Description
Describes the Money market, capital market and monetary policy in India.
Indian Financial System
Formal (Organized)
Informal (Unorganize d)
Regulators
MoF,SEBI,R BI,IRDA
Financial Institution (Intermediaries)
Financial markets
Financial Instruments
Financial Services
Money Lenders Local Brokers Traders Landlords Pawn Brokers
Financial Institution
Banking Institution
Non-Banking Institution
Mutual Funds
Insurance and Housing Finance Companies
Banking Institution
Scheduled Coop Banks
Scheduled Commercial Banks
Public Sector Banks
Private Sector Banks
Foreign Banks in India
RRB’s
NON-BANKING INSTITUTION
NBFC
DFI
Equipment Leasing Company
Hire Purchase finance companies
Investment Company
Loan Company
Residuary nonBanking finance Company
DFI’s
IFCI,IDBI,IIBI,IDFC,SIDBI.NAB ARD,EXIM Bank,NHB.
State Level Institution SFC’s , SIDC’s
Other Institution ECGC,DICGC
FINANCIAL MARKET
CAPITAL MARKETS
MONEY MARKETS
EQUITY MARKET
DEBT MARKET
PVT Corporate Dept PSU Bond Market G-Sec Mkt
Derivatives
TB’s,Call money market,Comm.Bills,C P’s,CD’s,Term Money
Primary Market Secondary market
Futures and Options
Primary
Secondar y
Index
Stock
Equity Market
Primary Market
Secondary Market
Public Issues
Private Placement
NSE BSE OTCEI ISE Regional Stock Exchanges
Financial Instruments
Term: Short Medium Long
Type
Primary Securities
Secondary Securities
Equity , Preference, Debt, And Various Combination
Time Deposits,MF Units Insurance Policies
Financial Services
Depositaries Custodial Credit Rating Factoring Forfaiting Merchant Banking Leasing Hire Purchase Guaranteeing Portfolio Mgmt Underwriting
? IDBI
:Industrial Dev Bank Of India ? IFCI : Industrial finance Corp Of India ? SIDBI ? IDFC : Infrastructure Dev Finance Comp . ? IIBI : Industrial Invt Bank of India ? NABARD ? EXIM Bank ? SFC ? SIDC : State Ind Dev. Corp. ? ECGC :Export Credit Guarantee Corporation Of India ? DICGS : Deposit Insurance and credit Guarantee corp
Indian Banking system RBI
Schedule Banks
Non Scheduled Bank
State Coop.
Banks
Commercial Bank
Indian Foreign
Central Coop. bank Bank and Primary Credit Societies
Commercial Bank
PSU Banks
Pvt. Sector Bank
SBI & its subsidaries
Other nationalized bank
Regional rural bank
BANKING IN INDIA
Legal frame work of Banks
Banking Regulation Act,1949
Reserve Bank of India Act,1934
BANKING IN INDIA
Banking in India is governed by BR Act,1949 and RBI Act,1934 Banking in India is controlled/monitored by RBI and Govt. of India The controls for different banks are different based on whether the bank/s is/are
a) statutory corporation b) a banking company c) a cooperative society
BANKING REGULATION ACT,1949 (BR ACT)-1
?
?
BR Act covers banking companies and cooperative banks, with certain modifications. BR Act is not applicable to
a) primary
agricultural credit societies b) land development banks
BR Act allows RBI (Sec 22) to issue license for banks
BANKING REGULATION ACT,1949 ACT)-2
Penalties Regulation
(BR
Suspension & Winding up
Control over management
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT,1934(RBI ACT)-1
?
?
?
RBI Act was enacted to constitute the Reserve Bank of India RBI Act has been amended from time to time RBI Act deals with the constitution, powers and functions of RBI
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT,1934(RBI ACT)-2
RBI Act deals with: incorporation, capital management and business of banks central banking functions financial supervision of banks and financial institutions management of forex/reserves control functions : bank rate,audit,accounts penalities for violation
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA - 1
? Reserve
Bank of India was established in ? 1935, after the enactment of the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 (RBI Act). ? Banking Regulation Act,1949 (BR Act) gave wide powers to RBI as regards to establishment of new banks/mergers and amalgamation of banks, opening of new branches, etc ? BR Act,1949 gave RBI powers to regulate, supervise and develop the banking system in India
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA – 2
CENTRAL BANK RBI
REGULATOR
SUPERVISOR
FACILITATOR
Central Bank
It is an apex institution of the monetary and banking structure of a country. A central bank has the authority to regulate and control the banking business and monetary system of a country. Its main function are
Traditional Function
Issue of Notes
Banker to Govt Banker’s Bank
Lender of Last of Resort
Controller of Credit
Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserve
Act as a National Clearing House
Publishes Economic Statistics Other Information
Supervisory Function of banks
Licensing of Banks Approval of Capital Reserves and Liquid assets of Banks Inspection of Banks
Control over Management
Control over Methods
Audit
Credit information service
Control Information Services Control over Amalgamation and Liquidation Deposit Insurance
Training and Banking Education
Development Function of RBI
Promotion of Banking Habits
Control over unorganized Sector
Prevent Banking Failures Instill Confidence Mobilization of Savings
Advances to Priority Sector
Development of Institutional Credit
Advisory to Govt on Development Issues
MONETARY POLICY
?
