Slogan People who know animals Will protect them!
Mission Statement ³To connect visitors & animals through exemplary animal welfare & care, best educational & inspirational experiences, forcasting public appreciation &support for wild animals & conservation´
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Strategies
Fostering sound techniques of husbandry that ensure the physical & psychological wellbeing of the animals in our care through professional animal & veterinary care & a comprehensive animal management plan.
Education , through staff involvement & training, inreach & out reach programmes ,conferences and workshops, volunteers, natural animal exhibits, directional ,informational & interpretive signage.
Animal exhibits, planting, graphics, & zoo programs are to be represented in such a manner as to give the visitor a sense of awareness & concern for wild animals & their habitat.
Applying resources to conservation breeding programmes that will assist in the conservation of India Gaur & Lion Tailed Macaque.
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Supporting & participating in scientific research that contributes towards the knowledge, understanding & conservation of endangered animals by utilizing staff, universities & other zoological institutions.
Recreation, through modern exhibition design, wellrun visitor services (i.e., refreshment facilities, souvenir shop, resting places, clock rooms, umbrella, wheel chairs, parking, etc.) & to maximize the natural & park like setting by formal & informal landscaping.
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Introduction:
The zoological gardens in Mysore were set up by Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar who is acclaimed as one of the architects of modern Mysore. The Maharaja was a nature buff and set up a number of gardens and parks in Mysore.
The Zoological Garden was carved out of a portion of the Summer Palace also known as the Pleasure Palace, which was in the eastern part of the city. The zoo was called Palace Zoo and was inaugurated in 1892. In the beginning the zoo was developed on 10 acres of the Summer Palace. The Maharaja hired Mr. G.H. Krumbeigal a German landscaper and horticulturist to set up the zoo. As the Maharaja was an animal lover he took special care to ensure that all the enclosures for the animals were spacious and aesthetically built. The enclosures are in use to this day.
The Maharaja appointed Mr. Huge an Australian as the Zoo Superintendent. Some years later under Mr. Huge's supervision the area of the zoo was increased to 45 acres. Ten years after setting up the zoo the Maharaja threw it open to the public, as he realized that the zoo not only had recreational value but had educational value too. As the years passed the zoo became popular as Mysore Zoo. At the time this zoo was established there were very few zoos in the country. And the Mysore zoo came to be considered as the best zoo in the country.
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The zoo not only had an excellent collection of animals, it has a beautiful bandstand and had a picturesque setting with the Chamundi hills as its backdrop and an artificial lake on its premises. After expansion the zoo in 1909 it was renamed Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens after its founder. When the Maharaja traveled abroad he selected rare animals from these countries and brought them back to add to the zoo's collection. Sometime animals available in Mysore forest were exchanged for animals acquired from other countries. Mr. Herman Ruhe a German who owned a number of zoos in Germany was closely associated with the Mysore Zoo for about eight decades. The Maharaja also made the Mysore zoo an "orphanage" for raising abandoned animals.
After independence the Zoo was gifted by the then Maharaja to the Department of Parks and Gardens of the Mysore State Government in 1948. After this the Zoo acquired another 50 acres of land belonging to the Palace. Later on the 150-acre Karanji Tank was also procured by the Zoo increasing its size to the present 250 acres. The Zoo authorities started breeding rare animals as well. The zoo was given a face-lift modern enclosures were built. Man made island have been created in the Karanji Lake and converted into mini sanctuary for birds. Boating facilities are available.
In 1972 the Government handed over the Zoo to the Forest Department and it then entrusted it to an autonomous body in 1979. The Zoo Authority of Karnataka became the first autonomous body in the country to manage a zoo. A zoo has been able to breed various animals in captivity successfully. Today though the Mysore zoo is over a century
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old it has spacious enclosures, walk through, a veterinary hospital, with facility for quarantine, operation theatre, medicine rooms and wards for animals.
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FOUNDER SHRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN ,MYSORE HIGHNESS SRI CHAMARAJENDRA WADEYAR BAHADUR ³The 23rd ruler of yadu dynasty´
Sri Chamarajendra Wadeyar was born in 1863 and he was crowned as the Maharaja of Mysore on 25 March 1881 when he was just 18. The maharaja was instrumental in all round development of the state with in short span of a decade. He pioneered the constitution of the people¶s representative assembly. The Mysore civil service examination was introduced during his time to attract big cream of youths to government service. The establishment of Mysore state railways & lying down of more than 315miles of rail work done during his regime. He favored the policy of decentralization of power & formed independent departments like police, geology & agriculture. Great attention was paid to irrigation & he had started more than 900 schools. He gave attention to the development of art & culture & the famous devaraja market was constructed during his regime.
He was also responsible for starting a model zoo garden in Mysore in1892.this garden was designed not for amusement of the royalty but to educate the people of the state about the wild life. It has the unique distinction of breeding rare species in captivity & emphasis was laid towards the comfort & well being of the animals.
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The special feature of this zoo is the meticulous planning, they resorted in recreating the natural habitat for the different species .The ideas and techniques used were really revolutionary for that period.
It is astonishing to realize that all these major achievements were made with in a short span of 13 years. Fate snatched him away when he was only 31 &one wonders what he would have achieved if he were have to be endowed with along life.
A beautiful bust of his highness chamarajendra wadeyar has been installed inside the zoo near the entrance gate during the centenary celebrations, in commemoration of our founder member his Highness Sri Chamarajendra Wadeyar Bahadur.
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Animal section Mysore Zoo is one of the oldest Zoo in the country. From the very beginning, enclosures for the animals were made spacious and aesthetic such that even today, they are still quite suitable. During the earlier years, the Maharajas visited European countries and Africa, and used to selected and procure interesting animals such as Chimpanzee, Giraffe, Antelopes, Primates, birds and bears. At that time, the acquisition of animals was not difficult because we had plenty of wild animals from our own forests and from Foreign Zoos in exchange. It has been the unique prestige for the Mysore Zoo to be the only zoo in the whole of Asia which has bred largest mammals such as Asian Elephants, Indian Rhinos, Giraffe, Hippos, Tigers, Gaurs, Black Blacks, Rheas, Chimp etc., The pioneering work has so far more 150 species of both exotic and indigenous animal. Thus contributing Ex-situ conservation of wildlife in a big way. At preset Mysore Zoo is housing the following of animals. Specimens Mammals Birds Reptiles Total 496 508 097 1101 Mammals Birds Reptiles Total Species 052 083 021 156
Due to the preset tight policy, the Zoo could not acquire animals from Foreign Zoos, for the last 15 years, and as such some of the animals are single without companion, and few enclosures are empty. Despite continuous efforts to enrich the animal stock and even though adequate infrastructure available, the zoo could not acquire 11
the expected animals, and even lack of coordination among the Indian Zoos, in exchanging surplus animals. There are 65 animals¶ enclosures, in the zoo. More than 45 Animal keepers, with the support of 3 supervisors, Forester and Range Forest Officer are looking after the welfare of the Zoo Animals. Recently there exchange proposals were finalized between Mysore Zoo and Foreign Zoos and being pursued continuously we expect this will yield better results in the near future. The staff members are highly dedicated and motivated, to take stock of any situation, and work for the better management of the zoo. Besides attending the routine works, they give special attention to enrichment activities, visitor¶s interaction and to ensure proper hygiene, feeding and reporting to the senior officers.
KEEPING ZOO ANIMALS HAPPY Increasing behavioral opportunities for captive animals is hardly a new idea. The dilemma that faces every sentient individual becomes increasingly clear when the experience of a zoo visit is carefully examined. Opportunities to visit and to see magnificent creatures, many of which one otherwise might never encounter in a lifetime. Is an exiting recreational experience and can be educationally powerful. However, in majority of the cases, the character of captive environment leaves so much to be desired that it brings an uncomfortable feeling of similarity to traditional human prisons. The zoo animals deserve primary attention since its comfort and health are involved everyday, while an average visitor visits the zoo a few times a year at most. From this perspective,
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the need for increasing behavioral opportunities among captive animals is even more apparent. What could be unhealthier for most species than an unresponsive environment where their sustenance requirements are met on some arbitrary schedule by their keepers? The technology exists for an almost endless variety of methods to provide animals some control over their own schedules of feeding, drinking and exercise. This article describes some of the first concentrated efforts to apply this technology to the design and modification of exhibits at the Mysore Zoo. A better and a more scientific synonym for the µtechnology¶ mentioned above is the term µenrichment¶. Enrichment is the provision of stimuli which promote the expression of species-appropriate behavioral and mental activities in an under-stimulating environment. Environmental enrichment aims at increasing the well-being of captive animals by increasing exercise, satisfying behavioral needs and optimizing the level of stimulation the animal receives and simultaneously reduces the display of abnormal behaviors. This can be achieved by various means like increasing the complexity of the environment, changes in diet and feeding regimes and others. It is surprising how minimal modifications in the animals¶ environment would bring about very significant changes with regard to the animals activity budget and its behavior. Lack of complexities deprive the animals of the opportunity to exercise their natural behavioral repertories and would result in the development of stress, which would affect the animal both at the physical and psychological levels, and also influences the occurrence of abnormal behaviors. ³In its natural stimulation, each species occupies a reasonably well-defined ecological niche wherein individuals tolerate or readily adapt to mast variations in the environment.
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The species can compensate for minor environmental fluctuations physiologically and/or behaviorally; major environmental changes demand major behavioral changes.´ M W Schien & E S E Hafez, 1965. This article briefs the enrichment works carried out and the initiatives taken to improve animal enclosures at the Mysore zoo during the year Zoo-90.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT FOR PRIMATES The primate taxon includes a wide variety of species with an incredible range of abilities. One obvious commonality is their need for psychological and behavioral enrichment. Most primates are curious, complex animals with the ability to manipulate objects in their environment. When that environment has been limited by the confines of an exhibit or night house space, the intelligent primate requires some type of external stimulation. Without constructive activities, primate behavior can become aberrant and repetitive and some individuals may indulge in self-mutilation or become aggressive towards cage mates. A well-developed enrichment program is a necessity for any captive primate. Every species of animals requires enrichment that it adapted to their particular behavioral characteristics or personality. Zoo animals also have individual personalities and abilities. Whether a primate is interacting with its enclosure, a toy/food stimulus, or is sleeping, there are many ways that the lives of these animals can be enriched. Numerous primate species are highly endangered in their wild habitats, and someday, reintroducing captive specimens may become a reality. Therefore, ensuring that necessary natural behaviors are retained in these animals will be essential. Successful
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parenting, foraging, appropriate group behavior and mental agility are important skills for animals to retain if they are to survive without the comforts of the zoo. If these behaviors are slowly culled over generations through a captive lifestyle, the likelihood of reintroduction programs to succeed is reduced. To increase the well-being of our primates, we wanted to increase their foraging behavior, further decrease aggression, and reduce boredom and stereotypic behavior. We also wanted the animals to use all the space in the exhibit we wanted to provide them with more privacy. Exhibit enrichment is intended to increase the amount of usable space in an enclosure, as well as providing more choices to the animals of where to spend their time. Structures such as artificial trees, platforms, hammocks and hanging ropes provide opportunities to climb, swing and nest high above the ground as many primates would in the wild. Knowing the distinct characteristics and behavioral inclinations of the species can aid in the design of exhibit enrichment. Taking into account the natural history of the species to be housed, appropriate enrichment designs were prepared and then executed. Exhibits of Chimpanzee, Lion-tailed macaques, Hamadryas baboon, Lemurs and Marmosets have been enriched substantially. Primates were earlier being housed in barren and plain enclosures which lacked complexity and offered them the least possible opportunities for the display of their natural behaviors. Complex structures were made using eucalyptus poles inside the exhibit area. These structures were fixed using cement concrete, which would ensure that they last for a longer time and also made the assembly sturdy and weatherproof. These permanent cage features have been made using bolt and nuts which would facilitate the modification of the design in the due course of time.
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Wooden platforms at varying heights were made which allowed access to vertical dimensions of the enclosure and also served as shelter and shade. Hanging ropes and hammocks were also incorporated, which enabled them to branchiate and presented them a gateway to exercise their locomotory skill. For marmosets, new cage furniture included coffee stumps, liana, and vertical bamboo trapezes and specially designed next boxes. A separate holding room which also served as a shelter was constructed. They have been observed using the nest boxes to stay warm during nights and also as a refuge along with its offspring¶s. Lack of complexities in the environment had resulted in considerable decrease in the activity of the primates, foraging time and the time spent in social interactions. Following the administration of structural enrichment, a major change was observed with respect to the animals¶ activity budget. They were found to use the cage furniture remarkably and also the inclusion of cage furniture provided access to formerly unused enclosure areas. Abnormal and stereotypic behaviors have also been reduced to a substantial degree. Presently, studies are being carried out to validate the above said observations scientifically.
DIETARY ENRICHMENT In nature, monkeys spend a good amount of time looking for and processing food, which also helps them to exercise their cognitive abilities. Thus feeding enrichment in captivity becomes vital. Studies indicate that monkeys in captivity prefer working for their food rather than readily obtaining it and consuming it. Recently, food is being scattered inside the enclosure which provides them with an opportunity to forage and thus
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spend more time in feeding. Food is also being concealed in the exhibit area before the animals are released and this has contributed to the increase in the overall activity budget of the animal. Special foods like corn, sugarcane, seasonal fruits, eggs etc. have been included in their diet and a new regime of giving whole food instead of chopped food has been initiated. Crickets and termites are being given so as to supplement them with good amount of protein. Following the implementation of the new feeding regimes, significant changes have been observed in the foraging activity of the animals and also an overall increase in the activity of the primates housed at the Mysore zoo. Environmental Enrichment for birds Enrichment is all about choices. Here at the Mysore zoo we try to give the animals¶ freedom to express as many behaviors as they would in the wild. This can be achieved by providing them with as many opportunities as possible and allow them to make their own decisions. For example, within each exhibit we try to provide the animal areas to hide or be seen, sleep or play, bathe in water or dirt, eat from a tray or find their own food, be in the sun or in the shade, whichever they prefer. All of these choices depend on the species of bird we are enriching and often on the specific individual. Since each species of bird is unique, when developing enrichment plans for our birds we design it in a way so that we can arrive at a near naturalistic enclosures for our birds.
