Description
It explains the three methods of national income accounting, income approach, expenditure approach and final output approach. It also includes Real vs nominal GDP.
NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING
Trends in India’s GDP
Methods:
?
?
?
Income approach Expenditure approach Final Output approach
By the circular flow we know all approaches will give same result
The Income Approach
?
?
?
The income approach is shown on one half of the circular flow. Firms make factor payments to households for supplying their services as factors of production. Households spend the income they earn on goods and services
Output Method;
?
?
?
Adds up the market values of all goods and services produced . It ignores intermediate goods and second hand sales of goods This avoids double counting
Expenditure Method:
?
?
? ? ?
Consumption Investment Government purchases Net exports: exports less imports Consumption involves spending on services, durable goods and non durable goods
Expenditure method:
?
?
Investment is gross private domestic expenditure on new capital goods , depreciation and inventories. Investment excludes : household purchases of durable goods purchase of existing buildings and machines purchase of stock and financial assets.
Expenditure method:
?
? ? ? ? ?
Government expenditure includes spending on goods and services but excludes transfer payments. Net exports = exports less imports GDP = C+I+G+X-M C+S+NET TAXES=C+I+G+X-M S+M+T=I+G+X LEAKAGES = INJECTIONS
Equality of Income and Expenditure
?
?
GDP is calculated either by adding up all values of final output or by adding up the values of all earnings or income. GDP at market prices equals the sum of market values of all goods produced in the economy
Gross vs Net:
?
?
?
Depreciation or capital consumption is the amount by which an assets value falls in a given period. Net Investment = Gross Investment less depreciation. Capital stock at end of period = capital stock at beginning of period +net investment
Qualifications to the Income Accounting Identity
?
To go from GDP to national income:
? Add
net foreign factor income.
? National
income is all income earned by citizens of a nation and is equal to GNP. ? To move from "domestic" to "national" we add net foreign factor income.
? Subtract
depreciation from GDP. ? Subtract indirect business taxes from GDP.
The Income Approach
?
?
?
National income is the total income earned by citizens and businesses in a country in one year. It consists of employee compensation, rent, interest, and profits. NNP at factor cost = National Income
GDP and GNP:
?
?
?
GNP is total value of goods and services produced in a year by domestically owned factors of production (only final goods) regardless of where the output is produced E.g. German owned car factory in US is a part of German GNP. GDP is value of final goods and services produced within a country’s borders.
GDP and GNP:
?
?
?
Output of the Honda plant in USA is a part of US GDP but Japanese GNP Wages paid to American employees is a part of US GNP Profits from the plant are a part of Japanese GNP but not GDP
National income
?
?
?
National Income = net national product at factor cost NNP at factor cost = GDP at market prices less indirect taxes plus subsidy+ NFIA less depreciation NFIA can be positive or negative= receipt of factor income from the rest of the world minus the payment of factor income to the rest of the world.
National income:
Total of income earned by the factors of production , owned by a country’s citizens. ? =compensation to workers+ proprietors income (income of unincorporated business) + corporate profits+ net interest (paid by business)+ rental income
?
Personal Income
Personal income (PI) is national income plus net transfer payments from government minus amounts attributed but not received. PI = NI + Transfer payments from government + Net non-business interest income – Corporate retained earnings – Social security taxes
?
PERSONAL INCOME
GDP + NFIA = GNP ? Less depreciation = NNP ? Less indirect taxes plus subsidies =national income (NNP at factor cost) Less (corporate taxes+ retained profits) Plus interest income received from government Plus transfer payments = Personal Income
?
Disposable Income:
?
?
Disposable personal income is personal income minus personal income taxes and payroll taxes. Disposable personal income is what people have readily available to spend. DPI = PI - Personal taxes
Uses of GDP Accounting:
?
?
?
?
GDP figures are used to make comparisons among countries and to measure economic welfare over time. GDP gives a measure of economic size and power. Per capita GDP is another measure often used to compare nations' GDP. Because of differences in non-market activities, per capita GDP can be a poor measure of the living standards in various nations.
?
