Park Project, near 6th and Patricia Lane, City of Santa Ana. Caltrans-compliant Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Santa Ana. State Route 18 and Paine Road Intersection Improvement Project, City of Big Bear. Caltranscompliant Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Big Bear. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Proposed West Beltway/Westside Parkway Interchange Project, Bakersfield, Kern County. Cultural survey report for planned development in Bakersfield. El Centro-Dogwood Street Bridge Widening Project, El Centro, Imperial County. Cultural survey report for planned development in the City of El Centro. Phase I Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Pepper Street Specific Plan. City of Rialto, San Bernardino County. Cultural survey report for a planned development in the City of Rialto.
Federal, State, and Local Infrastructure
Cultural Resource Assessment, proposed Bakersfield State Vehicular Recreation Area (SVRA), Kern County. 1200 Acre cultural survey report for planned State Park north of Bakersfield, in Kern County. Cultural Resource Assessment – CDBG-Funded City of Corona Projects. Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Corona. Includes Section 106 evaluation of specific properties.
Page 1
Cultural Resource Assessment, Washington Addendum and Consolidated Addendum Redevelopment Areas, City ofd Santa Fe Springs. Historic structure survey report for two planned Redevelopment Areas in the City of Santa Fe Springs. 200+ structures identified and mitigation measures developed. Project Archaeologist/Database Manager for the emergency Chapin-5 Fire Rehabilitation Project, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (1996-1999). Began as Field Crew Chief (GS-7) and finished with the Park as a GS-9 Database Manager. Created an ACCESS 6.0 database for the recordation or rerecordation of more than 500 archaeological sites within the rehabilitation area.
Telecommunication
NEPA Compliance/Telecommunication Facilities. Serving as Project Scientist for a variety of telecommunication providers throughout California in complying with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for the implementation of cellular communication facilities.
Water Infrastructure
Corona Recycled Water Project. CEQA+ (project-level) Section 106/CEQA analysis for the Corona Recycled Water Project through Bauer Environmental. Victor Valley Recycled Water Project. CEQA+ (program-level) Section 106/CEQA analysis for the Victor Valley Recycled Water Project through Bauer Environmental. Realignment of the Friant-Kern Canal, In the City of Bakersfield. Proposed Mitigated Negative Declaration, and finding of no significant impact, With the Draft Initial Study and Environmental Assessment. Cultural evaluation for Initial study.
Mining Infrastructure
Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Palm Desert Rock Project, Riverside County. Cultural survey report for planned mining development in the County of Riverside. Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Coachella Aggregates Expansion Project, Riverside County. Cultural survey report for planned mining development in the County of Riverside. Cultural Resources Survey Report for the California Lightweight Pumice Makalya Mine Expansion Project, Inyo County. Section 106 cultural survey report, Ridgecrest-BLM jurisdiction. Survey and testing reports for the Williams Field Services Trunk S Natural Gas Project, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Section 106 cultural survey and excavation reports, Farmington-BLM jurisdiction.
Utilities
Cultural Resource Records Search Results and Sensitivity Evaluation for the Palm Springs and Desert Hot Springs Master Drainage Plan Project. Cultural evaluation report for planned utility construction in the Coachella Valley. Cultural Resource Survey, City of Huntington Beach Planning Department Environmental Assessment, Warner Sewer Lift Station. Cultural survey report for new sewer outflow line in the City of Huntington Beach. Cultural Resource Survey, O’Neill Park Sewer Conversion Project, Community of Trabuco Canyon, Orange County. Cultural survey report for new City Park sewer line in the County of Orange Phase 1 Survey Report for the Navajo Sewer Pipeline Project located in the Town of Apple Valley. Cultural survey report and Phase 2 testing for new sewer line in the Town of Apple Valley.
Page 2
Archaeological Resources Assessment of the City of Corona Recycled Water Project, located in the City of Corona, County of Riverside. Cultural survey report for new recycled water project in the City of Corona, Section 106/CEQA project. NEPA-Level Cultural Assessment and Paleontological Records Check Associated With The Victor Valley Subregional Facilities Project, County of San Bernardino. Cultural survey report for new recycled water project in the Cities of Victorville, Hesperia, Section 106/CEQA project. Mark Technologies Corporation Alta Mesa Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project. A Class III Intensive Field Survey On Federal And Private Properties Located Within Sections 3,4,5,9, and 10, T3S R3E, Cabazon-White Water Area, County of Riverside, California." L&L Environmental, JBG-01-172. On file, L&L. Cultural Monitoring Services at the Navajo Road Sewer Project, Town of Apple Valley. Cultural resource monitoring for new sewer line in the Town of Apple Valley. Archaeological and paleontological resources assessment of the San Clemente storm drain project, West Avenida Palazada, San Clemente. Cultural survey report for planned development in the City of Orange.
Airports
Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Visit Results for the Proposed Ontario Airport TIS Transmitter Site. Cultural survey for a planned transmitter within the Ontario International Airport, Section 106 Study.
Cultural Resource Surveys for Private Developers, Partial List by Lead Agency and Project Name
City of Rancho Cucamonga. TTM 16072, SP 04-001 Annexation and TTM 32023. City of Rialto. Rancho El Rivino Specific Plan. City of Murrieta. TTM 30953, 42310 “B” Street property. City of Chino. The Englesma Property project. County of Riverside. The Burns Ranch project, TTM 31386, TTM 31330, TTM 29962. City of Loma Linda. Loma Linda Golf Range project. City of Desert Hot Springs. Mission Lakes project, The Mission Glen Project. City of Loma Linda. The Trails at Mission Park project. City of Simi Valley. Runkle Canyon Specific Plan. City of Fullerton. 2226 Euclid Avenue (Sunrise Senior Living) project. City of Upland. The College Park project. City of Chino. Distinguished Homes Project footprint APN# #1055-511-01 and 1055-511-01, McBride RV Storage Property at Kimball and Euclid Avenues. City of Riverside. The KUO Development Project, TTM 32787, TTM 33028 and 33029 (The Kunny Ranch Property). County of San Bernardino. Lytle Creek North Tentative Tract Map (Map #15900), The Martin Ranch Project. Commercial and residential projects include cultural resource surveys, historic surveys, architectural surveys, Phase 2 testing and Phase 3 data collection at the CEQA and NEPA levels.
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Kathleen A. Crawford
Architectural Historian
Education Master of Arts, History, 1987 University of San Diego Valedictorian/Summa cum laude Thesis: History of San Diego Transit Corporation Bachelor of Arts, History, 1984 University of San Diego, California and Latin American emphasis Magna cum laude Bachelor of Arts, Anthropology, 1984 University of San Diego, California and Latin American emphasis Magna cum laude Associate of Arts, General, 1982 Grossmont College With Honors
Experience Recent and Selected Project Experience
Crawford Historic Services Historical Projects Consulting Services 1985-Present
Sole proprietor of historical projects consulting service with clients including: ? Michael Brandman and Associates, Orange County - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for AT&T, T-Mobile, Royal Street Communications, Paratus, Cingular and Sprint Cell Tower sites in San Diego County, Orange County, Los Angeles County and Sacramento, 2005-Present. Federal Aviation Administration, Quieter Home Program - Historical and Architectural Assessment of approximately 3000 homes in Point Loma and San Diego for sound retrofitting, 2002-2007
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Marie Burke Lia, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments, National Register of Historic Places nominations, CEQA reports, and City of San Diego historical and architectural assessments for over two hundred properties in San Diego, La Jolla, and County of San Diego, 1987-Present Scott Moomjian, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for over one hundred properties in San Diego, La Jolla, and County of San Diego, 1998-Present Archaeos, Inc. - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments of properties in San Diego County, Orange County, and Riverside County, 2003-Present Wright and L’Estrange, Robert Wright, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2003-2005 Hecht, Solberg, Robinson, Goldberg and Bagley, Attorneys at Law – Preparation of Historical and Architectural assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2005 Matthew Peterson, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2002-2004 Island Architects, La Jolla - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2003 Corky MacMillan Inc.- Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for Properties in San Diego; Historical assistance with San Diego Naval Training Center Historic District and base closure issues, preparation of National Register of Historic Places nomination form for San Diego Naval Training Center, 1999-2003 County of San Diego - Preparation of Historic Survey of Sweetwater/Bonita area for over 300 properties, 1996 Scripps Institutions for Medicine and Science - Preparation of 75th Anniversary History of Scripps Institutions for Medicine and Science, 1997
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San Diego Gas & Electric Company - Preparation of 110th Anniversary History for SDG&E, 1991 San Diego Trust and Savings Bank - Preparation of 100th Anniversary History of bank, 1988 Great American Savings Bank - Preparation of 100th Anniversary History of bank, 1987 San Diego Transit Corporation - Preparation of 100th Anniversary of corporation, 1985 Jennings, Engstrand and Hendrickson Law firm - Preparation of research for San Diego County water rights case for successful presentation to U.S. Supreme Court, 1985 La Jolla Historical Society - Archivist for historical collection, 2006
Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Inc. 1990-1997, Senior Historian 1997-2001, Historical Consultant
Responsible for all phases of research, analysis and preparation of cultural resources reports for compliance with Federal, state, and local agencies and regulations. Selected projects included: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? San Diego Naval Training Center - Preparation of National Register nomination for property including approximately 400 buildings Chollas Heights Radio Station - Preparation of Historic American Buildings Survey for radio station for approximately 100 buildings Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 300 buildings Long Beach Naval Station and Shipyard - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 750 buildings Marine Corps Air Station, Camp Pendleton - Preparation of History of Air Station Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii - Preparation of History of Air Base Naval Air Station, Guam - Preparation of Base Closure Documentation for approximately 150 structures San Diego Naval Air Station, Coronado - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of selected air base facilities Naval Air Station, El Centro - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of air base properties, including approximately 100 buildings San Diego Naval Station, 32nd Street - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 350 buildings Caltrans - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for approximately 200 properties in San Diego and Riverside Counties Kentucky Department of Transportation (KDOT) - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments of approximately 100 properties in Louisville, Kentucky Miramar Naval Air Station - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 250 buildings
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San Diego Museum of Man 1984-1985; 1997-2000, Assistant Education Coordinator
Responsible for all phases of Education Department activities including teaching anthropology courses, preparation of newsletter, lecture and film series, trips, and overall programs for museum visitors.
San Diego Historical Society 1985-1988, Assistant Curator of Collections
Responsible for all phases of collection management and administration, research and exhibition for 20,000+ piece collection of San Diego history displayed in four local museums; supervision and management of Facade Easement Program for donation of historic building facades to Society; served as Museum Registrar which included documentation and management of all curatorial files, archival materials, object documentation, photograph collection, and art collection; supervision of volunteer program, student interns, and preparation of visitor materials and tours.
History, Anthropology and Political Science Lecturer 1987-Present San Diego State University - 1989-Present
? ? ? ? Early/Modern World History Early/Modern U.S. History Early/Modern Latin American History Early/Modern Western Civilization
University of San Diego 1987-2007
? ? ? ? ? ? California History San Diego History Early/Modern World History Early/Modern U.S. History Renaissance History Early/Modern Western Civilization
United States International University 1990-2000
? ? ? ? ? ? ? The American Presidency Introduction to Political Science Early/Modern History of Asia Early/Modern Western Civilization Early/Modern World History Intercultural Communication American Culture
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Grossmont College 1988-2002
? ? ? ? Early/Modern History of Women in Western Civilization Early/Modern Western Civilization Early/Modern World History Early/Modern Latin American History
PUBLICATIONS
Crawford, Kathleen A., “Fifty Years of the Journal of San Diego History,” Journal of San Diego History, Fall 2005. Engstrand, Iris H.W. and Kathleen A. Crawford, Reflections: A History of the San Diego Gas & Electric Company, 1881-1991, Heritage Press: Los Angeles, 1991. Davie, Theodore and Kathleen A. Crawford, A History of San Diego Trust & Savings Bank, 1888-1988, San Diego Trust and Savings Bank: San Diego, 1988. Crawford, Kathleen A, A History of the San Diego Transit Corporation, 1886-1986, San Diego Transit Corporation: San Diego, 1986. Crawford, Kathleen A. “God’s Garden: A History of the Grossmont Art Colony,” Journal of San Diego History, Volume XX, Summer, 1985. Crawford, Kathleen A. and Bruce Kammerling, “The Serra Museum and its Collections,” Some Reminiscences of Fray Junipero Serra, Santa Barbara Mission Press: Santa Barbara, 1984. Crawford, Kathleen A., “The General’s Lady: Maria Amparo Ruiz Burton,” Journal of San Diego History, Volume XIX, Fall, 1984.
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Arabesque Said 9852 Whitewater Road Moreno Valley, CA 92557 OBJECTIVE
(951) 310-7031 [email protected]
A position as an archaeologist allowing me to apply my skills in archaeology, survey and documentation. B.A. Anthropology, June 2006 University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA Emphasis in archaeology
EDUCATION
Archaeological Crew Member, URS Corporation • 6,500 Acre pedestrian survey in the Mojave Desert, CA • Located prehistoric and historic sites. • Recorded and mapped archaeological sites using TerraSync software on a Trimble. July 2008 Archaeological Monitor, LSA Associates, Inc. • Monitored for archaeological and paleontological artifacts during grading on a construction site. January 2008- April 2008 Archaeological Crew Member, URS Corporation • 7,500 Acre pedestrian survey in the Yuha Desert, CA • Responsibilities included locating prehistoric and historic sites, locating previously recorded sites, taking and recording photographs of sites and artifacts, filling out DPR forms, and creating site maps with a Trimble November 2007 Archaeological Crew Member, LSA Associates, Inc. • 5,200 acre pedestrian survey in Chuckwalla Valley, CA Archaeological Crew Member. LSA Associates, Inc. • Mid County Parkway Project. Testing at five prehistoric sites in Corona, Hemet, and Perris, CA September 2007 Archaeological Field Assistant, MBA. • Testing at one prehistoric site and numerous historical sites in Chino, CA. • Responsibilities included pedestrian survey, excavation, screening, note keeping, draw, describe, and photograph historical structures on various ranches. Archaeological Field Assistant, MBA. August 2007 • Testing at numerous historical sites in Redlands, CA. • Draw, map, describe and photograph historical structures in Redlands, CA. • Responsibilities included excavation of trenches, using a variety of techniques, artifact collection, note keeping, screening, and sidewall profile drawing.
EXPERIENCE August 2008September 2008
Archaeological Field Assistant, CRM Tech. • Testing at one prehistoric site in Indio, CA. • Responsibilities included excavation of units, using a variety of techniques, screening, note keeping, artifact collection, and unit profile drawing. July 2007 Archaeological Crew Member, MBA. • Numerous pedestrian surveys in Moreno Valley, CA to locate, draw, photograph and assess historic and prehistoric features for future development projects. June 2007-July 2007 Archaeological Crew Member, MBA. • Testing of numerous prehistoric sites in Barstow, CA. Responsibilities included excavation of units and test pits, using a variety of techniques, screening, note keeping, artifact collection, and unit profile drawing. • Draw, describe, and photograph historic structures on Lenwood Ranch in Barstow, CA. 2005-Present Information Officer. Eastern Information Center. Riverside, California • Manage and process records, reports and maps related to archaeological and historical sites in Riverside, Inyo and Mono counties • Conduct record searches for archaeologists, development firms, and government agencies Summer 2006 Laboratory Assistant. Archaeological Research Unit. University of California, Riverside • Assisted in the laboratory analysis of stone artifacts collected from the Mojave Desert. 2003-2004 Volunteer. Natural History Museum, Los Angeles, California. • Developed and designed activities to help families and children learn about the various exhibits in the Natural History Museum with a creative and interactive approach. • Participated in Family Fun Days at different locations each month. RELEVANT EXPERIENCE Spring 2007 Audited Anthropology 191: Seminar in Cultural Resources Management. University of California, Riverside Fall 2004 Field Course in Archaeology: Survey and Documentation. University of California, Riverside • Professor: Phil Wilke • Conducted field surveys of historic and aboriginal archaeological sites in Southern California. • Mapped sites • Documented sites on primary and archaeological site records Spring 2004 Geology Field Studies, Mojave National Preserve and San Andreas Fault from San Bernardino to central coast. Riverside Community College, California. Fall 2003 Geology Field Studies of the Colorado Plateau
August 2007
HONORS AND AWARDS Spring 2005 Fall 2002-2004 Dean’s Honors List, University of California, Riverside President’s Honors List, Riverside Community College, California • • •
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
Extensive experience with Windows XP, Mac OS, Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer, Firefox, ArcPad, and TerraSync. Familiarity with Adobe Photoshop. Thorough knowledge of a 7.5’ USGS topographic map, compass, range finder, and Trimble Fluent in Spanish; reading and writing ability in Arabic
*References upon request
doc_336493652.pdf
In the broadest sense, Cultural Resources Management (CRM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural resources, such as the arts and heritage. It incorporates Cultural Heritage Management which is concerned with traditional and historic culture.
