Description
Nuclear Accident in Japan
FISH
The Nuclear Accident in Japan: Impacts on Fish
hen an earthquake and subsequent tsunami devastated Japan’s northeastern coast on March 11, 2011, a nuclear crisis began unfolding at the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi plant.1 The Japanese government estimates it could be several months before the cooling systems, damaged by the natural disasters, are fully functional.2 In an effort to thwart a nuclear meltdown at the plant while the cooling system is damaged, hundreds of tons of water has been sprayed into four of the six reactors to cool fuel rods and spent fuel.3 The radioactive water is pooling in various locations around the plant, inhibiting work to bring the damaged cooling systems back into operation.4
Releases to the Environment
As explained by the Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano, “…the longer this continues, the more radioactive particles will be released and the greater the impact on the ocean.”5 To clear the way for workers and create more storage room for highly radioactive water, TEPCO pumped approximately 3 million gallons of water contaminated with 6 The water that was dumped contains about 100 times the legal limit of radiation, while the highly contaminated water remaining in the plant contains 10,000 times the legal limit.7 On April 2, 2011 workers discovered a nearly eight-inchlong crack in the side of a pit holding water in reactor two at the plant8 and found that radioactive water leaking from
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W
It is estimated that 1,680 gallons of highly radioactive water rushed out of the crack every hour, directly into the ocean.10 On April 5, 2011 attempts to plug the leak were reported to be successful.11 Several types of radioactive materials are being released into the environment from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi plant. The different types of radioactive material degrade at various rates; some persist in the environment longer than others.12 Degradation of radioactive material is measured using its half-life, which is the time it takes for half of the material to degrade.13 Radioactive iodine (iodine-131) has
photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, SeaWiFS Project and ORBIMAGE
a half-life of eight days.14 Radioactive cesium (cesium-137) has a half-life of 30 years.15 Scientists are voicing concern about the potential longterm impacts from the cesium-137 being released from the plant, as well as the risk that contact with the most contaminated water would lead to “immediate injury.”16 One expert, Kenya Mizuguchi, professor emeritus of Maritime Science and Technology at Tokyo University, said, “We’re seeing the levels of radioactive materials in the water increase, which means this problem is going to continue to get worse and worse.”17
least six months.29 Knowing this biological half-life, researchers are able to determine where an individual animal has traveled and eaten prey from contaminated waters.30
Food Chain Accumulation
Direct contact with water is a factor in the uptake of radioactive material for all seafood. But in addition to taking up
No Safe Level
While much of the coverage of the impacts from the nuclear disaster are accompanied by reassurances about low levels of exposure, there is no “safe” level of radiation exposure. The full impact of the Japanese nuclear crisis remains to be seen, but the health risks posed by radioactive contamination are well-documented. In 2006, the National tion exposure that concluded that even low levels of radiation can cause human health problems, including cancer, and called for further investigation on potential links between low-level radiation exposure and heart disease and immune disorders.18 Children are especially susceptible to the impact of foodborne exposure to radioactive materials, making safeguards for food and water particularly critical.19
material in its body.31 The discovery of radioactive material higher up the food chain, like tuna.32 native to Japan that is high on the food chain33) showed that cesium-137 could be accumulated up the food chain, resulting in higher concentration of cesium-137 in the
34
Fish can expel radioactive material over time.35 Cesium-137 can be retained in the muscle tissue of a living biological retention half-life.36 The range in biological retention half-life may be attributed to the temperature of
37
Radiation in Fish
the plant.20 miles from the plant.21 On March 29, 2011, a low level of Chiba prefecture, south of Fukushima.22 On April 1, 2011, before the proposed 3 million gallons of low-level radioacwas caught approximately 40 miles from the plant with unsafe levels of iodine-131 and cesium-137.23
killed for market, it will not be able to expel the radioactive materials in the biological half-life timeframe and the cesium will break down as it would in the environment, with a 30-year half-life.
Standards
On April 5, 2011, the Japanese government established 38 The new vegetables.39 from several locations were found to have detectable levels of radiation.40 2011, before the new regulations were established, would standard.41
Radiation and Marine Life
radiation. A 2000 study investigating radioactive material in seaweed found traces of cesium-137 in two samples — one from Norway and the other from Japan.24 The authors of this study indicated that these levels might be a product of the radiation discharged from Chernobyl, 14 years after the accident.25 Some algae have been shown to accumulate radioactive iodine and technetium,26 a metal that is a byproduct of nuclear reactors. The United States imported over 1.2 million pounds of seaweed and algae from Japan in 2010.27 The accumulated level of cesium-137 in muscle tissue of whales has been used to trace the migratory patterns of individual animals.28 In an animal weighing six tons, cesium-137 is likely to have a biological half-life of at
The U.S. Response
In 2010, the United States imported 35.5 million pounds of seafood from Japan.42 On March 22, 2011, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an import alert regarding all milk, milk products, fresh vegetables and fruits produced or manufactured from the region near the nuclear plant, which means these products cannot enter the United States.43 The FDA has said it will test seafood from the region near the plant, but has not barred seafood from entering the country.44 Unfortunately, the FDA inspects 2 percent of imported seafood on average every year,45 calling into question how thorough the agency’s checks for radiation can be.
