Description
The Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) models a two-good economy by mapping production of one good on the x-axis and production of the other good on the y-axis. The combinations of outputs produced using the best technology and all available resources make up the PPC.
The Economic Problem
CHAPTER
3
CHAPTER CHECKLIST When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to
1
Use the production possibilities frontier to illustrate the economic problem and calculate opportunity cost. Define efficiency and describe an efficient use of resources. Explain how technological change and increases in capital and human capital expand production possibilities. Explain how people gain from specialization and trade.
2
3
4
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
?Production Possibilities Frontier
A curve that shows the maximum goods and services (full production or full employment) our economy can produce if it utilizes all available resources and technology fully and efficiently in a given time period.
What are some of the assumptions used to explain production PPC?
? Why make assumptions? ? Simplify complex situation ? Easy to understand by focusing on key variables of interest while keeping all other background variables constant. (Ceteris
Paribus)
1. Maximum goods and services that can be produced 2. Two goods world. 3. Available resources are fixed and fully employed. ? land, labor, capital, management Technology, education, and training is fixed. 4. One time period model.
Production Possibilities Curve
efficient
Military Goods
A
Inefficient • Unemployment • Low capacity utilization
D
unattainable
C
Consumer Goods
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
tanks boats
A
B B C
100
80 60
0
10 15
Military Goods tanks
60
C
D
E
40
0
17
20
40
D
20 E 5 10 15 17 20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
D to C
Loss
B 2 boats 1 (cost)
C
Gain
20 tanks 10 m (benefit)
Military Goods tanks
60
40
D
20 E 5 10 15 17 20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
C to B
Loss
B 5 boats 1 (cost)
C
Gain
20 tanks 4 m (benefit)
Military Goods tanks
60
40
D
20 E 5 10 15 17 20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
B to A
Loss
B 10 boats 1 (cost):
C
Gain
20 tanks 2 (benefit) Increasing opportunity costs. WHY?
D
Military Goods tanks
60
40
D–C
C–B B–A
E
1 : 10
1: 4 1:2
20
5
10
15
17
20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
INCREASING OPPORTUNITY COSTS
? As seen in the sail boats and tanks
example, as we attempted to produce more tanks the opportunity costs increased. Why? ? For every 1 additional tank we produced we had to give up more and more sail boats.
? Why is the Production Possibilities
Curve Bowed Outwards?
Why is the Production Possibilities Curve Bowed Outwards?
Opportunity cost you cannot produce more of both, if you try to produce more of one you have to give up production of one.
Shows increasing opportunity cost
If you try to produce more of one good (Tanks) the opportunity cost increases by you having to give up more of another good (Sail boats)
Diminishing returns
Decreasing benefits Factor Unsuitability Resources are not equally efficient in producing both goods. If the production possibility is in fact a straight line, then it means that resources would be equally productive in both gods.
USING RESOURCES EFFICIENTLY
Production efficiency A situation in which we cannot produce more of one good or service without producing less of something else.
(Producing on the PPC).
Allocative efficiency
A situation in which the quantities of goods and services produced are those that people value most highly. ?Two Conditions for Allocative Efficiency • Production efficiency—producing on PPF • Producing at the highest-valued point on PPF
OPPORTUNITY COST
?Marginal Benefit
The benefit that a person receives from consuming one more unit of a good or service.
Marginal benefit decreases as more bottled water is available.
?Marginal Cost
The opportunity cost of producing one more unit of a good or service. The marginal cost of producing a good increases as more of the good is produced.
Discussion questions
• • Efficiency in the U.S. Economy Does our economy achieve an efficient use of resources? If yes, why? If not, how could we improve resource utilization? Do we have an efficient energy policy, or would a policy that favors clean-energy technologies be more efficient? Do we have an efficient method of urban transportation, or would more mass transit systems be more efficient?
•
•
What is Economic Growth?
The ability of an economy to produce greater levels of output, represented by an outward shift of its production possibilities curve
Technological Advance
Fix Resources (100 people)
80 30
Coconuts
Fishes
500
600
What strategies can a country follow to grow?
?Invest in Education and training ?Invest in R&D to develop new technology ? Increasing savings ? Invest in new capital ? Increase resources ?All choices involve sacrifices
GAINS FROM SPECIALIZATION AND EXCHANGE
?Comparative Advantage
The ability of a person to perform an activity or produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than someone else.
SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE
Absolute Advantage
Absolute advantage
When one person is more productive than another person in several or even all activities.