Cultural Resource Inventory of the Mt. Olympus Preserve Project for the County of San Diego Parks Department San Diego County, California
Public Version
Lead Agency: County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation 9150 Chesapeake Drive Suite 200 San Diego, CA 92123 Contact: Ms. Jennifer Haines
Preparer: Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA 92602 714.508.4100
Signature (Lead Author) __________________________________________________ Authors: Michael H. Dice, M.A., RPA, Senior Archaeologist, Kathleen Crawford, M.A., Historian, Arabesque Said-Abdelwahed, B.A., Staff Archaeologist
Project Proponent: County of San Diego Parks and Recreation Report Date: October 22, 2009 by Michael H. Dice, M.A.
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
National Archaeological Database Information
National Archaeological Database Information
Authors
Michael H. Dice Kathleen Crawford Arabesque Said- Abdelwahed Michael Brandman Associates County of San Diego Parks and Recreation October 22, 2009 Cultural Resource Inventory of the Mt. Olympus Preserve Project for the County of San Diego Parks Department, San Diego County, California Archaeological survey and site inventory P37-030647, P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471), P37-030648, P37030649 None Pechanga, CA. 750 None Luiseño pictographs, Pala Creek, Historic-era nudist colony, Mt. Olympus trails
Firm Client/Project Proponent Report Date Report Title
Type of Study New Sites Updated Sites USGS Quad Acreage Permit Numbers Key Words
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
National Archaeological Database Information ................................................................. ii List of Acronyms................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 1 Section 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 - Project Description .............................................................................................. 3 Section 2: Background ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 - Existing Conditions.............................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 - Site Geography .................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 - Geology and Soils ................................................................................ 4 2.1.3 - Biology.................................................................................................. 8 2.2 - Cultural Setting.................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 - Prehistoric Period ................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 - Early Prehistoric Period........................................................................ 9 2.2.3 - Archaic Period .................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 - Late Period ......................................................................................... 10 2.2.5 - Spanish Period ................................................................................... 11 2.2.6 - The Mexican Period ........................................................................... 11 2.2.7 - American Period................................................................................. 12 2.3 - Ethnography...................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 - The Luiseño........................................................................................ 19 2.4 - Previous Research in the Area ......................................................................... 20 Section 3: Records Search Results and Research Methods .......................................... 22 3.1 - Research Context ............................................................................................. 22 3.2 - Survey Assumptions and Goals ........................................................................ 22 3.2.1 - Definitions of Sites and Isolates ......................................................... 23 3.3 - Record Search Methods ................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 - Information Center Search ................................................................. 23 3.4 - Applicable Regulations...................................................................................... 24 3.4.1 - Federal ............................................................................................... 24 3.4.2 - State ................................................................................................... 27 3.4.3 - County of San Diego .......................................................................... 29 3.4.4 - Tribal Consultation ............................................................................. 29 3.5 - Records Search Results ................................................................................... 30 Section 4: Field Methods.................................................................................................... 31 Section 5: Archaeological Resources............................................................................... 33 5.1 - The Compound Complex: P37-030647............................................................. 33 5.2 - New Prehistoric Site P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471) .......................................... 47 5.3 - New Historic Site P37-030648 .......................................................................... 49 5.4 - New P37-030649 .............................................................................................. 49 Section 6: Native American Participation and Consultation........................................... 50 Section 7: Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations....................... 51 7.1 - Impact Identification .......................................................................................... 51 7.2 - Management Considerations - Protection Recommendations and Design Considerations............................................................................................... 52
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Table of Contents
7.2.1 - Accidental Discovery of Human Remains .......................................... 52 7.2.2 - Accidental Discovery of Cultural Resources ...................................... 53 Section 8: References......................................................................................................... 54 Section 9: List of Preparers and Persons and Organizations Contacted...................... 57 Appendix A: Records Search Confirmation Appendix B: Confidential - Site Location Maps Appendix C: Native American Consultation C.1 - Native American Heritage Commission Sacred Lands File Search NAHC Request Letter NAHC Response Letters Native American Information Request Letters Information Request Responses C.2 - Tribal Response Letters Appendix D: DPR523 Primary Record Forms Appendix E: Survey Photographs Appendix F: Personnel Qualifications
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Potential Significance of Sites in the Preserve........................................................ 51
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1: Regional Location Map............................................................................................ 5 Exhibit 2: Local Vicinity USGS Map ........................................................................................ 6 Exhibit 3: Local Vicinity Aerial Map ......................................................................................... 7 Exhibit 4: GLO Map Summary .............................................................................................. 13 Exhibit 5: Areas Surveyed.................................................................................................... 32 Exhibit 6: 1946 Aerial Photograph......................................................................................... 34 Exhibit 7: 1967 Aerial Photograph......................................................................................... 35 Exhibit 8: 1978 Aerial Photograph......................................................................................... 36 Exhibit 9: Aerial View of the Compound Complex................................................................. 37 Exhibit 10a: Photographs - Site Structures 1 and 8 .............................................................. 44 Exhibit 10b: Photographs - Site Structures 13 and 18 .......................................................... 45 Exhibit 10c: Photographs - Site Structures 18 and 2 ............................................................ 46 Exhibit 11: Cultural Site Locations ........................................................................................ 48
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
List of Acronyms
LIST OF ACRONYMS
Term Definition (in MBA Capitalization Style)
ACHP APE ARMR ARPA ASMD CCR CEQA CFR CHL CPHI CR CRM County DPR e.g., EIC GLO HRI MBA Preserve NAHC NHPA NRHP OHP PRC RMP RPA RPO SCIC SDDPR SHPO
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Area of Potential Effect Archaeological Resource Management Report Archaeological Resources Protection Act Area-Specific Management Directives California Code of Regulations California Environmental Quality Act Code of Federal Regulations California Historical Landmarks California Points of Historical Interest California Register of Historical Resources Cultural Resource Management County of San Diego County Department of Parks and Recreation for example Eastern Information Center General Land Office California State Historic Resources Inventory Michael Brandman Associates Mt. Olympus Preserve Native American Heritage Commission National Historic Preservation Act National Register of Historic Places Office of Historic Preservation Public Resources Code Resource Management Plan Register of Professional Archaeologists Resource Protection Ordinance South Coastal Information Center County of San Diego Parks and Recreation Department State Historic Preservation Office
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
List of Acronyms
Term
Definition (in MBA Capitalization Style)
SLF SOW SWAP THPO USGS
Sacred Lands File Statement of Work Small Wilderness Area Preserves Tribal Historic Preservation Officer United States Geological Survey
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report documents a cultural resources inventory by Michael Brandman Associates (MBA) of the Mt. Olympus Preserve (Preserve) Project for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR). The Preserve contains a total of 750 acres in nine parcels. DPR proposes to manage the Preserve in accordance with a Resource Management Plan (RMP), which will include Area Specific Management Directives (ASMD). The RMP and ASMDs require up-to-date cultural resource and biological resource data associated with existing and historic conditions on the Preserve project grounds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether historic properties exist in the Preserve and to provide detailed cultural and historic information about these resources. In addition, the purpose is to provide recommendations to County of San Diego Parks on how to manage the resources to achieve the goal of preservation and avoidance of impacts to significant cultural resources. A cultural resource literature search was conducted for the Preserve at San Diego State University’s South Coastal Information Center (SCIC). The records search took place in May 2009 and was conducted by MBA archaeologist Arabesque Said-Abdelwahed. The search radius used for the Preserve project area consisted of the nine parcels in the project area plus land located at least 0.25mile around the margins of the project area. MBA contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) requesting a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search for traditional cultural properties. The results of the SLF search indicated that no known Native American resources are located near the Preserve project area. The response letter also provided a listing of Native American contacts that might have knowledge as to whether the proposed project would impact cultural resources known to local Tribes. Letters to each of the listed tribal contacts on the SLF list were sent via certified mail. As of the date of this report, one letter response from the Pala Band of Mission Indians has been received. The pedestrian survey of the Preserve project area was performed on various dates in May 2009 and a site review of discovered site was completed in July 2009. A monitor from the Pechanga Band, Cameron Linton, assisted during the May 2009 phase of analysis. No written comments from Mr. Linton were received. Only those lands exhibiting a 20 percent slope or less was scheduled to be examined (if possible) during the survey. This precluded direct examination of much of the project area. The slope restriction was justified by the fact that either prehistoric or historic peoples seldom use high-slope areas. The project area also exhibited dense chaparral, and examination of the Preserve showed that the vegetation in the project area has not burned for decades. Much of the vegetation was impenetrable and offered no ground visibility for the survey team. Areas exhibiting chaparral too thick to walk through were not examined.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Executive Summary
Accessible bedrock boulders and outcrops of cliff rock near the Mt. Olympus Peak, a small hill west of the Peak, and at a site known as “The Compound” (P37-030647, Appendix D) were carefully examined for evidence of previously undetected sites and artifacts, along with isolated milling slicks, bedrock mortars and rock art. The property contains almost no isolated historic-era trash and the remnant structures are little impacted by vandalism. Background research showed that cultural resource specialists had never surveyed most of the property. MBA’s survey fieldwork detected a large set of buildings at The Compound: these were built between about 1940 and 1953 with construction/remodeling of the main house and outbuildings finished possibly as late as the mid-1970s. A pictograph site was detected on a small hill exhibiting housesized boulders (P37-030652, Appendix D), and a single-room structure with outhouse (P37-030648, Appendix D) was located near a small hill in the southern section of the property. The Mt. Olympus benchmark monument (P37-030649, Appendix D) was recorded as an isolated feature. New Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 Primary records for these resources are included in Appendix D. DPR considers all prehistoric cultural resources found in the Preserve project area to be significant, and MBA has determined that all historic-era resources not significant. The establishment of cultural resource-specific ASMDs as part of Preserve planning could reduce or eliminate potential direct and indirect impacts to cultural resources in the project area from any future activities. In summary, several significant cultural resources were detected during the survey. Because those resources are located in areas that may receive varying amounts of public traffic, ASMDs specific to cultural resource management plans are recommended.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Introduction
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
At the request of County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR or Parks), MBA conducted a cultural resources inventory of the Mt. Olympus Preserve (Preserve). The purpose of this report is to present the results of MBA’s efforts to describe these resources. This study follows California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) procedures for cultural resource surveys, the OHP Archaeological Resource Management Report (ARMR) format for archaeological reports, and the County of San Diego recommended report structure. The report is structured following Parks’ Cultural Resources Phase 1 Survey and Inventory report organization. MBA staff archaeologist Arabesque Said-Abdulwahed at the South Coast Information Center (SCIC) conducted the cultural resource literature search. All three MBA archaeologists and a staff member of the Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians Cultural Resource Department completed the survey in May 2009. Additional site reviews took place in June and July 2009. Professional qualifications for all team members are located in Appendix F.
1.1 - Project Description
DPR proposes to manage the Preserve in accordance with a Resource Management Plan (RMP), which will include Area Specific Management Directives (ASMD). The RMP and ASMDs require up-to-date cultural resource and biological resource data associated with existing and historic conditions on the Preserve project grounds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether historic properties exist in the Preserve and to provide detailed cultural and historic information about these resources. In addition, the purpose is to provide recommendations to County Parks on how to manage the resources to achieve the goal of preservation and avoidance.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
SECTION 2: BACKGROUND 2.1 - Existing Conditions
2.1.1 - Site Geography The Preserve contains 750 acres in nine parcels located a few miles northwest of the community of Pala (Exhibit 1). These parcels are located in a small portion of Section 4 and Section 8, and a large portion of Section 9 in T9S R2W (Exhibit 2). Access to the property is limited in that most of the property is fenced and gated except for an entry point off a cul-de-sac at the easternmost end of Mount Olympus Valley Road. This was used to access the San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E) transmission line that crosses the western side of the project area. Additional entry points can be found from a private gravel pit access road at the northern edge of the property, the Aruba Road-Farra Street entrance to the south, and from dirt roads that cross a historic site known as “The Compound” (P37-030647). Most entry points consist of gated and locked four-wheel drive two-tracks. There are no paved roads on the property (Exhibit 3). The SDG&E transmission line road allows for some traffic in the western portion of the project area, but access from the transmission road to the center of the property is limited to 4-wheel drive vehicles with very high ground clearance. 2.1.2 - Geology and Soils The Preserve lies on a mesa that extends south from tectonically disturbed hills and broad ridges aligned transversely and located between the Pauba Valley and the San Luis Rey River. Except for the northern end of the mesa, all sides of the project area are separated from adjacent valleys and creek beds by extremely steep hillsides of between 100 and 200 feet in grade. A series of minor faults forming a checkerboard pattern have contributed to the topography of the property, a fact that can be seen on all of the aerials placed in this report. Intermittent stream channels, broad and shallow on the mesa top, are extremely steep and difficult to navigate on the sides of the mesa. This fact signifies the youthfulness of the hills in the region. Faulting has contributed to an influx of mineral bearing ores in many of the hills in this region, especially east of Pala Creek on Tourmaline Queen Mountain. The Preserve appears to exhibit surface exposures of pegmatite that is broken by recent faulting, but does not include extensive quartzite inclusions or veins. No mines or adits could be found on the property although the USGS Pechanga, California map indicates that a mine adit is present. It is highly likely that the property was scouted for mining potential by locals because many mines exhibiting gemstones can be found a few miles away on Tourmaline Queen Mountain. No gembearing dikes seem to exist in the Preserve. There is no evidence of any mining claims filed on the property.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
Soils in the project area are thin, but there are a few places on the mesa top that may contain soil more than a meter deep. The vegetation in the project area is dominated by old growth southern mixed chaparral. There is a significant amount of rocky outcrops with adjacent patches of southern coast live oak woodland. One small patch of native grasslands and a few patches of ornamental vegetation lie near The Compound. Discussions with County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use Fire Authority (Herb Dallas CDF personal communication 2009) indicated that sections of the property may have burned on or about 1942, but MBA observed a few dead/burned tree stumps or brush stems indicative of some fire activity, although not extensive enough to document. Trail use at one time was quite extensive, with many trails visible on aerial photographs taken in 1978. Currently, the public is not allowed to hike existing trails in the Preserve and the property remains closed until final assessments are made. The area has seen some illegal entry, as evidenced by a limited number of cans, and some evidence of OHV use along the existing trails. 2.1.3 - Biology Baseline biological surveys were conducted on the Preserve in the late spring and summer of 2009. MBA biologists conducted several time of sampling methods to assess the current status of biological resources onsite. Due to a series of drought years and the lack of late winter to early spring, results of these surveys may not represent an exhaustive list of all plant and wildlife species occurring within the Preserve. Seven vegetation communities were mapped within the Preserve and consist of Coast live oak woodland, Native grassland, Non-native grassland, Ornamental woodland, and Southern mixed chaparral, with minor amounts of rocky out-crops and urban/developed land. The most abundant vegetation community on the Preserve is Southern mixed chaparral. A total of 130 wildlife species were documented from the Preserve during the 2009 baseline surveys. These include 14 species of butterflies, 45 species of other invertebrates, one species of amphibian, 10 species of reptiles, 38 species of birds, and 24 species of mammals. No federally or State listed species were detected; however, 13 non-listed sensitive species were detected during baseline surveys.
2.2 - Cultural Setting
The region in and around Pala is significant from an archaeological history standpoint because 1) original concepts associated with southern California prehistory were generated by studying nearby archaeological sites in the 1940s and 1950s (Meighan 1954, True 1958), and 2) Spanish asistencias were usually established near significant protohistoric villages yet the protohistoric village at Pala has not yet been identified. The following is a brief overview of the prehistoric and historic context in which to understand the relevance of sites found in the general vicinity of the project area. This section is not intended to
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Background
serve as a generalized overview. Descriptions that are more detailed can be found in ethnographic studies, mission records, and major published sources including Kroeber (1925), Wallace (1955), Warren (1968), Heizer (1978), Heizer and Elasser (1980), Moratto (1984), Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984), Fagan (2003) and Jones and Klar (2007). 2.2.1 - Prehistoric Period The most accepted regional chronology for the coastal areas of southern California is from Wallace’s four-part Horizon format (1955), which was later updated and revised by Warren (1968). Created to place temporal structure upon materialistic phases observed during archaeological syntheses, the advantages and weaknesses of southern California chronological sequences are reviewed by Warren (in Moratto 1984), Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984), and Heizer (ed. 1978). Regional archaeologists generally follow a three-part southern California format when discussing the prehistory of San Diego County, but recent excavations and new models have forced local archaeologists to reconsider whether the early models are still valid. The Early Period is associated with the San Dieguito Tradition, the Archaic Period is associated with the Milling Stone Horizon, the Encinitas Tradition, and the La Jolla/Pauma Complexes, while the Late Period is associated with the Cuyamaca and San Luis Rey complexes. 2.2.2 - Early Prehistoric Period Spanning a time period from approximately 10,000 to roughly 8,000 years ago, archaeological assemblages attributed to an Early Period complex known as the San Dieguito are characterized by toolkits with fishing tools, large points, scrapers, and bifaces of various uses. These assemblages were found in lagoon shellfish middens and riverine village sites (Warren 1967, Warren et al 1998). Many of the earliest sites have been lost to current science as they are now inundated by the postPleistocene sea level rise. The limited data available suggests that inland populations focused on hunting and gathering, moving about the region in small nomadic groups between base camps as the seasons changed. Higher population densities could be achieved on the coast because of marine fisheries, but fresh reliable water was required and the interior food resources were probably exploited seasonally. The transition between the Early Prehistoric and the Archaic is uncertain, they are often lumped together, and the dates available to researchers are somewhat speculative. This is because the earliest deposits are rare and there is little difference in the style of toolkits for many thousands of years. It does appear that as Early Period populations slowly transitioned to the Archaic and Late Periods, toolkits were modified to reflect are a complex subsistence strategy with wild plant gathering being added to the fishing and hunting industries (Gallegos 1987). No sites found on the Preserve date to this period.