FOR PHEASANTS: Mysore zoo is presently housing nine species of pheasants, including three Indian species viz. Satyr Tragopan, Monal pheasant and kalij pheasant. Formerly, wooden logs were used inside the enclosure as perches and roosting grounds, this resulted in an
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increase in the number of rodents inside the enclosure. Suitable nesting grounds were absent and the breeding results too were unsatisfactory. Several measures have been taken in order to overcome the above said problems. Wooden logs were replaced with coffee stumps; these served as roosting grounds and also added to the aesthetics of the enclosure. Following the inclusion of coffee stumps, the rodent numbers inside the enclosures were significantly reduced. Bamboo mats were tied to the mesh partitions between enclosures to act as a visual barrier and also to avoid pecking in adjacent housed pheasants. Elevated wooden platforms were constructed to serve as nesting sites and shelter, which also offered them a certain degree of privacy. Leaf litter has been scattered all around the enclosure and food is being dispersed amongst the leaf litter. A portion inside the enclosure is being utilized for the purpose of cultivating grains and cereals on regular basis; this serves to enhance foraging activity and also adds more protein to their diet. Termites are being offered on a regular basis; this serves as a protein supplement and also simulates natural conditions thus arousing their interest in feeding and also increases their activity. Our observations indicate that the environmental enrichment for pheasants has served the objective to a greater degree. The coffee stumps are being used as roosting grounds and perches by the pheasants. Following the change in the feeding regimes, notable changes with respect to foraging time and activity have been observed. The wooden platforms are more preferred as nesting sites in opposition to the ground where eggs were laid earlier.
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FOR PARROTS AND PARAKEETS Parrots and parakeets were earlier housed in cages which deprived them of the natural stimuli to exhibit innate behaviors. In an effort to enhance the well-being of the birds and concurrently to encourage breeding among them, the following changes were made in the exhibits. Preliminary works included the repair of aviaries with proper mesh work to avoid rodent entry inside the aviary. Wooden perches were positioned at various heights inside the enclosure. Coffee stumps were used as low level perches. Specially designed nest boxes were installed inside the enclosure with wood shavings as substrate. Horizontal trapezes were used to increase activity among birds. New feeding practices like the presentation of whole food instead of chopped food, scattering of food on the floor and the tying of fruits and corn at various places inside the exhibit were initiated. These changes resulted in increased foraging activity and to certain extent mimicked the natural conditions. Inclusion of nest boxes has resulted in the breeding of various exotic and Indian birds like Eclectus parrot, Ring-necked parakeet, Alexandrine parakeet and Red lory, to ensure better survivability of the hatchlings; the chicks are removed from the enclosure following a day or two of hatching and are then being hand fed till they grow full feathers. Following which they are released to the enclosures.
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CONCLUSION The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) define enrichment as: ³a process for improving or enhancing animal environments and care within the context of their inhabitants¶ behavioral biology and natural history. It is a dynamic process in which changes to structures and husbandry practices are made with the goal of increasing behavioral choices available to animals and drawing out their speciesappropriate behaviors and abilities, thus enhancing animal welfare´ Here at the Mysore Zoo, enrichment plans are being designed and executed so that higher standards of animal welfare can be maintained, where animals are healthy and live in near naturalistic conditions exhibiting a wide array of behaviors. Environmental enrichment instigates the animals to interact with their environment. This can be achieved by modifying animal exhibits, change in the feeding patterns, changing the way food is presented and ensuring proper housing of animals. Environmental enrichment also lessens boredom and reduces the display of abnormal behaviors. Initiatives have been taken to extend the enrichment program to other animal enclosures with an ultimate aim to provide the best possible home for animals that have been removed from their natural habitat.
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Finance section 1. Approved Budget amount under different heads for 2008-09; Revenue: Budget Head I II III IV V VI VIII Details of Budget Heads Gate Collection License Fees Sale proceeds Bank Interests Other receipts Parking Stand Karanji Park Grand Total Target (Rs. In Lakh) 468.00 28.00 15.00 25.00 8.00 16.00 40.00 600.00
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Expenditure: Budget Head A I II III IV V VI VII B VIII C IX X D XI XII XIII Details of Budget Heads Rs. In lakh Administrative Expenses: Establishment Charges Office Expenses Advertisement & Publicity Stares, tools & Plants General charges Zoo Education Staff Welfare Feed and Fodder Feed & Fodder Veterinary care Hospital/Animal Treatment Exp Purchase of Live stock Development Fixed Assets Garden Development Civil Works development 3.00 5.00 88.70 96.70 6.00 11.00 17.00 120.00 120.00 298.00 6.00 1.50 2.00 20.00 2.00 10.50 340.00 Allotment Rs.in lakh Group Total
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E XIV
Maintenance Maintenance charges (Vehicles Office Equipments/ Bore-wells etc.,) 16.00
XV XVI XVII XVIII
Garden Maintenance Civil Works Maintenance Research & Documentation Enrichment of Captive Habitat Grand total
4.00 46.90 3.00 9.00 78.90 652.60
2. Grant in aid received from central zoo authority Sl.No. Particulars of Works Grants received during the year amt. in Rs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Renovation of existing Leopard enclosure Construction of King Cobra enclosure Construction of Python enclosure Construction of Keel Back Snake Enclosure Construction of Wolf Snake/Cat Snake Enclosure 900,000 900,000 900,000 230,000 200,000
Construction of Enclosure for Cobra Viper, Krait, 700,000 Etc enclosure Total 3,830,000
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3. Maintenance of Accounts, procedures followed Mysore Zoo is a unit of µZoo Authority of Karnataka¶ which is a society registered under Karnataka Societies Registration Act, 1960. As per section 12 of this Act, it is mandatory on the part of registered societies to present Balance Sheet, at the end of the year, giving a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Society and income & Expenditure Account giving true and fair view of the excess of income-over-expenditure or excess of expenditure-over-income of the society. And, as per Section ± 13 of the Act, it is also statutory requirement to get the accounts audited by a Chartered Accountant. To be in consistent with Section -12 & 13 of the Act, accounts of Mysore Zoo are being maintained in Double Entry System of accounting.
Statutory Auditor and the General Body of the Zoo Authority of Karnataka have appreciated well maintenance of accounts in Mysore Zoo and placed on records in the proceedings of 20th Annual general body Meeting of the Zoo Authority of Karnataka held on 13-12-2002. The Zoo Authority has approved to adopt the same procedures in all other Zoos of Karnataka under the control of Zoo Authority by bringing out ACCOUNTS MANUAL.
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4. Revenue and Expenditure during 2008-09: Revenue: Budget Head I II III IV V VI VIII Details of Budget Heads Gate Collection License Fees Sale proceeds Bank Interests Other receipts Parking Stand Karanji Park Grand Total Target (Rs. In Lakh) 508.00 21.04 19.63 42.28 20.27 16.37 29.25 657.27
Expenditure: Budget Head A. I II III IV V VI Details of Budget Heads Rs. In lakh Administrative Expenses: Establishment Charges Office Expenses Advertisement & Publicity Stares, tools & Plants General charges Zoo Education 272.58 5.55 2.16 2.28 17.13 1.72 Allotment Rs.in lakh Group Total
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VII B. VIII C IX X D XI XII XIII E XIV
Staff Welfare Feed and Fodder Feed & Fodder Veterinary care Hospital/Animal Treatment Exp Purchase of Live stock Development Fixed Assets Garden Development Civil Works development Maintenance Maintenance charges (Vehicles Office Equipments/ Bore-wells etc.,)
9.68
311.10
122.58
122.58
5.97 7.05 7.05
2.49 3.24 79.14 84.87
11.97
XV XVI XVII XVIII
Garden Maintenance Civil Works Maintenance Research & Documentation Enrichment of Captive Habitat Others ±Veterinary Conference Grand total
4.67 52.09 1.06 7.36 77.15 0.34 609.06
5. Stall Licensed and Procedure adopted : Sl. Name of the Kiosk Procedure License fee Period
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No. 1 KSIC Show Room Direct license to M/s KSIC, Rs.9000/- PM 01-2-09 to 31-012011
(Karnataka Govt. Undertaking) as pr resolution in 21st GC meeting of ZAK held on 10-12-1984. Current renewal financial is sanctioned as per by
powers
delegated
Governing Council, vide Para: 11.2 of Administrative & Financial
Powers of ZAK 2 Bank Premises with Through expression of interest to Rs. 8,650/- PM ATM room syndicate Bank 10-112004 to 911-2014 3 Coffee Kiosk ± Zoo License (Automatic Vending Machine) 4 Coffee Karanji Nature (Automatic Vending Machine) Kiosk ± License through tender to Sri. Rs. 1,10,100/- 1-7-09 to per year 30-6-09 through tender to Sr. Rs.1,40,004/Per year 1-7-07 to 30-6-09
M.N.Mahesh
Lake H.Anand Kumar Park
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Rhino Canteen
Direct License issued to KSTDC, A Rs.50.000/-
1-7-08 to
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Karnataka Govt. Undertaking
PM with 5% 3-06-13 increase every year
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Branded Fruit Juice License through tender, to M/s. Rs.1,90,000/Karanji Lake HPMC Ltd. (Govt. of HP per year
1-7-08 to 30-6-09
Undertaking) 7 Milk Parlor Direct Allotment to M/s. Mysore ± Rs.3,500/- PM Chamarajanagara Dist. Co4-5-2009 to 2010 3-5-
Operative Milk Producers Societies Union Ltd., Myosre 8
Boating Services at License through tender to Sri. Rs. 11,88,900/- 1-7-07 to Karanji Lake Jagadeesh Kumar per year 30-06-09 5-7-08 to 30-6-2009
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Tender Sales
Coconut License through tender to Sri.Raje Rs.2,60,000/Gowda per year
But, one Sri. Revanna, stated to be authorized agent of LICENSEE has filed suit in Civil Court, Mysore and continuing as per status quo order extended upto 24-8-09. Suit is challenged.
6. Audited statement of account :
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Statutory Auditing is under process. As such audited statements of accounts for 2008-09 are yet to be handed over to the Head office by the statutory Auditors. Hence unaudited statement of accounts is furnished below: Income & Expenditure statement for the year ending 31-03-2009 Expenditure Staff Salaries /Wages, etc Animal Welfare Maintenance Expenses Rs. In Lakh 282.26 147.11 100.52 Income Admissions ±Zoo Vehicle Parking Admissions Nature Park Capital Expenditure (Works 65.32 & other assets) Depreciation Excess of I ± O ±E Total 51.23 10.37 656.81 License fees Bank Interest on FDRs./SBs Total 27.71 35.09 656.81 Sale Proceeds & others 39.96 ±Karanji Rs. in lakh 508.43 16.37 Lake 29.25
Balance sheet as on 31-03-2009
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Liabilities Capital fund Development CZA Development Tourism Dept. Endowment funds Current Liabilities Total Grants Grants
Rs. In Lakh 2,325.85 ± 49.94
Assets Fixed Assets Endowment Funds-Investment
Rs. in lakh 1,914.84 21.00
± 28.10
Fixed Deposits in Bank
432.64
21.00 66.05 2,490.94
Current Assets Bank Balance Total
35.06 87.40 2,490.94
7. Donations received :
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1. Sri Deepakram 2. Sri Aqeel. A. Shaik 3. Sri Satyanarayana 4. M/s. Mahaveer Seva Samasthan 5. M/s. Hindustan Cococola Company 6. Sri KCN Mankkyavasagam 7. Sri Ramanuja & others 8. Sri Jacob & Regula 9. Sri BKS Iyengar
For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals
Rs.1,000/Rs.1,000/Rs.1,000/Rs.20,000/Rs.70,000/Rs.1,000/Rs.1,750/Rs.1,000/Rs.20,00,000/-
For creation of endowment fund to maintain tiger
Brahma & Anusuya out of 10. Sri Anil Garg annual interest. For creation of endowment fund of maintain 2 Macaws out of annual interest Rs.1,00,000/-
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Security measures: Zoo is bounded by strong compound with barbed wire fence on the top. It is being maintained by reconstructing weak and damaged portions. Individual holding rooms and enclosures of each and every animal/bird/reptile inside the zoo premises are also provided with protective walls and moats as per requirement. About 25 ex-servicemen on contract basis and 37 private security personnel through tender contractor have been engaged for security job. In shifts, they are being deployed through out the day all along boundary of zoo and also at sensitive areas inside zoo and entrance. Two ex-servicemen with gun are also being deployed at night. CCTV has been installed for important animal houses, stores, main entrance, ticket counter, etc. Two numbers of handheld metal detectors are in service. Fire extinguishers, search lights, crisis management equipments, first aid kit, etc., are in use from the view point of pre-cautionary measures for safety of animals, visitors and also staff.
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VISITATION:
Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens is one of the oldest zoos in the country & an important tourist centre of Mysore City. It is also one of the leading educational centres, imparting wildlife education, thus creating awareness among people.
There is a considerable increase in number of visitors to the zoo for the reason that Mysore zoo is attracting tourists with its all-round progress in exhibiting animals, enrichment program, health care management, maintenance of cleanliness, providing more visitor facilities & several educational programs. People from the country & abroad visit this zoo in large numbers. We have analyzed the visitation pattern throughout the year & different seasons like peak period, lean season, Dasara summer vacation, educational institutions excursion for last 6 years. Overall visitation for the last 6 years from 2003-2004 to 2008-2009 is shown in the chart appended.
