Description
In this such a detailed information regarding innovations under the concept of turning garbage into gold in fisheries waste management.
101
Innovanons Under the Concept of
'1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es
Waste Management
Muhommod Yusuf*
Abstract
1bls popet Jlscosses tbe eocootoqemeot of cteouvlty ooJ looovouoo lo cteouoq
oppottoolues fot eottepteoeotsblp totoloq oseless motetlols loto volooble tesootces.
lt ls oecessoty to koow tbe tbooqbt ptocess ooJ ploooloq lo tbe eottepteoeotsblp
lJeo to cteote o oew bosloess ot tbls ume. Ooe of tbe btlllloot pbllosopbles oboot
eottepteoeots ls tbot tbey ote tbose wbo coo ´toto qotboqe loto qolJ´. 1bls
coocept Jesctlbes tbe lmpottoot cbotoctet of eottepteoeots wbo fotesee bosloess
oppottoolues ooJ bove tbe lotelllqeoce to ttoosfotm ttosb loto cosb. 1bls meoos tbot
tbey bove tbe oecessoty oblllty to cteote looovouoo ooJ voloe-oJJeJ ptoJocts fot
sole. 1be ooolyzeJ cose stoJy lovolves looovouoo lo osloq fsbetles woste speclfcolly
JetlveJ ftom ctob loJosttles lo loJooeslo. 1be stoJy pteseots empltlcol petspecuves
locloJloq (1) poteouol bosloess of ctob sbell woste (2) tecbooloqy lo looovouve ose of
sbell to oJJeJ voloe ptoJoct (J) bosloess ooolysls ooJ commetclollzouoo. ulumotely,
we pteseot tbe coocept of o oew bosloess by llokloq tbeotles of eottepteoeotlol
looovouoo ooJ tecbooloqy ttoosfet lo otJet to qolo eovltoomeotol bolooce.
Keywords: oew eottepteoeotsblp, looovouoo ooJ cteouvlty, loJooeslo, fsbetles
woste, ctob sbell powJet.
Introducnon
lnnovauon ls a Lool or lnsLrumenL used by enLrepreneurs Lo explolL change as
an opporLunlLy (urucker, 198S). lnnovauon may lnßuence capablllues Lowards
Lhe commerclallzauon (loss eL al., 2011). All lnnovauon beglns wlLh creauve
ldeas (Ckpara, 2007). 1oday, Lhe ldea of lnnovauon and enLrepreneurshlp ls
used Lo encourage Lhe emergence of change and ln vlewlng opporLunlues
around us. 1here are many ways Lo pracuce Lhese concepLs ln Lurnlng new
ldeas lnLo a buslness. Cne ls Lhe ldea of uullzlng resources LhaL have become
wasLe, so as Lo become value-added producLs.
* Muhammad ?usuf, norweglan College of llshery Sclence, 1he Arcuc unlverslLy of norway, 8revlka 9037, 1romsø,
norway, muhammad.yusuf[ulL.no.
102 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
lrom ldea Lo buslness, Lhe lmplemenLauon of buslness ldeas, sLarung
wlLh Lhe plannlng maLerlals consldered useless wlLh regard Lo Lhe poLenual
avallablllLy of oLher supporung resources, furLhermore, deLermlnes Lhe
approprlaLe new lnnovauons Lo be lnLegraLed ln Lhe buslness plan. An
especlally lmporLanL aspecL Lo conslder ls wheLher Lhere are useful subsLances
avallable ln Lhe wasLe. 1he maln deLermlnlng facLor ls Lhe markeL: does Lhe
buslness ldea have a poLenual Lo be developed?
1he buslness world ls now beglnnlng Lo embrace new Lhlnklng ln
whlch enLrepreneurlal acuvlLy ls referred Lo as one of Lhe facLors requlred
Lo achleve susLalnable buslness growLh and Lo become hlghly compeuuve.
LnLrepreneurshlp ls based on creauvlLy, and conunuous lnnovauon ls
necessary Lo survlve (8aldacchlno, 2009, 8arrlnger and lreland, 2006,
nysLrom, 1993, Ckpara, 2007, Wlu, 2004). 1here ls a need Lo provlde new
lnslghLs lnLo Lhe concepL saylng LhaL ºenLrepreneurs are Lhose who can Lurn
garbage lnLo gold"
1
. Cne of Lhe places where Lhere ls sull unLapped resource
poLenual ls wasLe of ñsherles resource, whlch could provlde an opporLunlLy
for new enLrepreneurs.
1he sLudy on wasLe lnnovauon, Lechnology and commerclallzauon ls an
lmporLanL foundauon for enLrepreneurs and governmenL lnluauve Lo auracL
auenuon Lo envlronmenLal lssues as well as soclal and economlc beneñLs
assoclaLed wlLh wasLe managemenL. 1he sLudy focuses on Lhe followlng:
ldenufylng opporLunlues ln wasLe uullzauon and emerglng -
lnnovauons.
ldenufylng Lhe markeL for Lhe lmplemenLauon of buslness. -
ldenufylng challenges, beneñLs, and lmpllcauons ln global -
perspecuve.
1heory of entrepreneursh|p and |nnovanons
Dr|ve entrepreneurs - create someth|ng out of noth|ng
LnLrepreneurs are Lhose who have Lhe ablllLy Lo see and evaluaLe buslness
opporLunlues, collecL Lhe resources needed Lo Lake advanLage of Lhose
opporLunlues and Lake Lhe approprlaLe measures ln order Lo ensure success
(MeredlLh, nelson and neck, 1996). ln anoLher Lheory, enLrepreneurshlp ls Lhe
resulL of a process LhaL applles creauvlLy and lnnovauon ln a sysLemauc and
dlsclpllned manner ln order Lo meeL Lhe needs and capLure opporLunlues ln
Lhe markeL (Zlmmerer and Scarborough, 1996). 1he role of Lhe enLrepreneur
ls Lo comblne creauve ldeas wlLh concerLed acuon for buslness purposes. 1he
characLerlsucs of a successful enLrepreneur lnclude belng able Lo compleLe
1 ºSeelng a buslness opporLunlLy where oLhers do noL and acung on lL". Clbson, ln a lecLure conversauon on 19Lh March
2013. LnLrepreneurlal opporLunlLy dlscovery and explolLauon were Lwo lnLegral parLs of Lhe enLrepreneurlal process
(Shane, 2003, ludurlc, 2008 ).
