Description
This is a presentation which describes marketing of different kinds of agriculture produce and difficulties faced in marketing of these.This also defines presents the defects in the current agricultural marketing system and remedial measures.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
FEATURERS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
• Dependence on monsoon:
• In our country out of total cropped area of 190 million hectares only about 55 millions hectares are irrigated and the balance area is rainfed.
• In an year when the monsoon rains are good, the farmers get higher yields and higher income and a poor monsoon leads to poor crop yields and low income.
• It is rightly said that Indian agriculture is a gamble under monsoon conditions.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE • Small holdings • About 75% of the land holdings consist of small and marginal farmers. • The income from the farm is not sufficient to meet household expenses. • When the holdings are small, cultivation becomes uneconomical and therefore it is not a remunerative occupation. • Most of these farmers follow traditional methods of cultivation leading to low yields from the farm.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Seasonal employment
• Agriculture is a seasonal activity. • About 80% of the rainfall is received mostly during Kharif season i.e. South-West Monsoon Season. • The farmers do not have sufficient work throughout the year. • Agricultural labourers remain unemployed for more than four months in an year. They are unorganized and unskilled
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Use of Agricultural Inputs
• Modern agricultural inputs such as High yielding varieties of seeds, Chemical fertilizers and Plant protection chemicals have helped our country to become self sufficient in food production. • The use of inputs depend upon a number of factors such as size of the farm, type of crops grown, irrigation facilities , output prices etc. • Fertilisers are used by large and medium farmers. About 25% of the farmers do not use fertilizers regularly.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Semi-Commercial nature of Agriculture: Under traditional farming practices, the production from the farm mainly caters to the requirements of the members of the family. • Under commercial farming, production of cash crops like Cotton, Sugarcane, fruits and vegetables is undertaken for sale. • Changes in the cropping pattern from food crops to cash crops have enabled farmers to increase their income. • We can say that Indian Agriculture is neither completely traditional nor fully commercial.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Marketing of agricultural produce:
• Small farmers and the farmers living in interior villages sell the produce in the village market. • Normally half of the marketed surplus of grains reaches the market during the first three months after harvest of the crop and the balance during the remaining nine months.
• During harvesting reason, the prices of commodities come down in the market.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• PRICES OF AGRI COMMODITIES
• The farmers would be motivated to increase yields only if they receive remunerative prices for their produce • Vagaries of monsoon, unorganized markets and superfluous middlemen are the major reasons for wide fluctuations in the prices of agricultural commodities • We are yet to develop an efficient system that will benefit all sections of the society i.e. the farmers and consumers.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• FEATURES OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITES
• Small and scattered production • Seasonal production • Bulky and perishable commodities • Variation in quality and quantity • Uniform demand throughout the year • Unorganized market • Production oriented activity
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• MARKETABLE SURPLUS= ProductionRequirements (MS=P-R) • P= Production from the farm • R= Requirements i.e. family consumption, seeds, cattle feed, payment to labour, carpenter, mechanic, landlord as rent. • Balance quantity is available to non-farm population • MS is about 60% in the case of food grains
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AGENCIES
• • • • • • Landlords Village merchants Itinerant merchants (Mobile merchants) Kachcha Arhatias Pucca Arhatias Dalal
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
• Primary markets
• • • • • • • Assembling centres for agricultural produce Farmers sell produce to traders Located in large villages, agricultural centres Market is held in open space or in thatched sheds Variety of products are sold Serves a radius of about 10 KM Also known as Haats/Shandies/Weekly markets
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE • Secondary markets
• Popularly known as Mandis/Gunjs • Located at taluka places, district towns, main trade centres or near railway stations • Transaction between village traders and wholesalers • Commission agents are active in the market • 7000 markets in India
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Terminal markets
• Commodities are finally disposed off to the consumer or assembled for export • Located in big cities
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• METHODS OF SALE
• Moghum sale • Hatta sale • Dara sale • Private Negotiation • Forward sale ( Example: Jalap sale)
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• METHODS OF SALE