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year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Rs. In Lakhs 208
600
Rs. In Lakhs
288 324 450 459
500 400 300 200 100 Rs. In Lakhs
507
0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
No. In Lakhs 1512975
2500000
No. In Lakhs
1544608
2000000
1690521 1999063 1965627
1500000 1000000 500000 0 No. In Lakhs
2140739
It is clear from the above 2 charts that number of visitors to zoo has increased from 1512975 during 2003-2004 over 2140739 during 2008-2009 and the total revenue crossed over Rs.5.07 crores from a mere collection of 2.08 crores during 2003-2004. 34
Statement showing the state wise visitation of students to Mysore Zoo during the year 2008-2009, Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 States Andrapradesh Arunachalpradesh Bihar Chattisghard Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Jammu Kashmir Jarkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshdweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Meghalaya Nagaland Orisa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Tamil nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal Nepal Total No. of Educational Institutions 74 1 2 1 1 10 5 1 2 1 3501 1059 11 6 163 1 1 3 7 4 8 400 6 1 3 2 5274 No. of students visited 4332 30 65 9 91 320 272 124 68 51 188572 49902 1229 234 8194 66 32 76 599 277 375 23258 267 20 103 42 278608
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VISITORS COMMENTS««««««.
Mr.Amul H.pandit, B/10, Raghuvir CHS, Tilak Nagar, Thane (c), Mumbai, Maharastra.
Wonderful Zoo, nicely maintained, strict administration, great work! Animals like Fallow Deer I had never knew. I came to know of it only because of this Zoo. Wonderful!
Z.A.Sacha, Ahmedabad Municipal corporation, Sardar Patel Bhavan, Sardar Patel Road, Ahmedabad.
Warn regards to each & every officer & employees of this fantastic Zoo. People of the Zoo are very familiar to animals. Compliments to all. Thanks for hospitality.
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Meera Saksena IAS, Principal Secretary, Govt. of Karnataka, Forest Ecology& Environment.
Though I have visited Mysore Zoo any number of times (I have been probationer here, later special DC (Dev) & then later Deputy Commissioner, Mysore).I have always gone round as a visitor & a guest. Now I feel responsible, after having joined Forest department as Principal Secretary! What a lot of things have to be done, appropriate infrastructure has to be created & the wonderful animals here have to be housed in befitting surroundings. Let¶s get cracking & do our very best.
Justice P.D.Dinakaran, Chief Justice, Karnataka High Court.
I am very much impressed as to the maintenance of the zoo & the care that is taken by the authorities for the food & discipline. The visit here would educate us. I wish further development with best wishes
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A.R.Mande, Director, Gorewada Zoo Project, Nagpur, Maharashtra.
I have visited the Mysore Zoological Gardens & Karanji lake Nature park along with my colleague Sri.A.M.Anjan Kar, DCF.The Zoo is very compact, very visitor friendly, clean, the zoo could be seen in very short time covering the whole enclosures. The level of satisfaction is very high after visiting the zoo, imparting the knowledge on various animals. The zoo campus is clean, properly greened vegetation, growing the grass. The Karanji lake nature park is an excellent site to visit with numerous birds, are & lawns very excellently maintained .all this is due to sincere, example of public sector body, which is very rare to see now-a-days. I compliment the staff again & our good wishes for further progress.
Umadevi S.Y, D/o B.S.Yadiyurappa, No. 2, ³Race View Cottage´, Race course Road< Bangalore-1
It is one of the World¶s best Zoos we have ever seen. Thank you so much for all the responsible whose hard work is behind in maintaining it. Kindly keep it up.
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Iran, No. Eram park, 4cl kilometer of expressway Tehran-Karaj
Animals species varieties, arrangement & dispersion, responsible management & will sighting has provided very interesting atmosphere for nature lover to be a model accompanied by expertise for facilitate the natural park that all people all around the world benefited from it .We enjoyed it too much. Thanks for your hospitality.
Airi Ojamots, Musician
I am huge fan of tigers & today, I had a fantastic experience to see a white tiger & tigers having their diet or food. One thing I can understand some of the tigers are in captive to observe & to know about them & to respect them for their conservation.
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FACILITIES PROVIDED FOR THE VISITORS:
Sri Chamarajendra Zoo is one of the oldest Zoos in the country & an important tourist attraction of Mysore .The various facilities provided by the Zoo to its visitors are: y y y y y y y y y y Providing wheel chair for physically challenged & for aged people. Providing umbrella in rainy & summer seasons. Providing battery operated vehicle facility to see animals. Drinking water facility. First aid facility. Toilet facility. Sign boards describing the information about the animals. Shelters are provided to take rest. Food court is made in the entrance. Luggage rooms.
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Garden Section: The Zoo is maintaining its aesthetic beauty by developing beautiful gardens. Since the zoo is visited by more than 2.00million of visitors from the country & abroad, they pay special attention to the gardens & maintenance of greenery throughout the year which attract more people .Especially during the Dasara season the entire Zoo premises will be decorated with plenty of flowering & foliage plants arranged around the premises. The Garden Section is being maintained by 37 Gardeners, 2 Junior Supervisory staffs & 2 Senior Supervisory staff. The section is headed by the Range Forest Officer. The Garden Section is fixed with the responsibility of daily cleaning of entire premises, roads, regular removal of waste materials from the dust bins kept elsewhere in the Zoo premises. The Zoo being a plastic free zone plastic & polythene covers will be screened at the entrance to avoid littering of such thing inside the Zoo premises. However, the staff members are more attentive in picking of plastic covers & such others where ever found & subsequently dispose it off as required. The dedicated staff members are working throughout the day to ensure cleanliness. The services are well appreciated from visitors & experts. The developments made in garden section: Development of lawns & planting of flowering plants around barricade in front office premises. Development of Zoo Name & Ganda Bherunda by planting plants in front of old museum building.
y
y
41
y
Planting of varieties of flowering & foliage species in front of office building and in the newly formulated food court premises. Development of lawns by planting Bapolo grass for the ensuing Dasara. Planting of farm grass species near the Hippo enclosure & planting of flowering plants along the road near snake enclosure. Planting of flowering plants, preparation of pergola & formation of lawn with Bapolo grass near new Zoo Shop premises. Planting of grass & plant species around the barricade of birds¶ enclosure. Planting of Hibiscus plants at pergola near Kalyani. Planting of plant species around the barricade of panther enclosure. Planting of more than 3250 plant species alround the Zoo premises. Planting of flowering plants alround the barricade of newly developed tank. Planting of flowering plants alround barricading in the Zoo premises. Development of plant varieties at the Garden Nursery. Planting varieties of plants in the islands of tank inside the Zoo. Raising more than 360 species of plants for planting inside the Zoo. Consolidation of earth & preparation of beds for planting alround the Zoo premises.
y y
y
y y y y y y y y y y
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Staff Management: Any zoo depends wholly on the staff members who are the backbone of a zoo for better management. The successful maintenance of the zoo is attributed to the dedicated staff, who are serving the zoo inmates relentlessly and with love and affection. GENERAL HEALTH CHECK UP FOR THE STAFF: The Zoo authority arranges general health check up for the employees &their family members with the sponsors support. MEDITATION & COUNSELING PROGRAMME: The staff members of the zoo especially the zoo keepers, garden workers, have put in their 20-30 years of life¶s effort and are frustrated with monotonous job and added to this they are facing personal problems in order to rejuvenate them, a meditation and counseling program is arranged. Many have benefited from this program and they have been encouraged to practice regularly in their houses for better living and to give up bad habits. AMENITIES TO STAFF: The following amenities have been extended to all the permanent employees along with their pay and allowances as per prevailing rules of government of Karnataka. Reimbursement of medical expenses. Encashment of gazette holidays limited to 30 days in a year. Personal; loan facility through bank. 43
y y y
y y y
Conveyance allowance /telephone allowance to officers. Group insurance scheme extended through staff benevolent fund trust. Medical treatment to permanent employees/contract employees in case of accident / injuries. ESI facilities to the laborers through contractor. Providing residential quarters to some of the officers. Wireless communication and CUG of BSNL to all field staff. EDLI policy under group insurance scheme. Proving bicycles to officers & some of the field staff. Gratuity under gratuity act being provided to the employees. Meeting & counseling being conducted with the employees for better improvement of zoo. Janatha accidental policy for employees including Ex-servicemen engaged on contract basis. Sanction of DA/festival advance & other benefits in par with the government officials.
y y y y y y y
y
y
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Staff attern f Sri
amarajendra
ical Gardens,
sore Permanent+Deputed staff)
Executive irector
eputy irector
arden Section
Store Section fficer
Animal Section
Engineering Section Asst. engineer Sr.Assistant r.Assistants
ffice Section r.Admv.Asst. anager Sr. Assistants r.Assistants Attenders r.Attenders
Finance Section Accounts suptdt. anager Sr.Assistants r.Assistant r.Attender
Hospital Section Assist.Director et. fficer r.Assistants
aranji kere anager r.Assistants r.Attenders Attenders
Range forest
Sr.Assistants Forest uard r.Attenders Attenders Forester
Sr.Assistants Attender r.Attender
Forest
uards Attender
r.Attenders Drivers Attenders Forester
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VETERINARY SECTION:
Zoo hospital is one of main functional part of Zoo. It is well equipped with modern tranquilizing equipments & medicines, operation theater,laboratory,drug store of emergency & routine medicines, portable x-ray unit ,& in patient & quarantine wards .presently the unit is headed by assistant director & assisted by veterinary officer along with junior assistant ; laboratory technician ;2 animal keepers., who are trained in health care management , hand rearing techniques of mammals & birds, tranquilization & translocation , handling of variety of animals & recording & documentation of the same.
The animal care being exercised with the support of one assistant director and veterinary officer. Fostering all round physical psychological and social development for the animal of late great emphasis is laid for providing environmental enrichment to all animal enclosure and also ensuring adequate supply of food, water and shelter for all animals by regular maintenance of every enclosure.
The routine works include daily observation of animal behaviors, nutritional supplementation,tranqulization & treatments of sick animals, chemoprophylaxis & vaccination to reduce the endemic disease,de-worming medication to prevent worm infestation, housing & management, quarantine of new arrivals, hand rearing of orphaned & rescued neonates, post-mortem examination for the grass pathological changes, sample collection & laboratory investigation ,radiological examination ,diet chart preparation, upkeep of health records, animal history & stud book maintainance,inventory preparation 46
,animal exchange program, guiding the animal keepers & capture & treatment of wild animals outside the zoo.
Zoo veterinarians take up the training program for the internees from veterinary colleges, forestry colleges & to the students/participants of zoo educational programs.
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Chapter-3
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General Nutrient and energy requirements Wildlife nutrition provides an understanding of specific biochemical and bio physical interactions critical to the survival and productivity of individuals and populations. Nutrition is the process whereby the animal processes portions of its external chemical environment for the functioning of internal metabolism. All animals are located somewhere on an internal tissue metabolism gradient. The wildlife nutritionist need not consider catabolism and weight loss as undesirable but rather as essential components of life strategies of many wild animals (Le Maho, 1977; sherry et al., 1980). However, the position of an animal along the gradient represents a dynamic balancing between cellular and organism requirements and the rate and efficiency at which specific components of the external environment can be required.
Feeding ecology Wild living animals have to find food process it and eat it. They have to do these things in an environment within which other organisms live: some of these organisms will be potential food items; some will be predators looking to make a meal of them; and some will be of no food relevance what so ever. Evolution has equipped these animals with morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations for dealing with these eventualities, and although many Zoo animals have been removed from this ecological context, it is important that we know something of these adaptations so that they are satisfied as much as they can be by feeding regimes in the zoo.
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Feeding categories A number of different terms are used to describe the sorts of food that animals eat. The most familiar are the very broad terms µcarnivore¶, to describe an animal that feeds on other animals, µherbivore¶, to describe an animal that feeds on plants, and omnivore, to describe an animal that eats both plant and animal food. These terms are so broad that they are not always particularly useful, so some narrower terms are also used to describe more specialized diets within these categories. Thus, a carnivore that eats fish is referred to as a µpiscivore¶, while one that eats terrestrial arthropods is called an insectivore. Herbivorous species might eat fruit or leaves. This sort of naming of categories can go on apparently endlessly. For example, animals such as Galagos and marmosets, which include a quantity of plant exudates in their diet are now often referred to as Gummivores animals, such as the leather back turtle which consume jellyfish are medusivore.With a few caveats, terms such as carnivore and herbivore apply across all animals taxa.
Feeding methods It is also possible to categorize animals according to the way in which they obtain their food. Some animals, for example, filter small food particles that are in suspension in water and are thus known as suspension, or filter, feeders. In the zoo, such feeders are most likely to be seen in the aquarium, but some vertebrates, notably flamingos, also feed this way. Carnivorous species are often predators, which hunt, trap, are ambush their prey, but they may also feed on material that somebody else has caught, or that they find dead, or may
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even steal it off someone else. Herbivorous species may eat from the ground layers of plants, or from bushes and trees. In all of these cases the different animals have evolved morphological specialism, usually in and around the mouth, or front limbs for processing the food before it is swallowed.
Basic nutritional theory Why do animals need food anyway? All living thins require energy to operate their cellular and metabolic machinery, and also to fulfill their life history activities, including growth and reproduction. For animals, that energy obtained by consuming plants or other animals. The correct term for this is heterotrophic, which means an organism that obtains carbon for growth from consuming organic matter (plants, by contrast, can derive their carbon and energy form non-organic sources, and are referred to as autotrophic). The compounds that supply that energy are mostly carbohydrate and fats, although energy can also be derived from proteins. When eaten this substances have to be broken down into their constituent units, which are simple sugars, short-chain fatty acids, long chain fatty acids, and amino acids. These units can then be absorbed into the body, and then used for growth and metabolism. Oxidation of these molecules provides most of the animals¶ energy requirements.
