Description
The report to understand meaning of personality, know the determinants of personality, understand the development of personality and various theories of personality, understand the various traits of personality and apply the knowledge of personality in organization.
Chapter 4 : Personality
Learning Objectives - Understand meaning of personalit personality - Know the determinants of personality - Understand th d l U d t d the development of personality and t f lit d various theories of personality - Understand the various traits of personality - Apply the knowledge of personality in organization
Definition of Personality
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems what determine his unique adjustment py g y q j to his environment” - Gordon Allport “Personality includes external appearance and behavior, inner “P lit i l d t l db h i i awareness of self as a permanent organizing force and the particular pattern of organization of measurable traits, both inner and outer” – Fl d L. Ruch d t ” Floyd L R h “Personality means how a person affects other and how he y p understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits, and the person situation interaction” – Fred Luthans
Determinants of Personality
1. Biological factors a)Heredity : Physical stature, muscle composition, y y reflexes b)Brain : The right brain dominated p ) g persons are moody, artistic, creative and good in sports c)Physical features: Height, weight, colour, facial features
Determinants…contd
2. Family and social factors : a) Socialization process:Family and other social groups of which he is a member influence the personality. Process of socialization for which the person acquires behavior patterns that are customary and acceptable to social groups. b) Identification process: Similarity of behavior such as feelings and attitudes. It also includes motives, desires and attributes of the model.
Determinants…contd.
3. Situational factors : - Human beings interaction with different situations impact his personality. The demands of different situations may call for different aspects of one s one’s personality. There exists significant individual differences which are further influenced by situational factors
Determinants….contd.
4. Other factors a) Temperament : Temperament is the degree to which one responds emotionally. b) Interest : The individual normally has many interests in various areas, which should be taken areas into account by organizations c) Character : Character primarily means honesty. It is resistance to cheating others. d) Schema : It is a individual belief, perception and attitude which the individual possess towards the management, the management job, working conditions, pay, incentive system etc. Because of this there are marked differences among individuals
Determinants…contd.
e) Motives : Motives are the inner drives of the individual. The behavior of an individual to accomplish the goal varies because of his inner drives.
Theories of Personality
1. Freudian Stage Theory: a) The id : It is the source of psychic energy and seeks immediate gratification of biological needs such as hunger, thirst and sex
Theories….contd.
b) The ego : Conscious and logical part of human personality and is associated with reality principle. The ego keeps the id in check through intellect and reason. c) Super ego : The super ego represents societal and personal norms and serves as an ethical constraint l d thi l t i t on behavior.
Theories…contd
2. Theory of Eric Erikson : He identified eight stages of life in the development of the person. a) Infancy : During this stage a child learns to trust or mistrust to others depending on the affection shown or not shown. b)Early childhood : The child begins to assert and a sense of autonomy d l d f develops c) Play age : During four to six years, creative and imaginary abilities develop. Negative qualities i i biliti d l N ti liti like doubt, inhibition and jealousy also develops
Theories…contd
d) School age : Six to twelve years if the child experiences real progress at a rate compatible i l ibl with his abilities, he develops sense of enterprise, the reverse situation results in a sense of inferiority e) Adolescence : At teenage years the child gains a sense of identity. Because of biological changes the teenager establishes himself as socially separate from the parents
Theories…contd
f) Young adulthood : At this stage (20 years) the young adult faces the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation g) Adulthood : During this stage the adult faces the crisis of generatively vs. self-absorbed: Self vs selfabsorbed persons never go beyond themselves. Generated people see the world as much bigger than themselves h) Mature adulthood : The person is developed as a highly mature person. He has gained a sense of wisdom and perspective that can really guide others.