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
103 Muhammad Yusuf /
Lhe process of creauvlLy, Lhen generaLe lnnovauon, unul Lhe appllcauon can
be deployed and break lnLo Lhe markeL wlLh a proñLable and susLalnable
buslness.
CreauvlLy ls a necessary feaLure of an enLrepreneur (Penry, 2007).
CreauvlLy ls Lhe ablllLy Lo make or brlng lnLo exlsLence someLhlng new, such as
new soluuons and new meLhods. Wycoñ (1991) deñnes creauvlLy as someLhlng
new whlch has a useful value. CreauvlLy lnvolves seelng Lhlngs LhaL everybody
else has seen buL LhaL no one else has made. CreauvlLy has a broad meanlng,
buL ln Lhls case lL ls Lhe concepL of addlng value Lo lLems LhaL are noL useful ln
order Lo sell Lhem. ln Lhls conLexL, enLrepreneurlal sLraLegy lnvolves focuslng
on new ldeas and new vlews Lo creaLe producLs wlLh envlronmenLal beneñLs
LhaL are also proñLable. ln Lhls modern era enLrepreneurs compeLe Lo masLer
Lhe markeL by provldlng new added value Lo producLs LhaL meeL Lhe needs
of Lhe markeL
2
. Cn Lhe oLher hand, enLrepreneurs also creaLe compeuuon by
seelng more and dlñerenL ways Lo creaLe new producLs or servlces LhaL have
never been Lhere
3
.
A phllosophy whlch ls emphaslzed here lnvolves Lhe foreslghL Lo read
buslness opporLunlues, and Lhe courage and menLallLy, as well as Lhe
capaclLy Lo produce and sell hlgh-value-added performance, descrlbed as
ºLurnlng garbage lnLo gold or money". 1hls ls whaL ls meanL by Lhe essence
of enLrepreneurshlp. lL needs Lo be added Lo Lhe concepL LhaL recognlzlng
Lhe lmporLance of lmplemenung a sLrong work eLhlc and leadershlp are Lhe
hallmarks of Lhe modern buslnessman.
Lvery enLrepreneur should have characLer and compeLence. 1he reason
for Lhe blrLh of every buslness ls Lo solve a problem of markeL needs and
creaLe new added value for consumer sausfacuon. WlLhouL Lhe added value
Lhere ls no cusLomer sausfacuon, and no cusLomers, Lhen a buslness wlll fall.
1he key ldea ls LhaL an enLrepreneur uses creauvlLy and Leamwork supporL.
Cpen |nnovanon and g|v|ng added va|ue
Pumphreys, McAdam and Leckey (200S) asserL LhaL lnnovauons requlre some
supporung elemenLs LhaL are essenual for Lhelr lmplemenLauon and can
lmprove Lhe performance of Lhe new venLure. Some of Lhese elemenLs are:
(1) leadershlp, (2) empowermenL, (3) culLure, (4) Lechnology, (S) learnlng, (6)
sLrucLure, and (7) managemenL. 1he problem LhaL arlses ls how Lo Lransfer Lhe
approprlaLe lnnovauon Lo new buslnesses because Lhey are ofen faced wlLh
Lhe problems of Lhe lnvesLmenL cosL, Lechnology supporL, lack of creauvlLy
and long procedure, Lherefore lmpacL on Lhelr buslnesses decllnes. 1he nexL
problem ls how new buslnesses can lmprove Lhelr lnnovauon capablllues,
2 ConcepL: creaLe someLhlng new from someLhlng LhaL already exlsLs.
3 ConcepL: creaLe someLhlng from noLhlng.
104 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
because compeuuon demands conunuous conslsLency ln lnnovaung
4
.
Moreover, sLarung a buslness by creaung producLs from wasLe ls rlsky. new
buslnesses ofen run ouL of Lhe power Lo be able Lo make lnnovauons and are
unable Lo compeLe.
1echnologlcal lnnovauon opporLunlues can be found by dolng research
on Lhe real posslblllues of uullzlng wasLe producLs. uslng Lhe approprlaLe
Lechnology ln Lhe wasLe processlng buslness ls noL [usL Lhe way Lhe buslness
Leam can beneñL ln Lerms of producuvlLy, buL also requlres supporL Lechnology
LhaL ls able Lo ad[usL Lo Lhe scope of work condluons. An awareness of Lhe
lmporLance of lnnovauon Lo new buslnesses requlres Lhe lnLervenuon
of masLermlnds such as unlverslues, research lnsuLuLes, and companles.
1echnologlcal lnnovauon opporLunlues can sull be creaLed ln order Lo geL
closer Lo Lhe needs and culLure of work. 1echnologlcal lnnovauon-orlenLed
work culLure can be an alLernauve soluuon Lo lncreaslng buslness producuvlLy.
1hls can be done, for example, by maklng slmple Lechnologlcal lnnovauons
ln Lhe operauon of a devlce Lo make lL slmple ln deslgn and malnLenance, as
well as durable. Powever, noL all lnnovauon ls Lechnologlcal as Lhere should
be conslderauon of Lhe communlLy role and households paruclpauon ln
wasLe recovery and reuse models.
Why lnnovaLe? lnnovauon ls Lhe successful explolLauon of new ldeas
5
.
1o be successful, enLrepreneurs musL know where and how Lhelr buslness
wlll achleve lLs goal. 1hls ls why a clear concepL of lnnovauon ls requlred
for buslness needs Lo survlve and Lhrlve. LnLrepreneurs need Lo adopL more
eñecuve operauons and meeL Lhe reallues of Lhelr lnLended markeL. ls
Lhere a hlgh markeL demand for a producL made from raw maLerlal wasLe?
WhaL lnnovauons are needed? 1hls can be answered wlLh Lhe approprlaLe
meLhodologlcal deslgn lnnovauon so Lhey can undersLand Lhe lmporLance of
lnnovauon and how Lhey do Lhe lnnovauon sLages.