GAINS FROM SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE
?Comparative Advantage
Labor
USA 100
rate
$10/day $10/day
computers
500/50L 100/50L
shoes
5000/50L 9000/50L
CHINA 100 TOTAL 200
600/100L 14000/100L
Labor USA 100
rate $10/day $10/day
computers 1000/100L 0
shoes 0 18000/100L
CHINA 100
TOTAL 200 Without specialization TOTAL 200
1000/100L 18000/100L
600/100L
14000/100L
USING SAME LABOR 200/L 400 MORE COMPUTERS 4000 MORE SHOES NOW BOTH USA AND CHINA CAN CONSUME MORE OF BOTH AT LOWER COST TO THE CONSUMER PPC NOW INCREASES
Specialization and trade allow nations (people) to consume outside their production possibilities frontier
1,000
A After specialization consumption possibilities increased 400 more computers
500
USA
200
and 4000 more shoes
China
Computer
100
5,000
9,000
10,000
18,000
Shoes
Video questions for Chapter 3: The Economic Problem Video: "Resources and Scarcity" You can view this video online on your computer and/or view it in the library. (No 1 online)
Q1: Explain the principle of opportunity costs using the example of Alaska mineral development. Which one would you choose mineral development or wilderness, and Why? (10 points/YES, you need a graph and two detailed paragraphs for this question) Q2: In the class we discussed in detail how limits exists in economics, using the example from the video presentation, explain how were we able to produce more of both, guns and butter during the Second World War. (10 points/YES, you need a graph and two detailed paragraphs for this question)
The PPF in YOUR Life
The figure illustrates the PPF of a student who goes to class and studies 48 hours a week and has a GPA of 4. 1. How does your PPF compare with this one? 2. What will happen to your PPF if you take more leisure? 3. What is the tradeoff involved in taking more leisure?
Discussion questions
What you have learned in this chapter has huge implications for the way you organize your life and for the position you take on the political hot potato of outsourcing. 1.By accumulating human capital, your production possibilities will expand. 2.By discovering your comparative advantage and focusing on producing the items that you are relatively better at, you will make yourself as well off as possible. 3.Regardless of whether outsourcing is across the United States or around the globe, all parties that produce more of the good in which they have a comparative advantage and trade gain.
Revisiting SCARCITY
?
Do we always face scarcity?
?
Unlimited wants and desires and limited resources
It forces us to make choices (Rational choices) All choices involves making sacrifices.
?
? ?
We have to give up the next best alternative when we make a choice
There are no free lunches in economics.
?
What is Opportunity cost?
The next best alternative sacrificed when a decision is made
What is the opportunity Cost of attending this class?
?Ask yourself, if you did not attend this class, what is the next best activity you would have done? ? It is the individual who decides what he or she is giving (the next best alternative) up to attend this class. ?Spending time with your family and friends ?Earning $/hour ?Watching TV ? Can Opportunity Cost be something other than money?
Revisiting rational choice and inventives
?Rational Choice and Incentives
A rational choice is one that uses the available resources to most effectively satisfy the wants of the person making the choice.
You make a decision that does not make you worse off Cost: What You Must Give Up Opportunity cost The highest-valued alternative forgone.
doc_599894759.ppt
The Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) models a two-good economy by mapping production of one good on the x-axis and production of the other good on the y-axis. The combinations of outputs produced using the best technology and all available resources make up the PPC.
The Economic Problem
CHAPTER
3
CHAPTER CHECKLIST When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to
1
Use the production possibilities frontier to illustrate the economic problem and calculate opportunity cost. Define efficiency and describe an efficient use of resources. Explain how technological change and increases in capital and human capital expand production possibilities. Explain how people gain from specialization and trade.
2
3
4
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
?Production Possibilities Frontier
A curve that shows the maximum goods and services (full production or full employment) our economy can produce if it utilizes all available resources and technology fully and efficiently in a given time period.
What are some of the assumptions used to explain production PPC?
? Why make assumptions? ? Simplify complex situation ? Easy to understand by focusing on key variables of interest while keeping all other background variables constant. (Ceteris
Paribus)
1. Maximum goods and services that can be produced 2. Two goods world. 3. Available resources are fixed and fully employed. ? land, labor, capital, management Technology, education, and training is fixed. 4. One time period model.
Production Possibilities Curve
efficient
Military Goods
A
Inefficient • Unemployment • Low capacity utilization
D
unattainable
C
Consumer Goods
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
tanks boats
A
B B C
100
80 60
0
10 15
Military Goods tanks
60
C
D
E
40
0
17
20
40
D
20 E 5 10 15 17 20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
D to C
Loss
B 2 boats 1 (cost)
C
Gain
20 tanks 10 m (benefit)
Military Goods tanks
60
40
D
20 E 5 10 15 17 20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
C to B
Loss
B 5 boats 1 (cost)
C
Gain
20 tanks 4 m (benefit)
Military Goods tanks
60
40
D
20 E 5 10 15 17 20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
Production Possibilities Curve
100 A
80
B to A
Loss
B 10 boats 1 (cost):
C
Gain
20 tanks 2 (benefit) Increasing opportunity costs. WHY?
D
Military Goods tanks
60
40
D–C
C–B B–A
E
1 : 10
1: 4 1:2
20
5
10
15
17
20
Consumer Goods (sail boats)
INCREASING OPPORTUNITY COSTS
? As seen in the sail boats and tanks
example, as we attempted to produce more tanks the opportunity costs increased. Why? ? For every 1 additional tank we produced we had to give up more and more sail boats.
? Why is the Production Possibilities
Curve Bowed Outwards?
Why is the Production Possibilities Curve Bowed Outwards?
Opportunity cost you cannot produce more of both, if you try to produce more of one you have to give up production of one.