Theories…contd
3. Chris Argyris Immaturity –Maturity Theory - Individual develops along a continuum from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult Immaturity – Maturity Continuum
Immaturity characteristics Maturity Characteristics
Passivity Dependence Few ways of behaving Shallow interests ShortShort-time perspective Subordinate position Lack f selfL k of self-awareness lf
Actively Independence Diverse Behaviour Deep interests Long-time perspective LongSuper-ordinate position SuperSelf S lf awareness and control d t l
Theories…contd
Chris Argyris further states :
-
-
-
The seven dimensions represent only one aspect of the total personality. Much also depends upon individual’s perception, selfself-concept and adaptation and adjustment p p j The seven dimensions continually change in degree from the infant to the adult end of the continuum The model, being only a construct, cannot predict specific model construct behavior. However, it does provide a method of describing and measuring the growth of any individual in the culture The seven di h dimensions are based upon latent characteristics of i b d l h i i f the personality, which may be quite different from the observable behavior
Theories…contd
4. Personality Traits Theory : Cattell, identified sixteen personality factors which he called source or primary traits. They are :
Reserved Less intelligent Affected feelings Submissive Serious Expedient Timid ToughTough-minded Trusting Practical Forthright SelfSelf-assured Conservative Group dependent Uncontrolled Relaxed Outgoing More intelligent Emotionally more stable Dominant Happy-go-lucky Happy-goConscientious Venturesome Sensitive Suspicious Imaginative Shrewd Apprehensive Experimenting Self-dependent SelfControlled Tense
Personality attributes influencing OB
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB : 1. 1 Locus of control : The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. Those who believe that they can control their destinies have been labeled internals, whereas those who see their lives has been controlled by outside forces are c ed e e co o ed ou s de o ces e called externals. s. Individuals who rate high in externality are less j , g satisfied with their jobs, have higher absenteeism and more alienated from the work settings then the internals.
Personality attributes…contd
2. Machiavellanism
egree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. means
High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Machs g g g 3. Self-esteem : Individual’s degree of liking or disliking Selfof themselves. High SEs believe that they possess the ability they need in order to succeed at work . Individuals with high SEs will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional j jobs than people with low self esteemed. p p
Personality attributes…contd
SelfSelf Monitoring A S lf-M it i :A personality trait that measures an lit t it th t individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors. High self monitors will be more successful in i managerial positions in which individuals are required to play i l iti i hi h i di id l i dt l multiple, and even contradicting roles. They are capable of putting on different “faces” for different audiences. Type ‘A’ and Type ‘B’ personality Type “A”s A s - are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly - feel impatient with rate at which most events take place - strive to think or do two or more things at once - cannot cope with leisure time - are obsessed with numbers measuring their success in terms of numbers, quantity
Personality attributes…contd
Type ‘B’s : 1. 1 Never suffer f ff from a sense of time urgency with its f i ihi accompanying impatience 2. Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situations 3. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost 4. Can relax without guilt
Five Dimensions of Personality
1.
2.
3. 3
Conscientiousness: The extent to which individuals are hardworking , organized, dependable, and persevering versus lazy, disorganized and unreliable. ExtroversionExtroversion-Introversion: The degree to which individuals i di id l are gregarious, assertive ,and sociable i i d i bl versus reserved, timid, and quiet Agreeableness: Th extent to which i di id l A bl The t t t hi h individuals are cooperative, warm, and agreeable versus cold, disagreeable, cold disagreeable and belligerent
Five Dimensions contd Dimensions…contd
4. 4 Emotional Stability: The degree to which individuals are insecure, anxious,depressed, and emotional versus calm self-confident calm, self-confident, and secure 5. Openness t experience: The extent to 5 O to i Th t tt which individuals are creative, curious, and cultured, versus practical, and having lt d ti l d h i narrow interests
How do we measure Personality?
Objective Tests: It is a paper-and pencil paperinventory that asks people to respond to a series of questions designed to measure one or more aspects of their personality Projective T h i P j ti Techniques: It is indirect method i i di t th d of measuring personality. People project their th i own desires, fears by putting on others. d i f b tti th It is very accurate method of measurement.
How do we measure contd measure…contd
The test of personality must be : a) Reliable: It refers to the extent to which the test is stable and consistent over time. b) Valid: It refers to describe the degree to which the test actually measures what it y purports to measure
Questions
What kind of jobs do you think a person who i high on extraversion would perform h is hi h t i ld f best? Worst? Suppose you were hiring someone to perform a job that required very fast performance. Would you prefer a type A or a type B person and why?