Why should we glve added value Lo wasLe? 1he concepL of value added
can be lnLerpreLed as someLhlng LhaL provldes addluonal beneñLs, usefulness
and also good quallLy durlng Lhe process and ln Lhe ñnal producL (lenoalLea,
1976). WasLe generaLed by Lhe lndusLry can be processed lnLo someLhlng
more useful and ls posluve for Lhe envlronmenL. ln general, lndusLry ls less
creauve ln managlng wasLe. WasLe mlnlmlzauon aL source Lhrough Lhe
uullzauon of wasLe ls achleved by looklng aL Lhe beneñLs conLalned ln Lhe
wasLe lLself. LñorLs ln explorlng Lhls wlll reduce Lhe volume of wasLe whlle
also generaung proñLs.
4 lnnovauon-orlenLauon depends on Lhe explorauon of new posslblllues Lhrough search and experlmenLauon (Mollna-
Casullo and Munuera-Aleman, 2009).
S lnnovauon deñned as an ldea, or ob[ecL LhaL ls percelved as new by lndlvldual or oLher unlLs of adopuon llke consumer
and dlsLrlbuLor groups (8ogers, 2003).
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
10S Muhammad Yusuf /
Lntrepreneursh|p and transfer techno|ogy
1he gap beLween producers and users of Lechnology has prompLed varlous
eñorLs Lo acceleraLe Lhe raLe of Lechnology Lransfer from Lhe laboraLory Lo
Lhe markeL level. Collaborauve eñorLs beLween Lhe Lechnology provlders
and users become an lmporLanL facLor. Cne of Lhem ls ln envlronmenLal
Lechnology, especlally Lhe Lechnology of wasLe LreaLmenL. Selecuon of wasLe
LreaLmenL Lechnology ls essenually deLermlned by Lhe characLerlsucs of Lhe
wasLe, whlch may be a resulL of processlng value-added producLs. Selecuon
of Lhe Lechnology Lo be used depends on Lhe needs of Lhe lndusLry and Lhe
LargeL markeL.
1he success of Lechnology Lransfer requlres knowledge from varlous
dlsclpllnes (8elsman, 1989). 1ransfer of Lechnology has falrly broad deñnluons
whlch comprlse eñorLs Lo dlverL Lhe undersLandlng and skllls of Lechnology or
knowledge developed wlLhln an organlzauon Lo Lhe oLher
6
. neverLheless, Lhe
adopuon of a Lechnology does noL necessarlly creaLe or resulL ln growLh and
revenue performance ln a buslness. 8ased on Lhe premlse LhaL lnnovauon
and new Lechnology play a role ln Lhe growLh of a buslness, Lhe enLrepreneur
ls Lrylng Lo puL LogeLher a plan LhaL encourages lnnovauon wlLh Lhe
assumpuon LhaL Lhe Lechnology wlll become an lnLegral parL of lLs buslness
growLh. CovernmenL should Lherefore acceleraLe Lhe Lransfer of Lechnology,
where Lechnology and economlc growLh ls one componenL of developmenL
(Melkers, eL al, 1993).
WlLh Lhe use of modern Lechnology, a producL wlll grow Lo Lhe polnL
where lL becomes more compeuuve. ln order Lo wln Lhe compeuuon, when
markeung producLs, manufacLurers musL conslder noL only Lhe quallLy
of Lhe producL alone, buL also Lhe buslness sLraLegy of markeL orlenLauon
(!aworskl and kohll 1993, narver and SlaLer, 1990), lnnovauon (loss eL al.,
2011, 8ogers, 2003)
7
, and enLrepreneurlal orlenLauon (Lumpkln and uess,
1996, 2001, Weerawardena, 2003)
8
. 1o encourage enLrepreneurlal success
ln applylng Lechnology lL ls necessary Lo auempL Lo address gaps Lhrough
presenLauon and use of research producLs and Lechnologles. Lñecuve
medlauon can connecL Lwo-way collaborauon beLween research lnsuLuuons
and Lhe buslness communlLy as a user.
Why ls Lechnology so lmporLanL? 1echnologlcal orlenLauon ls vlewed as
an lnsLrumenL of sLraLegy, pollcy-orlenLed producL developmenL can be used
wlLh Lechnology for managemenL of Lhe compeuuon, wlLh Lhe assumpuon
6 knowledge and Lechnology Lransfer as an lnLeracuve process wlLh a greaL deal of back-and-forLh exchange among
lndlvlduals over an exLended perlod of ume (Clbson and Smllor, 1991).
7 Adopuon lnnovauon concepLs and Laklng lnnovauon Lo Lhe markeL.
8 LnLrepreneurlal orlenLauon refers Lo Lhe speclñc organlzauonal-level behavlor Lo perform rlsk-Laklng, self-dlrecLed
acuvlues, engaged ln lnnovauon and reacL proacuvely and aggresslvely Lo ouLperform Lhe compeuLors ln Lhe markeLplace
(Lumpkln and uess, 1996).
106 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
LhaL wlLh Lhe more advanced Lechnology used, Lhere wlll be lncreaslngly
lnnovauve producLs produced and a greaLer chance of success. Advances
ln Lechnology have been able Lo opumlze achlevemenL and supporL ln
enLrepreneurshlp.
LnLrepreneurs rely heavlly on Lechnology. 1he appllcauon of new
Lechnology ls a declslve facLor ln Lhe developmenL of new producLs.
1echnologlcal advanLages ln a producL can auracL consumers Lo buy lL.
1echnology may acceleraLe new producL developmenL and creaLe advanLages
(Ll and CalanLone, 1998).
Methodology
1hls sLudy ls Lo deslgn a buslness framework for Lhe ldenuñcauon of
enLrepreneurlal opporLunlues Lhrough lnnovauon. 1he goal ls Lo analyze
new enLrepreneurshlp whlch creaLes lnnovauon and ls smarL ln addresslng
buslness envlronmenL. 1he prlmary daLa collecung for survey was conducLed
ln lndonesla ln crab lndusLrles, furLhermore lL was supporLed by secondary
daLa for an overvlew of Lhe poLenual markeung. 1he followlng sLeps of
research lncludlng observauons, experlmenLs and descrlpuons were Laken:
Cbservauon sLep ls a serles of surveys conducLed Lo explore Lhe -
poLenual of raw maLerlals, process ßow on crab lndusLry and 8&u
lndusLry acuvlues. lL lnvolved dlrecL lnLervlews wlLh Lhe employees
and managers of crab facLorles ln lndonesla.
