Description
This is a presentation on types of locus of control, related parameters, internality and time
Personal Effectiveness Locus of Control
Locus of Control
? Propounded by Rotter, Concept of Locus of Control refers to the perception of contingencies between action and outcomes / the extent to which action produces outcome
Internals Vs Externals
? Those with high perception of such contingencies ( believe their actions produce the outcomes) are said to be “Internals” ( with Internal Locus of Control) ? Those with low perception of such contingencies ( believe that the outcomes are not produced by their actions) are said to be “Externals” ( with External Locus of Control)
Causal attribution by Weiner
? Suggests a Stability – Variability dimension ? Both internal and external causes may be stable or variable leading to four categories of factors to which outcomes can be attributed
The Perceived Determinants of Outcomes
Internality - Externality
T
Internal
S T A B I L I
External TASK DIFFICULTY
ABILITY
Stable
T
Y V A R I A
B
I L I T Y
Variable
EFFORT
LUCK
LOC and Stability
? Success is attributed to an internal variable factor (effort) because if a person perceives that his effort (which he can vary) has resulted in the desired outcome, he will engage more in the activity ? Failure is attributed to variable factors( both internal and external ) ? If a person attributes his failure to variable factors he may still persist ? On the contrary if failures are attributed to stable factors ( ability or task difficulty ) he ma\y give up.
Internality - Externality
? Person may perceive contingency as an individual or several individuals( group ); combined with stability – variability dimension we have four dimensions of internality ? Externality in two dimensions – human and non human. ? Human factors are social system, other people etc while non-human are fate, luck etc; we have four dimensions similar to internality
Internality-Externality Factors and Behavioral Modes
Determinants Resultant Mode
LOC and Stability
Internality with Stability Personal Stable Ability Personal Variable Effort Group Stable Race / caste Group Variable Group Effort Externality with Stability Social System Others Fate Luck/ Chance
Supermanship Self-determination Super- Racism Social- determination
Human Stable Human Variable Non-human Stable Non-human Variable
Role-taking Compliance Fatalism Probabilism
Ability
? Attributing outcome to ability may make believe that he has higher or greater ability than most others and may behave like an extraordinary person or a superman ? Dominate others ? May be authoritarian ? Natural right to determine things for himself and others
Effort
? May result in perseverance in a task ? Hence a self-deterministic behavior mode ?Likely to take decisions on matters relating to self
Race or Caste
? Attribution of outcomes to Group may result in an exaggerated value of the group to the individual. May result in super racial feelings. ? A self righteous attitude of members may inspire them to take on themselves the task of converting others to their own views or ways
Group Effort
? Akin to individual variable factor, may lead to social- determination ; collective actions are the result. ? Believe that through collective action they may be able to alter conditions
Social System
? Attribute outcomes to social system, whether political system or work organization ? Perceive individuals as merely roles in a system ? Main mode of behavior is to honestly live the role ? Refuse to question the pressures of the system
Others
? An external human variable factor may be other people who are temporarily related to the individual ? Leaders in various fields, teachers and experimenters ? Attributing outcome to such individuals may result in exaggerated importance ? Individual then complies with what is demanded or suggested
Fate
? Resign themselves to what may happen ? Belief is neither they nor any one else can change the outcome
Luck or Change
? An external variable factor ? May believe in probability of change and hence hopeful or optimistic ? Look for a more opportune time and make efforts hoping things would be better next time
Internality and the Time perspective
Past Internality Future Externality Future Internality Part Externality
Authoritarianism Fatalism Religion Activism
Authoritarianism
?Produces guilt for being responsible for the past ( usually unsatisfactory) and consequently produces a lack of selfconfidence ? Parallelly it provides a way out by projecting a strong image of an external authority a savior who can change the situation ? A combination of dissatisfaction with dependency and a resultant Hope
Fatalism
? People attribute both past and future to external factors thus creating a state of helplessness
Religion
? Opposite of fatalism ? People are themselves responsible for their fate and they can change fate ? May build a sense of guilt like in Authoritarianism but future internality helps in becoming self-directed leading to search for spiritual or religious solutions
Activism
? Approach is different ? Externalises people’s guilt ? Helps attribute past miseries to external factors and develops a sense of internality – they can change their destiny by taking systematic actions ? Successfully activates people for action
Developing Internality
? Self awareness – T Group , TA ? Motivation development – Achievement Motivation training ? Valuing and assertion- clarify values andr assertiveness training ? Reinterpretation- training on reinterpreting behavior ? Success experience- help individuals to succeed to control their outcomes e.g setting progressively higher goals and achieve them
Developing Internality - contd
? Supportive demands – Give the person enough warmth and support to help him make efforts and succeed and put enough demand on him to cope with tasks and consequences ? Social awareness – e.g conscientisation to help people with low self regard ? Collective actions – collaboration
doc_573882832.ppt
This is a presentation on types of locus of control, related parameters, internality and time
Personal Effectiveness Locus of Control
Locus of Control
? Propounded by Rotter, Concept of Locus of Control refers to the perception of contingencies between action and outcomes / the extent to which action produces outcome
Internals Vs Externals
? Those with high perception of such contingencies ( believe their actions produce the outcomes) are said to be “Internals” ( with Internal Locus of Control) ? Those with low perception of such contingencies ( believe that the outcomes are not produced by their actions) are said to be “Externals” ( with External Locus of Control)
Causal attribution by Weiner
? Suggests a Stability – Variability dimension ? Both internal and external causes may be stable or variable leading to four categories of factors to which outcomes can be attributed
The Perceived Determinants of Outcomes
Internality - Externality
T
Internal
S T A B I L I
External TASK DIFFICULTY
ABILITY
Stable
T
Y V A R I A
B
I L I T Y
Variable
EFFORT
LUCK
LOC and Stability
? Success is attributed to an internal variable factor (effort) because if a person perceives that his effort (which he can vary) has resulted in the desired outcome, he will engage more in the activity ? Failure is attributed to variable factors( both internal and external ) ? If a person attributes his failure to variable factors he may still persist ? On the contrary if failures are attributed to stable factors ( ability or task difficulty ) he ma\y give up.