Monetary policy refers to the credit control measures adopted by the central bank of a country to influence the level of aggregate demand for goods and services or to influence the trends in certain sectors of the economy.
?
Monetary policy operates through varying the cost availability of credit. There variations affect the demand for . And the supply of credit in the economy, and the nature of economic activities.
CONTD……
?
Price stability :- Another objective of monetary policy is to stabilize the price level. Both , rising and falling prices are bad as the bring unnecessary loss to some and undue advantage to others. They are associated with business cycles. So a policy of price stability keeps the value of money stable, eliminates cyclical fluctuations. Brings economic stability, helps in reducing inequalities of income and wealth, secures social justice and promotes economic welfare
CONTD…
?
Economic growth :-monetary policy can be imposed to influence the rapid economic growth. Economic growth is defined as “the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time “it is measured by the increase in the amount of goods and services produced in a country. A growing economy produces more goods and services in each successive time period. Thus, growth occurs when an economy’s thus, economic growth implies raising the standard of living of the people, and reducing inequalities of inequalities of income distribution.
Exchange Rate Stability : Until 1991 India followed fixed Exchange Rate system and only occasionally devalued the rupee. The policies of floating exchange rate and increasing globalisation of Indian Economy openness and adopted since 1991. ? This had made exch . rate more volatile
?
Monetary Control
Quantitative Credit Control
Qualitative Credit Control
Quantitative Credit Control
Bank rate LAF Variable Reserve Requirements
OMO’s
MSS
Bank Rate :
• It is a standard rate at which the RBI buys/rediscounts the bills of exchange /other eligible CPs . • The B/R was not changed frequently due to the RBIs reluctance to adversely affects the yield and mkt for G-Sec . • In post 1997 the B/R was reactivated by linking the rate to accomodation and refinance from RBI. • It reflects the prime lending rates of the Banks
There are two types of refinance schemes available to Banks • Export Credit Refinance • General Refinance( to tide over temporary liquidity shortages face by Banks. It has been now replaced by collateral lending facility within overall frame work of LAF
LAF : One of the most important instruments of monetary policy in recent years. The RBI as lender of last resort was providing various general and sector –specific refinance facilities to the banks.
ILAF April 1999, the general finance facility replaced by CLF upto 0.25 % of fortnightly average outstanding deposit in 1997-98 which would be available for 2 weeks at Bank Rate.
An ACLF available for an equivalent amount of CLF at B/R plus 2% .
After ILAF a full fledged LAF came into being in June 2000.
The apparent success of LAF resulted in phases out of the CLF October 2002.
The LAF operates through the Repo auction. i.e sale of G-Sec from RBI portfolio for absorption of liquidity. Reverse Repo : Buying of G-Sec for injection of liquidity on a daily basis ther by creating a corridor for the call money market and other mismatches in liquidity.
Maturity : 1-14 days. Min. Bid Size : 5 crore and multiples of Rs 5 crore thereafter . Securities Traded : All transferable GOI dated securities/ T-Bills can be traded in Repo and Reverse repo markets.
Call rates and Discretionary liquidity impact each other. The RBI balance sheet can be partitioned into autonomous liquidity and discretionary liquidity. Discretionary Liquidity : It is the sum of the
Balance sheet flows that arises out of its money market operation.
It represent changes in total liquidity in the system which occurs due to monetary policy action.
It comprises of policy induced flows from RBI to banks and PD’s.
Autonomous Liquidity : It essentially comprises of liquidity that flow to banks without any monetary policy action.
CRR : As per the RBI stipulation relating to the maintenance of CRR by banks, to choose an optimum strategy of holding CRR depending upon their intra-period cash flows. Banks are allowed to maintain the CRR on the last Friday of the second preceding fortnight.
The daily min. requirement is 50% of the fortnightly required for the 7 days of the reporting fortnight and 65% for the remaining 7 days including the reporting Friday. The daily Min. was reduced to enable the smooth adjustment of liquidity for roper cash management in over night call rates
SLR :It refers to that portion of total deposits of a commercial banks which it has to keep in form of liquid reserves • Cash in Hand • Reserves with RBI,Government Securities and the approved securities like IDBI,NABARD , IFCI and State electricity and road transport undertakings • Co-operative debentures
OMO’s : As defined by RBI refer to “the purchase and sale by central bank of a variety of the assets such as foreign exchange , gold , govt securities and even company shares”
In practice it is confined to purcase and sale of govt securities
MSS :It was RBI from April 2004 to mop up additional liquidity Under this • The govt will issue T-Bills and /or dated securities in addition to its normal borrowings requirements for absorbing liquidity from the system. • It will be issued by way of auction conducted by RBI.
• Amount raised under MSS will be held in separate account titled MSS account to be maintained and operated by the RBI.