LxperlmenL sLep ls a Lechnlcal LesL ln processlng crab wasLe conducLed -
on laboraLory scale ln order Lo ñnd beneñclal subsLances. 1he purpose
of Lhe laboraLory LesL ls Lo observe Lhe sLrucLure of shell powder and
analyze Lhe ñnal producL.
uescrlpuon sLep ls an overvlew of Lhe supporung facLors lncludlng -
buslness plannlng, Leam bulldlng and commerclallzauon sLraLegles.
1he resulLs descrlbed provlde a facLual overvlew of Lhe beneñLs of
crab wasLe and are furLher explalned ln Lhe buslness concepL.
1he markeung daLa for organlc wasLe producLs was collecLed from
reporLs, Lrends and forecasLs LhaL have already been publlshed Lhrough
books, [ournals, news and lnLerneL sources. 1he markeung overvlew provldes
wlder lnformauon Lo help ldenufy buslness prospecLs and assess markeL
poLenual. Markeung analysls can glve a buslness a plcLure of whaL klnds of
new producLs and servlces may brlng a proñL (Þyle, 2010).
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
107 Muhammad Yusuf /
Study |nnovanons |n organ|c waste management for bus|ness
Fisheries waste management
llsherles wasLe, ls lL a problem or does lL have poLenual? llshery developmenL
ls progresslng rapldly now, as well as manufacLurlng a producL LhaL can be used
Lo meeL food needs and creaLe revenue sources, Lhey also produce wasLe ln
Lhe form of wasLe sollds, llqulds and gases. unul now Lhese wasLes have noL
generally been well managed and explolLed, buL have been Lhrown lnLo Lhe
sea, rlvers, lakes, beaches and oLher places. lf lL conunues, Lhls wlll dlsrupL
susLalnable developmenL of Lhe ñshery secLor ln Lhe fuLure. 1hls of course
does noL ñL wlLh Lhe concepL of envlronmenLally susLalnable developmenL.
ln addluon, such wasLe dlsposal pracuces can reduce Lhe uullLy and value of
ñshery producLs, so lL ls very deLrlmenLal Lo Lhe economy. 1he magnlLude of
Lhe problem of wasLe managemenL ln Lhe ñsherles and aquaculLure lndusLry
depends on Lhe wasLe volume, lLs polluung charge, raLe of dlscharge and Lhe
asslmllaLory capaclLy of Lhe recelvlng medlum (lAC, 2013).
llsherles wasLe managemenL has become a complex lssue boLh
Lechnlcally and commerclally. Cf key lmporLance ln ñsherles lndusLrles LhaL
produce organlc wasLe ls Lhe focus on prevenung Lhe producuon of wasLe
Lhrough wasLe mlnlmlzauon and reproducuon of wasLe maLerlals. ln Lhelr
buslness acuvlues, ñshery lndusLrles can be comblned wlLh Lhe uullzauon of
lLs wasLe maLerlals byproducL. 1hls course wlll glve double Lhe value added
Lo socleLy lf Lhey can manage lL. Addlng value Lo Lhe managemenL of wasLe
ln Lhe ñsherles lndusLry could be a pauern LhaL comblnes buslness processes
as well as processlng lndusLry wasLe producLs ln an economlcal way. 1hese
eñorLs can also be made by developlng parLnershlps wlLh new enLrepreneurs
by provldlng an lncenuve Lo LreaL wasLe. ln Lhese eñorLs, lndusLry and new
enLrepreneurs should muLually beneñL.
A bus|ness potenna| by un||zanon of crab waste
Creaung lnnovauon from crab wasLe lnLo value added producL alms Lo
lnLroduce ldeas LhaL can lmprove Lhe envlronmenLal quallLy and open new
buslness opporLunlues. 1here are several beneñLs from addlng value Lo Lhe
crab wasLe, lncludlng: (1) Lhe explorauon of naLural resources Lo producL
lnnovauon (2) Lhe use and Lransfer of Lechnology (3) provlslon of economlc
value Lo Lhe wasLe (4) open neLworklng and markeung.
108 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
Þotenna|s of Indones|an crab |ndustr|es
1he 8lue Swlmmlng Crab (porLunus pelaglcus) or locally known as 'ra[ungan'
ls one of Lhe mosL popular crab specles ln lndonesla
9
. Crab producLs are
lmporLanL ñshery exporL commodlues ln lndonesla and need careful
managemenL auenuon regardlng susLalnablllLy of Lhe producuon chaln and
naLural resource harvesung. Crabs commodlues are abundanL ln lndonesla:
28 processlng facLorles are acuve ln processlng Lhls commodlLy, lncludlng
canned, frozen and fresh crab producLs. Crab ls lmporLanL ln commerclal
ñsherles and caLches have rlsen subsLanually. Landlngs of proLunus pelaglcus
durlng 2001-2012 reached an average of 27.223 Lons per year
10
.
1he exporL of blue swlmmlng crabs began ln Lhe mld-1990s due Lo
lncreased demand from overseas, especlally from lmporLers ln Lhe unlLed
SLaLes of Amerlca. 8efore Lhls, Lhls commodlLy was only consumed locally, and
had a very low prlce. 1oday, an esumaLed 9S,000 ñshermen and 17,000 plckers
are lnvolved ln Lhe crab buslness wlLh elLher small or mlddle enLrepreneurs
(SusLalnableñsh, 2013). 1hey work ln over 400 uny planLs or cooklng sLauons
LhroughouL lndonesla. Some are dlrecLly employed ln Lhe crab ñshery. ln
addluon, several Lhousand oLher people are lnvolved ln Lhe ñsherles, lncludlng
mlddlemen, operaLors of uny planLs where lnlual processlng ls carrled ouL
and Lhe ñnal processors who exporL Lhese producLs.
Supp|y cha|ns |n the crab |ndustry
AlmosL 90° of Lhe crabs processed ln lndonesla are dlrecLed Lo markeLs ln Lhe
unlLed SLaLes (?ullanLo, 2008). MosL of Lhe crab facLorles use pasLeurlzauon
Lechnology ln Lhelr producuon, whlle only a few facLorles use sLerlllzauon
Lechnology. ln general, Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhelr producLs are puL ln cans, buL
some are cup or pouch producLs. 8ecenLly some companles have begun
lnLenslve lnnovauon wlLh value-added producLs such as crab cakes and crab
balls. 8elow ls Lhe supply and producuon chaln ln Lhe crab lndusLry.