In general, animals have no specific requirements for any particular carbohydrates, fats, or proteins: just about any will do equally well. There are, however, certain specific substances, both organic molecules and chemical elements that are essential, in the sense
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that animal must have a supply of them in its diet, usually because they are a necessary component of enzymes, systems and, even if they are organic, the animal may not be able to synthesize them itself. Thus, animals may have specific nutritional requirements over and above the basic need for a supply of energy. How can be nutrient content of the diet be measured? Questions about the amount of digestible material in an animal¶s diet can be answered by carrying out food intake studies, within which the total amount of food provided is carefully weighed, and then uneaten food and faeces are also weighed and analyzed. Establishing the nutrient content of a food item, such as grass hay or another type of forage, is done by laboratory analysis. A typical analysis produces data on the crude protein, ash, fat, and fiber content in the food, expressed ass proportions of the total dry matter. Thus, different types of study (food intake studies and laboratory analysis of the nutrients in particular food items) can help zoos to decide how much food to provide and whether the diet is providing all of the necessary nutrients. But both of these sorts of studies can be laborious and time intensive to carry out. A food intake study for a bird fed on a proprietary seed mix, for example, would involve separating out each type of nut or seed in the mix before weighing each of these, and then the even more laborious job of picking up the uneaten seeds from the enclosure afterwards, and sorting and weighing the leftovers. Nutrient assays in the laboratory are also relatively expensive and a zoo the wanted to sample all of its forages on a regular basis are wanted a detailed analysis of vitamin and minerals content of its food stuffs would very quickly a run up a large will for laboratory assays.
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Food & Nutrition Management: Knowledge of wild life nutrition as a component of wild life ecology and management is central to understanding the survival and productivity of all wild life population whether free ranging or captive. Although it is difficult to identify the earliest interest in wild life nutrition, the science of wild life nutrition is an extremely young area of investigation. This new area of investigation was entitled as economic ornithology.
All the techniques and emphasis on food habit research have changed over the years; food habits studies have continued to be a major percentage of all wild life nutrition investigation. The study of life nutrition helps us to know what has been eaten and rarely how much, for what reason or the physiological role or importance of the different ingested foods. The study of food habits is to develop the absolute scheme of nutritional management scheme for wild life. nutrition research and management of wild life species offer many challenges not always encountered by the scientists working with domestic animals, primarily because of the need to maintain an ecological perspective in designing and implementing any wild life nutrition research.
The use of captive wild animals in nutrition research often requires special facilities and great perseverance in handling or training the animals. Although captive & instrumented wild life animals may provide the only means for answering many questions, one must always be concerned about the effects of captivity and handling upon the results. The nutrition of captive primates, particularly the rhesus monkey and common laboratory rodents, such as the guinea pig, rat and mouse has been studied the most, with the
53
emphasis on these species as models for understanding human nutrition while these studies are very applicable to understanding captive primate or rodents nutrition, their lack of an ecological perspective suitable for increasing our knowledge of free ranging animals is unfortunate.
Wild life nutrition is indeed a science, since the nutritional interactions between the animal & its environment are not random events but highly predictable interactions forming the basis for the science of wild life nutrition data to field management is both an art and a science because of the lack of adequate knowledge of many control mechanisms determining the outcome of any manipulation. Many of the problems encountered by the ecologist or animal & land manager may involve basic nutritional questions about starvation, computation winter feeding of wildlife, diet formulation, habitat
manipulations such as clear cuts, fertilizations and reseeding, predator-prey interactions & carrying capacity estimations. Consequently, wildlife nutrition is a basic & yet broad field of investigation with many challenges to be met.
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Diet chart of birds
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Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: Ardeidae Sl. No. Name of the Bird No. of birds Fish
(kgs)
1
LITTLE EGGRET Egretta garzetta BLACK CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax
* 2 * 20 * 1 23
0.075 0.150 0.075 1.500 0.075 0.075 1.725
2
3
INDIAN POND HERON Ardeola grayii TOTAL Note: *Indicates for each bird
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Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: Ciconiidae Sl. No. Name of the Bird No. of birds (kgs)
1
LESSER ADJUTANT STORK Leptoptilos dubius PAINTED STORK Mycteria leucocephala WOOLY NECKED STORK Ciconia episcopus TOTAL Note: *Indicates for each bird
* 2 * 9 * 1 11
0.800 1.600 0.400 3.600 0.400 0.400 5.600
2
3
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Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: Threskiornithidae Sl. No. 1 SACRED IBIS/WHITE Threskiornis aethiopica EURASIAN SPOONBILL Platalea leucordia * 12 * 5 Name of the Bird No. of birds (kgs) 0.075 0.900 0.300 1.500 2.400 (kgs) 0.050 0.600 0 0 0.600 Fish Prawns
2
TOTAL 17 Note: *Indicates for each bird
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Order: FALCONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae Sl. Name of the Bird No. of birds
Minced Meat
Fish
No. 1 SHIKRA Accipiter badius 2 RED HEADED VULTURE Sarcogyps calvus 3 WHITE BELLIED SEA EAGLE Haliaeetus leucogaster * 1 * 1 * 1 * 1 4
(kgs) 0.150 0.150 1.000 1.000 0.300 0.300 0.500 0.500 1.950
(kgs) 0 0.000 0 0.000 0.350 0.350 0 0.000 0.350
4 TAWNY EAGLE Aquila rapax Total Note: *Indicates for each bird
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Order: ANSERIFORMES Family: Anatidae Sl. No. 1 DUCK BRAHMINY Tadorna ferruginea 2 CAROLINA WOOD DUCK Aix sponsa 3 MANDARIN DUCK Aix galericulata 4 MUSCOVY DUCK Cairina moschata 5 SPOTTED WHISTLING DUCK Dendrocygna guttata Total Note: *Indicates for each bird * 3 * 4 * 2 * 20 * 3 32 Name of the Bird No. of birds
Veg Greens
Veg Greens (kgs) 0.070 0.210 0.070 0.280 0.070 0.140 0.200 4.000 0.100 0.300 4.930
Lucern (kgs) 0.030 0.090 0.030 0.120 0.030 0.060 0.030 0.600 0.030 0.090 0.960
Mix Grains (kgs) 0.050 0.150 0.050 0.200 0.050 0.100 0.200 4.000 0.050 0.150 4.600
Poultry Feed (kgs) 0.025 0.075 0.025 0.100 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.500 0.025 0.075 0.800
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s
Order: ANSERIFORMES Family: Anatidae Sl. No. 1 GOOSE BAR HEADED Anser indicus 2 LESSER SNOW GOOSE Chen caerulescens caerulescens 3 GREYLAG GOOSE Anser anser 4 MUTE SWAN Cygnus olor 5 BLACK SWAN Cygnus atratus Total * 2 * 4 * 2 * 1 * 8 Name of the Bird No. of birds
Veg Greens Lucern Mix Grains Poultry Feed
(kgs) 0.100 0.200 0.070 0.280 0.070 0.140 0.250 0.250 0.250 2.000
(kgs) 0.030 0.060 0.030 0.120 0.030 0.060 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.800
(kgs) 0.125 0.250 0.125 0.500 0.125 0.250 0.150 0.150 0.150 1.200 2.350
(kgs) 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.200 0.050 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.150 1.200 1.700
17 2.870 1.140 Note: *Indicates for each bird
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1 Order: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae Mixed Grains
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
Bajra Lucern Poultry Feed
Garlic Veg Green Seasonal Fruits Papaya Ragi Ma
Sl.
Name of the Bird
No. of birds
No.
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(k
1
RED SPUR FOWL Chrysolophus pictus RED JUNGLE FOWL Gallus gallus
* 2
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.005 0.010
0.050 0.100
0.002 0.004
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0 0
2
* 24
0.050 1.200
0.010 0.240
0.003 0.072
0.050 1.200
0.002 0.048
0.050 1.200
0.010 0.240
0.010 0.240
0.010 0.240
0 0
3
GREY JUNGLE FOWL Gallus sonneratii PAINTED SPURFOWL Galloperdix lunulata
* 3
0.050 0.150
0.010 0.030
0.003 0.009
0.050 0.150
0.002 0.006
0.050 0.150
0.010 0.030
0.010 0.030
0.010 0.030
0 0
4
* 2
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.003 0.006
0.050 0.100
0.002 0.004
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0 0
Total
31
1.550
0.310
0.097
1.550
0.062
1.550
0.310
0.310
0.310
0
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Note: *Indicates for each bird - 10 Eggs per day during breeding season.
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Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore
What is the strength of the zoo? Mysore Zoo is housing a total No.1213 of specimens. The total species is about 163. The numbers Mammals Birds Reptiles of mammals, :55Nos :87Nos :21Nos birds and reptiles are given as hereunder:
What are the expenses incurred for feeding? The total expenditure incurred towards annual feeding is Rs.120.00 lakhs.
In
case
of
adulteration,
what
safety
measures
are
taken?
As soon as the feeding articles received, the same will be weighed in the computerized balance and recorded. With regard to quality of feeding articles, the Zoo vet will inspect and certify the same with regard to fitness for animal consumption.
Even if noticed any adulteration at the time of issuing to the animals, the same will be rejected. Immediately it will be arranged for purchase fro outside source, and extra cost incurred if any than the accepted tender rate, will be recovered from the supplying agency, besides imposing penalty.
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How
many
departments
are
there
and
number
of
employees
working?
The following departments are functioning in the Zoo, for smooth administration. 1. Garden Section 2. Store Section 3. Animal Section 4. Engineering Section 5. Administrative Section 6. Finance Section 7. Hospital Section 8. Karanji Lake Nature Park
Total No. of Staff
Permanent Contract Security Total
97 90 60 247 Nos.
What is the salary package for care takers? Pay ± 8000 DA ± 3040 HRA ± 1200 CCA ± 80 WA ± 20
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MA - 50
What are the facilities provided by the Government? The following facilities provided by the government Uniform Medical Reimbursement Group Insurance Gazette Holidays Salary for having working on general holidays Encashment of leave salary. Benevolent fund. Mid day meals Providing residential quarters Wireless communication Gratuity under gratuity act Festival advance. Mobile phones for offices and supervisory staff
What are the safety measures taken for workers who fed animals? The animals are fed in a through which is either near to the entrance of the cage / enclosure for example Carnivores like Tiger, Lion etc., for herbivores like deers and antelopes the through are almost at the centre of the enclosure. But because the animals need human presence, they too are cautious. Hence, in either case both the animals and keepers to be safe. The keepers will be told to take all precautionary measures with
132
regard to safety, through lectures in the keepers training program and shown CD in this regard.
How do they balance nutrition? The animals are given balanced diet they are given seasonal fruits as well. Meanwhile they are given protein and other necessary supplements with regular deworming and vaccinations. The Mysore Zoo diet chart is made as a standardized format for the rest of the country.
How many animals are being adopted by the public? 272 animals are adopted from this Zoo. As sum of Rs. 23.00 lakhs is realized as adoption amount in a year.
What is the percentage of visitors for the last 5 years?
Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5
Year 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
No. of Visitors 1690521 1999063 1965627 2140739 2238872
In % age 4.81 23.94 21.87 32.73 38.81
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What are the measures conducted by zoo for animal welfare? Enrichment activities for comfortable housing of animals. Ensure proper hygiene. Feeding wholesome unadulterated. Adding supplements and vitamins Prophylactic measures for prevention of disease. Screening of keepers against epidemic disease.
What are the developments and maintenance work taken place? Maintenance work will be taken up regularly in the interest of safety and welfare of animals, visitors, and staff members.
Maintenance of water through, feeding through. Safety of holding room, flooring, moats, roads, compound, boundary wall, enrichment activities for comfort of animas will be taken up regularly. As zoo is a crisis management. We have to deal problem and complications as and when occurs. Any how the zoo will be always ready to meet the eventualities with the past experience.
The developmental works which is in progress is detailed hereunder: Establishment of aquarium in the subway leading to karanji and zoo Constructions of new enclosures Enhancement of visitors facilities Strengthening of compounds
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Improvement of lawns and gardens Better signage facilities Up-gradation of veterinary facilities Staff welfare measures
Instructions to the public ± of public Feeding animals. The public are told not to tease animals at the entrance gate itself (if there is not a heavy rush at the entrance gate). There are boards giving information about each animal houses, warning board to warn them no to indulge in certain activity. Also the fine they may have to pay, if they are caught indulging in non approved activity. They are told through boards why they shouldn¶t feed animals. Also they are requesting the fellow visitors not to irritate their fellow visitors.
If they are caught indulging in anti-zoo activities they will be imposed to pay fine, according to the action they indulge in. they are given free Zoo map, which has dos and don¶ts on the reverse. There are dos¶ don¶ts¶ boards all along the Zoo as well.
Information about doctors. Number of doctors? 3 number of doctors (1) Assistant Director (2) Two Veterinary Officers From how long years they are working 3 doctors are working on deputation from their parent department and gained sufficient experience to deal with wild animals.
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What are benefits and facilities provided to doctors? The doctors who are working on deputation are provided with facilities and benefits as per the terms and conditions issued by the government.
Hours of feeding? Frequency? The herbivores animals are fed tow times a day i.e., between 10.00 to 11.00am and between 3.00pm to 4.00pm
The carnivore animals are fed once in a day between 3.30 pm to 4.30pm and there will be no feeding on every Tuesday due to fasting for better maintenance.
In your opinion what is the reason for non success /success in program plan? Mysore zoo is one of the oldest zoos in the country having 118 years of history and it is one of the leading zoos in the country, achieved all round progress.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
140
Bibliography Wildlife feeding and nutrion - Charles T. Robbins Animal Nutrition in Tropics- S.K.Ranjhan Zoo animals Behaviour, management and welfare-Geoff Hosey, Vicky Melfi, Sheila pankhurst
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doc_217243903.docx
Mission Statement ³To connect visitors & animals through exemplary animal welfare & care, best educational & inspirational experiences, forcasting public appreciation &support for wild animals & conservation´
1
Strategies
Fostering sound techniques of husbandry that ensure the physical & psychological wellbeing of the animals in our care through professional animal & veterinary care & a comprehensive animal management plan.