Michael Brandman Associates
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Background
2.2.3 - Archaic Period Handstones and millingstones began being used during the La Jolla/Pauma Complex (Warren 1967, True 1958), which appears to date between roughly 8,000 to 1,500 years ago. Tool assemblages of the La Jolla Complex reflect an emphasis on plant foods and foraging subsistence systems as they include millingstones. For inland areas, it has been assumed that exploitation of grass seeds formed a primary subsistence activity during this Period and True (1980) speculated that the lack of shellfish remains was simply a product of geographical locale. Early Archaic artifact assemblages include choppers and scraper planes, but there is a general lack of projectile points in excavated assemblages. The appearance of smaller projectile points in the late portion of the La Jolla or early Pauma suggests the development of a more diverse economy, and the distribution of millingstone sites reflects the theory that aboriginal groups may have followed a modified central-based wandering settlement pattern. In this semi-sedentary pattern, a base camp would have been occupied for a portion of the year, but small population groups seasonally occupied subsidiary camps in order to exploit resources not generally available near the base camp. Sedentism apparently increased in areas possessing an abundance of resources that were available for longer periods. More arid inland regions would have provided a seasonally and spatially dispersed resource base, restricting sedentary occupation. No sites found on the Preserve date to this period. 2.2.4 - Late Period Dating between about 1,300 to roughly 800 years ago (Moratto 1984; Rogers 1945; Warren et al 1998), new tool technologies and subsistence patterns can be seen in the archaeological record during this time. The complexes within this time frame is known as the San Luis Rey I, while the period between about 800 years ago and contact with the Spanish is known as San Luis Rey II. Site assemblages retain many attributes of the earlier periods but also includes evidence of intensive exploitation of local resources (CSD 2009). It has been proposed that with an influx of peoples from the Great Basin and Arizona, Shoshonean and Yuman traditions were brought into the area (Kroeber 1925, Rogers 1945), and this is thought to have occurred at the beginning of the San Luis Rey I or about 1,300 years ago. Sedentism increased during the Late Period with the exploitation of storable food resources, such as acorns. The bow and arrow, and pottery were introduced. The duration and intensity of occupation of base camps increased during this period, especially in the latter part of the period. This may have more to do with issues of preservation (early sites tend to be scarce while later sites more plentiful), but could also reflect a slow increase in the population up to the point of Spanish contact. True proposed that the Kumeyaay were the direct descendents of the Late Period Cuyamaca peoples in southern San Diego County (1958), while he also proposed that the Luiseño were the direct ancestors of the San Luis Rey peoples (see True and Waugh 1982). Site P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471) on the Preserve may date to this period.
Michael Brandman Associates
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2.2.5 - Spanish Period Alta California was the remote northern region of the vast Spanish empire begun with the voyages of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. Encroachment by the Russians into the Pacific Northwest spurred the Spanish government to explore and settle California. In 1769, the Spanish sent Father Junipero Serra and a military escort to explore coastal California and choose locations for a chain of missions that would convert the native population and serve as an anchor for Spanish ambitions in the territory. Over the next several decades, twenty-one missions and six asistencias were established. The Franciscan missionaries who followed in Father Serra’s trail arrived in the San Luis Rey area in 1796. In 1798, they established the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia at Oceanside (Leffingwell 2005: 3237, Pourade 1961). The Franciscans used land of the interior within a day’s ride to pasture sheep, horses, and cattle as well as raise crops. Outposts served as good crop and grazing lands, which were located further inland. In 1810, the mission built a large granary at what was to become the community of Pala and soon Father Antonio Peyri began the process to establish an asistencia. On June 13, 1816, the Mission San Antonio de Padua asistencia was founded as an outpost for Mission San Luis Rey. By 1820, the asistencia had baptized over 1300 Luiseños and built a church dedicated to Saint Anthony. The Pala Church was 144 feet long and the complex exhibited dwellings for the residents, granaries, and materials to maintain nearby agricultural lands (Leffingwell 2005: 27-37). Englehardt (1920) stated, “San Antonio de Padua has a church, dwellings, granaries, wheat, corn, beans, garbanzo, vineyard, orchard, fruits and olives, the water is drawn from a stream which runs to the vicinity of the mission.” Wallace W. Elliott described the Pala area in his “History of San Bernardino and San Diego Counties” (Elliott 1883: pp189) as follows: “…Pala is a small trading center on the San Luis Rey River, 22 miles from Oceanside. The area is rugged and picturesque. Palomar Mountain is southeast of Pala. Its 6,000-foot slopes and summit are covered in oak, pine, cedar, and little brooks are on the sides. The word “Pala” in Indian means water. Pala was a chapel of the San Luis Rey Mission and was used by the padres as a place to grow vegetables, cereals and cotton, which was grown in large quantities. Fabrication of the cotton into clothing for the neophytes was undertaken at the mission. The ruins of a large aqueduct remain, and Padre Antonio Peyri began the construction. In the time of Peyri, it had a fine vineyard and peach orchard. About 60 olive trees and a few pear trees remain [to this day]. At the time of the secularization of the missions, the pastor, Antonio Peyri, shipped ten barrels of silver, as aguardiente, to Spain.” No sites from this period were found in the Preserve. 2.2.6 - The Mexican Period By the early 1830s, a number of changes had come to Alta California. Mexico had achieved its independence from Spain and had established large ranchos with vast herds of cattle across the land. In 1833, in its desire for more grazing and agricultural land, the decision was made by the Mexican government to secularize the missions and many of the mission lands became land grants to
Michael Brandman Associates
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Californio families. On August 22, 1835, Father Peyri’s successor, Father Buenaventura Fortuny, surrendered Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and the Pala and Las Flores assistencias to a government commission. (Leffingwell 2005: 27-37). In the 1840s lands in and around the Temecula and Wolf Valleys were granted to Mexican soldiers and important families for the purpose of cattle grazing. This included the Little Temecula Rancho (1845), the Rancho Pauba (1844), the Rancho Temecula (1844) and the Rancho Santa Rosa (1846). Ranchos located south of the future County line were also established (see Christenson and Sweet 2008), including the Rancho Pauma (early 1840s) and Rancho Cuca (1845). The mountainous acreage between the Little Temecula and Pauma ranchos does not appear to have been placed into either rancho. Except for the steep canyon of Pala Creek, there would be little reason to graze cattle in the Preserve as there is no sign of running water on the site. No sites from this period were found in the Preserve. 2.2.7 - American Period Between 1848 and the 1870s southern California was opened up to white settlers and pressure was placed upon the local Indians who had settled permanently on well-watered lands their ancestors had used. Although the new State of California had attempted to give local tribes lands upon which to settle through legislation, the pressure to remove them. In the 1870s President Grant ordered the creation of several reservations in San Diego County, but severe political battles over land and water continued well into the 1920s. In 1877, William Veal and his wife acquired the San Antonio de Padua church, and its associated lands from the U.S. government. Mrs. Veal was Roman Catholic and persuaded her husband to purchase the property and return the chapel and cemetery to the church in 1883. On December 25, 1899, a severe earthquake rattled the Pauma Valley and the roof of the church collapsed. In 1902, the Landmarks Club of Southern California acquired the church and began rebuilding the structure. Flooding during the winter of 1916 undermined the church foundations and its bell tower collapsed. In the 1880s, San Diego County (like most of southern California) was experiencing a land boom. Newcomers purchased land in large parcels, the City of San Diego grew rapidly into a large commercial center, and the North County area saw a boom in ranching and farming activities. By the late 1880s, the Pala area exhibited several large operating ranches and farms. These new families needed goods and services and the commercial sector of the county was continually expanding. General Land Office (GLO) written records and plat maps from the 1800s indicate a variety of owners held title to parts of Sections 4, 8 and 9 in Township 9 South, Range 2 West. Chain of Title documents indicate that a large portion of the project area was owned by the United States Government prior to the 1930s, but that the lands were assigned to various holders beginning in the 1890s (Exhibit 4).
Michael Brandman Associates
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Background
Richard J. Welty, following the 1862 Homestead Act, took title to 160 acres inside Section 4 on February 2, 1891. Welty also owned acreage in Section 10, Township 9 South, Range 2 West, which was acquired on November 23, 1891. The 1892, 1895, and 1896 plat maps confirm this ownership record. An unsourced and undated biographical reference indicates that an 1875 Plat Map showed the “Welty’s House” located in Section 32, Township 9 South, Range 2 West. In 1878, R.J. Welty moved a portion of his bees to the foot of Charles Thomas Mountain, outside the Indian Reservation, on his return he found that his bees had been fenced in and the Indians defied him to remove them (San Diego Union June 4, 1879, 1:5). In the “History of California,” Guinn (1887:1495) states that: A goodly number of the men who were identified with the early American colonization of Southern California have been spared to witness its remarkable development and prosperity. Included in this class may be mentioned Richard J. Welty, who since the year 1866 has made his home in this section of the country and who has been a factor in its material growth. Born and reared in Illinois, he became a resident of Iowa in early life and there met and married Miss Mary Singleton, a native of the state….When the tide of immigration turned toward San Diego county in 1869 he took up land on the Pala road and for seven years superintended his ranch, which is now occupied by Victor Magee and is known as the McCumber Ranch. Drifting from the occupation of a rancher into the specialty of an apiarist, Mr. Welty established his home in Aguanga and for twelve years he engaged in the bee business, meanwhile becoming the owner of four apiaries, which he conducted in a profitable manner. At the same time he had charge of a cattle ranch at San Ignacio. During the year 1885 he came to Temecula, Riverside county, where he still makes his home. Soon after his arrival he bought real estate and erected a building for hotel purposes. Later this was destroyed by fire, and soon afterward he put up the Welty Hotel on the same site. For some time, this hotel was leased to other parties, but June 17, 1906, Mr. Welty again assumed its management and since then has been its popular and efficient landlord. In addition to this property he owns several houses in Temecula and has ranch property in the locality. The family of Mr. Welty now comprises the following-named daughters: Nancy E. who married William Kinkead of Moosa Canyon; Matilda at home, Hattie who was appointed postmaster at Temecula in 1898 and has held the office continuously with the exception of one and one-half years; Laura wife of Hugh McConville, the well known liveryman at Temecula; Mattie, Fronie and Allie. The daughters are educated and refined, possess charitable dispositions and high principles, and in their religious views favor the Baptist and Christian Churches. Fraternally Mr. Welty long ago became identified with the Masonic Order and has remained to the present time an ardent disciple of the fraternity’s principles of brotherhood and charity.
Michael Brandman Associates
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The 1892, 1895, 1896 and c. 1910 plat maps for the sections do not indicate owners or occupants in Sections 8 and 9. Only Section 4 contains ownership information. In the 1895, 1896, and c.1910 plat maps, Jacques Escallier owned 40 acres in the northeast quarter of Section 4. The Escallier family emigrated from France in the 1870s and several members settled in Northern California. Census records from the 1870s to the 1920s indicate that other members of the family resided in the Pala Township during this period. Jacques Escallier applied for a liquor license in 1892, which was granted by Township authorities. Louis Escallier was elected constable of the Pala Township in 1902. Members of the family still reside in San Diego County. By 1910, an additional owner has acquired property in Section 4. A. M. Lambaugh has acquired 120 acres in the east half of Section 4. A GLO on-line records search shows that the West half of the SE quarter of Section 4, all of the SE portion of Section 8 and the SW quarter of the SW quarter of Section 9 was patented by Everett Harvie Lea at the General Land Office in Los Angeles. Under 39 Stat. 862 (Homestead Entry-Stock Raising Act), a total of 300 acres was granted to him on May 19, 1936. According to www.ancestry.com, Lea was born in Victoria, Canada in September 1882, immigrated to southern California in October 1925 and applied for a declaration of intention to become a citizen in Los Angeles District Court in February 1928. His wife was named Caroline L. At that time, a person was required to reside in the United States for seven years before becoming a truly naturalized citizen. Records show Mr. Lea died in Riverside on April 9, 1972. Lea held no other title to other grantee lands in California per GLO records. A public school teacher, he resided at 1128 E 4th Street in Long Beach (this was an apartment building) when he applied for citizenship. The 1930 Census records show that a second, older woman resided with him, one Eleanor Phillippe (possibly a sister or sister in law). Aged 48 in 1930, Lea and Caroline had no children. Once Lea acquired the land in 1936, he had three years to make improvements to his properties, then full title would be granted and the land could be sold free and clear after that. It remains a mystery as to why a schoolteacher in Long Beach would lay claim to undeveloped property in San Diego County, but it is likely that it was a rather riskfree way of getting free land at a time when development and land values in California were increasing. Clearly, Lea did not have the ability to work the property and so any development plans he had had were quickly abandoned. A chain-of-title search shows that the Lea property in the NW quarter of the SE quarter belonged to the US Government when James Boynton Smith was given the deed on February 17, 1939. This suggests that Lea did not follow through on his claim per regulations associated with the StockRaising Act, but a structure and a water collection system at the north end of The Compound may have been built by Lea before Smith assumed title. As noted below, Smith was the recipient of much land in Section 9 (which is due south) and since he was able to retain title to the property after being granted ownership by the Government, improvements were probably made on the property following the regulations at the time. Smith then took the Lea land, which allowed him to link the acreage in Section 9 with the Pala-Temecula Road.