Impact • It will curb short-term volatility in the Forex market. • It is expected to fine tune the structural balance in money market and maintain a grip over short-term interest rate. • The cost of sterilization will be borne by the govt. • The size of govt bond will increase.
Qualitative Credit Control
Min Margin Requirements Ceiling on the amt of Credit Discriminatory R
Moral Suasion
Other Measures
CAS
CMS
Financial Stability Direct Credit Allocation and Credit rationing
Money Market
It refers to that segment of the system / market that enables the raising of short term funds for meeting the temporary shortages of cash and obligations and the temporary deployment of excess funds for earning returns
CALL MONEY MARKET
•
It deals with the (borrowed and lent) overnight / one day (call) money and notice money for periods of up to 14 days.
•
It primarily serves as the balancing the short term liquidity positions of banks. It is the market for short term funds repayable on demand and with maturity period varying between one day to a fortnight.
•
CALL MONEY MARKET
No collateral security is required to cover this transaction ? It is basically an the over the counter market without the intermediation of brokers. ? Call money is required by banks to meet their CRR requirement. ? The rate of interest on call loans is known as the call rate . ? It varies from day to day and often hour to hour.
?
COMMERCIAL BILLS MARKET
?
When trade bills are accepted by commercial banks they are called commercial bills. The cost of funds raised was lower than the cost of inter-bank deposits or loans of over 60 days and also this inter-bank deposits was subjected to reserve requirements
?
TREASURY BILLS
?
MARKET
It is an instrument of a short term borrowing by the GOI ? It is a kind of finance Bill (i.e a bill does not arise from any genuine transaction in goods) or a promissory note issued by the RBI on behalf of the Government. ? The T-Bills are issued to raise short term funds to bridge seasonal/temporary gaps between receipts and expenditure of GOI.
FEATURES OF T-BILLS
They are negotiable securities ? They are issued at discount and are repaid at par on maturity ? High liquidity on account of short tenure (i.e 91 days and 364 days) and inter bank repos ? Absence of default risk due to government guarantee and RBI’s willingness to always purchase them negligible capital depreciation. ? Assured yield ? Low transaction cost ? Eligibility for inclusion in SLR ? Purchases/sales affected through the SGL.
?
AD-HOC TREASURY BILLS
It was introduced to replenish Government cash balances with RBI. ? It was decided between the RBI and the GOI that the govt could maintain with the reserve bank a cash of not less than Rs 50 crore on Friday and Rs 4 crore on other days ? Free of obligation to pay interest there on ? Whenever the balance fell below the minimum. ? The govt. account would be replenished by the creation of ad-hoc bills in favour of Reserve Bank. ? Ad-hoc 91 days T-Bills were created to replenish the govt’s cash balances with the Reserve bank.
?
CONTD
It is net increase in in the net RBI credit to the Govt . ? In 1970’s and 1980’s a large proportion of ad-hoc Tbills were converted in to long term dated/undated G-sec. ? This coversion referred to as funding. ? This put an constraints on the conduct of monetary policy. ? This lead to ad-hoc T-bill replaced by WMA’s in 1997. ? It is an arrangement to cover temporary mismatch of the govt. revenue and expenditure.
?
CONTD
It is not a source of financing the Govt deficit ? It is an overdraft facility of the govt. with the RBI. ? They are issued on Yield basis and not on price basis. ? The yield on T-bill is calculated as per the following formula ? Y= (100-P) * 365 *100/P*D. ? P= Price ? Y= Discounted Yield ? D= Days of maturity
?
T-Bills have a primary as well as secondary market ? The dealers bids through (negotiated Dealing System) NDS ? In secondary market the already ssued T-bills are traded in by banks, FI’s and MF’s ? The quotes for T-bills in the secondary market are on a yield basis. ? Two way yield are quoted (Bid and Ask) ? Bid yield is higher than the ask yield
?
COMMERCIAL PAPER
Following the recommendations of the vaghul committee in March 1989 ? RBI permitted the issue of CP’s within the framework of its guidelines ? It can be issued to individuals ,banks ,companies and other registered Indian corporate bodies and Unincorporated bodies ? NRI’s can be issued a CP only on anon-tranferable and non-repatriable basis. ? FII’s are eligible to invest in CP’s but within the limits set for their investment by the SEBI
?
It is an unsecured short term promissory note, negotiable and tranferable by endorsement and with a fixed maturity period. ? It is issued at discount by a leading credit worthy ness and highly rated corporates to meet their working capital requirements. It is also known as finance paper ,industrial paper or corporate paper. The PD’s and All India financial institution can also issue CP’s ? It can also be issued in interest –bearing form.
?
CONDITIONS OF ISSUING CP’S
The tangible net worth of the company ,as per audited balance sheet is not less than Rs 4 Crore ? A company has been sanctioned working lmit by banks or all-India FI’s. ? The borrowal account of the company is classified as a standard asset by the financing banks/institution. ? Working capital limit means the aggregate limits including those by way purchase/discount of bills sanctioned by way of purchase/discount of bills sanctioned by banks/FI’s for meeting working capital requirements.