Recommendations
The FDA should immediately ban all food (including seafood) and water imports from Japan, expanding on the FDA’s original step of restricting imports of milk and produce from the region near the accident site. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and FDA work together to be sure that seafood caught in United States and international waters is free of radioactive contamination. Data generated by any monitoring program should be made public. Congress should provide adequate funding for the seafood inspection, both at home and abroad, instead of attempting to cut funding to both the United States Department of Agriculture and the FDA, which would weaken their ability to meet their current obligations, even without the additional burden posed by this nuclear accident. Endnotes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Foster, Malcolm and Nakashima, Ryan. “Sea radiation is another blow to Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Yamaguchi, Mari and Kageyama, Yuri. “Search for radiation leak desperate in Japan.” Associated Press. April 4, 2011. Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. Yamaguchi, Mari and Kageyama, Yuri. “Search for radiation leak turns desperate in Japan.” Associated Press. April 4, 2011. Yamaguchi, Mari and Kageyama, Yuri. “Search for radiation leak turns desperate in Japan.” Associated Press. April 4, 2011. Dorell, Oren. “Japan plant pumps radioactive water into ocean.” USA TODAY. April 5, 2011. Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. Updates of 2 April 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html Updates of 2 April 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. “Japan nuke plant plugs highly radioactive leak.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Half-Life.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/ Accessed April 2, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Half-Life.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/ Accessed April 2, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Iodine.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/iodine.html Accessed April 2, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Cesium.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/cesium.html Accessed April 2, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. National Academies of Science. Board on Radiation Effects Research. “Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. 2006 at 6, 8, 10 and 151. Chernobyl accident, UNSCEAR’s assessment of the radiation effects.” Available at http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/chernobyl.html March 31, 2011. “Radiation levels in seawater off Japan plant spike to all-time highs.” CNN. March 31, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Updates of 29 March 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html Pollack, Andrew et al. “Company Says Radioactive Water Leak at Japan Plant Is Plugged.” The New York Times. April 5, 2011.
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Netten, C van et al. “Elemental and radioactive analysis of commercially available seaweed.” The Science of the Total Environment. vol. 255. 2000 at 173-174. Netten, C van et al. “Elemental and radioactive analysis of commercially available seaweed.” The Science of the Total Environment. vol. 255 2000 at 173-174. Updates of 29 March 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at www. fas.usda.gov accessed March 2011. Born, Erik, et al. “Regional variation of caesium-137 in minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from West Greenland, the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.” Polar Biology. vol. 25, 2000 at 908. Born, Erik et al. “Regional variation of caesium-137 in minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from West Greenland, the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.” Polar Biology. vol. 25, 2000 at 909. Born, Erik et al. “Regional variation of caesium-137 in minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from West Greenland, the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.” Polar Biology. vol. 25, 2000 at 907. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227. “Fishermen wary of rumor mill / Worry lack of information could lead to doubts about seafood safety.” The Daily Yomiuri. April 4, 2011. Seafood Source. April 5, 2011. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227. “Japan Nuke Crisis: Is Our Seafood Safe?” [Television broadcast] Good Morning America. ABC. April 6, 2011. “Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Mangrove red snapper.” FishBase. Available at Accessed April 1, 2011. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227-228 and 235. 228. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227-
32
33
37
38 39
41 42 43 44
15 16 17 18
Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 234. Kasamatsu, Fuijio and Ishikawa, Yusuke. “Natural variation of radionuclide 137 Cs concentration in marine organisms with special reference to the effect of food habits and trophic level.” Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 160. 1997 at 118. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Seafood Source. April 5, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at www. fas.usda.gov accessed March 2011. Food and Drug Administration. “News & Events - Radiation Safety.” Updates April 2, 2011. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ ucm247403.htm Food and Drug Administration. “News & Events - Radiation Safety.” Updates April 2, 2011. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ ucm247403.htm Better Collaboration among Key Federal Agencies Could Improve Detection and Prevention.” (GAO-09-258). February 2009 at 19.