Michael Brandman Associates
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The South half of the SW quarter of Section 4 (80 acres), and 480 acres divided into 40 acre lots in Section 9 (Section 9 is located due south of Section 4), was patented by Smith at the General Land Office in Los Angeles on December 12, 1938 using the parameters of the Stock-Raising Act. According to www.ancestry.com, Smith was born in Marissa, Illinois on 19 June 1891 and was drafted into the military (World War I) on June 5, 1917. His military registration file indicated that he lived in Marissa and listed his occupation as a farmer. Smith held no other title to federal grantee land in California per GLO records. MBA’s archaeologist, Michael Dice, attempted to contact a research user of www.ancestry.com who has posted Smith’s baby picture, school photograph and older photograph of this person on the ancestry website, for the purposes of an interview regarding his life. The California Death Index does not list Smith, but ancestry.com researchers have noted that he died on June 25, 1974 in Long Beach. When Smith acquired the property in 1938, he was 57 years old and married to Estella May Smith (d. 1970). They had no known children. As noted above, once he acquired the property, Smith had three years to make improvements associated with raising stock. Instead, the chain-of-title showed that Smith deeded the Compound parcel to the “Olympian Society” on February 2, 1940 and deeded his properties in Section 9 as shown in Exhibit 4 to the same group forming a parcel of about 640 acres in total size. The term “Olympian” or ‘Olympic’ was often used in the 1940s and 1950s as a code word for naturist or nudist societies, and this type of organization became increasingly popular in the U.S. beginning about 1933. For example, “Olympic Fields” is the name of the first nudist colony established in southern California. Located on leased USDA Forest Service land in the hills west of Lake Elsinore, the retreat was first used in 1934 and finally closed in 2007. The “Olympian Club” is currently an operating nudist colony located off Railroad Canyon Road in Canyon Lake, California. It is not certain just when Mt. Olympus was named, but the 1942 Temecula California USGS topographic map names the high point “Olympus” and the main access road off Temecula-Pala Road with three buildings at the main house site are shown on the map. It is possible that most of the buildings in The Compound were built for a small privately funded nudist group as the structures, walls and landscaping are quite extensive and appear to have been built over a several year period. Minor remodeling to the main house and nearby structures appears to have been done in the 1970s and it is likely that the complex had no electricity until the early 1950s. On May 26, 1953, the Olympian Society deeded the property to Whitney H. (Hart) Slocomb (a writein presidential candidate for the Greenback Party in 1960) and Jewell Ray Slocomb. Despite numerous websites stating that W.H. Slocomb was a woman, he was born in Ohio in 1895 and died in Los Angeles on 25 September 1962. The Slocomb’s were married: Whitney was a very obscure author while Jewell was an economist and the author of several nationalistic pamphlets and books on economics. Slocomb’s father, George Whitney Slocomb, was an English economist. Slocomb’s first imprints occurred in 1931 and 1933 and half of his published works were self-published in Los Angeles. The Meador Press, located in Connecticut, published several of his books. Slocomb and his running mate, Edward Kirby Meador, likely garnered very small vote totals, as they were write-in candidates on most ballots. The Greenback Party, not to be confused with an 1874-1888 version,
Michael Brandman Associates
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emerged in 1918 and ran Presidential candidates until the 1960 campaign. An Edmonds, Washington grocer, Frederick C. Proehl, was nominated by the Party for a 1952 run and again in 1956 with a running mate, E.K. Meador. After Proehl retired, Slocomb and Meador were the nominees. Greenback Party candidates favored the same types of freewheeling economic policies their 1870s ancestors desired: abolition of government-backed bonds, and the elimination of the Federal Reserve Bank as a tool of the wealthy. Greenbackers believed that paper money should not be backed by hard currency. The Compound may have seen some improvements between 1953 and 1959, but it is likely that no improvements were made to the cabins and facilities west of the main house. Given his background, it is suspected that Slocomb may have belonged to nudist organizations and bought the camp for that purpose. In 1959, prices for backcountry property were probably low, as a series of small recessions had plagued the economy during the latter years of the Eisenhower Administration. Slocomb deeded the combined properties to Alfred and Julia V. Morris and John and Carol Cianfrani on February 13 1959. The Cianfrani’s held title for five days deeding to the Morris’s on February 18, 1959. Alfred Morris was born December 31, 1917 and died on December 15, 2008 (data on Alfred Morris found at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=34850792). Morris was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island and was of Irish and Scottish ancestry. Morris served as a Sergeant in the U.S. Army from 1942 to 1946, serving in Africa and Europe and was injured by a land mine. While living in the Temecula area, he worked as a well driller at the Murrieta Machine Shop. Morris married Julia Vidosic Slama on January 21, 1951. They moved from Hermosa Beach to the Mt. Olympus property in 1956 (late 1950s magazines with a Hermosa Beach address were found in one of the green cabins on the Compound site). After selling the property, he moved to Murrieta and his wife died June 2, 2002. Given Morris’s background, it is likely the nudist activities at the camp had been abandoned. This means little may have been done to maintain the cabins and facilities west of the main house. The Morris’s probably lived at the main house until they sold it the property to the Ariaudos and Campbell’s in 1976. Arnold A. and Belva A. Ariaundo and M. Brent and Rita L. Campbell took possession of the combined properties on October 29, 1976. Dr. Arnold Ariaudo graduated from USC as a dentist in 1934. Dr. M. Brent Campbell was a psychiatrist practicing in San Diego in the 1970s. Little else is known of both physicians. The Ariaudos and Campbells sold the property to the County of San Diego on November 14, 1991, when Arnold Ariaundo was 74. Given the fact that improvements to The Compound do not appear to have been made between 1976 and 1991, both parties may have used the land as a vacation retreat during their ownership period. The Compound includes multiple buildings in various states of ruin with a variety of uses. The property has been graded to form several flat areas for use as building sites or other undetermined uses. The property has both native and ornamental vegetation, including ceanothus, chaparral pea, mimulous, peonies, jade plant, giant oleanders, cacti, succulents, yellow and white jonquils, mixed in
Michael Brandman Associates
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with large oak and eucalyptus trees. Various sized unmortared rock walls were used as retaining walls along the road, in front of houses or cabins and as foundations for some of the buildings.
It is possible that most of the buildings in The Compound were built for a small privately funded group of vacationers because the structures, walls and landscaping are quite extensive and appear to have been built over a several-year period. Minor remodeling to the main house and nearby structures appears to have been done in the 1970s and it is likely that the complex had no electricity until the early 1950s.
An unsourced and undated article was provided by preserve rangers regarding Mt. Olympus, entitled “Mt. Olympus and Temecula’s Cult,” written by local resident, Gene Knott. The article discusses a story about the property and states: The story has been banging around for quite some time. My father told it to me many years ago…Temecula wasn’t without its own cult of believers. Down the road about three miles south of the present Pechanga Casino on Riverside County S-16 is a tunnel bored into the side of the hill. Nobody knows how far back it goes, but some followers who believed in another person’s dream dug it by hand. I don’t remember the names of the two people who led these followers, so let’s just call them Smith and Jones. Mr. Smith had a vision that the area was the Holy Land and the center of the hill contained a biblical city and somewhere in the upper level of this hill they would discover Noah’s Ark! They called this hill Mt. Olympus! Smith’s partner believed this story and the two started to preach to others about their beliefs and soon they had a following. They built a few small dwellings on their property to house their new members, who provided the labor to dig the tunnel to locate the lost city. Some people talked of gold and riches that this close knit group was after, but it was their belief in God and their interpretation of the Bible that drove them to dig in the earth. Today they would be called religious fanatics…Years later after the property changed hands, I talked to the owner and asked if he knew nothing about Mr. Smith and if the tunnel still existed. He said it did but the entrance was boarded shut. I asked if he had ever been back into the tunnel. He said, ‘No, it isn’t even shored.’ I asked if he had any idea how far into Mt. Olympus the tunnel went, and he said he had taken a mirror to reflect sunlight and had shoved it into the tunnel. The tunnel curved so he couldn’t see very far, but it went back a heck of a long way. No evidence was found during the survey or other research associated with the project to corroborate this article. The adit marker identified on the USGS map was researched by a field visit guided by GPS systems. There is no evidence of any mine openings, tailings, or roads leading to the marker. The location does coincide with the markers identified as P37030649 (Appendix D).
Michael Brandman Associates
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2.3 - Ethnography
2.3.1 - The Luiseño The Luiseño spoke a language that belongs to the Cupan group of the Takic subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan language family, a language family that includes the Shoshonean groups of the Great Basin (Bean and Shipek 1978). The northern portion of the Luiseño traditional use area is also affiliated with the term Juaneño, but along the ocean coast only. In the 1920s and 1930s, A. Kroeber and J.P. Harrington used this designation to separate the native groups associated with the Mission San Juan Capistrano (est. 1776) from the groups associated with the Mission San Luis Rey (est. 1798). Later studies indicated that the Juaneño and Luiseño groups spoke closely related languages, both part of the Takic subfamily, and once shared many common cultural traits. The language studies indicated that the Juaneño and Luiseño are ethnologically and linguistically an ethnic nationality (Bean and Shipek 1978). Scholars generally use the term Luiseño when discussing the Takic speaking groups associated with both the Mission San Luis Rey and the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Some of the first known narratives associated with Luiseño creation myths are found in DuBois (1908), with additional commentaries by Kroeber (1908) and Harrington (1933). These researchers were among the first to separate the Luiseño from the Juaneño on the basis of linguistic differences, but are now considered a single ethnographic entity. Bean and Shipek (1978) summarize the most significant research on this issue made by the early ethnographic researchers before the last of the original informants died. Bean and Shipek noted that the policy of the Mission padres at San Luis Rey was to maintain Luiseño settlement patterns. Visitations to area villages were made and for the most part this pattern held until secularization in 1834. Generally, the Luiseño were characterized by the occupation of sedentary villages in subsistence territories that permitted them to reach the majority of their resources within a day’s walk. Villages were commonly located along valley bottoms, streams, or coastal strands. From October to November, much of the village population moved to temporary camps in the mountains to harvest acorns and hunt game. Inland groups also had fishing and gathering spots on the coast that they visited annually. In comparison with the Gabrieliño and Cahuilla, the Luiseño appear to have had higher population density and a more rigid social structure. The Luiseño patterns may have been relatively stable until mission secularization in 1834. Instability could have resulted from the policy of the Catholic Mission fathers or padres to maintain important European traditional style settlement and economic patterns (Bean and Shipek 1978). Currently, many traditional tribal groups characterize the region as their ancestral homeland and their elders believe that they have resided in the area for thousands of years (http://www.pechangansn.gov/page?pageId=6 and http://www.lajollaindians.com/History/) The history of Pala is both interesting from a historic standpoint in that the current reservation was the creation of the U.S.
Michael Brandman Associates
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Government in 1875 for locally displaced Luiseño peoples. Even so, attempts were made to remove them for the next 30 years. Historians have never identified the location of the original village at Pala (True and Griset 1988) but apparently the San Luis Rey river bottom near Pala was being utilized by the ancestors of Luiseño peoples when the Spanish established Missions in the late 1700s. The Cupeños once occupied a territory 10 square miles in area in a mountainous region at the headwaters of the San Luis Rey River in the valley of San Jose de Valle. Linguistically, their language appears closer to Cahuilla than Luiseño (Bean and Smith 1978). Much of the Cupeño homeland was given to Juan Jose Warner in 1853 by the State Lands Commission, who promptly created a cattle ranch some 47,000 acres in size. Warner Springs was a popular hot springs in the center of the ranch and several thousand acres of land was purchased by California Governor Downey in 1880, who then attempted to removed the Cupeños. After years of litigation, the Cupeños at Warner Springs were forced to move to Pala in reaction to a Supreme Court ruling in 1903. Tradition holds that the people living at Warner Springs when the Spanish arrived were ‘Mountain Cahuilla’ whom had originated from a village in what is now the Soboba Reservation.
2.4 - Previous Research in the Area
In the 1940s and 1950s, local ranchers and farmers knew of dozens of large archaeological sites that had been disturbed during their agricultural development activities. Delbert L. True undertook the first fieldwork in the Pauma Valley in the late 1940s and early 1950s (True 1954, 1958). True, having been sponsored by the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and probably a graduate student there, published his interpretations in American Antiquity, the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, and in yearly University summaries of sponsored anthropological fieldwork. Undertaken many decades prior to the advent of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) contractual archaeology, the goal of this work was to understand why changes in site types and toolkits took place over time, how old each of the identifiable divisions were, and how they fit into the earlier concepts of Malcolm Rogers and other important California archaeologists. Processural archaeology was in its infancy, and the region held no baseline information until these studies were made. Out of this work came the concept of the Intermediate Period Pauma Complex and the Late Prehistoric Period San Luis Rey I and II Complexes. These historical conceptualizations are still used when specific periodic questions are addressed. True studied sites overlooking the San Luis River and of a number of the river’s tributaries including Frey Creek (True and Waugh 1982, True and Beemer 1982), Agua Tibia Creek (True 1958), and Marion Canyon (True 1958). True and Waugh (1982) believed that San Luis Rey peoples were the direct ancestors of Luiseños who did not live on the coast, while the temporally and ethnically similar Cuyamaca Complex demonstrated a precursor to the Kumeyaay (True 1958). True and Waugh proposed this concept because the first Luiseño ethnographic informants described their lifestyle as one where, “food resources were collected as part of a seasonal round of subsistence activities that exploited a variety of plant and animal species starting along the lowland thermal belt in early spring,
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Background
and working upslope over increasingly higher elevations through the late spring” (True and Beemer 1982:34). The winter camps (these camps are considered villages) were located on the western foot of Palomar Mountain near reliable water sources, while the summer camps were on the mountain itself. The proto-Luiseños considered the social and economic pattern described by True and Waugh. No ocean-to-Pauma Valley movement was postulated because interior Luiseños had no regular ocean-rounds and ocean-derived artifacts are not found at archaeological sites in any great quantity. True and Waugh suggest shifts in settlement pattern through time where, during San Luis Rey I, the winter camps are considered temporary and smaller. Transitioning to San Luis Rey II, the winter camps had slowly become real villages that were more established, larger and located in areas with year-round or nearly year-round water resources. Pottery was being used during this period. These concepts appear to have been based on logical conclusions rooted in ethnographic and survey studies rather than data derived from excavated sites. Nonetheless, the concepts formed testable models that have largely withstood time.
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Records Search Results and Research Methods
SECTION 3: RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS AND RESEARCH METHODS
The primary purpose of a cultural resource survey and site inventory is to locate and document previously recorded or new cultural resource sites that are more than 45 years old within the project area, and to determine whether such resources will be or could be impacted by planning and future development. Following State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Survey Guidelines, research designs for general inventory studies do not require specific details, whereas research designs for reports that judge the historical significance of cultural resources do. A research context can provide the background necessary to support resource expectations before the survey is completed.
3.1 - Research Context
Previous research near the Preserve can provide a general basic understanding of cultural resources found within the project area. While little historical and archaeological work has been done on lands on or within a mile of the Preserve margins, as described in Section 2 above, research on the postcontact history of north San Diego County, the history of peoples living on and near the San Luis Rey River, and the land ownership history and background of person obtaining land from the government through various public claims acts can provide a starting point for further research. General topic areas common to southern California prehistory include 1) prehistoric chronology, 2) subsistence strategies, 3) settlement patterning, 4) exchange, and 5) tool technology. Historic topic areas include 1) land use, 2) personal backgrounds, and3) construction timetables. These general topics are contexts of research are difficult to address at the inventory level of analysis, but do provide a background for making statements about what is seen during an inventory. These topic allow for site type and content to be understood and evaluated within the framework of the local site area as well as in the broader context of the region.
3.2 - Survey Assumptions and Goals
The goals of any cultural resource survey are to determine whether cultural resources are located within or near a defined project area, what type of resources are present or could be present, and to predict the chance for future discoveries of sites in the project area. Survey assumptions were based upon the results of the record search conducted at the SCIC, and these consisted of the following: 1. The probability for detecting prehistoric archaeological sites in the project area appears to be low because the hillier portions of the Preserve are extremely steep and native peoples preferred flatter locations. In addition, while there are prehistoric sites located on mesa tops in this region, the Preserve project area is covered with dense chaparral, which is very difficult to walk through. Finally, there does not appear to be any creeks with reliable water in the Preserve, which would tend to limit the size of prehistoric sites and make the development of historic wells difficult in this area.
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2. The probability for detecting historic resources appears to be low, because the project area is located in an area that was not ceded to homesteading or stock raising until the 1930s. Miners probably examined the mesa, but the potential for minerals given the geological background of the property appears to be low. The goal of this study is to determine whether cultural resources are located within the Preserve, and whether they will or will not be directly impacted by any future Preserve modifications. A second goal must be to determine whether any existing cultural resources should be considered potentially significant resources. Finally, specific protections should be developed that will address potential impacts to existing resources or buried resources. To achieve these goals, the study consisted of six distinct efforts: 1. Review previously detected cultural resource sites and studies in the region. 2. Examine archived aerial photographs, topographic maps, and road maps. 3. Request of NAHC Sacred Lands File record search and contact with appropriate tribal groups and individuals. 4. Conduct a survey of the project area. 5. Development of recommendations to preserve and protect and avoid the cultural resources. 6. Complete California State Department of Parks and Recreation forms for any newly discovered sites or update existing forms with new information. 3.2.1 - Definitions of Sites and Isolates Prehistoric and historic cultural resource sites can vary in form and function from area to area, and County regulations (CSD 2007a, CSD 2007b) do not provide a description of minimum qualities for a “site.” For the purposes of this study, prehistoric and historic cultural resource sites are minimally defined as a cluster of three or more items, such as lithics, stone tools, glass, cans, etc., that are not from a single source or material found within a 10 square meter area. Historic sites that could qualify as significant in California are typically more than 45 years old or have the potential to be more than 45 years old at the time of development activity. These definitions assume that items found in an area with a diversity of materials can represent more than a single activity at a location. Discrete components of a site, also known as loci, may be identified to represent repeated activity, such as milling stations, hearths, or isolated structures.
3.3 - Record Search Methods
3.3.1 - Information Center Search The primary purpose of a cultural resource record search is to determine what cultural resources have been recorded near or within the project area, and whether such resources will be or could be impacted by development. A cultural resource literature search was conducted by MBA Cultural
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Resources Staff at the SCIC, which is located at California State University, San Diego. Since the project area is in the immediate vicinity of the Riverside County line, a records search was also conducted at the Eastern Information Center located at the University of California, Riverside. This determined the existence of previously documented cultural resources within the Area of Potential Effect (APE), and within one mile of the project APE. The records searches included reviews of archival maps and examinations of current inventories of:
• National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) • California Register of Historical Resources (CR) • California Historical Landmarks (CHL) • California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) • California State Historic Resources Inventory (HRI)
3.4 - Applicable Regulations
Federal, State, and local agencies have developed laws and regulations designed to protect significant cultural resources that may be affected by projects regulated, funded, or undertaken by these agencies. At the State-level of analysis, a cultural resource site may be considered an historical resource if it is significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military or cultural annals of California per Public Resources Code (PRC) § 5020.1(j); or if it meets the criteria for listing on the CR per California Code of Regulations (CCR) at Title 14 CCR § 4850. The project does not require a federal (Section 106-level) analysis of site significance because there is no direct federal nexus associated with the project. Review of federal laws help augment an understanding of State and County compliance requirements. 3.4.1 - Federal Federal agencies are required to consider the effects of their actions on historic properties and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment on such undertakings under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Federal agencies are responsible for initiating Section 106 review and completing the steps in the process that are outlined in the regulations. They must determine if Section 106 applies to a given project and, if so, initiate review in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and/or Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO). The NHPA established the National Register of Historic Properties (NRHP) as the official federal list for cultural resources that are considered important for their historical significance at the National level of analysis. To be determined eligible for listing in the NRHP, properties must meet specific criteria for historic significance and possess certain levels of integrity of form, location, and setting. The Section 106 process requires that any federal or federally assisted undertaking, or any undertaking requiring federal licensing or permitting, consider the effect of the action on historic properties listed in or eligible for the NRHP. Resource eligibility for listing on the NRHP is detailed
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in 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63 and the criteria for resource evaluation are found in 36 CFR Part 60.4 [a-d]. The criteria allows the technical specialist to determine a resources’ significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture as present in districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects. Such resources must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. In addition, a resource must meet one or all of these eligibility criteria: 1. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; 2. Is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; 3. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; possess high artistic values, represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; and 4. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criterion D is usually reserved for archaeological resources. Eligible properties must meet at least one of the criteria and exhibit integrity, measured by the degree to which the resource retains its historical properties and conveys its historical character.