9 8lue Swlmmlng Crabs (Sp. ÞorLunus Þelaglcus) resources sull rely on caLchlng, whlle Lhe aquaculLure was lnLensely
researched, See hup://www.susLalnableñsh.org
10 8lue Swlmmlng Crabs come from Lhe Lroplcal waLers around lndonesla. Cne-day-ñshlng became Lhelr sysLem of
work and añecLed quallLy of Lhe producL, as ñshermen acLually caLch and reLurn back Lo Lhelr docks Lhe same day,
See hup://www.ñshsource.org.
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
109 Muhammad Yusuf /
I|gure 1. Supply chaln of lndoneslan 8lue Swlmmlng Crab
Deve|opment of by-product from crab waste
1he blue swlmmlng crab ls one Lhe maln commodlLy exporLs of Lhe lndoneslan
ñsherles secLor. 1here ls a greaL deal of wasLe produced by Lhe crab meaL
cannlng lndusLry: shell wasLe makes up approxlmaLely 70 - 90 ° of Lhe LoLal
welghL of Lhe meaL. 1he large amounL of crab shell wasLe ls a serlous problem
LhaL needs a soluuon.
1he poLenual for developmenL producL relaLed Lo subsLance conLenL of
crab shells whlch could be beneñclal for supplemenLal food and feed. Crab
shell wasLe conLalns subsLances LhaL can be reused, lncludlng some hlgh-
value producLs such as (1) naLural supplemenLs and cosmeuc lngredlenLs (2)
anlmal feed addluves (3) maLerlal splces. 1hls wasLe could also be developed
lnLo a blologlcal llquld exLracL as a feed addluve for salmon LhaL can produce
colors whlch are brlghLer and fresher Lhan Lhose normally seen ln aquaculLure.
1here ls Lhus poLenual for developmenL ln collaborauon wlLh Lhe ñsh feed
lndusLry.
AND INNOVATION
Collectors /
Suppliers
Tiny plant
Plant
Producers /
Exporters
Importer /
Wholesalers
Retail
Input raw material:
value of fresh crab
Tiny plant processing:
Controlling rejection
meat and optimization
net proceeds
Plant processing:
Control of raw material
prices, efficiency
process, optimizing
productivity,
effectiveness company
performance and high
value-added product
Fisherman
Raw Crabs
Consumers
Shipping
Distribution and
marketing system:
Control of FOB price
competition, margin,
market share, logistic
management, matching
in consumers’ need
110 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
I|gure 2. ÞroducL developmenL of crab shell wasLe
Cne of popular by-producLs from crusLacean commodlLy ls chlLosan
producL whlch forms a whlLe Lo llghL-red solld powder. lL ls a deaceLylaLed
derlvauve from chlun, whlch ls conLalned ln abundance ln crusLacean shells
l.e. crab, shrlmp, lobsLers and mushrooms. Commerclal chlLosan ls commonly
oñered as powder or ßakes. 1he chlLosan capsule producL ls markeLed as
a dleLary supplemenL for lose welghL LreaLmenL. Crab shell exLracL ls sold
ln sLores ln a plll form and ls usually labeled as a faL auracLor LhaL expels
faL from Lhe body (nuLralegacy, 2009). Some pharmaceuucal sLudy resulLs
suggesL LhaL chlLosan may help lmprove cholesLerol levels when comblned
wlLh a low-calorle dleL (8ay, 2011, Sharecare, 2013).
Irom crab she|| waste to powder - |nfrastructure techno|ogy
Accordlng Lo nurhlda[ah and ?usuf (2009) Lhe process of powderlng crab shell
wasLe requlres several sLeps, lncludlng drylng, mllllng and slevlng. 1he ñrsL
sLage crab shell should be washed and blanched. Aferward, drled crab shell
ls Lhen placed ln a cablneL wlLh a LemperaLure of 70¨ C for 6 hours. 1he drled
shells have Lo be downslzed uslng a blender Lo obLaln a smaller shell slze, Lhls
process alms Lo furLher slmpllfy Lhe mllllng process uslng a sLeamroller, Lhen
Lhe slflng ls done uslng a sleve slze of 60 mesh. lL ls Lhen ln Lhe form of ßour
Tiny plant
Plant
Crab Shell
Waste
Raw Crabs
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
Natural
supplements
Feed
additives
Spice
materials
1. Industry activities
2. Reproduce waste
3. Innovation process
4. Added value products
1 2 3 4
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
111 Muhammad Yusuf /
ready Lo be developed lnLo oLher value-added producLs for supplemenLal
food and feed.
ln a larger scale (commerclallzauon) whaL ls needed ls Lhe Lechnology
Lransfer whlch can be adopLed from Lhe lndusLrlal processlng of wasLe
maLerlals lnLo useful subsLances. key success of commerclallzauon of an
lnnovauon producL cannoL be separaLed from Lhe role of Lechnology (8elsman,
1989, 8ogers, 2003). 1echnology appllcablllLy ls needed Lo noL only lnclude
a grlndlng machlne as maln lnfrasLrucLure buL also Lo lnclude Lhe separauon
and exLracuon Lechnology Lo dlscover subsLances requlred. 1echnology needs
also cover (1) process resldues for valuable maLerlals (2) process chemlsLry
Lo LesL producL developmenL (3) process packaglng for ñnal producL, and
(4) laboraLory equlpmenL for dally checks.
I|gure 3. lrom laboraLory-research Lo commerclallzauon of crab shell wasLe
Iramework - p|ann|ng and mode| of bus|ness
ln order Lo achleve Lhe buslness success, Lhere musL be a good buslness plan
and sLraLegy as a gulde Lo runnlng and conLrolllng Lhe buslness
11
. 1herefore,
we need buslness plans of crab wasLe Lo evaluaLe Lhe buslness pro[ecL. 1he
esLabllshmenL of a crab shell powder facLory ln lndonesla ls approprlaLe due
Lo Lhe avallablllLy of raw maLerlals. ln order Lo develop furLher crab shell
11 8uslness plannlng concepL (lrlnces, 200S, 2007)
1. Drying 2. Weighing 3. Milling 4. Sifting 5. Powder
Commercialization Scale
Laboratory Research Scale
Research application
Technology Infrastucture
112 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
powder lL ls necessary Lo cooperaLe wlLh an lndusLry whlch requlres such raw
maLerlals as powder shell especlally ln feed exporLer counLrles e.g. Luropean
counLrles whlch have good prospecLs. ln addluon Lo Lhe analysls of consumer
needs, a markeung sLraLegy lnvolves Lhe followlng quesuons:
WhaL are Lhe beneñLs of crab shell powder as raw maLerlal for Lhe -
food lndusLrles, Lhe feed lndusLrles and Lhe healLh lndusLrles?