?
Maturity ? CP can be issued for maturities between a minimum of 7 days and a maximum upto one year from the date of issue. Denomination ? CP can be issued in denomination of Rs 5 Lakh (face value) ? Mode of issuance ? It is either in the form of a promissory note or in a demat form through any depository approved by and registered with the SEBI
Effective Cst/Interest Yield ? As CP’s are issued at a discount and redeemed at their face value ,their effective pre-tax interest yield ? [ Face value –Net amt realised /Net amt realised ]*[360/maturity periods] ? Net amt realised = face value- discount-issuing company and paying agent IPA Charges ? i.e stamp duty ,rating charges, dealing bank fee and fee for stand by facility.
?
PARTICIPANTS
Corporate Bodies ? Banks ? Mutual Funds ? The UTI ? LIC ? GIC ? And so on looking out for investment
?
CERTIFICATE DEPOSITS MARKET
This are unsecured ,negotiable , short term instruments in bearer form issued by commercial Banks and DFI’s ? It was introduced in 1989 and are marketable receipts of funds deposited in abank for period at a specified rate of interest. ? They are attractive both to the bankers and the investors in the sense that the banker is not required to encash the deposit prematurely ? While can sell the CD’s in the secondary narket before its maturity
?
It has liquidity /ready marketability ? Issued demat form or a usance promissory note for funds deposited at a bank ? Issued by commercial banks (excluding the RRB’s/LAB’s) ? Select all-India FI’s permitted by thr RBI to raise short-term resources within the limit fixed by it ? Min. isssue Rs 1 lakh or issued in the mutiples of Rs 1 lakh. ? Individual /corporations /companies/trusts/funds/associations and so on
?
Bank can issue 7days (min) with maturity and one year ? FI’s can issue CD’s with maturity 1-3 yrs ? I t can issued at a Discount on face value and can also issue on floating rate basis ? The interest rate should be set periodically according to pre-determined formula ? Issuer is free to issue or determine discount/coupon rate. ? Bank have to maintain SLR and CRR on the issue of the CD’s ? No lock in period and can be freely transferred by endorsement and delivery
?
MMMF’S
The money market instrument outlined earlier in the wholesale transactions involving large amount and are suitable for large corporates and institutional investors to enable small investors to come or participate MMMF’s started or introduced through that can earn market related yield. ? It bridges the gap between small individuals and money market.
?
RBI made certain modification in 1995-96 to make it more flexible and attractive to a large investors base such as banks FI’s and corporates besides individuals. ? Modification done i. Removal of ceiling for raising resources ii. Allowing Private sector to set up MMMF’s. iii. Permission to MMMF’s to invest in rated bands and debentures iv. Min lock-in period 15days v. MMMMF’s allowed to offer a cheque writing facility in tie up with banks to provide more liquidity to unit holders. vi. MMMF’s have to be setup as a separate entity only in form of a trust vii. It is Under SEBI since March 2007.
?
THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET
Market for long-term capital. Demand comes from the industrial, service sector and government ? Supply comes from individuals, corporates, banks, financial institutions, etc. ? Can be classified into:
?
Gilt-edged market ? Industrial securities market (new issues and stock market)
?
THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET
? Development
?
Financial Institutions
Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) ? State Finance Corporations (SFCs) ? Industrial Development Finance Corporation (IDFC)
? Financial
?
Intermediaries
Merchant Banks ? Mutual Funds ? Leasing Companies ? Venture Capital Companies
Indian Capital Market
Gilt-Edge Mkt
Industrial Securities Mkt
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary issue PVT Placeme nt Preferent ial Issue QIP’s
Public Issue
Right Issue Pvt Place ment
IPO
FPO
IPO & FPO
1. IPO ? It is a offering either of securities or an offer for sale of existing securities or both by an unlisted company for the first time to the public. 2. FPO ? It is an offering of either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale to the public by an already listed company through an offer documents Investors participating in these offerings take informed decisions based on its track record and performance.
RIGHT ISSSUE
?
It is the issue of new shares in which existing shareholders are given preemptive rights to subscribe to the new issue on a pro-rata basis. The right is given in the form of an offer to existing shareholders to subscribe to a proportionate number of fresh ,extra at a pre-determined price.
?
PRIVATE PLACEMENT
It refers to the direct sale of newly issued securities by the issuer to a small number of investors through merchant bankers. i. Investors ii. Financial Institutions iii. Corporates iv. Banks and High net worth individuals
?
PREFERENTIAL ISSUE
A public / rights is cumbersome and requires compliance with statutory provisions . Hence, many companies opt for preferential allotment of shares for raising funds. ? Such allotments are made to various strategic groups including promoters ,Foreign Partners, Technical collaborators and .Private funds.
?
QIP’S
?
It has emerged as a new fund raising investment for listed companies in India. Through QIP’s issue funds can be raised from foreign as well as domestic institutional investors without getting listed on a foreign exchange ,which is lengthy and cumbersome.
?
