Description
process fundamentals with respect to operation processes, characteristics of different types of processes and how to measure process time performance.
Process Fundamentals
What is a Process?
• Process A collection of tasks, connected by flows of goods and information, that transforms inputs into outputs • Components of a process Inputs, outputs, tasks, flows and storage • Some process Characteristics Capacity, Efficiency, Flexibility and Quality
Process Mapping: Flow Process Charts
• Helps to determine if tasks occur in the proper sequence, if flows are routed properly, and if storage is necessary.
Example: Pizza Production
Characteristic Parameters of an Operations System
Measuring Process Time Performance
• Flow time (throughput time) – time takes to complete a job after release to production (manufacturing lead time) • Cycle time – average time between completions of successive units • Throughput (rate of output) = 1/cycle time • Capacity- Maximum rate of output from the process • Capacity Utilization- Capacity put to use/ Total capacity available
Idle Time in a Process
Bottlenecks
• Bottleneck – an operation that limits the capacity of a process and essentially defines the cycle time and throughput • Removing bottlenecks and balancing work flow reduces cycle times and improves efficiency, productivity, and cost.
Types of Products
• Make to stock: are made according to a fixed design Examples: appliances, shoes, sporting goods, credit cards, on-line Web-based courses, and bus service. • Make to order: generally produced and delivered as one-of-a-kind or in small quantities, and are designed to meet specific customers’ specifications. Examples include ships, weddings, certain jewelry, estate plans, buildings, and surgery • Assemble to order: configurations of standard parts, subassemblies, or services that can be selected by customers from a limited set. Examples are Dell computers, Subway sandwiches, and travel agent services.
Types of Processes
1. Projects Characteristics: one-of-a-kind, large scale, complex, resources brought to site, wide variation in specs and tasks. Examples of projects:, construction, consulting, and software development. Job shop processes are organized around particular types of general-purpose equipment that are flexible and capable of customizing work for individual customers. Examples: Many small manufacturing companies, hospitals, legal services, and some restaurants.
2.
Types of Processes Cntd.
Flow shop processes are organized around a fixed sequence of activities and process steps such as an assembly line to produce a limited variety of similar goods or services. Characteristics: Little or no setup time, dedicated to small range of goods or services that are similar, similar sequence of process steps, moderate to high volume. An assembly line is a common example of a flow shop process. Examples: automobiles, appliances and hospital laboratory work. 4. A continuous flow process creates highly standardized goods or services, usually around the clock in very high volumes. Characteristics: not made from discrete parts, very high volumes in a fixed processing sequence, high investment in system, 24hour/7day continuous operation, automated, dedicated to a small range of goods or services. Examples: chemical, gasoline, paint, toy, steel factories; electronic funds transfer, credit card authorizations, and automated car wash. 3.
Characteristics of Different Process Types
doc_217852398.pptx
process fundamentals with respect to operation processes, characteristics of different types of processes and how to measure process time performance.
Process Fundamentals
What is a Process?
• Process A collection of tasks, connected by flows of goods and information, that transforms inputs into outputs • Components of a process Inputs, outputs, tasks, flows and storage • Some process Characteristics Capacity, Efficiency, Flexibility and Quality
Process Mapping: Flow Process Charts
• Helps to determine if tasks occur in the proper sequence, if flows are routed properly, and if storage is necessary.
Example: Pizza Production
Characteristic Parameters of an Operations System
Measuring Process Time Performance
• Flow time (throughput time) – time takes to complete a job after release to production (manufacturing lead time) • Cycle time – average time between completions of successive units • Throughput (rate of output) = 1/cycle time • Capacity- Maximum rate of output from the process • Capacity Utilization- Capacity put to use/ Total capacity available
Idle Time in a Process
Bottlenecks
• Bottleneck – an operation that limits the capacity of a process and essentially defines the cycle time and throughput • Removing bottlenecks and balancing work flow reduces cycle times and improves efficiency, productivity, and cost.
Types of Products
• Make to stock: are made according to a fixed design Examples: appliances, shoes, sporting goods, credit cards, on-line Web-based courses, and bus service. • Make to order: generally produced and delivered as one-of-a-kind or in small quantities, and are designed to meet specific customers’ specifications. Examples include ships, weddings, certain jewelry, estate plans, buildings, and surgery • Assemble to order: configurations of standard parts, subassemblies, or services that can be selected by customers from a limited set. Examples are Dell computers, Subway sandwiches, and travel agent services.
Types of Processes
1. Projects Characteristics: one-of-a-kind, large scale, complex, resources brought to site, wide variation in specs and tasks. Examples of projects:, construction, consulting, and software development. Job shop processes are organized around particular types of general-purpose equipment that are flexible and capable of customizing work for individual customers. Examples: Many small manufacturing companies, hospitals, legal services, and some restaurants.
2.
Types of Processes Cntd.
Flow shop processes are organized around a fixed sequence of activities and process steps such as an assembly line to produce a limited variety of similar goods or services. Characteristics: Little or no setup time, dedicated to small range of goods or services that are similar, similar sequence of process steps, moderate to high volume. An assembly line is a common example of a flow shop process. Examples: automobiles, appliances and hospital laboratory work. 4. A continuous flow process creates highly standardized goods or services, usually around the clock in very high volumes. Characteristics: not made from discrete parts, very high volumes in a fixed processing sequence, high investment in system, 24hour/7day continuous operation, automated, dedicated to a small range of goods or services. Examples: chemical, gasoline, paint, toy, steel factories; electronic funds transfer, credit card authorizations, and automated car wash. 3.
Characteristics of Different Process Types
doc_217852398.pptx