Why would someone wanL crab shell powder, whaL are Lhe beneñLs? -
WhaL ls Lhe unlqueness and speclñclLy of crab shell powder -
producLs?
1he lnLended LargeL markeL lncludes (1) Lhe salmon aquaculLure lndusLry
(2) ñsh farms (3) Lhe anlmal feed lndusLry (4) lndusLry food seasonlngs and
ßavor enhancer lndusLrles, (S) Lhe pharmaceuucal lndusLry LhaL produces
supplemenLs, and (6) Lhe cosmeucs lndusLry. ln order Lo reach Lhls markeL
LargeL, Lhe advanLages and beneñLs of Lhe producL should be presenLed and
promoLed. lurLhermore, lL ls necessary Lo learn Lhe framework of acLors,
barrlers, challenges and faclllLaLors (A/8/C/l) Lo Lhls endeavor. 8elow ls
a deLalled dlagram Lo lllusLraLe Lhe posluon of Lhe buslness:
1ab|e 1. 1he A/8/C/l charL of Lhe crab shell wasLe buslness
Raw material
Making the
powder
Lxpornng to
Abroad
Mak|ng hna|
product
Selling the
product
Actors
llshermen
Mlddlemen
Companles
Workforce
Workforce
SupplemenL
SpeclallsL
Shlpplng
companles
Workforce
lnnovauon
lnsuLuuons
LaboraLory
ulsLrlbuLors,
shopplng cenLre
and oLher sLores
Facilitators
LnLrepreneur
neLwork ln Lhe
crab lndusLrles
Local
CovernmenL
Crab facLory
llshery and
organlc
companles
AgrlculLure
markeung
lnsuLuuon
Trade
ueparLmenL
neLwork
ln exporLer
counLry
LxperLs ln
Lhe requlred
Lechnology
Local neLwork
exporLer
counLry
lndusLrles ln
pharmaceuucal,
splces, composL
and feed
Challenges
lnvesLmenL
Acqulrlng Lhe
maLerlal
Acqulrlng
a small
facLory/planL
SLorage
CuallLy
sLandard
Collaborauve
parLnershlp
agreemenL
Þromouon and
awareness
Barriers
Seasonal eñecLs
Puman
resources
Collecuve
consclousness
Technology
and
lnfrasLrucLure
Anlmal 8y-
producLs
8egulauon
LxporL
procedures
CaplLal and cosL
producuon
1ax
SubsuLuLe
producLs and
compeuLor
8us|ness Ana|ys|s and Commerc|a||zanon Strategy
lmplemenLauon of lnLegraLed buslness, sLarung wlLh Lhe planned locauon
of crab shell powder lndusLry can be esLabllshed ln lndonesla, conslderlng
Lhe avallablllLy of sources of raw maLerlals and oLher supporL resources. lL
ls also necessary Lo deLermlne wheLher speclñc producL lnnovauon can be
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
113 Muhammad Yusuf /
harnessed from Lhe wasLe crab afer lL has been exporLed Lo Lhe counLry of
desunauon. lurLher processlng of shell powder requlres cooperauon wlLh
lnsuLuuons abroad as an lnLegraLed buslness. CLher lmporLanL aspecLs LhaL
need Lo be consldered, parucularly for buslness developmenLs, lnclude: (1)
prlnclpal acuvlues such as loglsucs, operauons, and sales (2) supporL acuvlues
whlch lnclude procuremenL, Lechnology developmenL, and human resource
managemenL and buslness faclllues. 8ouune monLhly cosL componenLs
lnclude (1) Lhe cosL of procuremenL of raw maLerlals, (2) supporung maLerlals,
(3) LransporLauon, (3) labor, (4) processlng operauons, (S) packaglng and (6)
markeung. ln order Lo galn a compeuuve advanLage lL ls necessary Lo prepare
a new way Lo coordlnaLe all acuvlues, new procedures and Lechnologles Lo
empower new or dlñerenL lnpuLs.
8usiness descripnon: 1hls secuon descrlbes Lhe ldea of a buslness plan
relaung Lo producLs based on crab shell wasLe raw maLerlals. 1he maln
producL ls crab shell powder where a markeL share can be expecLed Lo be
galned. 1hls opporLunlLy ls lndlcaLed by a need for anlmal feed producLs,
splce and maLerlal healLh supplemenLs, whlch ls sull qulLe hlgh. 1he markeL
can be galned Lhrough open cooperauon, creaung publlcauons whlch glve
adequaLe lnformauon and conducung an lnLenslve publlclLy campalgn. 1he
reason for selecung Lhls Lype of buslness ls:
ln lndonesla, crab wasLe ls a cheap raw maLerlal and has noL yeL been -
uullzed opumally.
1here ls a poLenual hlgh prlce for Lhe end producLs as supplemenLs -
and ßavor enhancers.
ConLrlbuung Lo Lhe envlronmenLal susLalnablllLy of ñsherles. -
ÞoLenual lnnovauon and Lechnology ls sull open for producL -
dlverslñcauon.
Morket ono/ysis: 1he markeL analysls secuon descrlbes Lhe daLa and
lnformauon needs of Lhe markeL for by-producLs of organlc wasLe, ln parucular
Lhe commerclal producLs relaLed Lo crab shells. uaLa and lnformauon LhaL
can be collecLed wlLh respecL Lo markeL slze, Lhe number of poLenual
consumers for producLs as well as Lhe raLe of growLh and Lhe developmenL
relaLed lndusLrles. Þowders of crab shells are also belng produced and sold
ln Lhe Lu and uS as organlc soll amendmenLs or composL for gardeners
12
.
ln general, Lhe hlgh-end markeung for naLural organlc producLs ls growlng,
and Lhe blo-pesucldes aurlbuLe ls deñnlLely an asseL (SLewarL and noyes-
Pull, 2010). ln Lurope and Scandlnavla ln parucular, Lhe poLenual markeL ls
sull wlde open due Lo Lhe growLh of ñsh farmers, Lhe lncreaslng number of
lndusLry feed and pharmaceuucal lndusLrles. We should remember LhaL Lhe
12 ÞoLenual value of composL markeLs, see Luropean ComposL neLwork - LCn, and 1he uS Composung
Councll - uSSC.