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET
GDRs
ADRs
ECBs
FCCBs
doc_127222879.pptx
Describes the Money market, capital market and monetary policy in India.
Indian Financial System
Formal (Organized)
Informal (Unorganize d)
Regulators
MoF,SEBI,R BI,IRDA
Financial Institution (Intermediaries)
Financial markets
Financial Instruments
Financial Services
Money Lenders Local Brokers Traders Landlords Pawn Brokers
Financial Institution
Banking Institution
Non-Banking Institution
Mutual Funds
Insurance and Housing Finance Companies
Banking Institution
Scheduled Coop Banks
Scheduled Commercial Banks
Public Sector Banks
Private Sector Banks
Foreign Banks in India
RRB’s
NON-BANKING INSTITUTION
NBFC
DFI
Equipment Leasing Company
Hire Purchase finance companies
Investment Company
Loan Company
Residuary nonBanking finance Company
DFI’s
IFCI,IDBI,IIBI,IDFC,SIDBI.NAB ARD,EXIM Bank,NHB.
State Level Institution SFC’s , SIDC’s
Other Institution ECGC,DICGC
FINANCIAL MARKET
CAPITAL MARKETS
MONEY MARKETS
EQUITY MARKET
DEBT MARKET
PVT Corporate Dept PSU Bond Market G-Sec Mkt
Derivatives
TB’s,Call money market,Comm.Bills,C P’s,CD’s,Term Money
Primary Market Secondary market
Futures and Options
Primary
Secondar y
Index
Stock
Equity Market
Primary Market
Secondary Market
Public Issues
Private Placement
NSE BSE OTCEI ISE Regional Stock Exchanges
Financial Instruments
Term: Short Medium Long
Type
Primary Securities
Secondary Securities
Equity , Preference, Debt, And Various Combination
Time Deposits,MF Units Insurance Policies
Financial Services
Depositaries Custodial Credit Rating Factoring Forfaiting Merchant Banking Leasing Hire Purchase Guaranteeing Portfolio Mgmt Underwriting
? IDBI
:Industrial Dev Bank Of India ? IFCI : Industrial finance Corp Of India ? SIDBI ? IDFC : Infrastructure Dev Finance Comp . ? IIBI : Industrial Invt Bank of India ? NABARD ? EXIM Bank ? SFC ? SIDC : State Ind Dev. Corp. ? ECGC :Export Credit Guarantee Corporation Of India ? DICGS : Deposit Insurance and credit Guarantee corp
Indian Banking system RBI
Schedule Banks
Non Scheduled Bank
State Coop.
Banks
Commercial Bank
Indian Foreign
Central Coop. bank Bank and Primary Credit Societies
Commercial Bank
PSU Banks
Pvt. Sector Bank
SBI & its subsidaries
Other nationalized bank
Regional rural bank
BANKING IN INDIA
Legal frame work of Banks
Banking Regulation Act,1949
Reserve Bank of India Act,1934
BANKING IN INDIA
Banking in India is governed by BR Act,1949 and RBI Act,1934 Banking in India is controlled/monitored by RBI and Govt. of India The controls for different banks are different based on whether the bank/s is/are
a) statutory corporation b) a banking company c) a cooperative society
BANKING REGULATION ACT,1949 (BR ACT)-1
?
?
BR Act covers banking companies and cooperative banks, with certain modifications. BR Act is not applicable to
a) primary
agricultural credit societies b) land development banks
BR Act allows RBI (Sec 22) to issue license for banks
BANKING REGULATION ACT,1949 ACT)-2
Penalties Regulation
(BR
Suspension & Winding up
Control over management
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT,1934(RBI ACT)-1
?
?
?
RBI Act was enacted to constitute the Reserve Bank of India RBI Act has been amended from time to time RBI Act deals with the constitution, powers and functions of RBI
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT,1934(RBI ACT)-2
RBI Act deals with: incorporation, capital management and business of banks central banking functions financial supervision of banks and financial institutions management of forex/reserves control functions : bank rate,audit,accounts penalities for violation
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA - 1
? Reserve
Bank of India was established in ? 1935, after the enactment of the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 (RBI Act). ? Banking Regulation Act,1949 (BR Act) gave wide powers to RBI as regards to establishment of new banks/mergers and amalgamation of banks, opening of new branches, etc ? BR Act,1949 gave RBI powers to regulate, supervise and develop the banking system in India
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA – 2
CENTRAL BANK RBI
REGULATOR
SUPERVISOR
FACILITATOR
Central Bank
It is an apex institution of the monetary and banking structure of a country. A central bank has the authority to regulate and control the banking business and monetary system of a country. Its main function are
Traditional Function
Issue of Notes
Banker to Govt Banker’s Bank
Lender of Last of Resort
Controller of Credit
Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserve
Act as a National Clearing House
Publishes Economic Statistics Other Information
Supervisory Function of banks
Licensing of Banks Approval of Capital Reserves and Liquid assets of Banks Inspection of Banks
Control over Management
Control over Methods
Audit
Credit information service
Control Information Services Control over Amalgamation and Liquidation Deposit Insurance
Training and Banking Education
Development Function of RBI
Promotion of Banking Habits
Control over unorganized Sector
Prevent Banking Failures Instill Confidence Mobilization of Savings
Advances to Priority Sector
Development of Institutional Credit
Advisory to Govt on Development Issues
MONETARY POLICY
?