GDP figures leave out the following:
? Illegal
drug sales. ? Under-the-counter sales of goods to avoid income and sales taxes. ? Work performed and paid for in cash. ? Unreported sales. ? Prostitution, loan sharking, extortion, and other illegal activities.
GDP as an indicator of economic welfare:
?
?
?
?
?
GDP excludes unpaid economic activity Comparisons between countries are distorted by changes in exchange rates. In countries with a large underground economy , underestimation is likely GDP does not give indication about standards of living It ignores distribution of income.
GDP as an indicator of economic welfare:
?
?
?
Nominal GDP values ignore inflation High GDP values are often correlated with negative externalities such as pollution Natural disasters raise GDP values but does not indicate a healthy economy.
Limitations of National Income Accounting
? Measurement
problems exist. ? GDP measures economic activity, not welfare. ? Subcategories are often interdependent.
?
Non market activities are not accounted for.
Real vs nominal GDP
?
?
?
?
Just because GDP rose does not mean welfare rose – it could be only prices rose. Comparing output over time is best done with real output which is nominal output adjusted for inflation. Nominal GDP is GDP calculated at existing prices. Real GDP is nominal GDP adjusted for inflation.
Real GDP
?
Real GDP is arrived at by dividing nominal GDP by the GDP deflator.
Nominal GDP Real GDP= GDP deflator
GDP DEFLATOR:
qty1 qty2 prc1 prc2
gdp1 gdp2
?
?
?
Ratio of nominal to real GDP A 6 11 Prices of current and base year are weighted by B 7 4 quantities of current C 10 12 year. Nominal GDP has gone up by 58.7%but GDP at year 1 prices =15.10 .So an increase of 24.8%
.5
.3
.4
1
3
2.1
4.4
4
.7
.9
7
10.8
12.1 19.2
Purchasing Power Parity:
?
?
?
Purchasing power parity is used to get around the problems of per capita GDP. Purchase power parity adjusts for different relative prices among nations before making comparisons. E.g. McDonald Index
Laspeyre’s Index:
?
Cost of purchasing base year basket at current year prices divided by cost of base year basket at base year prices
New WPI LAUNCHED
doc_763359938.pptx
It explains the three methods of national income accounting, income approach, expenditure approach and final output approach. It also includes Real vs nominal GDP.
NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING
Trends in India’s GDP
Methods:
?
?
?
Income approach Expenditure approach Final Output approach
By the circular flow we know all approaches will give same result
The Income Approach
?
?
?
The income approach is shown on one half of the circular flow. Firms make factor payments to households for supplying their services as factors of production. Households spend the income they earn on goods and services
Output Method;
?
?
?
Adds up the market values of all goods and services produced . It ignores intermediate goods and second hand sales of goods This avoids double counting
Expenditure Method:
?
?
? ? ?
Consumption Investment Government purchases Net exports: exports less imports Consumption involves spending on services, durable goods and non durable goods
Expenditure method:
?
?
Investment is gross private domestic expenditure on new capital goods , depreciation and inventories. Investment excludes : household purchases of durable goods purchase of existing buildings and machines purchase of stock and financial assets.
Expenditure method:
?
? ? ? ? ?
Government expenditure includes spending on goods and services but excludes transfer payments. Net exports = exports less imports GDP = C+I+G+X-M C+S+NET TAXES=C+I+G+X-M S+M+T=I+G+X LEAKAGES = INJECTIONS
Equality of Income and Expenditure
?
?
GDP is calculated either by adding up all values of final output or by adding up the values of all earnings or income. GDP at market prices equals the sum of market values of all goods produced in the economy
Gross vs Net:
?
?
?
Depreciation or capital consumption is the amount by which an assets value falls in a given period. Net Investment = Gross Investment less depreciation. Capital stock at end of period = capital stock at beginning of period +net investment
Qualifications to the Income Accounting Identity
?
To go from GDP to national income:
? Add
net foreign factor income.
? National
income is all income earned by citizens of a nation and is equal to GNP. ? To move from "domestic" to "national" we add net foreign factor income.
? Subtract
depreciation from GDP. ? Subtract indirect business taxes from GDP.
The Income Approach
?
?
?