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For more information: web: www.foodandwaterwatch.org email: [email protected] Copyright © April 2011 Food & Water Watch
doc_455027181.pdf
Nuclear Accident in Japan
FISH
The Nuclear Accident in Japan: Impacts on Fish
hen an earthquake and subsequent tsunami devastated Japan’s northeastern coast on March 11, 2011, a nuclear crisis began unfolding at the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi plant.1 The Japanese government estimates it could be several months before the cooling systems, damaged by the natural disasters, are fully functional.2 In an effort to thwart a nuclear meltdown at the plant while the cooling system is damaged, hundreds of tons of water has been sprayed into four of the six reactors to cool fuel rods and spent fuel.3 The radioactive water is pooling in various locations around the plant, inhibiting work to bring the damaged cooling systems back into operation.4
Releases to the Environment
As explained by the Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano, “…the longer this continues, the more radioactive particles will be released and the greater the impact on the ocean.”5 To clear the way for workers and create more storage room for highly radioactive water, TEPCO pumped approximately 3 million gallons of water contaminated with 6 The water that was dumped contains about 100 times the legal limit of radiation, while the highly contaminated water remaining in the plant contains 10,000 times the legal limit.7 On April 2, 2011 workers discovered a nearly eight-inchlong crack in the side of a pit holding water in reactor two at the plant8 and found that radioactive water leaking from
9
W
It is estimated that 1,680 gallons of highly radioactive water rushed out of the crack every hour, directly into the ocean.10 On April 5, 2011 attempts to plug the leak were reported to be successful.11 Several types of radioactive materials are being released into the environment from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi plant. The different types of radioactive material degrade at various rates; some persist in the environment longer than others.12 Degradation of radioactive material is measured using its half-life, which is the time it takes for half of the material to degrade.13 Radioactive iodine (iodine-131) has
photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, SeaWiFS Project and ORBIMAGE
a half-life of eight days.14 Radioactive cesium (cesium-137) has a half-life of 30 years.15 Scientists are voicing concern about the potential longterm impacts from the cesium-137 being released from the plant, as well as the risk that contact with the most contaminated water would lead to “immediate injury.”16 One expert, Kenya Mizuguchi, professor emeritus of Maritime Science and Technology at Tokyo University, said, “We’re seeing the levels of radioactive materials in the water increase, which means this problem is going to continue to get worse and worse.”17
least six months.29 Knowing this biological half-life, researchers are able to determine where an individual animal has traveled and eaten prey from contaminated waters.30
Food Chain Accumulation
Direct contact with water is a factor in the uptake of radioactive material for all seafood. But in addition to taking up
No Safe Level
While much of the coverage of the impacts from the nuclear disaster are accompanied by reassurances about low levels of exposure, there is no “safe” level of radiation exposure. The full impact of the Japanese nuclear crisis remains to be seen, but the health risks posed by radioactive contamination are well-documented. In 2006, the National tion exposure that concluded that even low levels of radiation can cause human health problems, including cancer, and called for further investigation on potential links between low-level radiation exposure and heart disease and immune disorders.18 Children are especially susceptible to the impact of foodborne exposure to radioactive materials, making safeguards for food and water particularly critical.19
material in its body.31 The discovery of radioactive material higher up the food chain, like tuna.32 native to Japan that is high on the food chain33) showed that cesium-137 could be accumulated up the food chain, resulting in higher concentration of cesium-137 in the
34
Fish can expel radioactive material over time.35 Cesium-137 can be retained in the muscle tissue of a living biological retention half-life.36 The range in biological retention half-life may be attributed to the temperature of
37
Radiation in Fish
the plant.20 miles from the plant.21 On March 29, 2011, a low level of Chiba prefecture, south of Fukushima.22 On April 1, 2011, before the proposed 3 million gallons of low-level radioacwas caught approximately 40 miles from the plant with unsafe levels of iodine-131 and cesium-137.23
killed for market, it will not be able to expel the radioactive materials in the biological half-life timeframe and the cesium will break down as it would in the environment, with a 30-year half-life.
Standards
On April 5, 2011, the Japanese government established 38 The new vegetables.39 from several locations were found to have detectable levels of radiation.40 2011, before the new regulations were established, would standard.41
Radiation and Marine Life
radiation. A 2000 study investigating radioactive material in seaweed found traces of cesium-137 in two samples — one from Norway and the other from Japan.24 The authors of this study indicated that these levels might be a product of the radiation discharged from Chernobyl, 14 years after the accident.25 Some algae have been shown to accumulate radioactive iodine and technetium,26 a metal that is a byproduct of nuclear reactors. The United States imported over 1.2 million pounds of seaweed and algae from Japan in 2010.27 The accumulated level of cesium-137 in muscle tissue of whales has been used to trace the migratory patterns of individual animals.28 In an animal weighing six tons, cesium-137 is likely to have a biological half-life of at
The U.S. Response
In 2010, the United States imported 35.5 million pounds of seafood from Japan.42 On March 22, 2011, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an import alert regarding all milk, milk products, fresh vegetables and fruits produced or manufactured from the region near the nuclear plant, which means these products cannot enter the United States.43 The FDA has said it will test seafood from the region near the plant, but has not barred seafood from entering the country.44 Unfortunately, the FDA inspects 2 percent of imported seafood on average every year,45 calling into question how thorough the agency’s checks for radiation can be.