Monetary policy refers to the credit control measures adopted by the central bank of a country to influence the level of aggregate demand for goods and services or to influence the trends in certain sectors of the economy.
?
Monetary policy operates through varying the cost availability of credit. There variations affect the demand for . And the supply of credit in the economy, and the nature of economic activities.
CONTD……
?
Price stability :- Another objective of monetary policy is to stabilize the price level. Both , rising and falling prices are bad as the bring unnecessary loss to some and undue advantage to others. They are associated with business cycles. So a policy of price stability keeps the value of money stable, eliminates cyclical fluctuations. Brings economic stability, helps in reducing inequalities of income and wealth, secures social justice and promotes economic welfare
CONTD…
?
Economic growth :-monetary policy can be imposed to influence the rapid economic growth. Economic growth is defined as “the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time “it is measured by the increase in the amount of goods and services produced in a country. A growing economy produces more goods and services in each successive time period. Thus, growth occurs when an economy’s thus, economic growth implies raising the standard of living of the people, and reducing inequalities of inequalities of income distribution.
Exchange Rate Stability : Until 1991 India followed fixed Exchange Rate system and only occasionally devalued the rupee. The policies of floating exchange rate and increasing globalisation of Indian Economy openness and adopted since 1991. ? This had made exch . rate more volatile
?
Monetary Control
Quantitative Credit Control
Qualitative Credit Control
Quantitative Credit Control
Bank rate LAF Variable Reserve Requirements
OMO’s
MSS
Bank Rate :
• It is a standard rate at which the RBI buys/rediscounts the bills of exchange /other eligible CPs . • The B/R was not changed frequently due to the RBIs reluctance to adversely affects the yield and mkt for G-Sec . • In post 1997 the B/R was reactivated by linking the rate to accomodation and refinance from RBI. • It reflects the prime lending rates of the Banks
There are two types of refinance schemes available to Banks • Export Credit Refinance • General Refinance( to tide over temporary liquidity shortages face by Banks. It has been now replaced by collateral lending facility within overall frame work of LAF
LAF : One of the most important instruments of monetary policy in recent years. The RBI as lender of last resort was providing various general and sector –specific refinance facilities to the banks.
ILAF April 1999, the general finance facility replaced by CLF upto 0.25 % of fortnightly average outstanding deposit in 1997-98 which would be available for 2 weeks at Bank Rate.
An ACLF available for an equivalent amount of CLF at B/R plus 2% .
After ILAF a full fledged LAF came into being in June 2000.
The apparent success of LAF resulted in phases out of the CLF October 2002.
The LAF operates through the Repo auction. i.e sale of G-Sec from RBI portfolio for absorption of liquidity. Reverse Repo : Buying of G-Sec for injection of liquidity on a daily basis ther by creating a corridor for the call money market and other mismatches in liquidity.
Maturity : 1-14 days. Min. Bid Size : 5 crore and multiples of Rs 5 crore thereafter . Securities Traded : All transferable GOI dated securities/ T-Bills can be traded in Repo and Reverse repo markets.
Call rates and Discretionary liquidity impact each other. The RBI balance sheet can be partitioned into autonomous liquidity and discretionary liquidity. Discretionary Liquidity : It is the sum of the
Balance sheet flows that arises out of its money market operation.
It represent changes in total liquidity in the system which occurs due to monetary policy action.
It comprises of policy induced flows from RBI to banks and PD’s.
Autonomous Liquidity : It essentially comprises of liquidity that flow to banks without any monetary policy action.
CRR : As per the RBI stipulation relating to the maintenance of CRR by banks, to choose an optimum strategy of holding CRR depending upon their intra-period cash flows. Banks are allowed to maintain the CRR on the last Friday of the second preceding fortnight.
The daily min. requirement is 50% of the fortnightly required for the 7 days of the reporting fortnight and 65% for the remaining 7 days including the reporting Friday. The daily Min. was reduced to enable the smooth adjustment of liquidity for roper cash management in over night call rates
SLR :It refers to that portion of total deposits of a commercial banks which it has to keep in form of liquid reserves • Cash in Hand • Reserves with RBI,Government Securities and the approved securities like IDBI,NABARD , IFCI and State electricity and road transport undertakings • Co-operative debentures
OMO’s : As defined by RBI refer to “the purchase and sale by central bank of a variety of the assets such as foreign exchange , gold , govt securities and even company shares”
In practice it is confined to purcase and sale of govt securities
MSS :It was RBI from April 2004 to mop up additional liquidity Under this • The govt will issue T-Bills and /or dated securities in addition to its normal borrowings requirements for absorbing liquidity from the system. • It will be issued by way of auction conducted by RBI.
