Description
PRESENTATION ON RATIO ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATION
TYPES OF RATIO ANALYSIS
RATIO ANALYSIS
Ratio-analysis means the process of computing, determining and presenting the relationship of related items and groups of items of the financial statements. They provide in a summarized and concise form of fairly good idea about the financial position of a unit. They are important tools for financial analysis.
According to Myers, " Ratio analysis of financial statements is a study of relationship among various financial factors in a business as disclosed by a single set of statements and a study of trend of these factors as shown in a series of statements."
Advantages and Uses of Ratio Analysis
• • • • • • • • To workout the profitability: To workout the solvency: Helpful in analysis of financial statement: Helpful in comparative analysis of the performance: To simplify the accounting information: To workout the operating efficiency: To workout short-term financial position: Helpful for forecasting purposes:
Limitations of Ratio Analysis
• • • • • • • Limited Comparability False Results Effect of Price Level Changes Qualitative factors are ignored Effect of window-dressing Costly Technique Misleading Results
Before looking at the ratios there are a number of cautionary points concerning their use that need to be identified : a. The dates and duration of the financial statements being compared should be the same. If not, the effects of seasonality may cause erroneous conclusions to be drawn. b. The accounts to be compared should have been prepared on the same bases. Different treatment of stocks or depreciations or asset valuations will distort the results. c. In order to judge the overall performance of the firm a group of ratios, as opposed to just one or two should be used. In order to identify trends at least three years of ratios are normally required.
HOW A RATIO IS EXPRESSED
• As Percentage - such as 25% or 50% . For example if net profit is Rs.25,000/- and the sales is Rs.1,00,000/- then the net profit can be said to be 25% of the sales. • As Proportion - The above figures may be expressed in terms of the relationship between net profit to sales as 1 : 4. • As Pure Number /Times - The same can also be expressed in an alternatively way such as the sale is 4 times of the net profit or profit is 1/4th of the sales.
Liquidity Ratios.
• Liquidity refers to the ability of the concern to meet its current obligation as and when these become due the short- term obligations are met by releasing amounts from current floating or circulating assets. The current asset should either be liquid and near liquidity.
•Current Ratio =
Current Assets Current Liabilities
Rule Of Thumb is 2:1
•Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio =
Quick Assets Current Liabilities
Rule Of Thumb is 1:1
Absolute Liquid Asset = Cash& Bank+ Short Term Securities+ Rule of thumb = .5:1 CURRENT ASSETS Cash in hand Cash at bank Debtors Temporary investment Stock Bills receivables Prepaid expenses Accrued incomes
Temporary Investments Current Liabilities
CURRENT LIABILITIES Creditors Bills payables Bank overdraft Dividend payables Income recd. In adv Outstanding expenses
Current Asset Movement and efficiency ( Activity Ratio)
• Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profit the efficiency with which assets are managed directly effect the volume of sales. The better the management the larger is the amount of sales and the profits. Activity ratio measures the efficiencies and the effectiveness with which firm manages its resources and assets. These ratios are called turnover ratios.
Working Capital Turnover ratios =
Cost of goods sales Average Working Capital
Cogs = op stock+purchses+direct expenses-closing stock Creditors or Payable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Purchases Average Creditors A suppliers of good of i.e. creditors, is naturally interested in finding out how much time the firm is likely to take in repaying its trade creditors.
Average Payment Period = Number of days in year Creditors’ turnover ratio
Debtor and Receivable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales Average debtors
Debtors turnover ratio indicates the velocity of debt collection of firm. In simple words, it indicates the number of time average debtors( receivables) are turned over during a year.
Average Collection Period = Number of days in year Debtors’ turnover ratio
•Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold Average inventory
Every firm has to maintain a certain level of inventory of finished goods so as to be able to meet the requirement of the business. Inventory Conversion Period = Number of days in a year Inventory turnover Ratio
Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit X 100 Net Sales
Gross profit = sales – cost of goods sold
Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit x 100 Net Sales
Operating Ratio = Operating cost x 100 Net Sales
Operating Profit Ratio = Operating Profit x 100 Net Sales Or Operating Profit Ratio = 100-Operating Ratio
Expense Ratio or Particular expense ratio = Particular Expense x 100 Net Sales
Long-term financial position and Test of Solvency.
– Debt Equity Ratio = Outsiders Fund
Shareholder’s funds Or
–
=
External Equities Internal Equities
Funded debt X 100
Funded Debt to Total Capitalization =
Total Capitalization Funded Debt = Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bonds + Other Long Term Loans Total Capitalization = Equity Share Capital + Preference share capital + Reserves + Surplus Other undistributed funds + Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bonds + Other long term Loans.
Proprietary and Equity Ratio = Shareholder’s Funds Total Assets Shareholder fund= eq. share cap + pref. share cap + reserves & surplusesfictitious assets
Fixed assets to Net Worth Ratio = Fixed Assets After depreciation Total Long- Term Funds
Solvency Ratios =
Total Liabilities to Outsiders Total Assets
Fixed Assets to Total Long Term Funds = Fixed assets after depreciation Total Long- Term funds
•Debt Service Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio = Net Profit( Before Interest & Tax) Fixed Interest charges
doc_768741460.pptx
PRESENTATION ON RATIO ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATION
TYPES OF RATIO ANALYSIS
RATIO ANALYSIS
Ratio-analysis means the process of computing, determining and presenting the relationship of related items and groups of items of the financial statements. They provide in a summarized and concise form of fairly good idea about the financial position of a unit. They are important tools for financial analysis.