THANK YOU
doc_882997187.pdf
The report to understand meaning of personality, know the determinants of personality, understand the development of personality and various theories of personality, understand the various traits of personality and apply the knowledge of personality in organization.
Chapter 4 : Personality
Learning Objectives - Understand meaning of personalit personality - Know the determinants of personality - Understand th d l U d t d the development of personality and t f lit d various theories of personality - Understand the various traits of personality - Apply the knowledge of personality in organization
Definition of Personality
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems what determine his unique adjustment py g y q j to his environment” - Gordon Allport “Personality includes external appearance and behavior, inner “P lit i l d t l db h i i awareness of self as a permanent organizing force and the particular pattern of organization of measurable traits, both inner and outer” – Fl d L. Ruch d t ” Floyd L R h “Personality means how a person affects other and how he y p understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits, and the person situation interaction” – Fred Luthans
Determinants of Personality
1. Biological factors a)Heredity : Physical stature, muscle composition, y y reflexes b)Brain : The right brain dominated p ) g persons are moody, artistic, creative and good in sports c)Physical features: Height, weight, colour, facial features
Determinants…contd
2. Family and social factors : a) Socialization process:Family and other social groups of which he is a member influence the personality. Process of socialization for which the person acquires behavior patterns that are customary and acceptable to social groups. b) Identification process: Similarity of behavior such as feelings and attitudes. It also includes motives, desires and attributes of the model.
Determinants…contd.
3. Situational factors : - Human beings interaction with different situations impact his personality. The demands of different situations may call for different aspects of one s one’s personality. There exists significant individual differences which are further influenced by situational factors
Determinants….contd.
4. Other factors a) Temperament : Temperament is the degree to which one responds emotionally. b) Interest : The individual normally has many interests in various areas, which should be taken areas into account by organizations c) Character : Character primarily means honesty. It is resistance to cheating others. d) Schema : It is a individual belief, perception and attitude which the individual possess towards the management, the management job, working conditions, pay, incentive system etc. Because of this there are marked differences among individuals
Determinants…contd.
e) Motives : Motives are the inner drives of the individual. The behavior of an individual to accomplish the goal varies because of his inner drives.
Theories of Personality
1. Freudian Stage Theory: a) The id : It is the source of psychic energy and seeks immediate gratification of biological needs such as hunger, thirst and sex
Theories….contd.
b) The ego : Conscious and logical part of human personality and is associated with reality principle. The ego keeps the id in check through intellect and reason. c) Super ego : The super ego represents societal and personal norms and serves as an ethical constraint l d thi l t i t on behavior.
Theories…contd
2. Theory of Eric Erikson : He identified eight stages of life in the development of the person. a) Infancy : During this stage a child learns to trust or mistrust to others depending on the affection shown or not shown. b)Early childhood : The child begins to assert and a sense of autonomy d l d f develops c) Play age : During four to six years, creative and imaginary abilities develop. Negative qualities i i biliti d l N ti liti like doubt, inhibition and jealousy also develops
Theories…contd
d) School age : Six to twelve years if the child experiences real progress at a rate compatible i l ibl with his abilities, he develops sense of enterprise, the reverse situation results in a sense of inferiority e) Adolescence : At teenage years the child gains a sense of identity. Because of biological changes the teenager establishes himself as socially separate from the parents
Theories…contd
f) Young adulthood : At this stage (20 years) the young adult faces the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation g) Adulthood : During this stage the adult faces the crisis of generatively vs. self-absorbed: Self vs selfabsorbed persons never go beyond themselves. Generated people see the world as much bigger than themselves h) Mature adulthood : The person is developed as a highly mature person. He has gained a sense of wisdom and perspective that can really guide others.
