Description
The PPT explains on Perception.
Perception
Memories
Our memories are influenced by what we eat, how we feel, how much we sleep, and whether or not we exercise. We use info in the memory to interpret the world around us, and memory influences our performances on a variety of tasks. As humans we are constantly strive to make sense of our surroundings. The resulting knowledge influences our behaviour and helps us navigate our way through life. Study: employees who perceived that their orgn cared about them, reciprocated with reduced absenteeism, increased performance, innovation and positive work attitudes.
Definitions
Perception: Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. What one perceives may be different from perceived reality. However, the world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Factors influencing perception: The perceiver, The target The situation
The Perceiver
When an individual looks at the target and attempts to interpret what he/she observes, that interpretation is heavily influenced by the person characteristics of the individual E.g. you purchase a new car and suddenly notice many of similar models around If hungry, you notice food outlets around you. Plastic surgeon notices an imperfect nose!!Your expectations can distort your perceptions. Expect a nurse to be kind and caring and you think one is so even when she isn’t.
The target
Characteristics of the target being observed can affect what is perceived Loud people more likely to be noticed People dressing different from the crowd are noticed. Motion, sounds, size, and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it. Also the relationship of the target to the background: Objects that are close to each other tend to be perceived together rather than separately. E.g. two aircraft crashes and we conclude flying is risky. Persons, objects, or events that are similar to each other also tend to be grouped together.
The situation
The context in which we see objects or events is important. Elements in the surrounding environment influence our perception. E.g. a lady dressed in an evening gown and makeup in a management class. The time at which an object or event is seen can influence your attention.
Theories
Attribution: We judge people differently, depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behaviour. Selective Perception
eople selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience & attitudes. Halo / Horn effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Contrast effects: Evaluation of a person affected by comparison with another recently met. Projection: Attributing one’s own characteristic to other Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.
Control or Learn
• Life is a continual process of growth and change. It is possible to prepare ourselves to be constantly surprised by life, so that we can deal with things as they come up instead of waiting to be knocked down by a crisis. • We can learn to perceive the subtler, early warning signs of impending crisis if we can let go of the idea that we live in an orderly and predictable universe. • There is a way to maintain an overall sense of balance without resorting to outdated notions of order and stability. • There are two sets of basic assumptions about life. Each sets of assumptions leads to a different way of viewing and dealing with life’s surprises.
Security / Control mindset
The world is basically stable, predictable and in large part controllable. I get my sense of well-being by knowing the rules, by being around others who are similar to me, and from having things turn out more or less as predicted. Attitude assumes things will be as they always have been. It is uncomfortable with uncertainty, change, ambiguity, lack of structure and with people who see things differently. You are focused on making a living.
Learning / Discovery mindset
The world is a complex system of interacting forces, many of which I cannot directly perceive with my five senses. I enjoy experimenting to discover what works and what doesn’t I do not presume that what worked the last time will work this time I get my sense of well-being from staying awake to myself and my surroundings and from the constant learning process that results from paying attention and from moving into unknown territory. In this mind-set, you are focuses on making yourself.
Security/Control vs Learning/Discovery
Resists change; sees change as disruptive Holds on; Holds on to what was or what should be Focuses on externals; values appearance over essence Communicates for control; attempts to get others to agree Thinks in “either/or” terms; uses polarized, black and white thinking Fosters poor teamwork; cannot share responsibility or power Participates with change; sees change as natural Lets go; lets go into what is
Focuses on essentials; values inner essence over appearance Communicates to build trust; wishes to know and be known Thinks “both/and”; looks for mutuality and complimentarity Fosters team learning; shares responsibility and power.
Specific applications in organizations
Employment interviews: - input into who is hired and who is not - Agreement among interviewers normally poor. - Early impressions and get entrenched Performance expectations: - People will attempt to validate their perceptions of reality, even when they are faulty - Self-fulfilling prophesy – people’s expectations determine their behaviour Performance evaluation: Employee effort / Employee loyalty:
doc_930149901.ppt
The PPT explains on Perception.
