Description
Different types NGOs and their role in environmental management.
Role of NGOs in Environment Management
DEFINITION OF A NGO
Literary Definition
•Any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group
•Task oriented & driven by a common interest
•Sometimes organised around specific issues
Human rights, environment or health
SYNONYMOUS WITH “INTEREST GROUPS” OR “PRESSURE GROUPS”
According to World Bank
•Any non-profit organization but independent from government
•Depend, in whole or in part, on charitable donations and voluntary service •Principles of altruism and voluntarism remain key defining characteristics.“
HISTORY OF NGO’s
•Worldwide origins can be traced to 18th century. Engaged in •Forming government policies •Abolition of slavery •Recognition of labour rights during Industrial revolution International Committee of the Red Cross, was founded in 1863.
During the early 20th century active NGO participation, under League of Nations Stagnant period during World War
Phrase came into existence with the UN Charter in 1945 (Article 71)
International Union for the Protection of Nature (formed in 1948)
HISTORY OF NGO’s contd…
•Early 1970’s was significant year for NGO’s contribution to environmental issues •Stockholm conference on Human Environment •United Nations Environment Programme in 1972
Greenpeace Foundation & Friends for Earth founded
FACTS OF NGO’s in India
1st Registered NGO in India working for environmental laws: Sadguru (SSST) Established in 1973 Total Number of Registered NGO’s- 12265
FACTS ABOUT NGO’s in INDIA
Table 1: Number of NGOs in the Seven Demographically Sensitive States State M/O RD M/O HRD H&F W YA&S Others Total no of NGO in the State (all sector) NGOs in the 7 state as a % to total NGOs in the Country
As on BIHAR JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH CHHATTISGARH RAJASTHAN UTTAR PRADESH UTTARANCHAL Total no of NGOs in the Seven States TOTAL (INDIA) 7 States NGOs as a % of total NGO in Each Sector
Jul,2000 663 110 193 25 206 1115 94
Oct,2000 111 30 164 5 60 218 11
Sep,9 8 98 4 52 1 9 143 4
May,200 0 53 15 50 0 16 125 5 219 45 92 12 62 342 45 1144 204 551 43 353 1943 159 9.33 1.66 4.49 0.35 2.88 15.84 1.30
2406
599
311
264
817
4397
6470
2082
761
592
2360
12265
100
37.19
28.77
40.87
44.59
34.62
35.85
Others include NGOs from sectors SJ&E, M/O E&F, Labour, NonConven., Textile Source: Planning Commission, NGO database
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT NGO’s in INDIA
No. of people working with NGOs (unregistered included):
All India 19.4 million •85%Volunteers •15%Paid
Were the funds flow in…
Rural Development : Rs 547.74 crores Health Care & Family Welfare : Rs 432.98 crores Relief for natural calamities : Rs 339.77 crores
FUNCTIONS OF A NGO
•As Agenda Setters- Greenpeace •As Conscience Keepers- PETA •As Partners- CRY •As Experts - CSE •As lobbyists – Narmada Bachao Andolan •As Enforcers - NACO
Objectives of NGOs
Alternative nomenclature
• • • • • Independent Sector Volunteer Sector Grassroots organizations Self help organizations Private Voluntary Organisations
Classification of NGOs
• World Bank Typology:
– Operational
• Design and implementation of developmentrelated projects • Can be community based, national or international
– Advocacy
• Defend or promote a specific cause • Raise awareness, acceptance, and knowledge • Through Lobbying, Presswork and activist events
NGO Formats,Interest Groups and the Roles they play
• NGOs vary in their structure and intent
– Primary activity and programs
• E.g.
– Oxfam » Poverty alleviation » Sanitation – Help Age India » Humanitarian care for the elders
– Lobbyists
• E.g.
– Amnesty International » Human Rights
Roles
• • • • Public Relations Consulting Conscience Keepers Industry Watchdogs
Public Relations
• • • • NGOs need healthy PR to meet goals Interest Groups are of political importance Seek to mobilize public support E.g..
– Narmada Bachao Andolan
• Mobilizing tribals against Sardar Sarovar • Environmental Issues
Consulting
• NGOs increasingly aware of the transformative power of market economy • Eager to partner with like-minded businesses intent of making significant impact on environmental issues • Facilitating CSR initiatives
– HLL’s initiative with NGO BAIF for sustainable development
Conscience Keepers
• NGOs reflect popular perceptions and societal ideas
– E.g. PETA India
• People for Ethical Treatment of Animals
– Promoting Vegetarianism – Campaigns against animal based clothing
• Such NGOs not just reflect, but also promote healthy debate on social issues
Legal Status & Funding Options
How are NGOs registered ?