Theories…contd
3. Chris Argyris Immaturity –Maturity Theory - Individual develops along a continuum from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult Immaturity – Maturity Continuum
Immaturity characteristics Maturity Characteristics
Passivity Dependence Few ways of behaving Shallow interests ShortShort-time perspective Subordinate position Lack f selfL k of self-awareness lf
Actively Independence Diverse Behaviour Deep interests Long-time perspective LongSuper-ordinate position SuperSelf S lf awareness and control d t l
Theories…contd
Chris Argyris further states :
-
-
-
The seven dimensions represent only one aspect of the total personality. Much also depends upon individual’s perception, selfself-concept and adaptation and adjustment p p j The seven dimensions continually change in degree from the infant to the adult end of the continuum The model, being only a construct, cannot predict specific model construct behavior. However, it does provide a method of describing and measuring the growth of any individual in the culture The seven di h dimensions are based upon latent characteristics of i b d l h i i f the personality, which may be quite different from the observable behavior
Theories…contd
4. Personality Traits Theory : Cattell, identified sixteen personality factors which he called source or primary traits. They are :
Reserved Less intelligent Affected feelings Submissive Serious Expedient Timid ToughTough-minded Trusting Practical Forthright SelfSelf-assured Conservative Group dependent Uncontrolled Relaxed Outgoing More intelligent Emotionally more stable Dominant Happy-go-lucky Happy-goConscientious Venturesome Sensitive Suspicious Imaginative Shrewd Apprehensive Experimenting Self-dependent SelfControlled Tense
Personality attributes influencing OB
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB : 1. 1 Locus of control : The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. Those who believe that they can control their destinies have been labeled internals, whereas those who see their lives has been controlled by outside forces are c ed e e co o ed ou s de o ces e called externals. s. Individuals who rate high in externality are less j , g satisfied with their jobs, have higher absenteeism and more alienated from the work settings then the internals.
Personality attributes…contd
2. Machiavellanism
egree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. meansHigh Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Machs g g g 3. Self-esteem : Individual’s degree of liking or disliking Selfof themselves. High SEs believe that they possess the ability they need in order to succeed at work . Individuals with high SEs will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional j jobs than people with low self esteemed. p p
Personality attributes…contd
SelfSelf Monitoring A S lf-M it i :A personality trait that measures an lit t it th t individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors. High self monitors will be more successful in i managerial positions in which individuals are required to play i l iti i hi h i di id l i dt l multiple, and even contradicting roles. They are capable of putting on different “faces” for different audiences. Type ‘A’ and Type ‘B’ personality Type “A”s A s - are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly - feel impatient with rate at which most events take place - strive to think or do two or more things at once - cannot cope with leisure time - are obsessed with numbers measuring their success in terms of numbers, quantity
Personality attributes…contd
Type ‘B’s : 1. 1 Never suffer f ff from a sense of time urgency with its f i ihi accompanying impatience 2. Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situations 3. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost 4. Can relax without guilt
Five Dimensions of Personality
1.
2.
3. 3
Conscientiousness: The extent to which individuals are hardworking , organized, dependable, and persevering versus lazy, disorganized and unreliable. ExtroversionExtroversion-Introversion: The degree to which individuals i di id l are gregarious, assertive ,and sociable i i d i bl versus reserved, timid, and quiet Agreeableness: Th extent to which i di id l A bl The t t t hi h individuals are cooperative, warm, and agreeable versus cold, disagreeable, cold disagreeable and belligerent
Five Dimensions contd Dimensions…contd
4. 4 Emotional Stability: The degree to which individuals are insecure, anxious,depressed, and emotional versus calm self-confident calm, self-confident, and secure 5. Openness t experience: The extent to 5 O to i Th t tt which individuals are creative, curious, and cultured, versus practical, and having lt d ti l d h i narrow interests
How do we measure Personality?
Objective Tests: It is a paper-and pencil paperinventory that asks people to respond to a series of questions designed to measure one or more aspects of their personality Projective T h i P j ti Techniques: It is indirect method i i di t th d of measuring personality. People project their th i own desires, fears by putting on others. d i f b tti th It is very accurate method of measurement.
How do we measure contd measure…contd
The test of personality must be : a) Reliable: It refers to the extent to which the test is stable and consistent over time. b) Valid: It refers to describe the degree to which the test actually measures what it y purports to measure
Questions
What kind of jobs do you think a person who i high on extraversion would perform h is hi h t i ld f best? Worst? Suppose you were hiring someone to perform a job that required very fast performance. Would you prefer a type A or a type B person and why?
THANK YOU
doc_882997187.pdf