Recommendations
The FDA should immediately ban all food (including seafood) and water imports from Japan, expanding on the FDA’s original step of restricting imports of milk and produce from the region near the accident site. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and FDA work together to be sure that seafood caught in United States and international waters is free of radioactive contamination. Data generated by any monitoring program should be made public. Congress should provide adequate funding for the seafood inspection, both at home and abroad, instead of attempting to cut funding to both the United States Department of Agriculture and the FDA, which would weaken their ability to meet their current obligations, even without the additional burden posed by this nuclear accident. Endnotes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Foster, Malcolm and Nakashima, Ryan. “Sea radiation is another blow to Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Yamaguchi, Mari and Kageyama, Yuri. “Search for radiation leak desperate in Japan.” Associated Press. April 4, 2011. Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. Yamaguchi, Mari and Kageyama, Yuri. “Search for radiation leak turns desperate in Japan.” Associated Press. April 4, 2011. Yamaguchi, Mari and Kageyama, Yuri. “Search for radiation leak turns desperate in Japan.” Associated Press. April 4, 2011. Dorell, Oren. “Japan plant pumps radioactive water into ocean.” USA TODAY. April 5, 2011. Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. Updates of 2 April 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html Updates of 2 April 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. “Japan nuke plant plugs highly radioactive leak.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Half-Life.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/ Accessed April 2, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Half-Life.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/ Accessed April 2, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Iodine.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/iodine.html Accessed April 2, 2011. EPA. “Radiation Protection – Cesium.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/cesium.html Accessed April 2, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Tabuchi, Hiroko and Belson, Ken. “Japan Releases Low-Level Radioactive Water Into Ocean.” The New York Times. April 4, 2011. National Academies of Science. Board on Radiation Effects Research. “Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. 2006 at 6, 8, 10 and 151. Chernobyl accident, UNSCEAR’s assessment of the radiation effects.” Available at http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/chernobyl.html March 31, 2011. “Radiation levels in seawater off Japan plant spike to all-time highs.” CNN. March 31, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Updates of 29 March 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html Pollack, Andrew et al. “Company Says Radioactive Water Leak at Japan Plant Is Plugged.” The New York Times. April 5, 2011.
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Netten, C van et al. “Elemental and radioactive analysis of commercially available seaweed.” The Science of the Total Environment. vol. 255. 2000 at 173-174. Netten, C van et al. “Elemental and radioactive analysis of commercially available seaweed.” The Science of the Total Environment. vol. 255 2000 at 173-174. Updates of 29 March 2011 at International Atomic Energy Agency “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log.” Available at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/ news/tsunamiupdate01.html U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at www. fas.usda.gov accessed March 2011. Born, Erik, et al. “Regional variation of caesium-137 in minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from West Greenland, the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.” Polar Biology. vol. 25, 2000 at 908. Born, Erik et al. “Regional variation of caesium-137 in minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from West Greenland, the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.” Polar Biology. vol. 25, 2000 at 909. Born, Erik et al. “Regional variation of caesium-137 in minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from West Greenland, the Northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.” Polar Biology. vol. 25, 2000 at 907. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227. “Fishermen wary of rumor mill / Worry lack of information could lead to doubts about seafood safety.” The Daily Yomiuri. April 4, 2011. Seafood Source. April 5, 2011. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227. “Japan Nuke Crisis: Is Our Seafood Safe?” [Television broadcast] Good Morning America. ABC. April 6, 2011. “Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Mangrove red snapper.” FishBase. Available at Accessed April 1, 2011. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227-228 and 235. 228. Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 227-
32
33
37
38 39
41 42 43 44
15 16 17 18
Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 222, November 5, 2001 at 234. Kasamatsu, Fuijio and Ishikawa, Yusuke. “Natural variation of radionuclide 137 Cs concentration in marine organisms with special reference to the effect of food habits and trophic level.” Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 160. 1997 at 118. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. Seafood Source. April 5, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. “Japan sets new radiation safety level for seafood.” Associated Press. April 5, 2011. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at www. fas.usda.gov accessed March 2011. Food and Drug Administration. “News & Events - Radiation Safety.” Updates April 2, 2011. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ ucm247403.htm Food and Drug Administration. “News & Events - Radiation Safety.” Updates April 2, 2011. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ ucm247403.htm Better Collaboration among Key Federal Agencies Could Improve Detection and Prevention.” (GAO-09-258). February 2009 at 19.
20 21 22 23
For more information: web: www.foodandwaterwatch.org email: [email protected] Copyright © April 2011 Food & Water Watch
doc_455027181.pdf