114 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
ALlanuc salmon aquaculLure lndusLry has boomed
13
. Speclñcally, Lo revlew
Lhe markeL poLenual accordlng Lo Lhe organlc wasLe producL lnnovauons LhaL
can be developed (ChapLer: uevelopmenL by-producL from crab wasLe), Lhe
markeung overvlew ls presenLed as below:
naLural supplemenLs: Lurope ls Lhe largesL reglon for herbal -
supplemenLs and remedles, accounung for Lhe largesL share of Lhe
world markeL (ClA, 2013a). Asla-Þaclñc and !apan make up Lhe oLher
lmporLanL markeLs for herbal supplemenLs on a global basls (lbld).
As reporLed by ClA (2012) forecasung LhaL Lhe global markeL for chlun
derlvauves wlll reach $63 bllllon, whlle Lhe global chlLosan markeL wlll
reach more Lhan $21 bllllon by Lhe year 201S
14
. ChlLosan advanLage,
some reporLs sLaLed, ls more useful for blomedlcal appllcauons and
dehydrauons of aqueous soluuons Lhan chlun, slnce lL possesses
boLh hydroxyl and amlno groups, whlch can be easlly lnnovaLed and
modlñed (Cosgrove, 2010).
leed addluves: 8lslng awareness of Lhe beneñLs of anlmal feed -
addluves among veLerlnarlans, feed-mlllers and lnLegraLors ls
expecLed Lo conLrlbuLe Lo markeL expanslon (lrosL and Sulllvan, 2006).
1he global anlmal feed addluves markeL ls growlng aL a Compounded
Annual CrowLh 8aLe (CAC8) of 3.8° from 2011 Lo 2018 (1M8,
2012). As sLaLed by Lhe new markeL research reporL on Anlmal leed
Addluves, ln Asla Þaclñc reglon led by Chlna ls represenLs Lhe largesL
as well as Lhe fasLesL growlng markeL worldwlde (ClA, 2013b). CrowLh
ln Lhe area ls led by lncreaslng producuon as well as demand for such
commodlLy.
Splces maLerlals: Splces come under commodlLy markeLs whlch are -
hlgh ln value (l.e. prlce) buL low ln volume (l.e. welghL). Splces add
ßavor and a unlque LasLe Lo Lhe food, Lhe food lndusLry ls ever growlng
wlLh Lhe splces (M&M, 2013). Splce markeL key player counLrles ln
norLh Amerlca ls uS, ln Asla are lndla, Chlna, and !apan, and ln Lurope
are uk, Cermany, lrance, Spaln, and lLaly. lndla ls Lhe fasLesL growlng
markeL (lbld). 1he key players for lndusLry splce are e.g. A[lnomoLo
Co. ln !apan, Av1 McCormlck lngredlenLs LLd. ln lndla, and 8&C loods
lnc. ln uS.
compennon ond borriers: 1he buslness world ls assoclaLed wlLh compeuuon
and Lherefore needs Lo have a revoluuonary producL concepL and be adapuve
Lo change. LnLrepreneurs need Lo always be aware LhaL all buslnesses musL
have an ldea or a fresh ldea Lo produce a unlque producL and Lake full
advanLage. Compeuuon wlll be focused on producLs LhaL already exlsL ln Lhe
currenL markeL, for example from kelp supplemenLs and anlmal feed from
13 1he reporL for salmon farmlng lndusLry (MarlneharvesL, 2013). See also, recenL developmenL of aquaculLure ln
norway (nSC, 2013).
14 Clobal SLraLeglc 8uslness 8eporL by Clobal lndusLry AnalysLs, lnc.
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
11S Muhammad Yusuf /
ñsh wlLh low economlc value. ln addluon, subsuLuuon producLs of shrlmp
and lobsLer shells powder wlll puL pressure on Lhls buslness.
ln markeung slde, Lhere ls a hard lnLernauonal markeL compeuuon
beLween producers of splces, feed addluves and naLural supplemenLs.
CounLrles such as lndla, vleLnam, 1halland and Chlna are Lhe maln producers
of splces and exporLers Lo Amerlca, whlch ls Lhe largesL consumer of splces
by volume and value. 1he uS accounLs for 33 ° of Lhe markeL, where wesLern
markeLs have a huge demand for splces producLs (M&M, 2013). ln producuon
slde, lnLense compeuuon also occurs among suppllers of crab powder, due Lo
Lhe facL LhaL well-esLabllshed lndusLrles already have raw maLerlal suppllers
LhaL oñer good quallLy.
ln accordance Lo Lhe uS and Lu ban on Lhe use of anubloucs as growLh
promoLers, organlc producLs, l.e. organlc feed addluves, organlc composL,
herbal supplemenLs are expecLed Lo emerge as sulLable alLernauves, oñerlng
slgnlñcanL growLh poLenual, malnly ln counLrles (e.g. Chlna, lndonesla and
lndla) wlLh large volumes of feed and food exporLs Lo Lhe uS and Lu counLrles.
Powever, Lhe organlc wasLe lndusLry was sub[ecL Lo addluonal regulaLory
burden and poLenual for lmpacL upon Lhe markeL resLrlcuon Lhrough Anlmal
8y-producLs 8egulauon or Cood lndusLry Þracuce requlremenLs.
8usiness stroteqy: 1he rlghL sLraLegy wlll auracL consumers Lo buy producLs
and encourage Lhem Lo open cooperauon. Managers need Lo promoLe Lhelr
buslnesses Lhrough a number of markeung meLhods Lo explaln Lhe quallLy of
Lhe producL. lL ls lmporLanL LhaL healLh beneñLs are lncluded ln dlssemlnaLed
lnformauon, and Lhls can lmprove Lhe markeung concepL. 1he resulLs of
research lnLo Lhe conLenL of calclum and proLeln ln crab shells can also help
promoLe Lhls producL.