Education , through staff involvement & training, inreach & out reach programmes ,conferences and workshops, volunteers, natural animal exhibits, directional ,informational & interpretive signage.
Animal exhibits, planting, graphics, & zoo programs are to be represented in such a manner as to give the visitor a sense of awareness & concern for wild animals & their habitat.
Applying resources to conservation breeding programmes that will assist in the conservation of India Gaur & Lion Tailed Macaque.
2
Supporting & participating in scientific research that contributes towards the knowledge, understanding & conservation of endangered animals by utilizing staff, universities & other zoological institutions.
Recreation, through modern exhibition design, wellrun visitor services (i.e., refreshment facilities, souvenir shop, resting places, clock rooms, umbrella, wheel chairs, parking, etc.) & to maximize the natural & park like setting by formal & informal landscaping.
3
Introduction:
The zoological gardens in Mysore were set up by Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar who is acclaimed as one of the architects of modern Mysore. The Maharaja was a nature buff and set up a number of gardens and parks in Mysore.
The Zoological Garden was carved out of a portion of the Summer Palace also known as the Pleasure Palace, which was in the eastern part of the city. The zoo was called Palace Zoo and was inaugurated in 1892. In the beginning the zoo was developed on 10 acres of the Summer Palace. The Maharaja hired Mr. G.H. Krumbeigal a German landscaper and horticulturist to set up the zoo. As the Maharaja was an animal lover he took special care to ensure that all the enclosures for the animals were spacious and aesthetically built. The enclosures are in use to this day.
The Maharaja appointed Mr. Huge an Australian as the Zoo Superintendent. Some years later under Mr. Huge's supervision the area of the zoo was increased to 45 acres. Ten years after setting up the zoo the Maharaja threw it open to the public, as he realized that the zoo not only had recreational value but had educational value too. As the years passed the zoo became popular as Mysore Zoo. At the time this zoo was established there were very few zoos in the country. And the Mysore zoo came to be considered as the best zoo in the country.
4
The zoo not only had an excellent collection of animals, it has a beautiful bandstand and had a picturesque setting with the Chamundi hills as its backdrop and an artificial lake on its premises. After expansion the zoo in 1909 it was renamed Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens after its founder. When the Maharaja traveled abroad he selected rare animals from these countries and brought them back to add to the zoo's collection. Sometime animals available in Mysore forest were exchanged for animals acquired from other countries. Mr. Herman Ruhe a German who owned a number of zoos in Germany was closely associated with the Mysore Zoo for about eight decades. The Maharaja also made the Mysore zoo an "orphanage" for raising abandoned animals.
After independence the Zoo was gifted by the then Maharaja to the Department of Parks and Gardens of the Mysore State Government in 1948. After this the Zoo acquired another 50 acres of land belonging to the Palace. Later on the 150-acre Karanji Tank was also procured by the Zoo increasing its size to the present 250 acres. The Zoo authorities started breeding rare animals as well. The zoo was given a face-lift modern enclosures were built. Man made island have been created in the Karanji Lake and converted into mini sanctuary for birds. Boating facilities are available.
In 1972 the Government handed over the Zoo to the Forest Department and it then entrusted it to an autonomous body in 1979. The Zoo Authority of Karnataka became the first autonomous body in the country to manage a zoo. A zoo has been able to breed various animals in captivity successfully. Today though the Mysore zoo is over a century
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old it has spacious enclosures, walk through, a veterinary hospital, with facility for quarantine, operation theatre, medicine rooms and wards for animals.
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FOUNDER SHRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN ,MYSORE HIGHNESS SRI CHAMARAJENDRA WADEYAR BAHADUR ³The 23rd ruler of yadu dynasty´
Sri Chamarajendra Wadeyar was born in 1863 and he was crowned as the Maharaja of Mysore on 25 March 1881 when he was just 18. The maharaja was instrumental in all round development of the state with in short span of a decade. He pioneered the constitution of the people¶s representative assembly. The Mysore civil service examination was introduced during his time to attract big cream of youths to government service. The establishment of Mysore state railways & lying down of more than 315miles of rail work done during his regime. He favored the policy of decentralization of power & formed independent departments like police, geology & agriculture. Great attention was paid to irrigation & he had started more than 900 schools. He gave attention to the development of art & culture & the famous devaraja market was constructed during his regime.
He was also responsible for starting a model zoo garden in Mysore in1892.this garden was designed not for amusement of the royalty but to educate the people of the state about the wild life. It has the unique distinction of breeding rare species in captivity & emphasis was laid towards the comfort & well being of the animals.
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The special feature of this zoo is the meticulous planning, they resorted in recreating the natural habitat for the different species .The ideas and techniques used were really revolutionary for that period.
It is astonishing to realize that all these major achievements were made with in a short span of 13 years. Fate snatched him away when he was only 31 &one wonders what he would have achieved if he were have to be endowed with along life.
A beautiful bust of his highness chamarajendra wadeyar has been installed inside the zoo near the entrance gate during the centenary celebrations, in commemoration of our founder member his Highness Sri Chamarajendra Wadeyar Bahadur.
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Animal section Mysore Zoo is one of the oldest Zoo in the country. From the very beginning, enclosures for the animals were made spacious and aesthetic such that even today, they are still quite suitable. During the earlier years, the Maharajas visited European countries and Africa, and used to selected and procure interesting animals such as Chimpanzee, Giraffe, Antelopes, Primates, birds and bears. At that time, the acquisition of animals was not difficult because we had plenty of wild animals from our own forests and from Foreign Zoos in exchange. It has been the unique prestige for the Mysore Zoo to be the only zoo in the whole of Asia which has bred largest mammals such as Asian Elephants, Indian Rhinos, Giraffe, Hippos, Tigers, Gaurs, Black Blacks, Rheas, Chimp etc., The pioneering work has so far more 150 species of both exotic and indigenous animal. Thus contributing Ex-situ conservation of wildlife in a big way. At preset Mysore Zoo is housing the following of animals. Specimens Mammals Birds Reptiles Total 496 508 097 1101 Mammals Birds Reptiles Total Species 052 083 021 156
Due to the preset tight policy, the Zoo could not acquire animals from Foreign Zoos, for the last 15 years, and as such some of the animals are single without companion, and few enclosures are empty. Despite continuous efforts to enrich the animal stock and even though adequate infrastructure available, the zoo could not acquire 11
the expected animals, and even lack of coordination among the Indian Zoos, in exchanging surplus animals. There are 65 animals¶ enclosures, in the zoo. More than 45 Animal keepers, with the support of 3 supervisors, Forester and Range Forest Officer are looking after the welfare of the Zoo Animals. Recently there exchange proposals were finalized between Mysore Zoo and Foreign Zoos and being pursued continuously we expect this will yield better results in the near future. The staff members are highly dedicated and motivated, to take stock of any situation, and work for the better management of the zoo. Besides attending the routine works, they give special attention to enrichment activities, visitor¶s interaction and to ensure proper hygiene, feeding and reporting to the senior officers.
KEEPING ZOO ANIMALS HAPPY Increasing behavioral opportunities for captive animals is hardly a new idea. The dilemma that faces every sentient individual becomes increasingly clear when the experience of a zoo visit is carefully examined. Opportunities to visit and to see magnificent creatures, many of which one otherwise might never encounter in a lifetime. Is an exiting recreational experience and can be educationally powerful. However, in majority of the cases, the character of captive environment leaves so much to be desired that it brings an uncomfortable feeling of similarity to traditional human prisons. The zoo animals deserve primary attention since its comfort and health are involved everyday, while an average visitor visits the zoo a few times a year at most. From this perspective,
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the need for increasing behavioral opportunities among captive animals is even more apparent. What could be unhealthier for most species than an unresponsive environment where their sustenance requirements are met on some arbitrary schedule by their keepers? The technology exists for an almost endless variety of methods to provide animals some control over their own schedules of feeding, drinking and exercise. This article describes some of the first concentrated efforts to apply this technology to the design and modification of exhibits at the Mysore Zoo. A better and a more scientific synonym for the µtechnology¶ mentioned above is the term µenrichment¶. Enrichment is the provision of stimuli which promote the expression of species-appropriate behavioral and mental activities in an under-stimulating environment. Environmental enrichment aims at increasing the well-being of captive animals by increasing exercise, satisfying behavioral needs and optimizing the level of stimulation the animal receives and simultaneously reduces the display of abnormal behaviors. This can be achieved by various means like increasing the complexity of the environment, changes in diet and feeding regimes and others. It is surprising how minimal modifications in the animals¶ environment would bring about very significant changes with regard to the animals activity budget and its behavior. Lack of complexities deprive the animals of the opportunity to exercise their natural behavioral repertories and would result in the development of stress, which would affect the animal both at the physical and psychological levels, and also influences the occurrence of abnormal behaviors. ³In its natural stimulation, each species occupies a reasonably well-defined ecological niche wherein individuals tolerate or readily adapt to mast variations in the environment.
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The species can compensate for minor environmental fluctuations physiologically and/or behaviorally; major environmental changes demand major behavioral changes.´ M W Schien & E S E Hafez, 1965. This article briefs the enrichment works carried out and the initiatives taken to improve animal enclosures at the Mysore zoo during the year Zoo-90.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT FOR PRIMATES The primate taxon includes a wide variety of species with an incredible range of abilities. One obvious commonality is their need for psychological and behavioral enrichment. Most primates are curious, complex animals with the ability to manipulate objects in their environment. When that environment has been limited by the confines of an exhibit or night house space, the intelligent primate requires some type of external stimulation. Without constructive activities, primate behavior can become aberrant and repetitive and some individuals may indulge in self-mutilation or become aggressive towards cage mates. A well-developed enrichment program is a necessity for any captive primate. Every species of animals requires enrichment that it adapted to their particular behavioral characteristics or personality. Zoo animals also have individual personalities and abilities. Whether a primate is interacting with its enclosure, a toy/food stimulus, or is sleeping, there are many ways that the lives of these animals can be enriched. Numerous primate species are highly endangered in their wild habitats, and someday, reintroducing captive specimens may become a reality. Therefore, ensuring that necessary natural behaviors are retained in these animals will be essential. Successful
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parenting, foraging, appropriate group behavior and mental agility are important skills for animals to retain if they are to survive without the comforts of the zoo. If these behaviors are slowly culled over generations through a captive lifestyle, the likelihood of reintroduction programs to succeed is reduced. To increase the well-being of our primates, we wanted to increase their foraging behavior, further decrease aggression, and reduce boredom and stereotypic behavior. We also wanted the animals to use all the space in the exhibit we wanted to provide them with more privacy. Exhibit enrichment is intended to increase the amount of usable space in an enclosure, as well as providing more choices to the animals of where to spend their time. Structures such as artificial trees, platforms, hammocks and hanging ropes provide opportunities to climb, swing and nest high above the ground as many primates would in the wild. Knowing the distinct characteristics and behavioral inclinations of the species can aid in the design of exhibit enrichment. Taking into account the natural history of the species to be housed, appropriate enrichment designs were prepared and then executed. Exhibits of Chimpanzee, Lion-tailed macaques, Hamadryas baboon, Lemurs and Marmosets have been enriched substantially. Primates were earlier being housed in barren and plain enclosures which lacked complexity and offered them the least possible opportunities for the display of their natural behaviors. Complex structures were made using eucalyptus poles inside the exhibit area. These structures were fixed using cement concrete, which would ensure that they last for a longer time and also made the assembly sturdy and weatherproof. These permanent cage features have been made using bolt and nuts which would facilitate the modification of the design in the due course of time.
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Wooden platforms at varying heights were made which allowed access to vertical dimensions of the enclosure and also served as shelter and shade. Hanging ropes and hammocks were also incorporated, which enabled them to branchiate and presented them a gateway to exercise their locomotory skill. For marmosets, new cage furniture included coffee stumps, liana, and vertical bamboo trapezes and specially designed next boxes. A separate holding room which also served as a shelter was constructed. They have been observed using the nest boxes to stay warm during nights and also as a refuge along with its offspring¶s. Lack of complexities in the environment had resulted in considerable decrease in the activity of the primates, foraging time and the time spent in social interactions. Following the administration of structural enrichment, a major change was observed with respect to the animals¶ activity budget. They were found to use the cage furniture remarkably and also the inclusion of cage furniture provided access to formerly unused enclosure areas. Abnormal and stereotypic behaviors have also been reduced to a substantial degree. Presently, studies are being carried out to validate the above said observations scientifically.
DIETARY ENRICHMENT In nature, monkeys spend a good amount of time looking for and processing food, which also helps them to exercise their cognitive abilities. Thus feeding enrichment in captivity becomes vital. Studies indicate that monkeys in captivity prefer working for their food rather than readily obtaining it and consuming it. Recently, food is being scattered inside the enclosure which provides them with an opportunity to forage and thus
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spend more time in feeding. Food is also being concealed in the exhibit area before the animals are released and this has contributed to the increase in the overall activity budget of the animal. Special foods like corn, sugarcane, seasonal fruits, eggs etc. have been included in their diet and a new regime of giving whole food instead of chopped food has been initiated. Crickets and termites are being given so as to supplement them with good amount of protein. Following the implementation of the new feeding regimes, significant changes have been observed in the foraging activity of the animals and also an overall increase in the activity of the primates housed at the Mysore zoo. Environmental Enrichment for birds Enrichment is all about choices. Here at the Mysore zoo we try to give the animals¶ freedom to express as many behaviors as they would in the wild. This can be achieved by providing them with as many opportunities as possible and allow them to make their own decisions. For example, within each exhibit we try to provide the animal areas to hide or be seen, sleep or play, bathe in water or dirt, eat from a tray or find their own food, be in the sun or in the shade, whichever they prefer. All of these choices depend on the species of bird we are enriching and often on the specific individual. Since each species of bird is unique, when developing enrichment plans for our birds we design it in a way so that we can arrive at a near naturalistic enclosures for our birds.