Shows increasing opportunity cost
If you try to produce more of one good (Tanks) the opportunity cost increases by you having to give up more of another good (Sail boats)
Diminishing returns
Decreasing benefits Factor Unsuitability Resources are not equally efficient in producing both goods. If the production possibility is in fact a straight line, then it means that resources would be equally productive in both gods.
USING RESOURCES EFFICIENTLY
Production efficiency A situation in which we cannot produce more of one good or service without producing less of something else.
(Producing on the PPC).
Allocative efficiency
A situation in which the quantities of goods and services produced are those that people value most highly. ?Two Conditions for Allocative Efficiency • Production efficiency—producing on PPF • Producing at the highest-valued point on PPF
OPPORTUNITY COST
?Marginal Benefit
The benefit that a person receives from consuming one more unit of a good or service.
Marginal benefit decreases as more bottled water is available.
?Marginal Cost
The opportunity cost of producing one more unit of a good or service. The marginal cost of producing a good increases as more of the good is produced.
Discussion questions
• • Efficiency in the U.S. Economy Does our economy achieve an efficient use of resources? If yes, why? If not, how could we improve resource utilization? Do we have an efficient energy policy, or would a policy that favors clean-energy technologies be more efficient? Do we have an efficient method of urban transportation, or would more mass transit systems be more efficient?
•
•
What is Economic Growth?
The ability of an economy to produce greater levels of output, represented by an outward shift of its production possibilities curve
Technological Advance
Fix Resources (100 people)
80 30
Coconuts
Fishes
500
600
What strategies can a country follow to grow?
?Invest in Education and training ?Invest in R&D to develop new technology ? Increasing savings ? Invest in new capital ? Increase resources ?All choices involve sacrifices
GAINS FROM SPECIALIZATION AND EXCHANGE
?Comparative Advantage
The ability of a person to perform an activity or produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than someone else.
SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE
Absolute Advantage
Absolute advantage
When one person is more productive than another person in several or even all activities.
GAINS FROM SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE
?Comparative Advantage
Labor
USA 100
rate
$10/day $10/day
computers
500/50L 100/50L
shoes
5000/50L 9000/50L
CHINA 100 TOTAL 200
600/100L 14000/100L
Labor USA 100
rate $10/day $10/day
computers 1000/100L 0
shoes 0 18000/100L
CHINA 100
TOTAL 200 Without specialization TOTAL 200
1000/100L 18000/100L
600/100L
14000/100L
USING SAME LABOR 200/L 400 MORE COMPUTERS 4000 MORE SHOES NOW BOTH USA AND CHINA CAN CONSUME MORE OF BOTH AT LOWER COST TO THE CONSUMER PPC NOW INCREASES
Specialization and trade allow nations (people) to consume outside their production possibilities frontier
1,000
A After specialization consumption possibilities increased 400 more computers
500
USA
200
and 4000 more shoes
China
Computer
100
5,000
9,000
10,000
18,000
Shoes
Video questions for Chapter 3: The Economic Problem Video: "Resources and Scarcity" You can view this video online on your computer and/or view it in the library. (No 1 online)
Q1: Explain the principle of opportunity costs using the example of Alaska mineral development. Which one would you choose mineral development or wilderness, and Why? (10 points/YES, you need a graph and two detailed paragraphs for this question) Q2: In the class we discussed in detail how limits exists in economics, using the example from the video presentation, explain how were we able to produce more of both, guns and butter during the Second World War. (10 points/YES, you need a graph and two detailed paragraphs for this question)
The PPF in YOUR Life
The figure illustrates the PPF of a student who goes to class and studies 48 hours a week and has a GPA of 4. 1. How does your PPF compare with this one? 2. What will happen to your PPF if you take more leisure? 3. What is the tradeoff involved in taking more leisure?
Discussion questions
What you have learned in this chapter has huge implications for the way you organize your life and for the position you take on the political hot potato of outsourcing. 1.By accumulating human capital, your production possibilities will expand. 2.By discovering your comparative advantage and focusing on producing the items that you are relatively better at, you will make yourself as well off as possible. 3.Regardless of whether outsourcing is across the United States or around the globe, all parties that produce more of the good in which they have a comparative advantage and trade gain.
Revisiting SCARCITY
?
Do we always face scarcity?
?
Unlimited wants and desires and limited resources
It forces us to make choices (Rational choices) All choices involves making sacrifices.
?
? ?
We have to give up the next best alternative when we make a choice
There are no free lunches in economics.
?
What is Opportunity cost?
The next best alternative sacrificed when a decision is made
What is the opportunity Cost of attending this class?
?Ask yourself, if you did not attend this class, what is the next best activity you would have done? ? It is the individual who decides what he or she is giving (the next best alternative) up to attend this class. ?Spending time with your family and friends ?Earning $/hour ?Watching TV ? Can Opportunity Cost be something other than money?
Revisiting rational choice and inventives
?Rational Choice and Incentives
A rational choice is one that uses the available resources to most effectively satisfy the wants of the person making the choice.
You make a decision that does not make you worse off Cost: What You Must Give Up Opportunity cost The highest-valued alternative forgone.
doc_599894759.ppt