Internality - Externality
? Person may perceive contingency as an individual or several individuals( group ); combined with stability – variability dimension we have four dimensions of internality ? Externality in two dimensions – human and non human. ? Human factors are social system, other people etc while non-human are fate, luck etc; we have four dimensions similar to internality
Internality-Externality Factors and Behavioral Modes
Determinants Resultant Mode
LOC and Stability
Internality with Stability Personal Stable Ability Personal Variable Effort Group Stable Race / caste Group Variable Group Effort Externality with Stability Social System Others Fate Luck/ Chance
Supermanship Self-determination Super- Racism Social- determination
Human Stable Human Variable Non-human Stable Non-human Variable
Role-taking Compliance Fatalism Probabilism
Ability
? Attributing outcome to ability may make believe that he has higher or greater ability than most others and may behave like an extraordinary person or a superman ? Dominate others ? May be authoritarian ? Natural right to determine things for himself and others
Effort
? May result in perseverance in a task ? Hence a self-deterministic behavior mode ?Likely to take decisions on matters relating to self
Race or Caste
? Attribution of outcomes to Group may result in an exaggerated value of the group to the individual. May result in super racial feelings. ? A self righteous attitude of members may inspire them to take on themselves the task of converting others to their own views or ways
Group Effort
? Akin to individual variable factor, may lead to social- determination ; collective actions are the result. ? Believe that through collective action they may be able to alter conditions
Social System
? Attribute outcomes to social system, whether political system or work organization ? Perceive individuals as merely roles in a system ? Main mode of behavior is to honestly live the role ? Refuse to question the pressures of the system
Others
? An external human variable factor may be other people who are temporarily related to the individual ? Leaders in various fields, teachers and experimenters ? Attributing outcome to such individuals may result in exaggerated importance ? Individual then complies with what is demanded or suggested
Fate
? Resign themselves to what may happen ? Belief is neither they nor any one else can change the outcome
Luck or Change
? An external variable factor ? May believe in probability of change and hence hopeful or optimistic ? Look for a more opportune time and make efforts hoping things would be better next time
Internality and the Time perspective
Past Internality Future Externality Future Internality Part Externality
Authoritarianism Fatalism Religion Activism
Authoritarianism
?Produces guilt for being responsible for the past ( usually unsatisfactory) and consequently produces a lack of selfconfidence ? Parallelly it provides a way out by projecting a strong image of an external authority a savior who can change the situation ? A combination of dissatisfaction with dependency and a resultant Hope
Fatalism
? People attribute both past and future to external factors thus creating a state of helplessness
Religion
? Opposite of fatalism ? People are themselves responsible for their fate and they can change fate ? May build a sense of guilt like in Authoritarianism but future internality helps in becoming self-directed leading to search for spiritual or religious solutions
Activism
? Approach is different ? Externalises people’s guilt ? Helps attribute past miseries to external factors and develops a sense of internality – they can change their destiny by taking systematic actions ? Successfully activates people for action
Developing Internality
? Self awareness – T Group , TA ? Motivation development – Achievement Motivation training ? Valuing and assertion- clarify values andr assertiveness training ? Reinterpretation- training on reinterpreting behavior ? Success experience- help individuals to succeed to control their outcomes e.g setting progressively higher goals and achieve them
Developing Internality - contd
? Supportive demands – Give the person enough warmth and support to help him make efforts and succeed and put enough demand on him to cope with tasks and consequences ? Social awareness – e.g conscientisation to help people with low self regard ? Collective actions – collaboration
doc_573882832.ppt