FOR PHEASANTS: Mysore zoo is presently housing nine species of pheasants, including three Indian species viz. Satyr Tragopan, Monal pheasant and kalij pheasant. Formerly, wooden logs were used inside the enclosure as perches and roosting grounds, this resulted in an
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increase in the number of rodents inside the enclosure. Suitable nesting grounds were absent and the breeding results too were unsatisfactory. Several measures have been taken in order to overcome the above said problems. Wooden logs were replaced with coffee stumps; these served as roosting grounds and also added to the aesthetics of the enclosure. Following the inclusion of coffee stumps, the rodent numbers inside the enclosures were significantly reduced. Bamboo mats were tied to the mesh partitions between enclosures to act as a visual barrier and also to avoid pecking in adjacent housed pheasants. Elevated wooden platforms were constructed to serve as nesting sites and shelter, which also offered them a certain degree of privacy. Leaf litter has been scattered all around the enclosure and food is being dispersed amongst the leaf litter. A portion inside the enclosure is being utilized for the purpose of cultivating grains and cereals on regular basis; this serves to enhance foraging activity and also adds more protein to their diet. Termites are being offered on a regular basis; this serves as a protein supplement and also simulates natural conditions thus arousing their interest in feeding and also increases their activity. Our observations indicate that the environmental enrichment for pheasants has served the objective to a greater degree. The coffee stumps are being used as roosting grounds and perches by the pheasants. Following the change in the feeding regimes, notable changes with respect to foraging time and activity have been observed. The wooden platforms are more preferred as nesting sites in opposition to the ground where eggs were laid earlier.
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FOR PARROTS AND PARAKEETS Parrots and parakeets were earlier housed in cages which deprived them of the natural stimuli to exhibit innate behaviors. In an effort to enhance the well-being of the birds and concurrently to encourage breeding among them, the following changes were made in the exhibits. Preliminary works included the repair of aviaries with proper mesh work to avoid rodent entry inside the aviary. Wooden perches were positioned at various heights inside the enclosure. Coffee stumps were used as low level perches. Specially designed nest boxes were installed inside the enclosure with wood shavings as substrate. Horizontal trapezes were used to increase activity among birds. New feeding practices like the presentation of whole food instead of chopped food, scattering of food on the floor and the tying of fruits and corn at various places inside the exhibit were initiated. These changes resulted in increased foraging activity and to certain extent mimicked the natural conditions. Inclusion of nest boxes has resulted in the breeding of various exotic and Indian birds like Eclectus parrot, Ring-necked parakeet, Alexandrine parakeet and Red lory, to ensure better survivability of the hatchlings; the chicks are removed from the enclosure following a day or two of hatching and are then being hand fed till they grow full feathers. Following which they are released to the enclosures.
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CONCLUSION The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) define enrichment as: ³a process for improving or enhancing animal environments and care within the context of their inhabitants¶ behavioral biology and natural history. It is a dynamic process in which changes to structures and husbandry practices are made with the goal of increasing behavioral choices available to animals and drawing out their speciesappropriate behaviors and abilities, thus enhancing animal welfare´ Here at the Mysore Zoo, enrichment plans are being designed and executed so that higher standards of animal welfare can be maintained, where animals are healthy and live in near naturalistic conditions exhibiting a wide array of behaviors. Environmental enrichment instigates the animals to interact with their environment. This can be achieved by modifying animal exhibits, change in the feeding patterns, changing the way food is presented and ensuring proper housing of animals. Environmental enrichment also lessens boredom and reduces the display of abnormal behaviors. Initiatives have been taken to extend the enrichment program to other animal enclosures with an ultimate aim to provide the best possible home for animals that have been removed from their natural habitat.
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Finance section 1. Approved Budget amount under different heads for 2008-09; Revenue: Budget Head I II III IV V VI VIII Details of Budget Heads Gate Collection License Fees Sale proceeds Bank Interests Other receipts Parking Stand Karanji Park Grand Total Target (Rs. In Lakh) 468.00 28.00 15.00 25.00 8.00 16.00 40.00 600.00
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Expenditure: Budget Head A I II III IV V VI VII B VIII C IX X D XI XII XIII Details of Budget Heads Rs. In lakh Administrative Expenses: Establishment Charges Office Expenses Advertisement & Publicity Stares, tools & Plants General charges Zoo Education Staff Welfare Feed and Fodder Feed & Fodder Veterinary care Hospital/Animal Treatment Exp Purchase of Live stock Development Fixed Assets Garden Development Civil Works development 3.00 5.00 88.70 96.70 6.00 11.00 17.00 120.00 120.00 298.00 6.00 1.50 2.00 20.00 2.00 10.50 340.00 Allotment Rs.in lakh Group Total
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E XIV
Maintenance Maintenance charges (Vehicles Office Equipments/ Bore-wells etc.,) 16.00
XV XVI XVII XVIII
Garden Maintenance Civil Works Maintenance Research & Documentation Enrichment of Captive Habitat Grand total
4.00 46.90 3.00 9.00 78.90 652.60
2. Grant in aid received from central zoo authority Sl.No. Particulars of Works Grants received during the year amt. in Rs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Renovation of existing Leopard enclosure Construction of King Cobra enclosure Construction of Python enclosure Construction of Keel Back Snake Enclosure Construction of Wolf Snake/Cat Snake Enclosure 900,000 900,000 900,000 230,000 200,000
Construction of Enclosure for Cobra Viper, Krait, 700,000 Etc enclosure Total 3,830,000
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3. Maintenance of Accounts, procedures followed Mysore Zoo is a unit of µZoo Authority of Karnataka¶ which is a society registered under Karnataka Societies Registration Act, 1960. As per section 12 of this Act, it is mandatory on the part of registered societies to present Balance Sheet, at the end of the year, giving a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Society and income & Expenditure Account giving true and fair view of the excess of income-over-expenditure or excess of expenditure-over-income of the society. And, as per Section ± 13 of the Act, it is also statutory requirement to get the accounts audited by a Chartered Accountant. To be in consistent with Section -12 & 13 of the Act, accounts of Mysore Zoo are being maintained in Double Entry System of accounting.
Statutory Auditor and the General Body of the Zoo Authority of Karnataka have appreciated well maintenance of accounts in Mysore Zoo and placed on records in the proceedings of 20th Annual general body Meeting of the Zoo Authority of Karnataka held on 13-12-2002. The Zoo Authority has approved to adopt the same procedures in all other Zoos of Karnataka under the control of Zoo Authority by bringing out ACCOUNTS MANUAL.
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4. Revenue and Expenditure during 2008-09: Revenue: Budget Head I II III IV V VI VIII Details of Budget Heads Gate Collection License Fees Sale proceeds Bank Interests Other receipts Parking Stand Karanji Park Grand Total Target (Rs. In Lakh) 508.00 21.04 19.63 42.28 20.27 16.37 29.25 657.27
Expenditure: Budget Head A. I II III IV V VI Details of Budget Heads Rs. In lakh Administrative Expenses: Establishment Charges Office Expenses Advertisement & Publicity Stares, tools & Plants General charges Zoo Education 272.58 5.55 2.16 2.28 17.13 1.72 Allotment Rs.in lakh Group Total
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VII B. VIII C IX X D XI XII XIII E XIV
Staff Welfare Feed and Fodder Feed & Fodder Veterinary care Hospital/Animal Treatment Exp Purchase of Live stock Development Fixed Assets Garden Development Civil Works development Maintenance Maintenance charges (Vehicles Office Equipments/ Bore-wells etc.,)
9.68
311.10
122.58
122.58
5.97 7.05 7.05
2.49 3.24 79.14 84.87
11.97
XV XVI XVII XVIII
Garden Maintenance Civil Works Maintenance Research & Documentation Enrichment of Captive Habitat Others ±Veterinary Conference Grand total
4.67 52.09 1.06 7.36 77.15 0.34 609.06
5. Stall Licensed and Procedure adopted : Sl. Name of the Kiosk Procedure License fee Period
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No. 1 KSIC Show Room Direct license to M/s KSIC, Rs.9000/- PM 01-2-09 to 31-012011
(Karnataka Govt. Undertaking) as pr resolution in 21st GC meeting of ZAK held on 10-12-1984. Current renewal financial is sanctioned as per by
powers
delegated
Governing Council, vide Para: 11.2 of Administrative & Financial
Powers of ZAK 2 Bank Premises with Through expression of interest to Rs. 8,650/- PM ATM room syndicate Bank 10-112004 to 911-2014 3 Coffee Kiosk ± Zoo License (Automatic Vending Machine) 4 Coffee Karanji Nature (Automatic Vending Machine) Kiosk ± License through tender to Sri. Rs. 1,10,100/- 1-7-09 to per year 30-6-09 through tender to Sr. Rs.1,40,004/Per year 1-7-07 to 30-6-09
M.N.Mahesh
Lake H.Anand Kumar Park
5
Rhino Canteen
Direct License issued to KSTDC, A Rs.50.000/-
1-7-08 to
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Karnataka Govt. Undertaking
PM with 5% 3-06-13 increase every year
6
Branded Fruit Juice License through tender, to M/s. Rs.1,90,000/Karanji Lake HPMC Ltd. (Govt. of HP per year
1-7-08 to 30-6-09
Undertaking) 7 Milk Parlor Direct Allotment to M/s. Mysore ± Rs.3,500/- PM Chamarajanagara Dist. Co4-5-2009 to 2010 3-5-
Operative Milk Producers Societies Union Ltd., Myosre 8
Boating Services at License through tender to Sri. Rs. 11,88,900/- 1-7-07 to Karanji Lake Jagadeesh Kumar per year 30-06-09 5-7-08 to 30-6-2009
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Tender Sales
Coconut License through tender to Sri.Raje Rs.2,60,000/Gowda per year
But, one Sri. Revanna, stated to be authorized agent of LICENSEE has filed suit in Civil Court, Mysore and continuing as per status quo order extended upto 24-8-09. Suit is challenged.
6. Audited statement of account :
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Statutory Auditing is under process. As such audited statements of accounts for 2008-09 are yet to be handed over to the Head office by the statutory Auditors. Hence unaudited statement of accounts is furnished below: Income & Expenditure statement for the year ending 31-03-2009 Expenditure Staff Salaries /Wages, etc Animal Welfare Maintenance Expenses Rs. In Lakh 282.26 147.11 100.52 Income Admissions ±Zoo Vehicle Parking Admissions Nature Park Capital Expenditure (Works 65.32 & other assets) Depreciation Excess of I ± O ±E Total 51.23 10.37 656.81 License fees Bank Interest on FDRs./SBs Total 27.71 35.09 656.81 Sale Proceeds & others 39.96 ±Karanji Rs. in lakh 508.43 16.37 Lake 29.25
Balance sheet as on 31-03-2009
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Liabilities Capital fund Development CZA Development Tourism Dept. Endowment funds Current Liabilities Total Grants Grants
Rs. In Lakh 2,325.85 ± 49.94
Assets Fixed Assets Endowment Funds-Investment
Rs. in lakh 1,914.84 21.00
± 28.10
Fixed Deposits in Bank
432.64
21.00 66.05 2,490.94
Current Assets Bank Balance Total
35.06 87.40 2,490.94
7. Donations received :
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1. Sri Deepakram 2. Sri Aqeel. A. Shaik 3. Sri Satyanarayana 4. M/s. Mahaveer Seva Samasthan 5. M/s. Hindustan Cococola Company 6. Sri KCN Mankkyavasagam 7. Sri Ramanuja & others 8. Sri Jacob & Regula 9. Sri BKS Iyengar
For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals For welfare of animals
Rs.1,000/Rs.1,000/Rs.1,000/Rs.20,000/Rs.70,000/Rs.1,000/Rs.1,750/Rs.1,000/Rs.20,00,000/-
For creation of endowment fund to maintain tiger
Brahma & Anusuya out of 10. Sri Anil Garg annual interest. For creation of endowment fund of maintain 2 Macaws out of annual interest Rs.1,00,000/-
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Security measures: Zoo is bounded by strong compound with barbed wire fence on the top. It is being maintained by reconstructing weak and damaged portions. Individual holding rooms and enclosures of each and every animal/bird/reptile inside the zoo premises are also provided with protective walls and moats as per requirement. About 25 ex-servicemen on contract basis and 37 private security personnel through tender contractor have been engaged for security job. In shifts, they are being deployed through out the day all along boundary of zoo and also at sensitive areas inside zoo and entrance. Two ex-servicemen with gun are also being deployed at night. CCTV has been installed for important animal houses, stores, main entrance, ticket counter, etc. Two numbers of handheld metal detectors are in service. Fire extinguishers, search lights, crisis management equipments, first aid kit, etc., are in use from the view point of pre-cautionary measures for safety of animals, visitors and also staff.
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VISITATION:
Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens is one of the oldest zoos in the country & an important tourist centre of Mysore City. It is also one of the leading educational centres, imparting wildlife education, thus creating awareness among people.
There is a considerable increase in number of visitors to the zoo for the reason that Mysore zoo is attracting tourists with its all-round progress in exhibiting animals, enrichment program, health care management, maintenance of cleanliness, providing more visitor facilities & several educational programs. People from the country & abroad visit this zoo in large numbers. We have analyzed the visitation pattern throughout the year & different seasons like peak period, lean season, Dasara summer vacation, educational institutions excursion for last 6 years. Overall visitation for the last 6 years from 2003-2004 to 2008-2009 is shown in the chart appended.