Criteria Considerations
Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, buildings that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years are generally not considered eligible for the NRHP. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories: a) A religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; b) A building or structure removed from its original location, which is primarily significant for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; c) A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building associated with his or her productive life; d) A cemetery that derives its primary importance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events;
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e) A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; f) A property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own exceptional significance; and g) A property achieving significance within the past 50 years, if it is of exceptional importance.
Thresholds of Significance
In consultation with the SHPO/THPO and other entities that attach religious and cultural significance to identified historic properties, the Agency shall apply the criteria of adverse effect to historic properties within the APE. The Agency official shall consider the views of consulting parties and the public when considering adverse effects.
Federal Criteria of Adverse Effects
Under federal regulations, 36 CFR Part 800.5, an adverse effect is found when an undertaking alters, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualifies the property for inclusion in the NRHP in a manner that diminishes the integrity of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Consideration will be given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property, including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property’s eligibility for listing in the NRHP. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time, be further removed in distance, or be cumulative. According to 36 CFR Part 800.5, adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to, those listed below:
• Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property; • Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization,
hazardous material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with the US Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties per 36 CFR Part 68 and applicable guidelines;
• Removal of the property from its historic location; • Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property’s
setting that contribute to its historic significance;
• Introduction of visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the
property’s significant historic features;
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• Neglect of a property that causes its deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration
are recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization; and
• Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of federal ownership or control without adequate and
legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long term preservation of the property’s historic significance.
If Adverse Effects Are Found
If adverse effects are found, the agency official shall continue consultation as stipulated in 36 CFR Part 800.6. The agency official shall consult with the SHPO/THPO and other consulting parties to develop alternatives to the undertaking that could avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects to historic resources. According to 36 CFR Part 800.14(d), if adverse effects cannot be avoided then standard treatments established by the ACHP may be used as a basis for Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). According to 36 CFR Part 800.11(e), the filing of an approved MOA, and appropriate documentation, concludes the Section 106 process. The MOA must be signed by all consulting parties and approved by the ACHP prior to construction activities. If no adverse affects are found and the SHPO/THPO or the ACHP do not object within 30 days of receipt, the agencies’ responsibilities under Section 106 will be satisfied upon completion of the report and documentation as stipulated in 36 CFR Part 800.11. The information must be made available for public review upon request, excluding information covered by confidentiality provisions. 3.4.2 - State The most recent amendments to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines direct lead agencies to evaluate cultural resources, if impacts to them are anticipated through the agency action, for listing in the CR. If the resource is an “historical resource”, in that it is listed or is eligible for listing in the CR, potential adverse impacts to it must be considered per PRC § 21084.1 and 21083.2(l). If the resource is evaluated and is considered not to be an historical resource, but meets the definition of a “unique archeological resource” as defined in PRC § 21083.2, then it would be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section. A unique resource is described as an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets one or more of the following criteria: 5. Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information. 6. Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type.
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7. Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person. A “non-unique archaeological resource” means an archaeological artifact, object, or site that does not meet the criteria for eligibility for listing on the CR, as noted in subdivision (g) of PRC § 21083.2. A non-unique archaeological resource requires no further consideration, other than simple recording of its components and features. Isolated artifacts are typically considered non-unique archaeological resources because they lack the contextual information associated with the whole. Historic structures that have had their superstructures demolished or removed can be considered historic archaeological sites and are evaluated following the processes used for prehistoric sites. Finally, OHP recognizes an age threshold of 45 years. Cultural resources built less than 45 years ago may qualify for consideration, but only under the most extraordinary circumstances. Title 14, CCR, Chapter 3 § 15064.5 is associated with determining the significance of impacts to archeological and historical resources. Here, the term historical resource includes the following: 1. A resource listed in, or determined eligible by the State Historical Resources Commission, for listing in the CR (PRC § 5024.1; Title 14 CCR, § 4850 et seq.). 2. A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in PRC § 5020.1(k) or identified as significant in an historical resource survey meeting the PRC § 5024.1(g) requirements, shall be presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant. 3. Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript, which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered a historical resource, provided the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be historically significant if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (PRC § 5024.1; Title 14 CCR § 4852) including the following: A. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage. B. Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past. C. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values. D. Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
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Typically, prehistoric sites exhibiting significant features qualify for the CR under Criterion D because such features have information important to the prehistory of California. A lead agency may determine that a resource may be a historical resource as defined in PRC §§ 5020.1(j) or 5024.1 even if it is:
• Not listed in or determined to be eligible for listing in the CR • Not included in a local register of historical resources pursuant to PRC § 5020.1(k) • Identified in an historical resources survey per PRC § 5024.1(g)
3.4.3 - County of San Diego DPR technical consultants are mandated to follow cultural resource codes and restrictions associated with the County of San Diego General Plan (1973, as amended 1992) and any County-approved Ordinances. The County has recently issued a new Draft Environmental Impact Report for a General Plan Update and as of the date of this report, the document is undergoing public comment. The County of San Diego has a Resource Protection Ordinance (RPO: Code of Regulatory Ordinances Sections 86.601-86.608) which requires that “cultural resources be evaluated as part of the County’s discretionary environmental review process and if any resources are determined significant under RPO, they must be preserved. RPO prohibits development, trenching, grading, clearing and grubbing, or any other activity or use damaging to significant prehistoric or historic site lands, except for scientific investigations with an approved research design prepared by an archaeologist certified by the [RPA]. Sites determined RPO significant must be avoided and preserved.” The County of San Diego Land Use and Environment Group has recently issued a document associated with report format and context requirements for all cultural resource technical analyses (CSD 2007b). As noted in the County Parks’ Statement of Work (SOW) for this project, MBA is required to follow this reporting format as closely as possible. As noted previously, the County has also issued a document associated with the Guidelines for Determining Significance (2007a). This document allows the researcher to determine the significance of cultural resources and severity of impacts to cultural resources. Procedures discussed in these two documents must be followed for projects that may require impacts to any cultural resource. Resource not evaluated for significance are automatically considered significant. 3.4.4 - Tribal Consultation Consultation with local tribes on any matter concerning cultural resources, especially prehistoric resources, is recommended for any project that involves potential impacts to cultural resources on lands owned or protected by a California public agency. Local governments should notify the appropriate tribes of the opportunity to conduct consultation for preserving or mitigating impacts to cultural places located on land within the local government’s jurisdiction that is affected by the
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adoption or amendment of an environmental plan. In brief, notices from government to the tribes should include:
• A clear statement of purpose; • A description of the proposed general or specific plan, the reason for the proposal, and the • • • •
specific geographic areas affected; Detailed maps to accompany the description; Deadline date for the tribes to respond; Government representative(s) contact information; and Contact information for project proponent/applicant, if applicable.
3.5 - Records Search Results
A cultural resource literature search was conducted by MBA Cultural Resources Staff at the SCIC on April 29, 2009. This determined the existence of previously documented cultural resources within the APE, and within one-quarter mile of the project APE. The records searches included reviews of archival maps and examinations of current inventories of the:
• National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) • California Register of Historical Resources (CR) • California Historical Landmarks (CHL) • California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) • California State Historic Resources Inventory (HRI)
According to the SCIC files, several linear surveys and a few block transect surveys on lands surrounding the project area have been conducted within a 0.25-mile search radius surrounding the Preserve. Of these, only the SDGE transmission line survey by Walker and Bule (1979) may have crossed into the project area. This was a reconnaissance survey that passed between Section 8 and 9 in the western portion of the Preserve. A report issued by the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG 2000) was associated with a Draft Conceptual Area Protection Plan filed with the SCIC, but the plan contains no archaeological information and no survey was undertaken. SCIC files indicated that there no known cultural resources are located within the project area, and that one historic trash scatter (P#37-024933) is known within the 0.25-mile search radius.
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Field Methods
SECTION 4: FIELD METHODS
Because of vegetation density and steepness of many areas, MBA staff performed a reconnaissance survey. Here, we examined all ground located in flat and cleared areas adjacent to all of the existing trails, and all the ground near The Compound (P37-030647), and any bare rocks that could be accessed from the existing trails. As noted above, only those areas deemed safe to walk were examined: in general, this included ground with 20 percent slopes or less and ground that did not exhibit thick stands of chaparral. Exhibit 5 below shows the relationship between the Preserve project area, ground that could be surveyed and areas of the Preserve in which surveys could not be performed due to extreme topography or vegetation density.
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Archaelogical Resources
SECTION 5: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
MBA staff identified two new historic sites (The Compound or P37-030647), a small single room structure with an outhouse (P37-030648), a new prehistoric pictograph site (P37-030652) and an isolated historic engineering feature (P37-030649) during the survey. Primary records (DPR523 series) have been developed for each and final versions of the forms were submitted to the SCIC after primary numbers were assigned to them. These records are located in Appendix D Attempts were made to determine when the property’s numerous trails were cut and structures built, and what qualities they exhibited through time. Three aerial photographs were purchased from www.historicaerials.com (1946: Exhibit 6, 1967: Exhibit 7 and 1978: Exhibit 8) and many of the trails visible in 1967 image were walked during the survey. Exhibits 6, 7, and 8 focus on the eastern portions of the Preserve since no cultural resources were found in the western portion and the trails displayed on the aerial photos appear to be confined to the eastern portion. Other trails are now severely overgrown such that the purpose of them is not now possible to ascertain. Main trails were cleared using a bulldozer as the largest trails exhibited dozer-related berms on either side. The expense associated with this activity is somewhat mysterious because it is assumed that the presumed nudist colony abandoned its cause on our about 1959.
5.1 - The Compound Complex: P37-030647
Numerous buildings were located on the grounds of The Compound over several visits to the site, and other features may still be hidden beneath heavy vegetation. Poison oak covered much of the property and although this noxious plant dies off in summer, the existence of it and the extremely dense vegetation made crawling through underbrush in search of structural elements difficult. A map of this site is found on the DPR523 form in Appendix D as well as Exhibit 9. Exhibit 9 shows an aerial view of the site with features and structures still visible at the date of the aerial plotted on the exhibit. The site consists of numerous small wood framed structures with distinctive purposes constructed between about 1938 and the 1970s with the main period of building likely from 1940-1947. Located on a gated dirt driveway from the west side of Pala-Temecula Road, the site appears to have been used as a residence starting about 1938, then a vacation or resort complex between 1940 and 1958, then may have been a single family residence after about 1958. The property is likely to have been completely abandoned in the late 1970s, with DPR acquiring the property in 1991. Rarely do abandoned historic building complexes in southern California survive intact: this is one of those complexes. The complex is located on a series of benches facing east and the driveway leads to abandoned dirt roads on the Mt. Olympus plateau. Road access may have served as a fire lookout complex in Section 9 during the 1960s.
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Archaelogical Resources
Little domestic trash is located on-site, which typically suggests that the resort occupants may have stayed on the property seasonally, cleaning up completely as a matter of course and locking the gate below. An extensive runoff collection system appears to have been used since the beginning of the development where water was collected from upslope drainages, piped to the site then stored in cement cisterns. In the professional experience of the Lead Author, this type of water collection system was common in the Inland Empire during the 1930s and 1940s. Power was probably supplied to the complex through a private connection to SDG&E lines presumably in the early 1960s. Structure 1: (Exhibit 10a). This structure, a garage with shed roof, measures 32 feet 2 inches (NWSE) x 18 feet (NE-SW) with four divisions for vehicles. The roof is constructed of sheet metal and the siding is vertical wood siding. The southwest elevation consists of four sets of large double swing doors with horizontal wood siding. The northwest elevation consists of three small storage units adjacent to the garage. The south elevation is collapsed, but there is evidence of a concrete foundation extending out six feet northeast. The southeast elevation consists of a collapsed structure attached to the garage, and it measures 36 feet (NE-SW) x 8 feet (NW-SE). Several large metal cylinder containers were observed inside and outside of the garage, and a dismantled truck was located within the garage. Intact structure section 1A can be observed on the 1946 www.historicaerial.com photograph, but this had collapsed by the time the Google Earth aerial image (Exhibit 9) was taken. Structure 2: This is a standard but collapsed outhouse or small (8 feet x 3 feet 7 inches x 5 feet) wooden storage structure. Feature 3: This is a small outbuilding that is located on a path that passes under a wooden gate. The feature consists of a rock-walled terrace, a few wooden implements (ladder, storage boxes) and what looks to be a collapsed shed roof. Fencing around the feature suggests an animal enclosure. Feature 4: This is a pond or open water storage reservoir that was located off the driveway between the garage and the house. The feature measures about 12 x 10 feet in size and exhibits drylaid rock masonry. Water appears to have been shunted into the feature from upslope and a cement pad near one corner probably represents where a pump was used to draw water. Feature 5: This appears to be a birdhouse constructed of a wood frame and surrounded with chicken wire. Wooden perches are located inside of the structure. The entire structure measures 12 feet x 5 feet. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form s and is too small to be seen on the aerial Structure 6: This is a small (10 feet NW-SE x 6 feet NE-SW) storage shed/building painted white with single-walled construction, with a cobble foundation, and cement floor. The southwest elevation consists of one wood frame door. Feature 7: This is a large boulder in the yard of the main house northeast of the structure. The boulder is surrounded by a low rock wall that forms a planter. The rock wall is typical of the complex
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and such walls are located almost everywhere on the complex grounds. Walls near Feature 23 are rock with mortar but the rest are drylaid. The fact that such walls were used everywhere and are the same except near Feature 23 suggest that after an initial building period at the north end, the main complex was built within a few years time. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial Structure 8: (Exhibit 10a). This small structure (28 feet NW-SE x 24 feet 5 inches NE-SW) is constructed with horizontal wood lap siding painted white, with a gabled, green asphalt shingle roof and a cobble foundation. The residence consists are four rooms including a kitchen, bathroom, dining room and bedroom. A spring mattress was observed inside the bedroom. The interior walls are constructed of brown wooden panels, and the floor throughout is cement. The southwest elevation consists of a screened porch that extends 9 feet southwest of the main entrance. There are two windows on the northern portion of the southwest face and one door that leads into the kitchen. The northwest elevation consists of two wood frame windows, and concrete steps that lead to one wood frame door. The northeast elevation consists of four wood-frame windows. The southeast elevation consists of two windows. Along the edge of the residence’s southeast face are the remains of a succulent plant garden. Beyond the garden is a transmission line and poles running northeast to southwest. In addition, there are two power poles located north and northwest of what is presumed to be the Main House. Structure 9: This is a one-story structure with plaster siding, front gabled roof with green asphalt shingles and a cement floor. The southeast elevation consists of a single wood frame door leading into the house and one window. The northeast, northwest and southwest elevations each consist of one window. Two shelves are attached to the walls inside of the single-room house. Structure 10: This is another building with construction similar to Structure 1; however, it has three rooms because of an extension on the east side. It has a gable roof and plaster siding. There is one large living room, a small kitchen and a small room north of the kitchen. The floor is covered by deteriorated purple and blue shag rug carpeting. Structure 11: The structure is a standard wooden outhouse with a corrugated metal roof and a moon on the entrance door. It was not painted green, as were most of the structures. Feature 12: This is a windmill with a square wooden base and a concrete foundation surrounding the wooden base measuring 6 feet 5 inches x 6 feet 5 inches. It is constructed with steel and cables. There is a metal cistern located next to the windmill with a diameter of 5 feet 6 inches and is three feet high. The windmill tower is roughly 25 feet to 30 feet tall and the mill blades are chained to the top of the tower so they cannot move. The purpose of the windmill was to draw water out of the concrete cistern and into the metal tank, but one wonders if any wind passes through the canyon such that the mill could turn. Feature 12 is somewhat mysterious because well water was needed after a hot water heater was added to the main house. It is likely the Feature 12 was a concrete cistern used
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to store water collected from uphill springs, but may have been converted to a well through excavation later in The Compound developmental history. Structure 13: (Exhibit 10b). This is a bathhouse with a gable roof, horizontal wood siding and two rooms. The north room has shelves and two large sinks. The southern room has a drain and a showerhead. The building measures 12 feet (NW-SE) x 8 feet (NE-SW) x 9 feet high. The north elevation consists of one window and one door. The east elevation consists of three windows. Two of the windows are on the north room and one window is in the south room. The south elevation consists of one window and one door. The west elevation has no doors, windows or decoration of any kind. There is a rock alignment that runs NW-SE about four feet east of the bathhouse. There is also a large clothes wheel made of a wooden post and wires for drying clothing about 10 feet northeast of the bathhouse. There are still clothing pins hanging on the wires. Feature 14: This is a one-hole outhouse painted green and is the same size as others on the property. Feature 15: This feature consists of a small metal shed that has collapsed completely and is covered in poison oak, which did not allow for an accurate measurement. It is likely not an outhouse as it has metal siding. Structure 16: (Exhibit 10b). This is a green-painted cabin located near the main trail and is the most northerly cabin of a group of three structures. Mortared rock steps lead from the trail to the entrance. A single room, approximately 14 x 12 feet in size, the structure exhibits screened windows and is built in the same manner as Structure 18 and 19 located on the same man-made bench to the south. This building rests somewhat more downslope than the latter buildings and required stabilization of the foundation through a short rock wall along the eastern side of the building. Structure 17: This is a green painted cabin located between the group of three green cabins (S16, S18 and S19) and the group of two non-green cabins. Crushed by a fallen tree, it is likely similar in form to the three-group cabins. This structure is plotted on the DPR523 form and is screened by overhead vegetation on the aerial Structure 18: (Exhibit 10c). This is a small cabin measuring about 12 by 14 feet in size. It consists of a single room with two windows facing east and one window facing south. Painted green, the structure is built similarly to Structure 16 and has a well-constructed dry-laid rock wall on the downslope side that supports the terrace. Metal pipe runs to the building supplying it with water; however, there is no electricity. The building has no insulation, and was once heated with a woodstove. Rafters emanate from a mid-axis positioned parallel with the slope. The cabin has a post and beam foundation with lapwood siding and tongue and groove flooring. The hardware appears post-war.