• Society • Trust • Section 25 Company
Society
• Societies Registeration Act, 1860 is the governing Act amended to SRA, 1960 • Application for registration of a society is done under the Societies Registration Act, 1960 • Should be made to the assistant registrar of societies having jurisdiction over the region / sub region in which the society is sought to be registered. • The application should be submitted together with – MOA – consent letters; – authority letter duly signed by all the members of the managing committee; – a declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of the society will be used only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects of the society. • Memorandum of association.
Upon a dissolution no member to receive profit.
Trust
• The application for registration of a public charitable trust should be submitted to the deputy/assistant charity commissioner having jurisdiction over the region / sub region in which the trust is sought to be registered. • After providing details (in the form)
– regarding designation by which the public trust shall be known, – names of trustees, – mode of succession, etc.,
Section25 Company
• According to section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, “where it is proved to the satisfaction of the Central Government that an association is to be formed as a Limited Company for
promoting Commerce, Art, Science, Religion, Charity or any other useful purpose, and it intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects and prohibits the payment of any dividend to its members,
then the Government may, by a licence, direct that the association be registered as a Company with limited liability without the addition to its name, of the word, “Limited” or the words, “Private Limited”. • • Apply to the regional director of the company law board. The application should be accompanied by the following documents: – MOA – A statement showing in detail the assets (with the estimated values thereof) and the liabilities of the association, as on the date of the application or within seven days of that date.
– An estimate of the future annual income and expenditure of the proposed company, specifying the sources of the income and the objects of the expenditure. – A statement giving a brief description of the work, if any, already done by the association and of the work proposed to be done by it after registration, in pursuance of section 25.
– A statement specifying briefly the grounds on which the application is made.
Funding Options for NGO
• Receipt of Foreign Contribution. The provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976 regulate the receipt of foreign contribution in the country. • .What is foreign contribution? Foreign contribution means the donation, delivery or transfer, made by any foreign source of any,
– a) article, not given to a person as a gift, for personal use, if the market value, in India, of such article exceeds one thousand rupees; – b) currency, whether Indian or foreign; – c) foreign security as defined in clause 2(I) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973. – Contributions made by a citizen of India living in another country, from his personal savings, through the normal banking channels, is not treated as foreign contribution.
Funding Options for NGO
• Foreign source:
– – – – Government of any foreign country or its agency; International agency; A foreign company; A citizen of a foreign country.
• Who can receive foreign contribution? An association having a definite cultural, economic, educational, religious or social programme, after it obtains the prior permission of the Central Government or gets itself registered with the Central Government, can receive foreign contribution.
Receipt of Foreign Contribution
• 22,924 associations stood registered under FCRA as on 31st March 2001.
•
• •
FCRA: Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Each NGO receiving foreign funds must have FCRA Registration In order to ensure that foreign funds do not go to terrorist supported organisations or any such elements, the FCRA is given by the Home Ministry and not the Finance Ministry
Putting Plans to Action
(NGO Initiatives)
Waste Management
• Solid Waste Management
– Assisting Municipal Corporation in collection from individual households and deposition in secondary collection points – Management Vs. Relocation of waste
• Zero Waste Management
– Recycling – Handling and disposal of bio-medical waste
Waterways Monitoring
• Main issues:
– Lack of integrated water resource management policies – Cross-cutting issues, water, sanitation and human settlements
• Twin Objectives:
– To stop pollution of waterways – To maintain the waterways of the city cleanly
• Citizens' Waterways Monitoring Programme (WAMP)
– Started in 1991 in Chennai – Joint programme with several NGOs and individuals
2002-2003: Sets up a chain of eleven model rainwater harvesting projects in Delhi, as tools to establish the fact that the technique can be implemented successfully by all concerned individuals in urban India who are looking for a way to fulfill their own demands.
Community Sanitation Improvement Projects
• UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
– To halve the proportion of people who lack access to proper sanitation by 2015.
• Access to sanitary toilets in India
– Urban – Rural : 49% : 20%
• NGO concept of self-help
– Building local capacity and income generation – Recycling and promoting alternative sources of energy (e.g. biogas from human waste)
Saving and Preserving Flora
• Tree Planting and Vegetable Roof Gardening • Shrinking agricultural land + increasing deforestation => urban agriculture • United Planet’s initiatives with local NGO’s in
– – Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan
AIDS Awareness
• Education for prevention of AIDS • Provision of support and counseling for HIVinfected persons • Fighting value judgments on HIV-positive patients – one of the toughest issues facing NGOs that work with people who are HIV positive
Pollution Control
• = Large number of heavy, large and small-scale industries + Rise in the number of vehicles + Poverty + Population
• Areas of immediate concern:
– Air Pollution
• Red, orange and green classification of industries by The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 depending on the degree of pollution caused
– Noise Pollution
• Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986
– Water Pollution
• National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) • Covers 141 towns located along 22 interstate rivers in 14 states
doc_772420159.ppt
Different types NGOs and their role in environmental management.