Perception
Memories
Our memories are influenced by what we eat, how we feel, how much we sleep, and whether or not we exercise. We use info in the memory to interpret the world around us, and memory influences our performances on a variety of tasks. As humans we are constantly strive to make sense of our surroundings. The resulting knowledge influences our behaviour and helps us navigate our way through life. Study: employees who perceived that their orgn cared about them, reciprocated with reduced absenteeism, increased performance, innovation and positive work attitudes.
Definitions
Perception: Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. What one perceives may be different from perceived reality. However, the world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Factors influencing perception: The perceiver, The target The situation
The Perceiver
When an individual looks at the target and attempts to interpret what he/she observes, that interpretation is heavily influenced by the person characteristics of the individual E.g. you purchase a new car and suddenly notice many of similar models around If hungry, you notice food outlets around you. Plastic surgeon notices an imperfect nose!!Your expectations can distort your perceptions. Expect a nurse to be kind and caring and you think one is so even when she isn’t.
The target
Characteristics of the target being observed can affect what is perceived Loud people more likely to be noticed People dressing different from the crowd are noticed. Motion, sounds, size, and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it. Also the relationship of the target to the background: Objects that are close to each other tend to be perceived together rather than separately. E.g. two aircraft crashes and we conclude flying is risky. Persons, objects, or events that are similar to each other also tend to be grouped together.
The situation
The context in which we see objects or events is important. Elements in the surrounding environment influence our perception. E.g. a lady dressed in an evening gown and makeup in a management class. The time at which an object or event is seen can influence your attention.
Theories
Attribution: We judge people differently, depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behaviour. Selective Perception
eople selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience & attitudes. Halo / Horn effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Contrast effects: Evaluation of a person affected by comparison with another recently met. Projection: Attributing one’s own characteristic to other Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.Control or Learn
• Life is a continual process of growth and change. It is possible to prepare ourselves to be constantly surprised by life, so that we can deal with things as they come up instead of waiting to be knocked down by a crisis. • We can learn to perceive the subtler, early warning signs of impending crisis if we can let go of the idea that we live in an orderly and predictable universe. • There is a way to maintain an overall sense of balance without resorting to outdated notions of order and stability. • There are two sets of basic assumptions about life. Each sets of assumptions leads to a different way of viewing and dealing with life’s surprises.
Security / Control mindset
The world is basically stable, predictable and in large part controllable. I get my sense of well-being by knowing the rules, by being around others who are similar to me, and from having things turn out more or less as predicted. Attitude assumes things will be as they always have been. It is uncomfortable with uncertainty, change, ambiguity, lack of structure and with people who see things differently. You are focused on making a living.
Learning / Discovery mindset
The world is a complex system of interacting forces, many of which I cannot directly perceive with my five senses. I enjoy experimenting to discover what works and what doesn’t I do not presume that what worked the last time will work this time I get my sense of well-being from staying awake to myself and my surroundings and from the constant learning process that results from paying attention and from moving into unknown territory. In this mind-set, you are focuses on making yourself.
Security/Control vs Learning/Discovery
Resists change; sees change as disruptive Holds on; Holds on to what was or what should be Focuses on externals; values appearance over essence Communicates for control; attempts to get others to agree Thinks in “either/or” terms; uses polarized, black and white thinking Fosters poor teamwork; cannot share responsibility or power Participates with change; sees change as natural Lets go; lets go into what is
Focuses on essentials; values inner essence over appearance Communicates to build trust; wishes to know and be known Thinks “both/and”; looks for mutuality and complimentarity Fosters team learning; shares responsibility and power.
Specific applications in organizations
Employment interviews: - input into who is hired and who is not - Agreement among interviewers normally poor. - Early impressions and get entrenched Performance expectations: - People will attempt to validate their perceptions of reality, even when they are faulty - Self-fulfilling prophesy – people’s expectations determine their behaviour Performance evaluation: Employee effort / Employee loyalty:
doc_930149901.ppt