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year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Rs. In Lakhs 208
600
Rs. In Lakhs
288 324 450 459
500 400 300 200 100 Rs. In Lakhs
507
0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
No. In Lakhs 1512975
2500000
No. In Lakhs
1544608
2000000
1690521 1999063 1965627
1500000 1000000 500000 0 No. In Lakhs
2140739
It is clear from the above 2 charts that number of visitors to zoo has increased from 1512975 during 2003-2004 over 2140739 during 2008-2009 and the total revenue crossed over Rs.5.07 crores from a mere collection of 2.08 crores during 2003-2004. 34
Statement showing the state wise visitation of students to Mysore Zoo during the year 2008-2009, Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 States Andrapradesh Arunachalpradesh Bihar Chattisghard Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Jammu Kashmir Jarkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshdweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Meghalaya Nagaland Orisa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Tamil nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal Nepal Total No. of Educational Institutions 74 1 2 1 1 10 5 1 2 1 3501 1059 11 6 163 1 1 3 7 4 8 400 6 1 3 2 5274 No. of students visited 4332 30 65 9 91 320 272 124 68 51 188572 49902 1229 234 8194 66 32 76 599 277 375 23258 267 20 103 42 278608
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VISITORS COMMENTS««««««.
Mr.Amul H.pandit, B/10, Raghuvir CHS, Tilak Nagar, Thane (c), Mumbai, Maharastra.
Wonderful Zoo, nicely maintained, strict administration, great work! Animals like Fallow Deer I had never knew. I came to know of it only because of this Zoo. Wonderful!
Z.A.Sacha, Ahmedabad Municipal corporation, Sardar Patel Bhavan, Sardar Patel Road, Ahmedabad.
Warn regards to each & every officer & employees of this fantastic Zoo. People of the Zoo are very familiar to animals. Compliments to all. Thanks for hospitality.
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Meera Saksena IAS, Principal Secretary, Govt. of Karnataka, Forest Ecology& Environment.
Though I have visited Mysore Zoo any number of times (I have been probationer here, later special DC (Dev) & then later Deputy Commissioner, Mysore).I have always gone round as a visitor & a guest. Now I feel responsible, after having joined Forest department as Principal Secretary! What a lot of things have to be done, appropriate infrastructure has to be created & the wonderful animals here have to be housed in befitting surroundings. Let¶s get cracking & do our very best.
Justice P.D.Dinakaran, Chief Justice, Karnataka High Court.
I am very much impressed as to the maintenance of the zoo & the care that is taken by the authorities for the food & discipline. The visit here would educate us. I wish further development with best wishes
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A.R.Mande, Director, Gorewada Zoo Project, Nagpur, Maharashtra.
I have visited the Mysore Zoological Gardens & Karanji lake Nature park along with my colleague Sri.A.M.Anjan Kar, DCF.The Zoo is very compact, very visitor friendly, clean, the zoo could be seen in very short time covering the whole enclosures. The level of satisfaction is very high after visiting the zoo, imparting the knowledge on various animals. The zoo campus is clean, properly greened vegetation, growing the grass. The Karanji lake nature park is an excellent site to visit with numerous birds, are & lawns very excellently maintained .all this is due to sincere, example of public sector body, which is very rare to see now-a-days. I compliment the staff again & our good wishes for further progress.
Umadevi S.Y, D/o B.S.Yadiyurappa, No. 2, ³Race View Cottage´, Race course Road< Bangalore-1
It is one of the World¶s best Zoos we have ever seen. Thank you so much for all the responsible whose hard work is behind in maintaining it. Kindly keep it up.
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Iran, No. Eram park, 4cl kilometer of expressway Tehran-Karaj
Animals species varieties, arrangement & dispersion, responsible management & will sighting has provided very interesting atmosphere for nature lover to be a model accompanied by expertise for facilitate the natural park that all people all around the world benefited from it .We enjoyed it too much. Thanks for your hospitality.
Airi Ojamots, Musician
I am huge fan of tigers & today, I had a fantastic experience to see a white tiger & tigers having their diet or food. One thing I can understand some of the tigers are in captive to observe & to know about them & to respect them for their conservation.
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FACILITIES PROVIDED FOR THE VISITORS:
Sri Chamarajendra Zoo is one of the oldest Zoos in the country & an important tourist attraction of Mysore .The various facilities provided by the Zoo to its visitors are: y y y y y y y y y y Providing wheel chair for physically challenged & for aged people. Providing umbrella in rainy & summer seasons. Providing battery operated vehicle facility to see animals. Drinking water facility. First aid facility. Toilet facility. Sign boards describing the information about the animals. Shelters are provided to take rest. Food court is made in the entrance. Luggage rooms.
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Garden Section: The Zoo is maintaining its aesthetic beauty by developing beautiful gardens. Since the zoo is visited by more than 2.00million of visitors from the country & abroad, they pay special attention to the gardens & maintenance of greenery throughout the year which attract more people .Especially during the Dasara season the entire Zoo premises will be decorated with plenty of flowering & foliage plants arranged around the premises. The Garden Section is being maintained by 37 Gardeners, 2 Junior Supervisory staffs & 2 Senior Supervisory staff. The section is headed by the Range Forest Officer. The Garden Section is fixed with the responsibility of daily cleaning of entire premises, roads, regular removal of waste materials from the dust bins kept elsewhere in the Zoo premises. The Zoo being a plastic free zone plastic & polythene covers will be screened at the entrance to avoid littering of such thing inside the Zoo premises. However, the staff members are more attentive in picking of plastic covers & such others where ever found & subsequently dispose it off as required. The dedicated staff members are working throughout the day to ensure cleanliness. The services are well appreciated from visitors & experts. The developments made in garden section: Development of lawns & planting of flowering plants around barricade in front office premises. Development of Zoo Name & Ganda Bherunda by planting plants in front of old museum building.
y
y
41
y
Planting of varieties of flowering & foliage species in front of office building and in the newly formulated food court premises. Development of lawns by planting Bapolo grass for the ensuing Dasara. Planting of farm grass species near the Hippo enclosure & planting of flowering plants along the road near snake enclosure. Planting of flowering plants, preparation of pergola & formation of lawn with Bapolo grass near new Zoo Shop premises. Planting of grass & plant species around the barricade of birds¶ enclosure. Planting of Hibiscus plants at pergola near Kalyani. Planting of plant species around the barricade of panther enclosure. Planting of more than 3250 plant species alround the Zoo premises. Planting of flowering plants alround the barricade of newly developed tank. Planting of flowering plants alround barricading in the Zoo premises. Development of plant varieties at the Garden Nursery. Planting varieties of plants in the islands of tank inside the Zoo. Raising more than 360 species of plants for planting inside the Zoo. Consolidation of earth & preparation of beds for planting alround the Zoo premises.
y y
y
y y y y y y y y y y
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Staff Management: Any zoo depends wholly on the staff members who are the backbone of a zoo for better management. The successful maintenance of the zoo is attributed to the dedicated staff, who are serving the zoo inmates relentlessly and with love and affection. GENERAL HEALTH CHECK UP FOR THE STAFF: The Zoo authority arranges general health check up for the employees &their family members with the sponsors support. MEDITATION & COUNSELING PROGRAMME: The staff members of the zoo especially the zoo keepers, garden workers, have put in their 20-30 years of life¶s effort and are frustrated with monotonous job and added to this they are facing personal problems in order to rejuvenate them, a meditation and counseling program is arranged. Many have benefited from this program and they have been encouraged to practice regularly in their houses for better living and to give up bad habits. AMENITIES TO STAFF: The following amenities have been extended to all the permanent employees along with their pay and allowances as per prevailing rules of government of Karnataka. Reimbursement of medical expenses. Encashment of gazette holidays limited to 30 days in a year. Personal; loan facility through bank. 43
y y y
y y y
Conveyance allowance /telephone allowance to officers. Group insurance scheme extended through staff benevolent fund trust. Medical treatment to permanent employees/contract employees in case of accident / injuries. ESI facilities to the laborers through contractor. Providing residential quarters to some of the officers. Wireless communication and CUG of BSNL to all field staff. EDLI policy under group insurance scheme. Proving bicycles to officers & some of the field staff. Gratuity under gratuity act being provided to the employees. Meeting & counseling being conducted with the employees for better improvement of zoo. Janatha accidental policy for employees including Ex-servicemen engaged on contract basis. Sanction of DA/festival advance & other benefits in par with the government officials.
y y y y y y y
y
y
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Staff attern f Sri
amarajendra
ical Gardens,
sore Permanent+Deputed staff)
Executive irector
eputy irector
arden Section
Store Section fficer
Animal Section
Engineering Section Asst. engineer Sr.Assistant r.Assistants
ffice Section r.Admv.Asst. anager Sr. Assistants r.Assistants Attenders r.Attenders
Finance Section Accounts suptdt. anager Sr.Assistants r.Assistant r.Attender
Hospital Section Assist.Director et. fficer r.Assistants
aranji kere anager r.Assistants r.Attenders Attenders
Range forest
Sr.Assistants Forest uard r.Attenders Attenders Forester
Sr.Assistants Attender r.Attender
Forest
uards Attender
r.Attenders Drivers Attenders Forester
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VETERINARY SECTION:
Zoo hospital is one of main functional part of Zoo. It is well equipped with modern tranquilizing equipments & medicines, operation theater,laboratory,drug store of emergency & routine medicines, portable x-ray unit ,& in patient & quarantine wards .presently the unit is headed by assistant director & assisted by veterinary officer along with junior assistant ; laboratory technician ;2 animal keepers., who are trained in health care management , hand rearing techniques of mammals & birds, tranquilization & translocation , handling of variety of animals & recording & documentation of the same.
The animal care being exercised with the support of one assistant director and veterinary officer. Fostering all round physical psychological and social development for the animal of late great emphasis is laid for providing environmental enrichment to all animal enclosure and also ensuring adequate supply of food, water and shelter for all animals by regular maintenance of every enclosure.
The routine works include daily observation of animal behaviors, nutritional supplementation,tranqulization & treatments of sick animals, chemoprophylaxis & vaccination to reduce the endemic disease,de-worming medication to prevent worm infestation, housing & management, quarantine of new arrivals, hand rearing of orphaned & rescued neonates, post-mortem examination for the grass pathological changes, sample collection & laboratory investigation ,radiological examination ,diet chart preparation, upkeep of health records, animal history & stud book maintainance,inventory preparation 46
,animal exchange program, guiding the animal keepers & capture & treatment of wild animals outside the zoo.
Zoo veterinarians take up the training program for the internees from veterinary colleges, forestry colleges & to the students/participants of zoo educational programs.
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Chapter-3
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General Nutrient and energy requirements Wildlife nutrition provides an understanding of specific biochemical and bio physical interactions critical to the survival and productivity of individuals and populations. Nutrition is the process whereby the animal processes portions of its external chemical environment for the functioning of internal metabolism. All animals are located somewhere on an internal tissue metabolism gradient. The wildlife nutritionist need not consider catabolism and weight loss as undesirable but rather as essential components of life strategies of many wild animals (Le Maho, 1977; sherry et al., 1980). However, the position of an animal along the gradient represents a dynamic balancing between cellular and organism requirements and the rate and efficiency at which specific components of the external environment can be required.
Feeding ecology Wild living animals have to find food process it and eat it. They have to do these things in an environment within which other organisms live: some of these organisms will be potential food items; some will be predators looking to make a meal of them; and some will be of no food relevance what so ever. Evolution has equipped these animals with morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations for dealing with these eventualities, and although many Zoo animals have been removed from this ecological context, it is important that we know something of these adaptations so that they are satisfied as much as they can be by feeding regimes in the zoo.
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Feeding categories A number of different terms are used to describe the sorts of food that animals eat. The most familiar are the very broad terms µcarnivore¶, to describe an animal that feeds on other animals, µherbivore¶, to describe an animal that feeds on plants, and omnivore, to describe an animal that eats both plant and animal food. These terms are so broad that they are not always particularly useful, so some narrower terms are also used to describe more specialized diets within these categories. Thus, a carnivore that eats fish is referred to as a µpiscivore¶, while one that eats terrestrial arthropods is called an insectivore. Herbivorous species might eat fruit or leaves. This sort of naming of categories can go on apparently endlessly. For example, animals such as Galagos and marmosets, which include a quantity of plant exudates in their diet are now often referred to as Gummivores animals, such as the leather back turtle which consume jellyfish are medusivore.With a few caveats, terms such as carnivore and herbivore apply across all animals taxa.
Feeding methods It is also possible to categorize animals according to the way in which they obtain their food. Some animals, for example, filter small food particles that are in suspension in water and are thus known as suspension, or filter, feeders. In the zoo, such feeders are most likely to be seen in the aquarium, but some vertebrates, notably flamingos, also feed this way. Carnivorous species are often predators, which hunt, trap, are ambush their prey, but they may also feed on material that somebody else has caught, or that they find dead, or may
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even steal it off someone else. Herbivorous species may eat from the ground layers of plants, or from bushes and trees. In all of these cases the different animals have evolved morphological specialism, usually in and around the mouth, or front limbs for processing the food before it is swallowed.
Basic nutritional theory Why do animals need food anyway? All living thins require energy to operate their cellular and metabolic machinery, and also to fulfill their life history activities, including growth and reproduction. For animals, that energy obtained by consuming plants or other animals. The correct term for this is heterotrophic, which means an organism that obtains carbon for growth from consuming organic matter (plants, by contrast, can derive their carbon and energy form non-organic sources, and are referred to as autotrophic). The compounds that supply that energy are mostly carbohydrate and fats, although energy can also be derived from proteins. When eaten this substances have to be broken down into their constituent units, which are simple sugars, short-chain fatty acids, long chain fatty acids, and amino acids. These units can then be absorbed into the body, and then used for growth and metabolism. Oxidation of these molecules provides most of the animals¶ energy requirements.