Role of NGOs in Environment Management
DEFINITION OF A NGO
Literary Definition
•Any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group
•Task oriented & driven by a common interest
•Sometimes organised around specific issues
Human rights, environment or health
SYNONYMOUS WITH “INTEREST GROUPS” OR “PRESSURE GROUPS”
According to World Bank
•Any non-profit organization but independent from government
•Depend, in whole or in part, on charitable donations and voluntary service •Principles of altruism and voluntarism remain key defining characteristics.“
HISTORY OF NGO’s
•Worldwide origins can be traced to 18th century. Engaged in •Forming government policies •Abolition of slavery •Recognition of labour rights during Industrial revolution International Committee of the Red Cross, was founded in 1863.
During the early 20th century active NGO participation, under League of Nations Stagnant period during World War
Phrase came into existence with the UN Charter in 1945 (Article 71)
International Union for the Protection of Nature (formed in 1948)
HISTORY OF NGO’s contd…
•Early 1970’s was significant year for NGO’s contribution to environmental issues •Stockholm conference on Human Environment •United Nations Environment Programme in 1972
Greenpeace Foundation & Friends for Earth founded
FACTS OF NGO’s in India
1st Registered NGO in India working for environmental laws: Sadguru (SSST) Established in 1973 Total Number of Registered NGO’s- 12265
FACTS ABOUT NGO’s in INDIA
Table 1: Number of NGOs in the Seven Demographically Sensitive States State M/O RD M/O HRD H&F W YA&S Others Total no of NGO in the State (all sector) NGOs in the 7 state as a % to total NGOs in the Country
As on BIHAR JHARKHAND MADHYA PRADESH CHHATTISGARH RAJASTHAN UTTAR PRADESH UTTARANCHAL Total no of NGOs in the Seven States TOTAL (INDIA) 7 States NGOs as a % of total NGO in Each Sector
Jul,2000 663 110 193 25 206 1115 94
Oct,2000 111 30 164 5 60 218 11
Sep,9 8 98 4 52 1 9 143 4
May,200 0 53 15 50 0 16 125 5 219 45 92 12 62 342 45 1144 204 551 43 353 1943 159 9.33 1.66 4.49 0.35 2.88 15.84 1.30
2406
599
311
264
817
4397
6470
2082
761
592
2360
12265
100
37.19
28.77
40.87
44.59
34.62
35.85
Others include NGOs from sectors SJ&E, M/O E&F, Labour, NonConven., Textile Source: Planning Commission, NGO database
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT NGO’s in INDIA
No. of people working with NGOs (unregistered included):
All India 19.4 million •85%Volunteers •15%Paid
Were the funds flow in…
Rural Development : Rs 547.74 crores Health Care & Family Welfare : Rs 432.98 crores Relief for natural calamities : Rs 339.77 crores
FUNCTIONS OF A NGO
•As Agenda Setters- Greenpeace •As Conscience Keepers- PETA •As Partners- CRY •As Experts - CSE •As lobbyists – Narmada Bachao Andolan •As Enforcers - NACO
Objectives of NGOs
Alternative nomenclature
• • • • • Independent Sector Volunteer Sector Grassroots organizations Self help organizations Private Voluntary Organisations
Classification of NGOs
• World Bank Typology:
– Operational
• Design and implementation of developmentrelated projects • Can be community based, national or international
– Advocacy
• Defend or promote a specific cause • Raise awareness, acceptance, and knowledge • Through Lobbying, Presswork and activist events
NGO Formats,Interest Groups and the Roles they play
• NGOs vary in their structure and intent
– Primary activity and programs
• E.g.
– Oxfam » Poverty alleviation » Sanitation – Help Age India » Humanitarian care for the elders
– Lobbyists
• E.g.
– Amnesty International » Human Rights
Roles
• • • • Public Relations Consulting Conscience Keepers Industry Watchdogs
Public Relations
• • • • NGOs need healthy PR to meet goals Interest Groups are of political importance Seek to mobilize public support E.g..
– Narmada Bachao Andolan
• Mobilizing tribals against Sardar Sarovar • Environmental Issues
Consulting
• NGOs increasingly aware of the transformative power of market economy • Eager to partner with like-minded businesses intent of making significant impact on environmental issues • Facilitating CSR initiatives
– HLL’s initiative with NGO BAIF for sustainable development
Conscience Keepers
• NGOs reflect popular perceptions and societal ideas
– E.g. PETA India
• People for Ethical Treatment of Animals
– Promoting Vegetarianism – Campaigns against animal based clothing
• Such NGOs not just reflect, but also promote healthy debate on social issues
Legal Status & Funding Options
How are NGOs registered ?
