Description
Decision making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice
PERCEPTION and INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING
PERCEPTION: A Process by which individual Organize and Interpret their Sensory Impressions in order to Give Meaning to their Environment
PERCEPTION
?
What one Perceives can be substantially Different from Objective Reality.
?
People’ behavior is based on their Perception of what Reality is , and Not on Reality itself.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
There are number of Factors which SHAPE or DISTORT Perception. These factors can be in the;
1. Perceiver 2. The Object of Target being perceived 3. In the Context of the Situation in which the perception is made
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
?
1. Perceiver: Personal Characteristics that affect perception are; Attitudes, Personality, Motives, Interests, Past Experiences, Expectations
PERSON PERCEPTION Making Judgments About Others
? ATTRIBUTION
Explains the Ways in which we Judge people differently depending on what meaning we Attribute to a given Behavior. When we Observe any Individual’s Behavior we attempt to determine whether it was INTERNALLY or EXTERNALLY CAUSED
THEORY:
?
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Internally Caused behaviorUnder the Personal Control of Individual.
Externally Caused behavior-
Resulting from the External Causes; being forced into the behavior by the situation
THREE DETERMINING FACTORS:
1. DISTINCTIVENESS 2. CONSENSUS 3. CONSISTENCY
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
If X arrived late today for the first time. How would you recognize this behavior? …… Internal or External Attribution
1. DISTINCTIVENESS:
It refers to whether an individual displays different behavior in different Situations. Here we look for the UNUSUAL or NOT UNUSUAL behavior. Unusual Behavior----External Attribution Not Unusual Behavior--Internal Attribution
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
? CONSENSUS
When people face similar situation responds in the Same Waythis behavior shows Consensus
If Consensus is High- one is expected to give an External Attribution to the employee’s behavior e.g., Absence- due to Unavailability of public transport.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
? On
the other hand if there was not Consensus at that day- as other employees from the same locality came to office despite strike call, the Attribution shall be considered INTERNAL.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
IS the internal Attribution in the above example Positive or Negative for the employee?
? CONSISTENCY:
An Observer looks for CONSISTENCY in a person’s ACTIONS. Consistency in His/her Responses OVER TIME.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
CONSISTENCY: An Observer looks for CONSISTENCY in a person’s ACTIONS. Consistency in His/her Responses OVER TIME. If an employee is rarely Absent from duty, his being absent at any day will be given External Attribution.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
? The
more Consistent the behavior, the more the observer is inclined to attribute it to Internal Causes.
PERCEPTION: Shortcuts in Judging Others
? SELECTIVE
PERCEPTION:
? HALO
EFFECT:
? CONTRAST
EFFECTS:
PERCEPTION: Shortcuts in Judging Others
? PROJECTION:
? STEREOTYPING:
PERCEPTION:
Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations
? EMPLOYEMENT ? PERFORMANCE ? ETHNIC
INTERVIEW EXPECTATION
PROFILING EVALUATION
? PERFORMANCE
doc_119541107.ppt
Decision making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice
PERCEPTION and INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING
PERCEPTION: A Process by which individual Organize and Interpret their Sensory Impressions in order to Give Meaning to their Environment
PERCEPTION
?
What one Perceives can be substantially Different from Objective Reality.
?
People’ behavior is based on their Perception of what Reality is , and Not on Reality itself.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
There are number of Factors which SHAPE or DISTORT Perception. These factors can be in the;
1. Perceiver 2. The Object of Target being perceived 3. In the Context of the Situation in which the perception is made
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
?
1. Perceiver: Personal Characteristics that affect perception are; Attitudes, Personality, Motives, Interests, Past Experiences, Expectations
PERSON PERCEPTION Making Judgments About Others
? ATTRIBUTION
Explains the Ways in which we Judge people differently depending on what meaning we Attribute to a given Behavior. When we Observe any Individual’s Behavior we attempt to determine whether it was INTERNALLY or EXTERNALLY CAUSED
THEORY:
?
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Internally Caused behaviorUnder the Personal Control of Individual.
Externally Caused behavior-
Resulting from the External Causes; being forced into the behavior by the situation
THREE DETERMINING FACTORS:
1. DISTINCTIVENESS 2. CONSENSUS 3. CONSISTENCY
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
If X arrived late today for the first time. How would you recognize this behavior? …… Internal or External Attribution
1. DISTINCTIVENESS:
It refers to whether an individual displays different behavior in different Situations. Here we look for the UNUSUAL or NOT UNUSUAL behavior. Unusual Behavior----External Attribution Not Unusual Behavior--Internal Attribution
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
? CONSENSUS
When people face similar situation responds in the Same Waythis behavior shows Consensus
If Consensus is High- one is expected to give an External Attribution to the employee’s behavior e.g., Absence- due to Unavailability of public transport.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
? On
the other hand if there was not Consensus at that day- as other employees from the same locality came to office despite strike call, the Attribution shall be considered INTERNAL.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
IS the internal Attribution in the above example Positive or Negative for the employee?
? CONSISTENCY:
An Observer looks for CONSISTENCY in a person’s ACTIONS. Consistency in His/her Responses OVER TIME.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
CONSISTENCY: An Observer looks for CONSISTENCY in a person’s ACTIONS. Consistency in His/her Responses OVER TIME. If an employee is rarely Absent from duty, his being absent at any day will be given External Attribution.
PERCEPTION: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
? The
more Consistent the behavior, the more the observer is inclined to attribute it to Internal Causes.
PERCEPTION: Shortcuts in Judging Others
? SELECTIVE
PERCEPTION:
? HALO
EFFECT:
? CONTRAST
EFFECTS:
PERCEPTION: Shortcuts in Judging Others
? PROJECTION:
? STEREOTYPING:
PERCEPTION:
Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations
? EMPLOYEMENT ? PERFORMANCE ? ETHNIC
INTERVIEW EXPECTATION
PROFILING EVALUATION
? PERFORMANCE
doc_119541107.ppt