In general, animals have no specific requirements for any particular carbohydrates, fats, or proteins: just about any will do equally well. There are, however, certain specific substances, both organic molecules and chemical elements that are essential, in the sense
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that animal must have a supply of them in its diet, usually because they are a necessary component of enzymes, systems and, even if they are organic, the animal may not be able to synthesize them itself. Thus, animals may have specific nutritional requirements over and above the basic need for a supply of energy. How can be nutrient content of the diet be measured? Questions about the amount of digestible material in an animal¶s diet can be answered by carrying out food intake studies, within which the total amount of food provided is carefully weighed, and then uneaten food and faeces are also weighed and analyzed. Establishing the nutrient content of a food item, such as grass hay or another type of forage, is done by laboratory analysis. A typical analysis produces data on the crude protein, ash, fat, and fiber content in the food, expressed ass proportions of the total dry matter. Thus, different types of study (food intake studies and laboratory analysis of the nutrients in particular food items) can help zoos to decide how much food to provide and whether the diet is providing all of the necessary nutrients. But both of these sorts of studies can be laborious and time intensive to carry out. A food intake study for a bird fed on a proprietary seed mix, for example, would involve separating out each type of nut or seed in the mix before weighing each of these, and then the even more laborious job of picking up the uneaten seeds from the enclosure afterwards, and sorting and weighing the leftovers. Nutrient assays in the laboratory are also relatively expensive and a zoo the wanted to sample all of its forages on a regular basis are wanted a detailed analysis of vitamin and minerals content of its food stuffs would very quickly a run up a large will for laboratory assays.
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Food & Nutrition Management: Knowledge of wild life nutrition as a component of wild life ecology and management is central to understanding the survival and productivity of all wild life population whether free ranging or captive. Although it is difficult to identify the earliest interest in wild life nutrition, the science of wild life nutrition is an extremely young area of investigation. This new area of investigation was entitled as economic ornithology.
All the techniques and emphasis on food habit research have changed over the years; food habits studies have continued to be a major percentage of all wild life nutrition investigation. The study of life nutrition helps us to know what has been eaten and rarely how much, for what reason or the physiological role or importance of the different ingested foods. The study of food habits is to develop the absolute scheme of nutritional management scheme for wild life. nutrition research and management of wild life species offer many challenges not always encountered by the scientists working with domestic animals, primarily because of the need to maintain an ecological perspective in designing and implementing any wild life nutrition research.
The use of captive wild animals in nutrition research often requires special facilities and great perseverance in handling or training the animals. Although captive & instrumented wild life animals may provide the only means for answering many questions, one must always be concerned about the effects of captivity and handling upon the results. The nutrition of captive primates, particularly the rhesus monkey and common laboratory rodents, such as the guinea pig, rat and mouse has been studied the most, with the
53
emphasis on these species as models for understanding human nutrition while these studies are very applicable to understanding captive primate or rodents nutrition, their lack of an ecological perspective suitable for increasing our knowledge of free ranging animals is unfortunate.
Wild life nutrition is indeed a science, since the nutritional interactions between the animal & its environment are not random events but highly predictable interactions forming the basis for the science of wild life nutrition data to field management is both an art and a science because of the lack of adequate knowledge of many control mechanisms determining the outcome of any manipulation. Many of the problems encountered by the ecologist or animal & land manager may involve basic nutritional questions about starvation, computation winter feeding of wildlife, diet formulation, habitat
manipulations such as clear cuts, fertilizations and reseeding, predator-prey interactions & carrying capacity estimations. Consequently, wildlife nutrition is a basic & yet broad field of investigation with many challenges to be met.
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Diet chart of birds
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Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: Ardeidae Sl. No. Name of the Bird No. of birds Fish
(kgs)
1
LITTLE EGGRET Egretta garzetta BLACK CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax
* 2 * 20 * 1 23
0.075 0.150 0.075 1.500 0.075 0.075 1.725
2
3
INDIAN POND HERON Ardeola grayii TOTAL Note: *Indicates for each bird
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Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: Ciconiidae Sl. No. Name of the Bird No. of birds (kgs)
1
LESSER ADJUTANT STORK Leptoptilos dubius PAINTED STORK Mycteria leucocephala WOOLY NECKED STORK Ciconia episcopus TOTAL Note: *Indicates for each bird
* 2 * 9 * 1 11
0.800 1.600 0.400 3.600 0.400 0.400 5.600
2
3
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Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: Threskiornithidae Sl. No. 1 SACRED IBIS/WHITE Threskiornis aethiopica EURASIAN SPOONBILL Platalea leucordia * 12 * 5 Name of the Bird No. of birds (kgs) 0.075 0.900 0.300 1.500 2.400 (kgs) 0.050 0.600 0 0 0.600 Fish Prawns
2
TOTAL 17 Note: *Indicates for each bird
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Order: FALCONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae Sl. Name of the Bird No. of birds
Minced Meat
Fish
No. 1 SHIKRA Accipiter badius 2 RED HEADED VULTURE Sarcogyps calvus 3 WHITE BELLIED SEA EAGLE Haliaeetus leucogaster * 1 * 1 * 1 * 1 4
(kgs) 0.150 0.150 1.000 1.000 0.300 0.300 0.500 0.500 1.950
(kgs) 0 0.000 0 0.000 0.350 0.350 0 0.000 0.350
4 TAWNY EAGLE Aquila rapax Total Note: *Indicates for each bird
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Order: ANSERIFORMES Family: Anatidae Sl. No. 1 DUCK BRAHMINY Tadorna ferruginea 2 CAROLINA WOOD DUCK Aix sponsa 3 MANDARIN DUCK Aix galericulata 4 MUSCOVY DUCK Cairina moschata 5 SPOTTED WHISTLING DUCK Dendrocygna guttata Total Note: *Indicates for each bird * 3 * 4 * 2 * 20 * 3 32 Name of the Bird No. of birds
Veg Greens
Veg Greens (kgs) 0.070 0.210 0.070 0.280 0.070 0.140 0.200 4.000 0.100 0.300 4.930
Lucern (kgs) 0.030 0.090 0.030 0.120 0.030 0.060 0.030 0.600 0.030 0.090 0.960
Mix Grains (kgs) 0.050 0.150 0.050 0.200 0.050 0.100 0.200 4.000 0.050 0.150 4.600
Poultry Feed (kgs) 0.025 0.075 0.025 0.100 0.025 0.050 0.025 0.500 0.025 0.075 0.800
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s
Order: ANSERIFORMES Family: Anatidae Sl. No. 1 GOOSE BAR HEADED Anser indicus 2 LESSER SNOW GOOSE Chen caerulescens caerulescens 3 GREYLAG GOOSE Anser anser 4 MUTE SWAN Cygnus olor 5 BLACK SWAN Cygnus atratus Total * 2 * 4 * 2 * 1 * 8 Name of the Bird No. of birds
Veg Greens Lucern Mix Grains Poultry Feed
(kgs) 0.100 0.200 0.070 0.280 0.070 0.140 0.250 0.250 0.250 2.000
(kgs) 0.030 0.060 0.030 0.120 0.030 0.060 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.800
(kgs) 0.125 0.250 0.125 0.500 0.125 0.250 0.150 0.150 0.150 1.200 2.350
(kgs) 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.200 0.050 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.150 1.200 1.700
17 2.870 1.140 Note: *Indicates for each bird
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1 Order: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae Mixed Grains
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
Bajra Lucern Poultry Feed
Garlic Veg Green Seasonal Fruits Papaya Ragi Ma
Sl.
Name of the Bird
No. of birds
No.
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(kgs)
(k
1
RED SPUR FOWL Chrysolophus pictus RED JUNGLE FOWL Gallus gallus
* 2
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.005 0.010
0.050 0.100
0.002 0.004
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0 0
2
* 24
0.050 1.200
0.010 0.240
0.003 0.072
0.050 1.200
0.002 0.048
0.050 1.200
0.010 0.240
0.010 0.240
0.010 0.240
0 0
3
GREY JUNGLE FOWL Gallus sonneratii PAINTED SPURFOWL Galloperdix lunulata
* 3
0.050 0.150
0.010 0.030
0.003 0.009
0.050 0.150
0.002 0.006
0.050 0.150
0.010 0.030
0.010 0.030
0.010 0.030
0 0
4
* 2
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.003 0.006
0.050 0.100
0.002 0.004
0.050 0.100
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0.010 0.020
0 0
Total
31
1.550
0.310
0.097
1.550
0.062
1.550
0.310
0.310
0.310
0
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Note: *Indicates for each bird - 10 Eggs per day during breeding season.
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Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore
What is the strength of the zoo? Mysore Zoo is housing a total No.1213 of specimens. The total species is about 163. The numbers Mammals Birds Reptiles of mammals, :55Nos :87Nos :21Nos birds and reptiles are given as hereunder:
What are the expenses incurred for feeding? The total expenditure incurred towards annual feeding is Rs.120.00 lakhs.
In
case
of
adulteration,
what
safety
measures
are
taken?
As soon as the feeding articles received, the same will be weighed in the computerized balance and recorded. With regard to quality of feeding articles, the Zoo vet will inspect and certify the same with regard to fitness for animal consumption.
Even if noticed any adulteration at the time of issuing to the animals, the same will be rejected. Immediately it will be arranged for purchase fro outside source, and extra cost incurred if any than the accepted tender rate, will be recovered from the supplying agency, besides imposing penalty.
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How
many
departments
are
there
and
number
of
employees
working?
The following departments are functioning in the Zoo, for smooth administration. 1. Garden Section 2. Store Section 3. Animal Section 4. Engineering Section 5. Administrative Section 6. Finance Section 7. Hospital Section 8. Karanji Lake Nature Park
Total No. of Staff
Permanent Contract Security Total
97 90 60 247 Nos.
What is the salary package for care takers? Pay ± 8000 DA ± 3040 HRA ± 1200 CCA ± 80 WA ± 20
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MA - 50
What are the facilities provided by the Government? The following facilities provided by the government Uniform Medical Reimbursement Group Insurance Gazette Holidays Salary for having working on general holidays Encashment of leave salary. Benevolent fund. Mid day meals Providing residential quarters Wireless communication Gratuity under gratuity act Festival advance. Mobile phones for offices and supervisory staff
What are the safety measures taken for workers who fed animals? The animals are fed in a through which is either near to the entrance of the cage / enclosure for example Carnivores like Tiger, Lion etc., for herbivores like deers and antelopes the through are almost at the centre of the enclosure. But because the animals need human presence, they too are cautious. Hence, in either case both the animals and keepers to be safe. The keepers will be told to take all precautionary measures with
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regard to safety, through lectures in the keepers training program and shown CD in this regard.
How do they balance nutrition? The animals are given balanced diet they are given seasonal fruits as well. Meanwhile they are given protein and other necessary supplements with regular deworming and vaccinations. The Mysore Zoo diet chart is made as a standardized format for the rest of the country.
How many animals are being adopted by the public? 272 animals are adopted from this Zoo. As sum of Rs. 23.00 lakhs is realized as adoption amount in a year.
What is the percentage of visitors for the last 5 years?
Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5
Year 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
No. of Visitors 1690521 1999063 1965627 2140739 2238872
In % age 4.81 23.94 21.87 32.73 38.81
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What are the measures conducted by zoo for animal welfare? Enrichment activities for comfortable housing of animals. Ensure proper hygiene. Feeding wholesome unadulterated. Adding supplements and vitamins Prophylactic measures for prevention of disease. Screening of keepers against epidemic disease.
What are the developments and maintenance work taken place? Maintenance work will be taken up regularly in the interest of safety and welfare of animals, visitors, and staff members.
Maintenance of water through, feeding through. Safety of holding room, flooring, moats, roads, compound, boundary wall, enrichment activities for comfort of animas will be taken up regularly. As zoo is a crisis management. We have to deal problem and complications as and when occurs. Any how the zoo will be always ready to meet the eventualities with the past experience.
The developmental works which is in progress is detailed hereunder: Establishment of aquarium in the subway leading to karanji and zoo Constructions of new enclosures Enhancement of visitors facilities Strengthening of compounds
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Improvement of lawns and gardens Better signage facilities Up-gradation of veterinary facilities Staff welfare measures
Instructions to the public ± of public Feeding animals. The public are told not to tease animals at the entrance gate itself (if there is not a heavy rush at the entrance gate). There are boards giving information about each animal houses, warning board to warn them no to indulge in certain activity. Also the fine they may have to pay, if they are caught indulging in non approved activity. They are told through boards why they shouldn¶t feed animals. Also they are requesting the fellow visitors not to irritate their fellow visitors.
If they are caught indulging in anti-zoo activities they will be imposed to pay fine, according to the action they indulge in. they are given free Zoo map, which has dos and don¶ts on the reverse. There are dos¶ don¶ts¶ boards all along the Zoo as well.
Information about doctors. Number of doctors? 3 number of doctors (1) Assistant Director (2) Two Veterinary Officers From how long years they are working 3 doctors are working on deputation from their parent department and gained sufficient experience to deal with wild animals.
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What are benefits and facilities provided to doctors? The doctors who are working on deputation are provided with facilities and benefits as per the terms and conditions issued by the government.
Hours of feeding? Frequency? The herbivores animals are fed tow times a day i.e., between 10.00 to 11.00am and between 3.00pm to 4.00pm
The carnivore animals are fed once in a day between 3.30 pm to 4.30pm and there will be no feeding on every Tuesday due to fasting for better maintenance.
In your opinion what is the reason for non success /success in program plan? Mysore zoo is one of the oldest zoos in the country having 118 years of history and it is one of the leading zoos in the country, achieved all round progress.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
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Bibliography Wildlife feeding and nutrion - Charles T. Robbins Animal Nutrition in Tropics- S.K.Ranjhan Zoo animals Behaviour, management and welfare-Geoff Hosey, Vicky Melfi, Sheila pankhurst
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