• Society • Trust • Section 25 Company
Society
• Societies Registeration Act, 1860 is the governing Act amended to SRA, 1960 • Application for registration of a society is done under the Societies Registration Act, 1960 • Should be made to the assistant registrar of societies having jurisdiction over the region / sub region in which the society is sought to be registered. • The application should be submitted together with – MOA – consent letters; – authority letter duly signed by all the members of the managing committee; – a declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of the society will be used only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects of the society. • Memorandum of association.
Upon a dissolution no member to receive profit.
Trust
• The application for registration of a public charitable trust should be submitted to the deputy/assistant charity commissioner having jurisdiction over the region / sub region in which the trust is sought to be registered. • After providing details (in the form)
– regarding designation by which the public trust shall be known, – names of trustees, – mode of succession, etc.,
Section25 Company
• According to section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, “where it is proved to the satisfaction of the Central Government that an association is to be formed as a Limited Company for
promoting Commerce, Art, Science, Religion, Charity or any other useful purpose, and it intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects and prohibits the payment of any dividend to its members,
then the Government may, by a licence, direct that the association be registered as a Company with limited liability without the addition to its name, of the word, “Limited” or the words, “Private Limited”. • • Apply to the regional director of the company law board. The application should be accompanied by the following documents: – MOA – A statement showing in detail the assets (with the estimated values thereof) and the liabilities of the association, as on the date of the application or within seven days of that date.
– An estimate of the future annual income and expenditure of the proposed company, specifying the sources of the income and the objects of the expenditure. – A statement giving a brief description of the work, if any, already done by the association and of the work proposed to be done by it after registration, in pursuance of section 25.
– A statement specifying briefly the grounds on which the application is made.
Funding Options for NGO
• Receipt of Foreign Contribution. The provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976 regulate the receipt of foreign contribution in the country. • .What is foreign contribution? Foreign contribution means the donation, delivery or transfer, made by any foreign source of any,
– a) article, not given to a person as a gift, for personal use, if the market value, in India, of such article exceeds one thousand rupees; – b) currency, whether Indian or foreign; – c) foreign security as defined in clause 2(I) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973. – Contributions made by a citizen of India living in another country, from his personal savings, through the normal banking channels, is not treated as foreign contribution.
Funding Options for NGO
• Foreign source:
– – – – Government of any foreign country or its agency; International agency; A foreign company; A citizen of a foreign country.
• Who can receive foreign contribution? An association having a definite cultural, economic, educational, religious or social programme, after it obtains the prior permission of the Central Government or gets itself registered with the Central Government, can receive foreign contribution.
Receipt of Foreign Contribution
• 22,924 associations stood registered under FCRA as on 31st March 2001.
•
• •
FCRA: Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Each NGO receiving foreign funds must have FCRA Registration In order to ensure that foreign funds do not go to terrorist supported organisations or any such elements, the FCRA is given by the Home Ministry and not the Finance Ministry
Putting Plans to Action
(NGO Initiatives)
Waste Management
• Solid Waste Management
– Assisting Municipal Corporation in collection from individual households and deposition in secondary collection points – Management Vs. Relocation of waste
• Zero Waste Management
– Recycling – Handling and disposal of bio-medical waste
Waterways Monitoring
• Main issues:
– Lack of integrated water resource management policies – Cross-cutting issues, water, sanitation and human settlements
• Twin Objectives:
– To stop pollution of waterways – To maintain the waterways of the city cleanly
• Citizens' Waterways Monitoring Programme (WAMP)
– Started in 1991 in Chennai – Joint programme with several NGOs and individuals
2002-2003: Sets up a chain of eleven model rainwater harvesting projects in Delhi, as tools to establish the fact that the technique can be implemented successfully by all concerned individuals in urban India who are looking for a way to fulfill their own demands.
Community Sanitation Improvement Projects
• UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
– To halve the proportion of people who lack access to proper sanitation by 2015.
• Access to sanitary toilets in India
– Urban – Rural : 49% : 20%
• NGO concept of self-help
– Building local capacity and income generation – Recycling and promoting alternative sources of energy (e.g. biogas from human waste)
Saving and Preserving Flora
• Tree Planting and Vegetable Roof Gardening • Shrinking agricultural land + increasing deforestation => urban agriculture • United Planet’s initiatives with local NGO’s in
– – Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan
AIDS Awareness
• Education for prevention of AIDS • Provision of support and counseling for HIVinfected persons • Fighting value judgments on HIV-positive patients – one of the toughest issues facing NGOs that work with people who are HIV positive
Pollution Control
• = Large number of heavy, large and small-scale industries + Rise in the number of vehicles + Poverty + Population
• Areas of immediate concern:
– Air Pollution
• Red, orange and green classification of industries by The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 depending on the degree of pollution caused
– Noise Pollution
• Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986
– Water Pollution
• National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) • Covers 141 towns located along 22 interstate rivers in 14 states
doc_772420159.ppt