• Amount raised under MSS will be held in separate account titled MSS account to be maintained and operated by the RBI.
Impact • It will curb short-term volatility in the Forex market. • It is expected to fine tune the structural balance in money market and maintain a grip over short-term interest rate. • The cost of sterilization will be borne by the govt. • The size of govt bond will increase.
Qualitative Credit Control
Min Margin Requirements Ceiling on the amt of Credit Discriminatory R
Moral Suasion
Other Measures
CAS
CMS
Financial Stability Direct Credit Allocation and Credit rationing
Money Market
It refers to that segment of the system / market that enables the raising of short term funds for meeting the temporary shortages of cash and obligations and the temporary deployment of excess funds for earning returns
CALL MONEY MARKET
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It deals with the (borrowed and lent) overnight / one day (call) money and notice money for periods of up to 14 days.
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It primarily serves as the balancing the short term liquidity positions of banks. It is the market for short term funds repayable on demand and with maturity period varying between one day to a fortnight.
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CALL MONEY MARKET
No collateral security is required to cover this transaction ? It is basically an the over the counter market without the intermediation of brokers. ? Call money is required by banks to meet their CRR requirement. ? The rate of interest on call loans is known as the call rate . ? It varies from day to day and often hour to hour.
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COMMERCIAL BILLS MARKET
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When trade bills are accepted by commercial banks they are called commercial bills. The cost of funds raised was lower than the cost of inter-bank deposits or loans of over 60 days and also this inter-bank deposits was subjected to reserve requirements
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TREASURY BILLS
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MARKET
It is an instrument of a short term borrowing by the GOI ? It is a kind of finance Bill (i.e a bill does not arise from any genuine transaction in goods) or a promissory note issued by the RBI on behalf of the Government. ? The T-Bills are issued to raise short term funds to bridge seasonal/temporary gaps between receipts and expenditure of GOI.
FEATURES OF T-BILLS
They are negotiable securities ? They are issued at discount and are repaid at par on maturity ? High liquidity on account of short tenure (i.e 91 days and 364 days) and inter bank repos ? Absence of default risk due to government guarantee and RBI’s willingness to always purchase them negligible capital depreciation. ? Assured yield ? Low transaction cost ? Eligibility for inclusion in SLR ? Purchases/sales affected through the SGL.
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AD-HOC TREASURY BILLS
It was introduced to replenish Government cash balances with RBI. ? It was decided between the RBI and the GOI that the govt could maintain with the reserve bank a cash of not less than Rs 50 crore on Friday and Rs 4 crore on other days ? Free of obligation to pay interest there on ? Whenever the balance fell below the minimum. ? The govt. account would be replenished by the creation of ad-hoc bills in favour of Reserve Bank. ? Ad-hoc 91 days T-Bills were created to replenish the govt’s cash balances with the Reserve bank.
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CONTD
It is net increase in in the net RBI credit to the Govt . ? In 1970’s and 1980’s a large proportion of ad-hoc Tbills were converted in to long term dated/undated G-sec. ? This coversion referred to as funding. ? This put an constraints on the conduct of monetary policy. ? This lead to ad-hoc T-bill replaced by WMA’s in 1997. ? It is an arrangement to cover temporary mismatch of the govt. revenue and expenditure.
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CONTD
It is not a source of financing the Govt deficit ? It is an overdraft facility of the govt. with the RBI. ? They are issued on Yield basis and not on price basis. ? The yield on T-bill is calculated as per the following formula ? Y= (100-P) * 365 *100/P*D. ? P= Price ? Y= Discounted Yield ? D= Days of maturity
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T-Bills have a primary as well as secondary market ? The dealers bids through (negotiated Dealing System) NDS ? In secondary market the already ssued T-bills are traded in by banks, FI’s and MF’s ? The quotes for T-bills in the secondary market are on a yield basis. ? Two way yield are quoted (Bid and Ask) ? Bid yield is higher than the ask yield
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COMMERCIAL PAPER
Following the recommendations of the vaghul committee in March 1989 ? RBI permitted the issue of CP’s within the framework of its guidelines ? It can be issued to individuals ,banks ,companies and other registered Indian corporate bodies and Unincorporated bodies ? NRI’s can be issued a CP only on anon-tranferable and non-repatriable basis. ? FII’s are eligible to invest in CP’s but within the limits set for their investment by the SEBI
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It is an unsecured short term promissory note, negotiable and tranferable by endorsement and with a fixed maturity period. ? It is issued at discount by a leading credit worthy ness and highly rated corporates to meet their working capital requirements. It is also known as finance paper ,industrial paper or corporate paper. The PD’s and All India financial institution can also issue CP’s ? It can also be issued in interest –bearing form.
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CONDITIONS OF ISSUING CP’S
The tangible net worth of the company ,as per audited balance sheet is not less than Rs 4 Crore ? A company has been sanctioned working lmit by banks or all-India FI’s. ? The borrowal account of the company is classified as a standard asset by the financing banks/institution. ? Working capital limit means the aggregate limits including those by way purchase/discount of bills sanctioned by way of purchase/discount of bills sanctioned by banks/FI’s for meeting working capital requirements.