According to Myers, " Ratio analysis of financial statements is a study of relationship among various financial factors in a business as disclosed by a single set of statements and a study of trend of these factors as shown in a series of statements."
Advantages and Uses of Ratio Analysis
• • • • • • • • To workout the profitability: To workout the solvency: Helpful in analysis of financial statement: Helpful in comparative analysis of the performance: To simplify the accounting information: To workout the operating efficiency: To workout short-term financial position: Helpful for forecasting purposes:
Limitations of Ratio Analysis
• • • • • • • Limited Comparability False Results Effect of Price Level Changes Qualitative factors are ignored Effect of window-dressing Costly Technique Misleading Results
Before looking at the ratios there are a number of cautionary points concerning their use that need to be identified : a. The dates and duration of the financial statements being compared should be the same. If not, the effects of seasonality may cause erroneous conclusions to be drawn. b. The accounts to be compared should have been prepared on the same bases. Different treatment of stocks or depreciations or asset valuations will distort the results. c. In order to judge the overall performance of the firm a group of ratios, as opposed to just one or two should be used. In order to identify trends at least three years of ratios are normally required.
HOW A RATIO IS EXPRESSED
• As Percentage - such as 25% or 50% . For example if net profit is Rs.25,000/- and the sales is Rs.1,00,000/- then the net profit can be said to be 25% of the sales. • As Proportion - The above figures may be expressed in terms of the relationship between net profit to sales as 1 : 4. • As Pure Number /Times - The same can also be expressed in an alternatively way such as the sale is 4 times of the net profit or profit is 1/4th of the sales.
Liquidity Ratios.
• Liquidity refers to the ability of the concern to meet its current obligation as and when these become due the short- term obligations are met by releasing amounts from current floating or circulating assets. The current asset should either be liquid and near liquidity.
•Current Ratio =
Current Assets Current Liabilities
Rule Of Thumb is 2:1
•Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio =
Quick Assets Current Liabilities
Rule Of Thumb is 1:1
Absolute Liquid Asset = Cash& Bank+ Short Term Securities+ Rule of thumb = .5:1 CURRENT ASSETS Cash in hand Cash at bank Debtors Temporary investment Stock Bills receivables Prepaid expenses Accrued incomes
Temporary Investments Current Liabilities
CURRENT LIABILITIES Creditors Bills payables Bank overdraft Dividend payables Income recd. In adv Outstanding expenses
Current Asset Movement and efficiency ( Activity Ratio)
• Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profit the efficiency with which assets are managed directly effect the volume of sales. The better the management the larger is the amount of sales and the profits. Activity ratio measures the efficiencies and the effectiveness with which firm manages its resources and assets. These ratios are called turnover ratios.
Working Capital Turnover ratios =
Cost of goods sales Average Working Capital
Cogs = op stock+purchses+direct expenses-closing stock Creditors or Payable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Purchases Average Creditors A suppliers of good of i.e. creditors, is naturally interested in finding out how much time the firm is likely to take in repaying its trade creditors.
Average Payment Period = Number of days in year Creditors’ turnover ratio
Debtor and Receivable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales Average debtors
Debtors turnover ratio indicates the velocity of debt collection of firm. In simple words, it indicates the number of time average debtors( receivables) are turned over during a year.
Average Collection Period = Number of days in year Debtors’ turnover ratio
•Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold Average inventory
Every firm has to maintain a certain level of inventory of finished goods so as to be able to meet the requirement of the business. Inventory Conversion Period = Number of days in a year Inventory turnover Ratio
Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit X 100 Net Sales
Gross profit = sales – cost of goods sold
Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit x 100 Net Sales
Operating Ratio = Operating cost x 100 Net Sales
Operating Profit Ratio = Operating Profit x 100 Net Sales Or Operating Profit Ratio = 100-Operating Ratio
Expense Ratio or Particular expense ratio = Particular Expense x 100 Net Sales
Long-term financial position and Test of Solvency.
– Debt Equity Ratio = Outsiders Fund
Shareholder’s funds Or
–
=
External Equities Internal Equities
Funded debt X 100
Funded Debt to Total Capitalization =
Total Capitalization Funded Debt = Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bonds + Other Long Term Loans Total Capitalization = Equity Share Capital + Preference share capital + Reserves + Surplus Other undistributed funds + Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bonds + Other long term Loans.
Proprietary and Equity Ratio = Shareholder’s Funds Total Assets Shareholder fund= eq. share cap + pref. share cap + reserves & surplusesfictitious assets
Fixed assets to Net Worth Ratio = Fixed Assets After depreciation Total Long- Term Funds
Solvency Ratios =
Total Liabilities to Outsiders Total Assets
Fixed Assets to Total Long Term Funds = Fixed assets after depreciation Total Long- Term funds
•Debt Service Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio = Net Profit( Before Interest & Tax) Fixed Interest charges
doc_768741460.pptx