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Archaelogical Resources
Structure 19: This is a small structure built the same as Structure 18. It has completely collapsed under the weight of the roof. It is apparent that the builders leveled off the natural terrace, slope, and built a rock wall to fit both cabins in place securely. Structure 20: (Exhibit 10c). This is a cabin about 20 x 14 feet in size and about 15 feet tall at the peak. This is distinctive in that late 1950s magazines mostly from the summer-fall months were located in the structure. Several are addressed to 900 15th Street, Hermosa Beach, California. The structure is not painted green nor ever was and exhibits dark wood window trim and lap siding. This structure rests on a stone and mortar foundation that is situated on a terrace supported by drylaid masonry. Structure 21 lies directly north. Research showed that the Morris’s lived in Hermosa Beach before they began living on The Compound on or about 1958. Structure 21: This is very similar to Structure 20 except that the window trims and doorframes have been painted white. Reddish plywood is found in the interior: this is the same as that found inside the main house, Structure 8. A path lying between the two cabin structures in this area is rather short but connects with an overgrown one leading to a set of isolated wooden stairs, Feature 27. Structure 22: This is a large shed covered in corrugated metal. Measuring 24 x 12 feet in width and about 14 feet high, the purpose of the structure was to hold an automobile, but interior bins and shelving was added later indicating that it served as a place where small items could be stored for quick access. Swinging doors are located at both ends but the southern door has been blocked off so that the only access is from the north. The shed contains a few jars and oilcans. Feature 23: This consists of a rock-walled terrace and abandoned structure foundation about 25 x 35 feet in size. There are no superstructure fragments nearby and none is visible in the 1946 aerial photograph. The foundation is narrow and of poured concrete, with rebar upright studs, and is unlike all other foundations in the complex. The structure front door faced east with a beautiful view of the canyon and exhibited a half-moon poured concrete slab as an entrance step. There are a few breaks in the foundation that were built in suggesting that the cellar was deep and allowed for movement beneath the house. The upslope side of the foundation is buried in detritus and cannot be estimated as to E-W length. The northern corner of the foundation exhibits a concrete cistern of uncertain depth with a water valve attached to the top edge that might allow overflow. The cistern may connect to Feature 24, an irrigation vault and irrigation pipe. The foundation concrete appears old and has lichen growing on it. The terrace is supported by a well-made rock wall solidified with concrete mortar and at one point is more than six feet high. A quarter-pipe clay roof shingle served as a water pouroff at the corner of the terrace so that storm runoff would be directed away from the house. Rock terracing is extensive in this area and the entirety of the cliff face in this part of the site appears to have had many rock walls added: south of Feature 23 is a terraced possible garden and north of the feature is another terraced area with a lemon tree. Other walls are hidden from view. The amount of labor necessary to
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Archaelogical Resources
complete the rock wall features is quite large, and possibly required many thousands of labor workers and hours to build. Feature 24: This is a concrete vault feature that is located a few feet north of the Feature 23 cistern. The vault is sunk to a point about three feet below ground and exhibits a six-inch irrigation pipe running north toward Feature 25 and south toward Feature 23. The ground is moist and ferns are in the bottom of the vault, suggesting that a minute amount of runoff fills the pipe or the cistern year after year. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial photographs. Feature 25 and 28. These are terraced areas suggestive of gardening. The northern edge of Feature 25 exhibits a ditch that probably diverted runoff from a rocky drainage around the cliff face into the irrigation pipe that runs to Feature 24. A wooden post with wire fencing is located at the tip of the ditch. One lone small lemon tree with growth from the rootstock is located on one of the rock wall terraces. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial Structure 26: This is another standard outhouse covered in poison oak. Painted green, this outhouse would have served folks in Structure 20 and 21. Feature 27: This is a set of wooden stairs that allowed pedestrians to hike up the hill from the access road to the Structure 20, 21, 22 (cabins and garage/shed) complex. There are five risers and the object is painted green. This feature is plotted on the DPR523 form and is too small to be seen on the aerial.
Summary
The source of the Compounds water supply was not detected. Initially, water was diverted through metal pipes to cisterns from uphill seeps and springs, which have since dried. Such water collection systems have been personally observed by the author in rural Inland Empire areas. These were usually associated with sites exhibiting artifacts or inscriptions from the 1930s and 1940s. Development of a shunt water system appears to have been part of the original planning and suggests that the first developers were persons with some knowledge of the area’s weather. Later improvements included modifying the cistern at Feature 12 into a well that was powered by a windmill. Water from this unit would have had to be pumped uphill to the cabins, but it is possible that the cabins were abandoned by the time the windmill was in use. Electricity was likely not brought on-site until the late 1950s and no electricity was provided to any structure except Structure 1, 7 and the main house, Structure 8. Electricity allowed a water heater to be installed in the main house. Water heaters can only work if the water supply system has good pressure, so it is possible that gravity flows from the cistern tank located to the west near the windmill were high enough to allow refilling of the water heater when empty.
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Archaelogical Resources
The complex appears to have been built in three phases with two purposes in mind. First, a small house (Feature 23, since demolished but the foundation remains) about 400 square feet in size was built at the north end of the property in or about 1938, perhaps by Everett Lea. This exhibited a covered concrete cistern (Feature 24) attached to the northern side of the house foundation with an old-style water valve sticking out of it. The cistern was probably fed by runoff collected and piped in from seeps upslope. The house exhibited a cemented rock supporting wall on the bench edge to the south and east such that a view east and southeast was provided. All that remains of this house is a poured cement foundation with the occasional rebar pins and small gaps for door thresholds. A terraced garden area was found north and south of this structure: one lemon tree with live rootstock remains in the northern garden. An excavated ditch runs out of rocks at the far north end of the site, around the terracing, and appears to have fed the buried pipes leading to the vault. The barest remnants of a chicken coop were found in the brush north of Feature 24. The age of the tree canopy suggests that the house foundation and rock walls were built in the late 1930s but did not survive to 1946 when the first historic aerial is available. Exhibit 9 aerial shows the superstructure of the old house (Feature 23) was missing by 1946. Roads leading to the property center in 1946 are not well used but access to Pala-Temecula Road is clear. This suggests that the complex was a place where people drove up to but walked around in once they parked their cars. Two cabins and a large shed (Structures 20, 21 and 22) were built southwest of Feature 23 possibly after the 1946 image was made. The cabins are intact, built on rock outcrops on a rock and cement foundation and one has loose magazines published in the late 1950s. The magazines exhibit a Hermosa Beach address that probably belonged to a later landowner, Alfred and Julia Morris, or their relatives. The large shed exhibits corrugated metal siding and roof, glass jars, oilcans and various domestic paraphernalia. This was large enough to house a car but interior shelves were added blocking the entrances. Stairs run up from the dirt path to the cabins. Electricity was added after the structures were built, any exterior paint has washed off, and the foundations are of block and cement rather than a poured concrete foundation. The structures were not insulated but do exhibit exhaust ports for a wood stove. The fact that cabins were built suggests that the land continued to be used after the Feature 23 house was lost. The wood from the first may have been recycled into the newer buildings. South of the cabins discussed above, are a set of four green-painted cabins, two of which have collapsed under the weight of fallen trees. The green paint is the same as that of the washroom, which is located downslope near a windmill/cistern. The green structures cannot be seen in the 1946 aerial due to existing canopy and they may have been built after 1946. Fixtures inside and the style of siding suggests early to mid 20th century construction period.
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Exhibit 10a: Photographs - Site Structures 1 and 8
Structure 1 (Garage)
Structure 8 (Main House)
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Exhibit 10b: Photographs - Site Structures 13 and 16
Structure 13 (Shower House)
Structure 16 (Green House Cluster)
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Exhibit 10c: Photographs - Site Structures 18 and 20
Structure 18 (Green House Cluster)
Structure 20 (Magazine House)
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Archaelogical Resources
The total lack of historic-era trash on the site suggests that cleanliness was crucial: most multi-feature historic structural sites in California are known for deposits of trash in washes and creeks. None exists here. In addition, the complex lacks visible access to any other property until structures were built about a mile south in the 1960s. The complex was secluded, and clean.
5.2 - New Prehistoric Site P37-030652 (CA-SDI-19471)
The site is located inside a small rock shelter at 490817mE/3697044mN (Exhibit 11). The site consists of a single pictograph located inside a highly concave base of a large boulder. The concavity forms an overhang about 2m deep, 4m wide and 1.5m high. The shelter is located at the east base of a large squat granite boulder, atop a boulder-covered hill, and is surrounded by thick chaparral/riparian oak forest. Made in a reddish paint (possibly two different red paints), the drawings consist of connected diagonal lines and runs of tick marks. Many of the boulders in this area are house-sized, and all boulder surfaces except the pictograph panel are exposed to weathering. A path leads to the site from a main pack trail/road southeast of the location. It has been a long time since the last fire in this District, as the nearby trees and brush are large, lacking scorched surfaces. Ethnographers Alfred Kroeber (Kroeber 1908, 1925), Constance DuBois (DuBois 1908) and J.P. Harrington (1933) discussed the relevance of certain symbolism such as Luiseño pictographs and made some of the first observations regarding their social importance and meaning. Paintings on rocks were associated with many rituals, especially girls’ puberty rites or initiation ceremonies. Painted rocks played important roles in mythology for Luiseño peoples (True and Griset 1988), and several are known in Inland sections of Luiseño territory. According to True (1954:72), “…such elements as diamonds, chevrons, dots, and simple line forms can be traced in petroglyphs throughout California and the southwest. It is only in the characteristic manner of assembly and the circumstances under which they were made that the pictographs of this area become especially distinctive. The distinctive use of the geometric forms and the almost complete absence of many elements common to other petroglyph areas cause the designs of this region to stand out in a comparative study.” Although several sections of the panel lack clarity, zigzag lines, “ladders,” lines with tick marks and dots, joined diamonds and checkerboard diamonds can be observed. A few of the bands of marks are 1.5 meters long. Most of the images are located about 1.30m off the floor of the shelter, although one ladder is located about 50cm off the sandy floor. All of the boulders in this area were inspected several times and attempts were made to climb to the tops of several in an effort to look for milling surfaces. A possible trail veers off to the north beneath the heavy oak woodland canopy but the forest was filled with poison oak making accessibility difficult. The boulder lacks cracks or veined inclusions that would erode the paint, but it is clear that through some mechanism there are places on the panel where the paint has merged suggesting multiple painting episodes and possible overpainting of older designs.
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Archaelogical Resources
Exhibit 11: Cultural Site Locations
This exhibit is confidential and not published in the public version of this report.
Michael Brandman Associates
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Archaelogical Resources
The panel lies in an arching space from the base of the boulder directly upward and onto the roof of the shelter. The rock itself is of moderately coarse granite and is in good shape, with little cracking and water damage. Fire would likely remove the panel, as heat would be trapped in the shelter and allow the paint to flake off. For this reason, we suspect that the drawings are young.
5.3 - New Historic Site P37-030648
This is a small structure foundation exhibiting wooden flooring, collapsed walls, and two bed frames. Although trash was not seen in the surrounding forest, detritus associated with the structure surrounds it and this has been pulled down either by vandals or windstorms. An intact outhouse is located southeast of the remnant building. When first observed, this was thought to be a fire-fighting outpost. After review of land ownership, it is clear that the property was once part of the James Boynton Smith landholding, which was sold to the Olympian Society in early 1940. Trails were developed over the years after the Olympians held the property and a trail to this spot could be seen in the 1946 aerial photograph. Given these facts, it is assumed that the structure was an isolated cabin for use by persons belonging to the Olympian Society.
5.4 - New P37-030649
Isolate P37-030649 consists of two brass markers placed on the bedrock boulders that form the peak at Mt. Olympus. Placed at this location by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1920, the caps are resting directly on the flat upright surface of the stones and set in mortar. There is no name assigned to the caps so the name Olympus must have been added on the 1942 Temecula, California. topographic map well after placement.
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Native American Participation and Consultation
SECTION 6: NATIVE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATION
Sacred Lands File search requests were sent to the NAHC in an effort to determine whether any sacred sites are recorded within each APE or in the general vicinity of each candidate location. Information request letters were sent to the tribal groups, as well as to individuals named by the NAHC as having potential knowledge of sacred properties. DPR also requested that MBA contact local Native American groups for providing cultural resource monitors during the survey. From the Pechanga Band, Cameron Linton of the Pechanga Band Cultural Resource Division was on site during the survey fieldwork phase. Mr. Linton observed and helped to discover Temp #6, the pictograph site. Cultural Resource Division staff, or the Tribe itself, has not yet indicated to MBA that the Preserve is located in or near any sensitive cultural resources. MBA contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on June 4, 2009 requesting a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search for traditional cultural properties. The results of the SLF search, dated June 11 2009, indicated that no known Native American resources are located near the Preserve project area. The response letter also provided a listing of Native American contacts that might have knowledge as to whether or not the proposed project would impact cultural resources known to local Tribes. For this reason, and to ensure that all potential Native American resources are adequately addressed, letters to each of the listed tribal contacts were sent on June 19, 2009. As of the date of this report, one letter response from the Pala Band of Mission Indians has been received. The Pala requested that they be kept informed of activities associated with the Preserve including copies of reports, further investigations and information on any sites found. Copies of correspondence are located in Appendix C.
Michael Brandman Associates
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Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations
SECTION 7: IMPACTS, SIGNIFICANCE, AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 - Impact Identification
DPR proposes to manage the Preserve in accordance with a RMP, which will include ASMD. Development of a feasible RMP would typically involve avoidance of all prehistoric cultural resources located in the Preserve if such resources are determined important to the history of the Preserve. Should the cultural resources in the Preserve be determined not significant or important and federal, State or Local levels of analysis prove the same, ASMDs can be developed that allow for improvements to the Preserve without concern for the cultural resources located therein. Conversely, should any or all of the cultural resources located in the Preserve be determined significant, ASMDs must be designed to avoided all cultural resources and define what constitutes a threshold impact to a cultural resource in the form of a defined best-management practice. Several new cultural resources were detected during the survey and Primary Records have been provided to the South Coast Information Center for review and number issuance. Based on the results of the record searches, background information, and the results of field survey, all prehistoric cultural resource sites in the APE are considered significant by the County Guidelines. The County’s criteria for the determination of resource importance notes that “…any site that yields information or has the potential to yield information is considered a significant site” (2007a:16). An inventory study does allow the Project Planner to determine that sites do exist, but without formal evaluation of resources in a project area, the level of impact is not known and County requirements are incomplete. Table 1 lists the sites located inside the study area and includes the reasons for their potential significance, a requirement per the SOW (subtask 2.5) for the Preserve project.
