Notes on MIS Prepared By:
Sinhgad Institute of Management and Computer Application
? Explain how quality of information is decided? (Minal Ja ale! ? "ifferentiate #etween data$ information and %nowledge gi ing suita#le examples& Indicate how systems related to each of these can #e de eloped& ('a een Jain! “Information is data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perceived value in current or prospective actions or decisions.” This definition recognizes both the value of information in a specific decision and the value of information in motivation, model building and background building affecting future decisions and actions. The relation of data and information is that of raw material to finished products. In other words, an information processing system processes data into information. Information resources are reusable. When information is retrieved and used, it doesn t lose value, in fact, it may gain value through the credibility added by use. This characteristic of stored data makes it different from other resources. Quality of information: The !uality of information is determined by how it motivates human action and contributes to effective decision making. Utility of information: There are four utilities of information that are identified" 1) Form Utility: #s the form of information more closely matches the re!uirement of the decision maker, its value increases. 2) Time Utility: Information has greater value to the decision maker if it is available when needed. 3) Place Utility (Physical accessibility): Information has greater value if it can be accessed or delivered easily. $nline systems ma%imize both time and place utility. 4) Possession Utility (Organi ational location): The possession of information strongly affects its value by controlling its dissemination to others.
!ata" #nformation" $no%le&ge" an& 'is&om
There is probably no segment of activity in the world attracting as much attention at present as that of knowledge management. What follows is the current level of understanding regarding data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. #ccording to &ussell #ckoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change" '. !ata" symbols (. #nformation" data that are processed to be useful) provides answers to *who*, *what*, *where*, and *when* !uestions +. $no%le&ge" application of data and information) answers *how* !uestions ,. Un&erstan&ing" appreciation of *why* -. 'is&om" evaluated understanding. # further elaboration of these terms are as follows" !ata....ata, the raw material for information is defined as groups of non/ random symbols which represent !uantities, actions, ob0ects, etc. .ata items in information systems are formed from characters. These may be alphabetic, numeric, or special symbols such as 1, 2. .ata items are organized for processing purposes into data structures, file structure and databases. .ata relevant to information processing, and decision making may also be in form of te%t, images or voice. In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data. #nformation... information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This *meaning* can be useful, but does not have to be. In computer parlance, a relational database makes information from the data stored within it. $no%le&ge... knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it3s intent is to be useful. 4nowledge is a deterministic process. When someone *memorizes* information 5as less/aspiring test/bound students often do6, then they have amassed knowledge. This knowledge has useful meaning to them, but it does not provide for, in and of itself, an integration
such as would infer further knowledge. 7or e%ample, elementary school children memorize, or amass knowledge of, the *times table*. They can tell you that *( % ( 8 ,* because they have amassed that knowledge 5it being included in the times table6. 9ut when asked what is *'
; % +
Sinhgad Institute of Management and Computer Application
? Explain how quality of information is decided? (Minal Ja ale! ? "ifferentiate #etween data$ information and %nowledge gi ing suita#le examples& Indicate how systems related to each of these can #e de eloped& ('a een Jain! “Information is data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perceived value in current or prospective actions or decisions.” This definition recognizes both the value of information in a specific decision and the value of information in motivation, model building and background building affecting future decisions and actions. The relation of data and information is that of raw material to finished products. In other words, an information processing system processes data into information. Information resources are reusable. When information is retrieved and used, it doesn t lose value, in fact, it may gain value through the credibility added by use. This characteristic of stored data makes it different from other resources. Quality of information: The !uality of information is determined by how it motivates human action and contributes to effective decision making. Utility of information: There are four utilities of information that are identified" 1) Form Utility: #s the form of information more closely matches the re!uirement of the decision maker, its value increases. 2) Time Utility: Information has greater value to the decision maker if it is available when needed. 3) Place Utility (Physical accessibility): Information has greater value if it can be accessed or delivered easily. $nline systems ma%imize both time and place utility. 4) Possession Utility (Organi ational location): The possession of information strongly affects its value by controlling its dissemination to others.
!ata" #nformation" $no%le&ge" an& 'is&om
There is probably no segment of activity in the world attracting as much attention at present as that of knowledge management. What follows is the current level of understanding regarding data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. #ccording to &ussell #ckoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change" '. !ata" symbols (. #nformation" data that are processed to be useful) provides answers to *who*, *what*, *where*, and *when* !uestions +. $no%le&ge" application of data and information) answers *how* !uestions ,. Un&erstan&ing" appreciation of *why* -. 'is&om" evaluated understanding. # further elaboration of these terms are as follows" !ata....ata, the raw material for information is defined as groups of non/ random symbols which represent !uantities, actions, ob0ects, etc. .ata items in information systems are formed from characters. These may be alphabetic, numeric, or special symbols such as 1, 2. .ata items are organized for processing purposes into data structures, file structure and databases. .ata relevant to information processing, and decision making may also be in form of te%t, images or voice. In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data. #nformation... information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This *meaning* can be useful, but does not have to be. In computer parlance, a relational database makes information from the data stored within it. $no%le&ge... knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it3s intent is to be useful. 4nowledge is a deterministic process. When someone *memorizes* information 5as less/aspiring test/bound students often do6, then they have amassed knowledge. This knowledge has useful meaning to them, but it does not provide for, in and of itself, an integration
such as would infer further knowledge. 7or e%ample, elementary school children memorize, or amass knowledge of, the *times table*. They can tell you that *( % ( 8 ,* because they have amassed that knowledge 5it being included in the times table6. 9ut when asked what is *'
; % +