• Sale by open auction • Tender system • State trading • Sale by samples
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Channels of distribution of agricultural produce • Producer-consumer: Example- Farmers market • Producer-village shopkeeper-wholesalerretailer-consumer • Producer-itinerant merchant-wholesalerconsumer • Producer-primary market-secondary market-retailer-consumer
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Paddy/Rice distribution
• Producer-commission agent-millerwholesaler-retailer-consumer • Producer-itinerant merchant-millerwholesaler-retailer-consumer • Producer-village miller-consumer • Producer-Govt miller-fair price shopconsumer
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Cotton distribution • Cotton farmer-village dealer-brokerginning factory-commission agentmills • Cotton farmer-co-operative societyginning factory-commission agentmills
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• • • • • • Primary marketing functions Assembling processing distribution Secondary marketing functions Standardisation, packaging, transportation, storage, financing, selling
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Lack of organisation among farmers
• Not united at village level, not able to bargain and obtain a higher price
• Forced sales
• Uneconomic holding, rural indebtedness, lack of market information, claims of creditors, lavish expenses during marriages and festivals, inadequate transportation facilities
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Superfluous middlemen
• There are several intermediaries between the farmer and consumer: Village bania, mobile merchant, dalal, kacha/pucca arhatias, commision agents, wholesalers, retailers etc
• Multiplicity of market charges
• Arhat, Hamali, Tulai, Chalani, Karad, Sample, Basra(supervision charges) Rent for gunny bags, Warehouse charges, Balaji found-About 15% of the income goes to meet various expenses
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Malpractices in unregulated market: Scales, weights are
manipulated against the seller, arbitrary deductions, brokers favour traders
• Inadequate storage facilities • Earthen cylinders or underground pits lined with mud and straw, seepage of water, damage by insects and rodents
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Underdeveloped transport system: Kacha road from village to the market, flooding of roads, slow moving bullock carts • Lack of standard weights and measures: Standard weights and measures act (1958), but primitive measures are still used. • Adulteration: • Deductions towards impurities on non-mutual terms, dampening of cotton , white stones in rice, lead chromate in turmeric, lead oxide in chilies etc
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Lack of grading and standardization:
• Agricultural produce grading and marketing act (1937), but grading has not become popular in our country
• Lack of market information:
• The villagers do not have updated information about prices, arrivals of commodities and depend on hearsay reports and village traders.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Establishment of regulated markets
• Protect the interest of farmers from the clutches of traders • Market committee consisting of nominees from Govt, traders and farmers, manages the market • Price, quality, trade terms are regulated under legal frame work • Committee fixes the charges, allowances and deductions that can levied.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Standardization of weights and measures( Act-1958) • Metric system of measurement, inspection of weighing equipments, weighing supervised by agricultural supervisors • Standardization and grading • Fixing certain norms for the product, determining certain basic characteristics by which the product can be divided in to various groups. Example: Staple length in cotton, moisture content in grains
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Grading: • Tea graded as BOP, OP and Dust • Wheat into grades, 1, 2, 3, 4 based on foreign matter contents, other food grains, damaged grains, immature grains, insect infestation • Eggs into Special, A,B,C based on weight and other parameters
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Agmark • Quality certification mark under central agricultural produce (grading and marketing) act 1937 • Agmark label indicates the quality of the produce and labels of different colours used to indicate the grade of the product i.e. white, red, blue, yellow and green
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• BIS(1952) • Managed by board of members from Govt, research institutes, development boards. • Formulation of Indian standards • Implementation through promotion and certification • ISI label is an indicator of the quality of the product • 14,000 standards (2000 agri related) • ISI compulsory for supplies under Govt rate contract
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Warehousing consists of activities concerned with storing and preserving of goods from the time of production till the time of consumption. • Importance: Storage of fruits and vegetables in cold storage, seasonal production, price stabilisation, factory requirements, bank finance
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Warehouses • Private, public (licensed by Govt), Cooperative, Govt warehouses • General warehouses ( food grains, cement, fertilisers), special (cotton, tobacco) and refrigerated( potato, apple, grape) • Central and state housing corporations and food corporation of India