Table 1: Potential Significance of Sites in the Preserve
Site Number Potential Significance Discussion
P37-030647
Not Significant
The site is a large historic structure complex that is not considered significant at the State or Local level of analysis. Pictograph sites in the Pala region are rare and carry high significance to local Native American Tribes. Clearly significant, further analysis of the panel will allow development of the area without impact to this resource. The small structural features at this site was probably built during Olympian Society era and appears to have been built after The Compound was in use.
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P37-030652
Significant
P37-030648
Not Significant
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations
Site Number
Potential Significance
Discussion
P37-030649
Not Significant
Older surveyor’s brass caps are common to this era and recordation of the feature has exhausted its research potential. No further research is necessary.
7.2 - Management Considerations - Protection Recommendations and Design Considerations
The section identifies the reasons protections should be applied to future Preserve studies. The County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation avoids and protects all cultural resources located in County Park properties. ASMD’s should be developed that avoid all prehistoric sites because under County Guidelines, they are considered significant. In our professional opinion, there is a moderate probability that significant cultural resources will be encountered during any development-related disturbance. In addition, because so much of the Preserve was covered in impenetrable brush, should the brush be removed in the future the result of wildfires or trail development, a survey of areas in which brush was removed should be undertaken. Therefore, MBA recommends that a cultural resource monitoring program be implemented during all ground-disturbing activities as part of the ASMD development process. Ground disturbing activities consist of all development related earth moving activities, including all clearing, grubbing or new trail development efforts. Full-time mitigation monitoring should continue until the project archaeologist determines that the overall sensitivity of the area has been reduced to low. This mitigationmonitoring program should commence with a meeting between the contracted archaeologist and the development crew. This meeting will serve to educate the crew on when monitoring activities should begin at the project location. Once the work effort has been completed, the project archaeologist should issue an Update DPR523 form detailing the changes to the site, if any, that resulted during construction. 7.2.1 - Accidental Discovery of Human Remains There is always the small possibility that ground-disturbing activities during construction may uncover previously unknown buried human remains. Discovery of such remains can occur in either a prehistoric or historic context. .In the event of an accidental discovery or recognition of any human remains, California State Health and Safety Code § 7050.5 dictates that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made the necessary findings as to origin and disposition pursuant to CEQA regulations and Public Resources Code (PRC) § 5097.98. The County Coroner may determine that the human remains are prehistoric, in this case, the NAHC will recommend one or more tribal groups as the most likely descendant. In the case of historic-era human remains, such a discovery may be associated with one or more local historic families and additional research on this discovery will be required.
Michael Brandman Associates
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Impacts, Significance, and Management Recommendations
7.2.2 - Accidental Discovery of Cultural Resources It is always possible that ground-disturbing activities during construction will uncover previously unknown, buried cultural resources. In the event that buried prehistoric or historic cultural resources are discovered during construction, operations shall stop in the immediate vicinity of the find and, in the case of prehistoric discoveries, a qualified archaeologist shall be consulted to determine whether the resource requires further study. In the case of historic findings, a qualified architectural historian shall be consulted to determine whether the resource requires further study. The qualified archeologist or historian shall make recommendations to the Lead Agency on the measures that shall be implemented to protect the discovered resources. Potentially significant cultural resources consist of, but is not limited to, buildings or building remnants, stone, bone, fossils, wood or shell artifacts or features, including hearths, structural remains, or historic dumpsites. Any previously undiscovered resources found during construction within the project area should be recorded on appropriate DPR forms. No further construction-related earthmoving shall occur in the area of the discovery until County Parks approves the measures to protect these resources. Any archaeological artifacts recovered because of monitoring shall be donated to a qualified scientific institution approved by the Lead Agency where they would be afforded long-term preservation to allow future scientific study. In addition, reasonable efforts to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects to the property will be taken and the SHPO and Native American tribes with concerns about the property, as well as the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) will be notified within 48 hours in compliance with 36 CFR 800.13(b)(3).
Michael Brandman Associates
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References
SECTION 8: REFERENCES
Bean, L.J. and F.C. Shipek. 1978. Luiseño. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. California Department of Fish and Game (DFG). 2000. Draft Conceptual Area Protection Plan Mount Olympus – Magee Ridge Preserve in San Diego County. State of California Department of Fish and Game Region 5. On file, SCIC. Chartkoff J.L. and K.K. Chartkoff. 1984. The Archaeology of California. Menlo Park: Stanford University Press. Christenson, L.N and E.L. Sweet. 2008. Ranchos of San Diego County. Arcadia Press, San Francisco. County of San Diego (CSD). 2007a. County of San Diego Report Format and Content Requirements. Cultural Resources: Archaeological and Historic Resources. Land Use Environmental Group, Department of Planning and Land Use, Department of Public Works. First Revision December 5, 2007. Available on-line from the County of San Diego County of San Diego (CSD). 2007b. County of San Diego Guidelines for Determining Significance. Cultural Resources: Archaeological and Historic Resources. Land Use Environmental Group, Department of Planning and Land Use, Department of Public Works. First Revision December 5, 2007. Available on-line from the County of San Diego County of San Diego (CSD). 2009. Section 2.5, Cultural and Paleontological Resources pp 2.5 12.5 49. In San Diego County General Plan Update DEIR, County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use DuBois, C.G. 1908. The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:69-185. Elliott, W.W. 1883. History of San Bernardino and San Diego Counties. Republished in 1965 by the Riverside Museum Press, Riverside. Englehardt, Z. 1920. San Diego Mission. The James H. Barry Company, San Francisco. Fagan, B.M. 2003. Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants. New York: Alta Mira Press. Gallegos, D. ed. 1987. San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper No. 1. San Diego, CA. Guinn, E. 1887. History of California, on file at San Diego Historical Society Research Archives, Balboa Park, San Diego, p. 1495. Harrington, J.P. 1933. Annotations in Chingichnich. A Revised and Annotated Version of A. Robinson’s Translation of Father Geronimo Boscana’s Historical Account of the Indians of the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Fine Arts Press, Santa Ana.
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References
Heizer, R.F. and A.B. Elasser. 1980. The Natural World of the California Indians. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Heizer, R.F., ed. 1978. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Jones, T.L. and K.A. Klar, eds. 2007. California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press. Kroeber. A.L. 1908. Notes on the Luiseños. In The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:174-186. Kroeber, A.L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bulletin 78. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Lajolla Band of Luiseño Indians. 2009. http://www.lajollaindians.com/History/. September 2009. Leffingwell, R. 2005. California Missions and Presidios: The History and Beauty of the Spanish Missions. MRI Publishing, St, Paul. Meighan, C.W. 1954. A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10:215-227 Moratto, M.J. 1984. California Archaeology. San Diego: Academic Press. Pachanga Band of Luiseño Indians. 2009. http://www.pechanga-nsn.gov/page?pageId=6. September 2009. Pourade, R.F. 1961. The History of San Diego: The Time of the Bells. The Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Pourade, R.F. 1964. Historic Ranchos of San Diego. The Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Rogers, M. 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167198 San Diego Union. 1879. June 4. 1:5. True, D.L. 1954. Pictographs of the San Luis Rey Basin. American Antiquity 20:68-72 True, D.L. 1958. An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23:255263 True, D.L. 1980. The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. Journal of New World Archaeology 3:1-30. True, D.L. and E. Beemer. 1982. Two Milling Stone Inventories from Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:223-261
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
References
True, D.L. and S. Griset. 1988. Exwanyawish: A Luiseño Sacred Rock. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 10:270-274 True D.L. and G. Waugh. 1981. Archaeological Investigations in Northern San Diego County, California: Frey Creek. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:84-115 True D.L. and G. Waugh. 1982. Proposed Settlement Shifts during San Luis Rey Times: Northern San Diego County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:34-54 Walker, C.J. and C.S. Bule. 1979. Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of the Talega Substantion to Rainbow Substation 230 Kv Transmission Line Corridor. RECON, San Diego. Unpublished report on file at the SCIC. Wallace, W. 1955. A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11(3):214-230. Warren, C.N. 1967. The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity 32:168-185. Warren, C.N. 1968. Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by Cynthia Irwin-Williams, pp. 114. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology No. 1. Warren, C.N., G. Siegler and F. Dittner 1998. Prehistoric and Early Archaic Periods. In Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Metropolitan San Diego: A Historic Properties Background Study. Report obtained from the SCIC.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
List of Preparers and Persons Contacted
SECTION 9: LIST OF PREPARERS AND PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONTACTED
Authors Michael H. Dice Kathleen Crawford Arabesque Said-Abdulwahed Kenneth J. Lord, PhD Pattie Opincar Sandra L. Tomlin NAHC, Mount Olympus Preserve staff, Pechanga Cultural Resource Division, Pauma Band of Mission Indians, Richard Carrico, Richard Crawford, Fallbrook Historical Society, Temecula Historical Society, Vista Historical Society, San Diego Historical Society Research Archives Files, Dr. Lynne Newell Christenson the County of San Diego, Department of Parks and Recreation history archives.
Editors
Organizations and Persons Contacted Directly
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix A: Records Search Confirmation
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix B: Confidential - Site Location Maps
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
This exhibit is confidential and not published in the public version of this report.
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix C: Native American Consultation
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
C.1 - Native American Heritage Commission Sacred Lands File Search
NAHC Request Letter NAHC Response Letters Native American Information Request Letters Information Request Responses
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
NAHC Request Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
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June 10, 2009 Native American Heritage Commission 915 Capitol Mall, Suite 364 Sacramento, CA 95814-4801 VIA FACSIMILE: 916.657.5390 Subject: Request for a Sacred Lands Records Search for the Parks Trails Project located in the County of San Diego, California. (USGS Pechanga, CA. and Pala, CA. quads) County of San Diego, California. To Whom It May Concern: Michael Brandman Associates (MBA) would like to determine whether any listed sacred sites are located within or near a public trails project on County land near the community of Pala. The project involves due diligence efforts associated with potential impacts to cultural resources on or near the depicted parcels. No earthmoving or trail creation is planned at the present time: it is possible that new trails will be carved by County staff at some date in the future. As seen in the attached topographic maps, the Wilderness section is located in Section 36 of T9S and R2W and Section 31 of T9S R1W (USGS Pala, CA. 7.5' topographic quadrangle). The Mt. Olympus section is located in Section 4, 8, 9 and 10 of T9S and R2W (USGS Pechanga, CA. 7.5' topographic quadrangle) Please notify us of any sacred Native American sites that may be affected by the undertaking. A full description of this project can be found in our archaeological survey report, which is forthcoming. A response can be sent to our FAX, 909-884-2113. If you have any more questions or need to speak with me, please feel free to call me at 714.742.0468. Thank you for your time and effort! Sincerely,
Bakersfield 661.334.2755 Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847 Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Michael Dice, M.A. Senior Archaeologist Michael Brandman Associates 621 E Carnegie Drive Suite 100 San Bernardino, CA. 92408
Enclosures:
Exhibit 1: USGS Topo Map
Q:\Michael Dice\2009 Projects\0070.0035.0 San Diego Parks\00700035_NAHC Request Letter.doc MD:md
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
NAHC Response Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Native American Information Request Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
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June 18, 2009 Mr. Bennae Calac Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians P.O. Box 369 Pauma Valley, CA 92061
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Mr. Calac: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Mr. Henry Contreras San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1763 Chapulin Lane Fallbrook, CA 92028
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Mr. Contreras: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Chairperson Christobal C. Devers Pauma & Yuima P.O. Box 369 Pauma Valley, CA 92061
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Chairperson Devers: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Assistant Director Shasta Gaughen Cupa Cultural Center (Pala Band) 35008 Pala-Temecula Rd. PMB Box 445 Pala, CA 92059
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Assistant Director Gaughen: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Co-Chair Carmen Mojado San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1889 Sunset Drive Vista, CA 92081
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Co-Chair Mojado: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Chairman Russell Romo San Luis Rey Band of MissionIndians 12064 Old Promerado Road Poway, CA 92064
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Chairman Romo: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Environmental Director Rob Roy La Jolla Band of Mission Indians 22000 Highway 76 Pauma Valley, CA 92061
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Environmental Director Roy: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Ms. Angela Veltrano Rincon Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 68 Valley Center, CA 92082
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Ms. Veltrano: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
June 18, 2009 Chairperson Mel Vernon San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1044 North Ivy Street Escondido, CA 92026
Fresno 559.497.0310 Irvine 714.508.4100 Palm Springs 760.322.8847
Subject:
Native American Consultation Letter associated with Cultural Resources Inventories at the Wilderness Gardens and Mt. Olympus Preserves in the Pala Area of San Diego County, California. (USGS Pala, CA and Pechanga, CA quadrangles.)
Sacramento 916.447.1100 San Bernardino 909.884.2255 San Ramon 925.830.2733
Dear Chairperson Vernon: Michael Brandman Associates has completed archaeological resource inventories for the County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation of the Wilderness Gardens and Mt Olympus Preserves. The Preserves are being inventoried to assist the County in preparing Integrated Vegetation Management Plans and eventually Resource Management Plans for the two preserves. This consultation letter is not associated with the SB18 process, but is an information request that shall be included in our cultural resource survey document. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) and CEQA consider the effects a project may have on historic properties. The definition of “historic properties” can include properties of traditional religious and cultural significance to Native American groups. To determine whether the proposed project may impact any historic properties, including traditional cultural properties, MBA has reviewed background information and consulted with entities such as the NAHC. The Native American Heritage Commission does not indicate that any sacred sites are located in or near this project area, but have listed you as a tribal contact. We have attached maps showing the location of the project areas with reference to the USGS Pala,CA. and USGS Pechanga, CA. topographic maps. We wish to ask if you have any information or concerns about this project area, and/or if the proposed project may have an impact on cultural resources that are important to you. Please feel free to contact me at 714.508.4100 ext 1035 if you have any questions or information, or you may address and mail a response to my attention at the address below. Sincerely,
Kenneth J. Lord, Ph.D., R.P.A., Director of Natural and Cultural Resources Michael Brandman Associates 220 Commerce, Suite 200 Irvine, CA. 92602 Enclosures: USGS Topo Map Record Search
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\Correspondence\CR\NA Letter\00700035 Native American Contact Letter.doc
KJL:ch
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ? PLANNING ? NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT www.brandman.com
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
C.2 - Tribal Response Letters
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix D: DPR523 Primary Record Forms Confidential
Michael Brandman Associates
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County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix E: Survey Photographs
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View of a cabin at The Compound, collapsed beneath a fallen tree.
View of the main residence at The Compound
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View of a cabin at The Compound. These structures exhibit stable rock foundations.
View of windmill and bathhouse (left) at The Compound
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
Typical landscape view of the existing Mt. Olympus vegetation density. The boulders in the foreground are larger that most persons, and stick up above the ground.
View of boulders near the center of the project area.
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View of the boulder overhang at the pictograph site.
View east from Mt. Olympus
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Survey Photographs
View northwest from the west-facing slope of Mt. Olympus
View of site Temp #7, a small collapsed cabin.
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
County of San Diego Parks - Mt. Olympus Preserve Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory
Appendix F: Personnel Qualifications
Michael Brandman Associates
H:\Client (PN-JN)\0070\00700035\CR\Mt Olympus\00700035 final PUBLIC CRA MtOlympus 10-26-2009.doc
Michael H. Dice, RPA
Project Scientist/Senior Archaeologist
Education M.A., Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 1993 B.A., Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. 1985 Anthropology Track, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Professional Affiliations Member, California Historical Society Member, National Trust for Historic Preservation Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA 2000) Registered Archaeologist, Orange County, 2006
Experience Summary
Mr. Dice, a certified archaeologist, has performed record searches, archaeological surveys, archaeological site testing (Phase 2), and data collection (Phase 3) on private and public lands in the Southwestern United States and Southern California since 1986. During his career, he has authored or co-authored more than 150 CEQA and/or NEPA level documents including several manuscripts for the National Park Service. Mr. Dice is a member of the California Historical Society, the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) and is a member of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Project Experience, 1998-2009
Transportation
Sunset Avenue PEAR Project, City of Banning. Caltrans-compliant Cultural Resource and Paleontological Reports for the Sunset Avenue Overcrossing Project.
Santa Ana Art Wall Project (Santa Ana, CA), OCTA Tracks/Santa Ana Depot at Santiago Street. Caltrans-compliant ASR/HRER/HPSR package for the City of Santa Ana as part of a Caltrans District 12 submission. Community Impact Assessment and Cultural Resource Survey for the Westside Parkway Project, West Bakersfield, Kern County. Cultural survey report for planned infrastructure development in Bakersfield. Section 106 HPSR Technical Analysis for the City of Santa Ana Art Wall Project, City of Santa Ana. Caltrans-compliant Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Santa Ana. Included Section 106 evaluation of specific properties. Cultural Resource Survey for the Patricia Lane Park Project, near 6th and Patricia Lane, City of Santa Ana. Caltrans-compliant Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Santa Ana. State Route 18 and Paine Road Intersection Improvement Project, City of Big Bear. Caltranscompliant Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Big Bear. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Proposed West Beltway/Westside Parkway Interchange Project, Bakersfield, Kern County. Cultural survey report for planned development in Bakersfield. El Centro-Dogwood Street Bridge Widening Project, El Centro, Imperial County. Cultural survey report for planned development in the City of El Centro. Phase I Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Pepper Street Specific Plan. City of Rialto, San Bernardino County. Cultural survey report for a planned development in the City of Rialto.