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Maturity ? CP can be issued for maturities between a minimum of 7 days and a maximum upto one year from the date of issue. Denomination ? CP can be issued in denomination of Rs 5 Lakh (face value) ? Mode of issuance ? It is either in the form of a promissory note or in a demat form through any depository approved by and registered with the SEBI
Effective Cst/Interest Yield ? As CP’s are issued at a discount and redeemed at their face value ,their effective pre-tax interest yield ? [ Face value –Net amt realised /Net amt realised ]*[360/maturity periods] ? Net amt realised = face value- discount-issuing company and paying agent IPA Charges ? i.e stamp duty ,rating charges, dealing bank fee and fee for stand by facility.
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PARTICIPANTS
Corporate Bodies ? Banks ? Mutual Funds ? The UTI ? LIC ? GIC ? And so on looking out for investment
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CERTIFICATE DEPOSITS MARKET
This are unsecured ,negotiable , short term instruments in bearer form issued by commercial Banks and DFI’s ? It was introduced in 1989 and are marketable receipts of funds deposited in abank for period at a specified rate of interest. ? They are attractive both to the bankers and the investors in the sense that the banker is not required to encash the deposit prematurely ? While can sell the CD’s in the secondary narket before its maturity
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It has liquidity /ready marketability ? Issued demat form or a usance promissory note for funds deposited at a bank ? Issued by commercial banks (excluding the RRB’s/LAB’s) ? Select all-India FI’s permitted by thr RBI to raise short-term resources within the limit fixed by it ? Min. isssue Rs 1 lakh or issued in the mutiples of Rs 1 lakh. ? Individual /corporations /companies/trusts/funds/associations and so on
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Bank can issue 7days (min) with maturity and one year ? FI’s can issue CD’s with maturity 1-3 yrs ? I t can issued at a Discount on face value and can also issue on floating rate basis ? The interest rate should be set periodically according to pre-determined formula ? Issuer is free to issue or determine discount/coupon rate. ? Bank have to maintain SLR and CRR on the issue of the CD’s ? No lock in period and can be freely transferred by endorsement and delivery
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MMMF’S
The money market instrument outlined earlier in the wholesale transactions involving large amount and are suitable for large corporates and institutional investors to enable small investors to come or participate MMMF’s started or introduced through that can earn market related yield. ? It bridges the gap between small individuals and money market.
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RBI made certain modification in 1995-96 to make it more flexible and attractive to a large investors base such as banks FI’s and corporates besides individuals. ? Modification done i. Removal of ceiling for raising resources ii. Allowing Private sector to set up MMMF’s. iii. Permission to MMMF’s to invest in rated bands and debentures iv. Min lock-in period 15days v. MMMMF’s allowed to offer a cheque writing facility in tie up with banks to provide more liquidity to unit holders. vi. MMMF’s have to be setup as a separate entity only in form of a trust vii. It is Under SEBI since March 2007.
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THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET
Market for long-term capital. Demand comes from the industrial, service sector and government ? Supply comes from individuals, corporates, banks, financial institutions, etc. ? Can be classified into:
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Gilt-edged market ? Industrial securities market (new issues and stock market)
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THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET
? Development
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Financial Institutions
Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) ? State Finance Corporations (SFCs) ? Industrial Development Finance Corporation (IDFC)
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Intermediaries
Merchant Banks ? Mutual Funds ? Leasing Companies ? Venture Capital Companies
Indian Capital Market
Gilt-Edge Mkt
Industrial Securities Mkt
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary issue PVT Placeme nt Preferent ial Issue QIP’s
Public Issue
Right Issue Pvt Place ment
IPO
FPO
IPO & FPO
1. IPO ? It is a offering either of securities or an offer for sale of existing securities or both by an unlisted company for the first time to the public. 2. FPO ? It is an offering of either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale to the public by an already listed company through an offer documents Investors participating in these offerings take informed decisions based on its track record and performance.
RIGHT ISSSUE
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It is the issue of new shares in which existing shareholders are given preemptive rights to subscribe to the new issue on a pro-rata basis. The right is given in the form of an offer to existing shareholders to subscribe to a proportionate number of fresh ,extra at a pre-determined price.
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PRIVATE PLACEMENT
It refers to the direct sale of newly issued securities by the issuer to a small number of investors through merchant bankers. i. Investors ii. Financial Institutions iii. Corporates iv. Banks and High net worth individuals
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PREFERENTIAL ISSUE
A public / rights is cumbersome and requires compliance with statutory provisions . Hence, many companies opt for preferential allotment of shares for raising funds. ? Such allotments are made to various strategic groups including promoters ,Foreign Partners, Technical collaborators and .Private funds.
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QIP’S
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It has emerged as a new fund raising investment for listed companies in India. Through QIP’s issue funds can be raised from foreign as well as domestic institutional investors without getting listed on a foreign exchange ,which is lengthy and cumbersome.
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INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET
GDRs
ADRs
ECBs
FCCBs
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