National income is the total income earned by citizens and businesses in a country in one year. It consists of employee compensation, rent, interest, and profits. NNP at factor cost = National Income
GDP and GNP:
?
?
?
GNP is total value of goods and services produced in a year by domestically owned factors of production (only final goods) regardless of where the output is produced E.g. German owned car factory in US is a part of German GNP. GDP is value of final goods and services produced within a country’s borders.
GDP and GNP:
?
?
?
Output of the Honda plant in USA is a part of US GDP but Japanese GNP Wages paid to American employees is a part of US GNP Profits from the plant are a part of Japanese GNP but not GDP
National income
?
?
?
National Income = net national product at factor cost NNP at factor cost = GDP at market prices less indirect taxes plus subsidy+ NFIA less depreciation NFIA can be positive or negative= receipt of factor income from the rest of the world minus the payment of factor income to the rest of the world.
National income:
Total of income earned by the factors of production , owned by a country’s citizens. ? =compensation to workers+ proprietors income (income of unincorporated business) + corporate profits+ net interest (paid by business)+ rental income
?
Personal Income
Personal income (PI) is national income plus net transfer payments from government minus amounts attributed but not received. PI = NI + Transfer payments from government + Net non-business interest income – Corporate retained earnings – Social security taxes
?
PERSONAL INCOME
GDP + NFIA = GNP ? Less depreciation = NNP ? Less indirect taxes plus subsidies =national income (NNP at factor cost) Less (corporate taxes+ retained profits) Plus interest income received from government Plus transfer payments = Personal Income
?
Disposable Income:
?
?
Disposable personal income is personal income minus personal income taxes and payroll taxes. Disposable personal income is what people have readily available to spend. DPI = PI - Personal taxes
Uses of GDP Accounting:
?
?
?
?
GDP figures are used to make comparisons among countries and to measure economic welfare over time. GDP gives a measure of economic size and power. Per capita GDP is another measure often used to compare nations' GDP. Because of differences in non-market activities, per capita GDP can be a poor measure of the living standards in various nations.
?
GDP figures leave out the following:
? Illegal
drug sales. ? Under-the-counter sales of goods to avoid income and sales taxes. ? Work performed and paid for in cash. ? Unreported sales. ? Prostitution, loan sharking, extortion, and other illegal activities.
GDP as an indicator of economic welfare:
?
?
?
?
?
GDP excludes unpaid economic activity Comparisons between countries are distorted by changes in exchange rates. In countries with a large underground economy , underestimation is likely GDP does not give indication about standards of living It ignores distribution of income.
GDP as an indicator of economic welfare:
?
?
?
Nominal GDP values ignore inflation High GDP values are often correlated with negative externalities such as pollution Natural disasters raise GDP values but does not indicate a healthy economy.
Limitations of National Income Accounting
? Measurement
problems exist. ? GDP measures economic activity, not welfare. ? Subcategories are often interdependent.
?
Non market activities are not accounted for.
Real vs nominal GDP
?
?
?
?
Just because GDP rose does not mean welfare rose – it could be only prices rose. Comparing output over time is best done with real output which is nominal output adjusted for inflation. Nominal GDP is GDP calculated at existing prices. Real GDP is nominal GDP adjusted for inflation.
Real GDP
?
Real GDP is arrived at by dividing nominal GDP by the GDP deflator.
Nominal GDP Real GDP= GDP deflator
GDP DEFLATOR:
qty1 qty2 prc1 prc2
gdp1 gdp2
?
?
?
Ratio of nominal to real GDP A 6 11 Prices of current and base year are weighted by B 7 4 quantities of current C 10 12 year. Nominal GDP has gone up by 58.7%but GDP at year 1 prices =15.10 .So an increase of 24.8%
.5
.3
.4
1
3
2.1
4.4
4
.7
.9
7
10.8
12.1 19.2
Purchasing Power Parity:
?
?
?
Purchasing power parity is used to get around the problems of per capita GDP. Purchase power parity adjusts for different relative prices among nations before making comparisons. E.g. McDonald Index
Laspeyre’s Index:
?
Cost of purchasing base year basket at current year prices divided by cost of base year basket at base year prices
New WPI LAUNCHED
doc_763359938.pptx