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Provision of marketing news • Examples: • Use of IT and Internet • Price forecasting system • Electronic displayer • e-Commerce • Information Kiosks
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Marketing infrastructural facilities are beneficial to all the agencies in agricultural produce marketing. It reduces marketing cost, helps the farmer in getting remunerative prices for the produce. At the same time the consumer gets the produce at low price. • Physical infrastructure facilities include roads, rail and road transport, warehousing facilities, cold storages, telecommunication, standardization, grading and processing.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES . The facilities are well developed in states like Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Goa and low in Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Eastern UP and Assam. Government of India has estimated that an investment of about Rs 2,68,000 crores would be required in the next ten years for development of infrastructural facilities in rural areas.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Contract farming • Examples • Satnam overseas Ltd-Kohinoor brand of rice, Lt overseas-Dawat • Cotton mills in South • Reliance, Pantaloon: Procurement of agriculture produce through Rural business hubs
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Organic farming • Cultivation of crops without the use of chemicals • Free from chemical residues- certified by testing agencies • Market for organic products in developed countries and upper economic segment of the population • Premium price • Crop yield declines under organic conditions • A transition period of 3-4 years is suggested before conventional farm is converted to organic farm
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Electronic Auction
• Examples • NDDB auction centre in Hoskote near Bangalore • Azadpur market in Delhi • Organised urban retailing: Reliance, Food bazaar, Spencers, Godrej
• e-Choupal
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Remunerative price for the produce • Remove all impurities from the produce • Segregate good quality and poor quality produce • Grade the produce • Weight the produce • Market information • Avoid sales immediately after harvest • Sell through co-operative societies, regulated market and organised urban retail stores
doc_524830135.ppt
This is a presentation which describes marketing of different kinds of agriculture produce and difficulties faced in marketing of these.This also defines presents the defects in the current agricultural marketing system and remedial measures.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
FEATURERS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
• Dependence on monsoon:
• In our country out of total cropped area of 190 million hectares only about 55 millions hectares are irrigated and the balance area is rainfed.
• In an year when the monsoon rains are good, the farmers get higher yields and higher income and a poor monsoon leads to poor crop yields and low income.
• It is rightly said that Indian agriculture is a gamble under monsoon conditions.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE • Small holdings • About 75% of the land holdings consist of small and marginal farmers. • The income from the farm is not sufficient to meet household expenses. • When the holdings are small, cultivation becomes uneconomical and therefore it is not a remunerative occupation. • Most of these farmers follow traditional methods of cultivation leading to low yields from the farm.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Seasonal employment
• Agriculture is a seasonal activity. • About 80% of the rainfall is received mostly during Kharif season i.e. South-West Monsoon Season. • The farmers do not have sufficient work throughout the year. • Agricultural labourers remain unemployed for more than four months in an year. They are unorganized and unskilled
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Use of Agricultural Inputs
• Modern agricultural inputs such as High yielding varieties of seeds, Chemical fertilizers and Plant protection chemicals have helped our country to become self sufficient in food production. • The use of inputs depend upon a number of factors such as size of the farm, type of crops grown, irrigation facilities , output prices etc. • Fertilisers are used by large and medium farmers. About 25% of the farmers do not use fertilizers regularly.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Semi-Commercial nature of Agriculture: Under traditional farming practices, the production from the farm mainly caters to the requirements of the members of the family. • Under commercial farming, production of cash crops like Cotton, Sugarcane, fruits and vegetables is undertaken for sale. • Changes in the cropping pattern from food crops to cash crops have enabled farmers to increase their income. • We can say that Indian Agriculture is neither completely traditional nor fully commercial.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Marketing of agricultural produce:
• Small farmers and the farmers living in interior villages sell the produce in the village market. • Normally half of the marketed surplus of grains reaches the market during the first three months after harvest of the crop and the balance during the remaining nine months.