Federal, State, and Local Infrastructure
Cultural Resource Assessment, proposed Bakersfield State Vehicular Recreation Area (SVRA), Kern County. 1200 Acre cultural survey report for planned State Park north of Bakersfield, in Kern County. Cultural Resource Assessment – CDBG-Funded City of Corona Projects. Section 106 Evaluation of Project Areas in the City of Corona. Includes Section 106 evaluation of specific properties.
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Cultural Resource Assessment, Washington Addendum and Consolidated Addendum Redevelopment Areas, City ofd Santa Fe Springs. Historic structure survey report for two planned Redevelopment Areas in the City of Santa Fe Springs. 200+ structures identified and mitigation measures developed. Project Archaeologist/Database Manager for the emergency Chapin-5 Fire Rehabilitation Project, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (1996-1999). Began as Field Crew Chief (GS-7) and finished with the Park as a GS-9 Database Manager. Created an ACCESS 6.0 database for the recordation or rerecordation of more than 500 archaeological sites within the rehabilitation area.
Telecommunication
NEPA Compliance/Telecommunication Facilities. Serving as Project Scientist for a variety of telecommunication providers throughout California in complying with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for the implementation of cellular communication facilities.
Water Infrastructure
Corona Recycled Water Project. CEQA+ (project-level) Section 106/CEQA analysis for the Corona Recycled Water Project through Bauer Environmental. Victor Valley Recycled Water Project. CEQA+ (program-level) Section 106/CEQA analysis for the Victor Valley Recycled Water Project through Bauer Environmental. Realignment of the Friant-Kern Canal, In the City of Bakersfield. Proposed Mitigated Negative Declaration, and finding of no significant impact, With the Draft Initial Study and Environmental Assessment. Cultural evaluation for Initial study.
Mining Infrastructure
Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Palm Desert Rock Project, Riverside County. Cultural survey report for planned mining development in the County of Riverside. Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Coachella Aggregates Expansion Project, Riverside County. Cultural survey report for planned mining development in the County of Riverside. Cultural Resources Survey Report for the California Lightweight Pumice Makalya Mine Expansion Project, Inyo County. Section 106 cultural survey report, Ridgecrest-BLM jurisdiction. Survey and testing reports for the Williams Field Services Trunk S Natural Gas Project, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Section 106 cultural survey and excavation reports, Farmington-BLM jurisdiction.
Utilities
Cultural Resource Records Search Results and Sensitivity Evaluation for the Palm Springs and Desert Hot Springs Master Drainage Plan Project. Cultural evaluation report for planned utility construction in the Coachella Valley. Cultural Resource Survey, City of Huntington Beach Planning Department Environmental Assessment, Warner Sewer Lift Station. Cultural survey report for new sewer outflow line in the City of Huntington Beach. Cultural Resource Survey, O’Neill Park Sewer Conversion Project, Community of Trabuco Canyon, Orange County. Cultural survey report for new City Park sewer line in the County of Orange Phase 1 Survey Report for the Navajo Sewer Pipeline Project located in the Town of Apple Valley. Cultural survey report and Phase 2 testing for new sewer line in the Town of Apple Valley.
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Archaeological Resources Assessment of the City of Corona Recycled Water Project, located in the City of Corona, County of Riverside. Cultural survey report for new recycled water project in the City of Corona, Section 106/CEQA project. NEPA-Level Cultural Assessment and Paleontological Records Check Associated With The Victor Valley Subregional Facilities Project, County of San Bernardino. Cultural survey report for new recycled water project in the Cities of Victorville, Hesperia, Section 106/CEQA project. Mark Technologies Corporation Alta Mesa Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project. A Class III Intensive Field Survey On Federal And Private Properties Located Within Sections 3,4,5,9, and 10, T3S R3E, Cabazon-White Water Area, County of Riverside, California." L&L Environmental, JBG-01-172. On file, L&L. Cultural Monitoring Services at the Navajo Road Sewer Project, Town of Apple Valley. Cultural resource monitoring for new sewer line in the Town of Apple Valley. Archaeological and paleontological resources assessment of the San Clemente storm drain project, West Avenida Palazada, San Clemente. Cultural survey report for planned development in the City of Orange.
Airports
Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Visit Results for the Proposed Ontario Airport TIS Transmitter Site. Cultural survey for a planned transmitter within the Ontario International Airport, Section 106 Study.
Cultural Resource Surveys for Private Developers, Partial List by Lead Agency and Project Name
City of Rancho Cucamonga. TTM 16072, SP 04-001 Annexation and TTM 32023. City of Rialto. Rancho El Rivino Specific Plan. City of Murrieta. TTM 30953, 42310 “B” Street property. City of Chino. The Englesma Property project. County of Riverside. The Burns Ranch project, TTM 31386, TTM 31330, TTM 29962. City of Loma Linda. Loma Linda Golf Range project. City of Desert Hot Springs. Mission Lakes project, The Mission Glen Project. City of Loma Linda. The Trails at Mission Park project. City of Simi Valley. Runkle Canyon Specific Plan. City of Fullerton. 2226 Euclid Avenue (Sunrise Senior Living) project. City of Upland. The College Park project. City of Chino. Distinguished Homes Project footprint APN# #1055-511-01 and 1055-511-01, McBride RV Storage Property at Kimball and Euclid Avenues. City of Riverside. The KUO Development Project, TTM 32787, TTM 33028 and 33029 (The Kunny Ranch Property). County of San Bernardino. Lytle Creek North Tentative Tract Map (Map #15900), The Martin Ranch Project. Commercial and residential projects include cultural resource surveys, historic surveys, architectural surveys, Phase 2 testing and Phase 3 data collection at the CEQA and NEPA levels.
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Kathleen A. Crawford
Architectural Historian
Education Master of Arts, History, 1987 University of San Diego Valedictorian/Summa cum laude Thesis: History of San Diego Transit Corporation Bachelor of Arts, History, 1984 University of San Diego, California and Latin American emphasis Magna cum laude Bachelor of Arts, Anthropology, 1984 University of San Diego, California and Latin American emphasis Magna cum laude Associate of Arts, General, 1982 Grossmont College With Honors
Experience Recent and Selected Project Experience
Crawford Historic Services Historical Projects Consulting Services 1985-Present
Sole proprietor of historical projects consulting service with clients including: ? Michael Brandman and Associates, Orange County - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for AT&T, T-Mobile, Royal Street Communications, Paratus, Cingular and Sprint Cell Tower sites in San Diego County, Orange County, Los Angeles County and Sacramento, 2005-Present. Federal Aviation Administration, Quieter Home Program - Historical and Architectural Assessment of approximately 3000 homes in Point Loma and San Diego for sound retrofitting, 2002-2007
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Marie Burke Lia, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments, National Register of Historic Places nominations, CEQA reports, and City of San Diego historical and architectural assessments for over two hundred properties in San Diego, La Jolla, and County of San Diego, 1987-Present Scott Moomjian, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for over one hundred properties in San Diego, La Jolla, and County of San Diego, 1998-Present Archaeos, Inc. - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments of properties in San Diego County, Orange County, and Riverside County, 2003-Present Wright and L’Estrange, Robert Wright, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2003-2005 Hecht, Solberg, Robinson, Goldberg and Bagley, Attorneys at Law – Preparation of Historical and Architectural assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2005 Matthew Peterson, Attorney at Law - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2002-2004 Island Architects, La Jolla - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for properties in San Diego County, 2003 Corky MacMillan Inc.- Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for Properties in San Diego; Historical assistance with San Diego Naval Training Center Historic District and base closure issues, preparation of National Register of Historic Places nomination form for San Diego Naval Training Center, 1999-2003 County of San Diego - Preparation of Historic Survey of Sweetwater/Bonita area for over 300 properties, 1996 Scripps Institutions for Medicine and Science - Preparation of 75th Anniversary History of Scripps Institutions for Medicine and Science, 1997
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San Diego Gas & Electric Company - Preparation of 110th Anniversary History for SDG&E, 1991 San Diego Trust and Savings Bank - Preparation of 100th Anniversary History of bank, 1988 Great American Savings Bank - Preparation of 100th Anniversary History of bank, 1987 San Diego Transit Corporation - Preparation of 100th Anniversary of corporation, 1985 Jennings, Engstrand and Hendrickson Law firm - Preparation of research for San Diego County water rights case for successful presentation to U.S. Supreme Court, 1985 La Jolla Historical Society - Archivist for historical collection, 2006
Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Inc. 1990-1997, Senior Historian 1997-2001, Historical Consultant
Responsible for all phases of research, analysis and preparation of cultural resources reports for compliance with Federal, state, and local agencies and regulations. Selected projects included: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? San Diego Naval Training Center - Preparation of National Register nomination for property including approximately 400 buildings Chollas Heights Radio Station - Preparation of Historic American Buildings Survey for radio station for approximately 100 buildings Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 300 buildings Long Beach Naval Station and Shipyard - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 750 buildings Marine Corps Air Station, Camp Pendleton - Preparation of History of Air Station Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii - Preparation of History of Air Base Naval Air Station, Guam - Preparation of Base Closure Documentation for approximately 150 structures San Diego Naval Air Station, Coronado - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of selected air base facilities Naval Air Station, El Centro - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of air base properties, including approximately 100 buildings San Diego Naval Station, 32nd Street - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 350 buildings Caltrans - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments for approximately 200 properties in San Diego and Riverside Counties Kentucky Department of Transportation (KDOT) - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessments of approximately 100 properties in Louisville, Kentucky Miramar Naval Air Station - Preparation of Historical and Architectural Assessment of properties including approximately 250 buildings
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San Diego Museum of Man 1984-1985; 1997-2000, Assistant Education Coordinator
Responsible for all phases of Education Department activities including teaching anthropology courses, preparation of newsletter, lecture and film series, trips, and overall programs for museum visitors.
San Diego Historical Society 1985-1988, Assistant Curator of Collections
Responsible for all phases of collection management and administration, research and exhibition for 20,000+ piece collection of San Diego history displayed in four local museums; supervision and management of Facade Easement Program for donation of historic building facades to Society; served as Museum Registrar which included documentation and management of all curatorial files, archival materials, object documentation, photograph collection, and art collection; supervision of volunteer program, student interns, and preparation of visitor materials and tours.
History, Anthropology and Political Science Lecturer 1987-Present San Diego State University - 1989-Present
? ? ? ? Early/Modern World History Early/Modern U.S. History Early/Modern Latin American History Early/Modern Western Civilization
University of San Diego 1987-2007
? ? ? ? ? ? California History San Diego History Early/Modern World History Early/Modern U.S. History Renaissance History Early/Modern Western Civilization
United States International University 1990-2000
? ? ? ? ? ? ? The American Presidency Introduction to Political Science Early/Modern History of Asia Early/Modern Western Civilization Early/Modern World History Intercultural Communication American Culture
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Grossmont College 1988-2002
? ? ? ? Early/Modern History of Women in Western Civilization Early/Modern Western Civilization Early/Modern World History Early/Modern Latin American History
PUBLICATIONS
Crawford, Kathleen A., “Fifty Years of the Journal of San Diego History,” Journal of San Diego History, Fall 2005. Engstrand, Iris H.W. and Kathleen A. Crawford, Reflections: A History of the San Diego Gas & Electric Company, 1881-1991, Heritage Press: Los Angeles, 1991. Davie, Theodore and Kathleen A. Crawford, A History of San Diego Trust & Savings Bank, 1888-1988, San Diego Trust and Savings Bank: San Diego, 1988. Crawford, Kathleen A, A History of the San Diego Transit Corporation, 1886-1986, San Diego Transit Corporation: San Diego, 1986. Crawford, Kathleen A. “God’s Garden: A History of the Grossmont Art Colony,” Journal of San Diego History, Volume XX, Summer, 1985. Crawford, Kathleen A. and Bruce Kammerling, “The Serra Museum and its Collections,” Some Reminiscences of Fray Junipero Serra, Santa Barbara Mission Press: Santa Barbara, 1984. Crawford, Kathleen A., “The General’s Lady: Maria Amparo Ruiz Burton,” Journal of San Diego History, Volume XIX, Fall, 1984.
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Arabesque Said 9852 Whitewater Road Moreno Valley, CA 92557 OBJECTIVE
(951) 310-7031 [email protected]
A position as an archaeologist allowing me to apply my skills in archaeology, survey and documentation. B.A. Anthropology, June 2006 University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA Emphasis in archaeology
EDUCATION
Archaeological Crew Member, URS Corporation • 6,500 Acre pedestrian survey in the Mojave Desert, CA • Located prehistoric and historic sites. • Recorded and mapped archaeological sites using TerraSync software on a Trimble. July 2008 Archaeological Monitor, LSA Associates, Inc. • Monitored for archaeological and paleontological artifacts during grading on a construction site. January 2008- April 2008 Archaeological Crew Member, URS Corporation • 7,500 Acre pedestrian survey in the Yuha Desert, CA • Responsibilities included locating prehistoric and historic sites, locating previously recorded sites, taking and recording photographs of sites and artifacts, filling out DPR forms, and creating site maps with a Trimble November 2007 Archaeological Crew Member, LSA Associates, Inc. • 5,200 acre pedestrian survey in Chuckwalla Valley, CA Archaeological Crew Member. LSA Associates, Inc. • Mid County Parkway Project. Testing at five prehistoric sites in Corona, Hemet, and Perris, CA September 2007 Archaeological Field Assistant, MBA. • Testing at one prehistoric site and numerous historical sites in Chino, CA. • Responsibilities included pedestrian survey, excavation, screening, note keeping, draw, describe, and photograph historical structures on various ranches. Archaeological Field Assistant, MBA. August 2007 • Testing at numerous historical sites in Redlands, CA. • Draw, map, describe and photograph historical structures in Redlands, CA. • Responsibilities included excavation of trenches, using a variety of techniques, artifact collection, note keeping, screening, and sidewall profile drawing.
EXPERIENCE August 2008September 2008
Archaeological Field Assistant, CRM Tech. • Testing at one prehistoric site in Indio, CA. • Responsibilities included excavation of units, using a variety of techniques, screening, note keeping, artifact collection, and unit profile drawing. July 2007 Archaeological Crew Member, MBA. • Numerous pedestrian surveys in Moreno Valley, CA to locate, draw, photograph and assess historic and prehistoric features for future development projects. June 2007-July 2007 Archaeological Crew Member, MBA. • Testing of numerous prehistoric sites in Barstow, CA. Responsibilities included excavation of units and test pits, using a variety of techniques, screening, note keeping, artifact collection, and unit profile drawing. • Draw, describe, and photograph historic structures on Lenwood Ranch in Barstow, CA. 2005-Present Information Officer. Eastern Information Center. Riverside, California • Manage and process records, reports and maps related to archaeological and historical sites in Riverside, Inyo and Mono counties • Conduct record searches for archaeologists, development firms, and government agencies Summer 2006 Laboratory Assistant. Archaeological Research Unit. University of California, Riverside • Assisted in the laboratory analysis of stone artifacts collected from the Mojave Desert. 2003-2004 Volunteer. Natural History Museum, Los Angeles, California. • Developed and designed activities to help families and children learn about the various exhibits in the Natural History Museum with a creative and interactive approach. • Participated in Family Fun Days at different locations each month. RELEVANT EXPERIENCE Spring 2007 Audited Anthropology 191: Seminar in Cultural Resources Management. University of California, Riverside Fall 2004 Field Course in Archaeology: Survey and Documentation. University of California, Riverside • Professor: Phil Wilke • Conducted field surveys of historic and aboriginal archaeological sites in Southern California. • Mapped sites • Documented sites on primary and archaeological site records Spring 2004 Geology Field Studies, Mojave National Preserve and San Andreas Fault from San Bernardino to central coast. Riverside Community College, California. Fall 2003 Geology Field Studies of the Colorado Plateau
August 2007
HONORS AND AWARDS Spring 2005 Fall 2002-2004 Dean’s Honors List, University of California, Riverside President’s Honors List, Riverside Community College, California • • •
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
Extensive experience with Windows XP, Mac OS, Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer, Firefox, ArcPad, and TerraSync. Familiarity with Adobe Photoshop. Thorough knowledge of a 7.5’ USGS topographic map, compass, range finder, and Trimble Fluent in Spanish; reading and writing ability in Arabic
*References upon request
doc_336493652.pdf