• During harvesting reason, the prices of commodities come down in the market.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• PRICES OF AGRI COMMODITIES
• The farmers would be motivated to increase yields only if they receive remunerative prices for their produce • Vagaries of monsoon, unorganized markets and superfluous middlemen are the major reasons for wide fluctuations in the prices of agricultural commodities • We are yet to develop an efficient system that will benefit all sections of the society i.e. the farmers and consumers.
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• FEATURES OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITES
• Small and scattered production • Seasonal production • Bulky and perishable commodities • Variation in quality and quantity • Uniform demand throughout the year • Unorganized market • Production oriented activity
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• MARKETABLE SURPLUS= ProductionRequirements (MS=P-R) • P= Production from the farm • R= Requirements i.e. family consumption, seeds, cattle feed, payment to labour, carpenter, mechanic, landlord as rent. • Balance quantity is available to non-farm population • MS is about 60% in the case of food grains
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AGENCIES
• • • • • • Landlords Village merchants Itinerant merchants (Mobile merchants) Kachcha Arhatias Pucca Arhatias Dalal
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
• Primary markets
• • • • • • • Assembling centres for agricultural produce Farmers sell produce to traders Located in large villages, agricultural centres Market is held in open space or in thatched sheds Variety of products are sold Serves a radius of about 10 KM Also known as Haats/Shandies/Weekly markets
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE • Secondary markets
• Popularly known as Mandis/Gunjs • Located at taluka places, district towns, main trade centres or near railway stations • Transaction between village traders and wholesalers • Commission agents are active in the market • 7000 markets in India
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Terminal markets
• Commodities are finally disposed off to the consumer or assembled for export • Located in big cities
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• METHODS OF SALE
• Moghum sale • Hatta sale • Dara sale • Private Negotiation • Forward sale ( Example: Jalap sale)
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• METHODS OF SALE
• Sale by open auction • Tender system • State trading • Sale by samples
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Channels of distribution of agricultural produce • Producer-consumer: Example- Farmers market • Producer-village shopkeeper-wholesalerretailer-consumer • Producer-itinerant merchant-wholesalerconsumer • Producer-primary market-secondary market-retailer-consumer
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Paddy/Rice distribution
• Producer-commission agent-millerwholesaler-retailer-consumer • Producer-itinerant merchant-millerwholesaler-retailer-consumer • Producer-village miller-consumer • Producer-Govt miller-fair price shopconsumer
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• Cotton distribution • Cotton farmer-village dealer-brokerginning factory-commission agentmills • Cotton farmer-co-operative societyginning factory-commission agentmills
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
• • • • • • Primary marketing functions Assembling processing distribution Secondary marketing functions Standardisation, packaging, transportation, storage, financing, selling
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Lack of organisation among farmers
• Not united at village level, not able to bargain and obtain a higher price
• Forced sales
• Uneconomic holding, rural indebtedness, lack of market information, claims of creditors, lavish expenses during marriages and festivals, inadequate transportation facilities
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Superfluous middlemen
• There are several intermediaries between the farmer and consumer: Village bania, mobile merchant, dalal, kacha/pucca arhatias, commision agents, wholesalers, retailers etc
• Multiplicity of market charges
• Arhat, Hamali, Tulai, Chalani, Karad, Sample, Basra(supervision charges) Rent for gunny bags, Warehouse charges, Balaji found-About 15% of the income goes to meet various expenses
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Malpractices in unregulated market: Scales, weights are
manipulated against the seller, arbitrary deductions, brokers favour traders
• Inadequate storage facilities • Earthen cylinders or underground pits lined with mud and straw, seepage of water, damage by insects and rodents
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Underdeveloped transport system: Kacha road from village to the market, flooding of roads, slow moving bullock carts • Lack of standard weights and measures: Standard weights and measures act (1958), but primitive measures are still used. • Adulteration: • Deductions towards impurities on non-mutual terms, dampening of cotton , white stones in rice, lead chromate in turmeric, lead oxide in chilies etc
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM
• Lack of grading and standardization:
• Agricultural produce grading and marketing act (1937), but grading has not become popular in our country
• Lack of market information:
• The villagers do not have updated information about prices, arrivals of commodities and depend on hearsay reports and village traders.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Establishment of regulated markets
• Protect the interest of farmers from the clutches of traders • Market committee consisting of nominees from Govt, traders and farmers, manages the market • Price, quality, trade terms are regulated under legal frame work • Committee fixes the charges, allowances and deductions that can levied.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Standardization of weights and measures( Act-1958) • Metric system of measurement, inspection of weighing equipments, weighing supervised by agricultural supervisors • Standardization and grading • Fixing certain norms for the product, determining certain basic characteristics by which the product can be divided in to various groups. Example: Staple length in cotton, moisture content in grains
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Grading: • Tea graded as BOP, OP and Dust • Wheat into grades, 1, 2, 3, 4 based on foreign matter contents, other food grains, damaged grains, immature grains, insect infestation • Eggs into Special, A,B,C based on weight and other parameters
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Agmark • Quality certification mark under central agricultural produce (grading and marketing) act 1937 • Agmark label indicates the quality of the produce and labels of different colours used to indicate the grade of the product i.e. white, red, blue, yellow and green
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• BIS(1952) • Managed by board of members from Govt, research institutes, development boards. • Formulation of Indian standards • Implementation through promotion and certification • ISI label is an indicator of the quality of the product • 14,000 standards (2000 agri related) • ISI compulsory for supplies under Govt rate contract
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Warehousing consists of activities concerned with storing and preserving of goods from the time of production till the time of consumption. • Importance: Storage of fruits and vegetables in cold storage, seasonal production, price stabilisation, factory requirements, bank finance
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Warehouses • Private, public (licensed by Govt), Cooperative, Govt warehouses • General warehouses ( food grains, cement, fertilisers), special (cotton, tobacco) and refrigerated( potato, apple, grape) • Central and state housing corporations and food corporation of India
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Provision of marketing news • Examples: • Use of IT and Internet • Price forecasting system • Electronic displayer • e-Commerce • Information Kiosks
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Marketing infrastructural facilities are beneficial to all the agencies in agricultural produce marketing. It reduces marketing cost, helps the farmer in getting remunerative prices for the produce. At the same time the consumer gets the produce at low price. • Physical infrastructure facilities include roads, rail and road transport, warehousing facilities, cold storages, telecommunication, standardization, grading and processing.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES . The facilities are well developed in states like Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Goa and low in Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Eastern UP and Assam. Government of India has estimated that an investment of about Rs 2,68,000 crores would be required in the next ten years for development of infrastructural facilities in rural areas.
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Contract farming • Examples • Satnam overseas Ltd-Kohinoor brand of rice, Lt overseas-Dawat • Cotton mills in South • Reliance, Pantaloon: Procurement of agriculture produce through Rural business hubs
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Organic farming • Cultivation of crops without the use of chemicals • Free from chemical residues- certified by testing agencies • Market for organic products in developed countries and upper economic segment of the population • Premium price • Crop yield declines under organic conditions • A transition period of 3-4 years is suggested before conventional farm is converted to organic farm
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES
• Electronic Auction
• Examples • NDDB auction centre in Hoskote near Bangalore • Azadpur market in Delhi • Organised urban retailing: Reliance, Food bazaar, Spencers, Godrej
• e-Choupal
DEFECTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM AND REDEMEDIAL MEASURES • Remunerative price for the produce • Remove all impurities from the produce • Segregate good quality and poor quality produce • Grade the produce • Weight the produce • Market information • Avoid sales immediately after harvest • Sell through co-operative societies, regulated market and organised urban retail stores
doc_524830135.ppt