1here are a number of unlque markeL-based clrcumsLances LhaL añecL
Lhe organlcs lndusLry, lncludlng regulauons, geography, cllmaLe, sLrucLure
of organlcs markeL and Lhe progresslon of resource recovery lnluauves
(MelnhardL, 1999). ln order Lo develop an lnLernauonal markeL developmenL
sLraLegy for Lhe organlc wasLe lndusLry, lL ls necessary Lo examlne Lhe naLure
markeL ln each of LargeL counLrles. 1he buslness sLraLegy for crab shell
powder may use 1yler's concepL (1996), Lhe maln prlorlLy ls LhaL by-producLs
LhaL are consldered Lo be hlgh value markeLs Lend Lo be developed ñrsL, Lhe
second prlorlLy ls LhaL by-producLs wlLh lower value hlgh volume markeLs can
be developed Lhereafer.
Building team and networks
A Leam ls a group organlzed Lo work LogeLher Lo accompllsh a seL of ob[ecuves
LhaL cannoL be achleved eñecuvely by lndlvlduals (Þarcon, 2007). 8ulldlng
a Leam lnvolves a process of selecung, developlng, and Lralnlng a worklng
116 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
group ln order Lo successfully achleve common goals. lL lncludes mouvaung
members Lo be responslble for carrylng ouL group Lasks. 1eam bulldlng
should meeL Lhe demands of Lhe Lask, quallLy work and umely resulLs.
1hrough cooperauon and sharlng knowledge and skllls, a Leam ls ofen able
Lo compleLe Lasks more eñecuvely Lhan an lndlvldual.
1he Leam bullL for Lhls buslness lnvolves Lhe elemenL of managers,
speclallsLs and Lechnlclans. Managers have a responslblllLy Lo susLalnablllLy
and buslness operauons ranglng from procuremenL of raw shell maLerlal,
markeung and evaluauon performance eñecuveness. Lxperuse for Lhe
developmenL of Lhls Leam ls requlred from varlous dlsclpllnes. Lmployees
needed ln Lhe early sLages lnclude Lechnlclans Lo Lake care of crab wasLe
maLerlal collecuon, lLs processlng lnLo powder and packlng. A chemlcal
englneerlng experL and a healLhcare producL quallLy experL wlll be requlred as
well. Chemlcal Lechnlclans wlll be needed Lo run wasLe LreaLmenL Lechnlques,
and a quallLy experL wlll be requlred Lo guaranLee Lhe quallLy Lhe ñnal producL
when lL ls ready Lo be sold and consumed.
Cha||enges and bus|ness |mp||canon |n g|oba| perspecnve
I|gure 4. uevelopmenL llnk of ñsherles wasLe buslness
Source: AdapLed from Clbson (2008).
National
Individual
Individual
Group/Team
Group/Team
National
Institutional/Organizational
Institutional/Organizational
Support and financial program - from government to government (G to G)
Idea/Concept
Team Development Business, Team Experts
Cooperation and transfer technology for facilitating utilization of fisheries waste (crab shell)
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
117 Muhammad Yusuf /
1he global perspecuve of Lhe blue economy concepL
1S
ln ñsherles
secLor becomes a drlvlng force for buslness from wasLe maLerlals. Solvlng
problems ofen depends on how Lo look aL Lhe lssues. 1hls also applles Lo Lhe
problem of wasLe
16
. 1here are many perspecuves on wasLe, wheLher lL ls Lhe
perspecuve of lndusLry, envlronmenLallsLs, communlLy, and governmenL. ln
Lurn, Lhe perspecuve of Lhe wasLe wlll cause a reacuon Lo look as a poLenual.
ManagemenL of zero wasLe ln lndusLry ls a phllosophy raLher Lhan a process
or Lechnology buL lL cerLalnly can be consldered an lnnovauon for buslness
(Capel, 2013). lmplemenung zero wasLe concepLs ln ñsherles lndusLry wlll
ellmlnaLe all dlscharges Lo land, waLer or alr LhaL consuLuLe a LhreaL Lo many
aspecLs prlmarlly for human healLh.
1he advanLages of Lurnlng crab shell wasLe lnLo beneñclal producLs
lnclude, avallablllLy, low cosL and hlgh blocompaublllLy (uorrls, 2000).
8uslness acuvlues LhaL Lake advanLage of Lhe wasLe assoclaLed wlLh ñshery
conservauon eñorLs lnclude Lhe lnLeresLs of socleLy and Lhe prlmary
lndusLrlal ñshery secLor. ln order Lo provlde supporL for Lhls eñorL, Lherefore,
lL conunues Lo be parL of a sysLem ln Lhe long-Lerm problem solvlng for Lhe
sLakeholders Lo be evaluaLed and analyzed. 1hese buslnesses have a posluve
lmpacL on globallzauon, especlally for, (1) producL developmenL lnnovauon
opporLunlues (2) open cooperauon among counLrles and among lnsuLuuons
who are lnLeresLed (3) ln supporung envlronmenLal conservauon programs
and ñsherles developmenL programs.
Conclusion
1hls research produces Lwo lmporLanL conLrlbuuons lncludlng, (1) a Lheoreucal
revlew of creauvlLy ln encouraglng new enLrepreneurshlp, and (2) a buslness
proposal for solvlng envlronmenLal problems Lhrough new ways of seelng Lhe
poLenual maLerlal Lo be a producL worLh selllng. 8uslness developmenL based
on Lhe poLenual of organlc wasLe ln lndonesla provldes new challenges for
buslnessmen where Lhe abundance of raw maLerlals becomes an opporLunlLy,
ln oLher hand lack of muLual awareness on envlronmenLal recovery becomes
a weakness. 1echnology Lransfer and commerclallzauon process of sclenuñc
research needs Lo be done ln accordance wlLh Lhe mouvauon ºfrom sclence
Lo buslness". ln Lhls process, Lhe acuve role of governmenL Lo faclllLaLe lL
and lnsuLuuons of sclenuñc and research Lo Lransfer Lhelr research resulLs ls
needed.
lor buslness perspecuve, 1he resulLs of Lhls research can be summarlzed
as follows: (1) crab shell wasLe buslness developmenL opporLunlues wlLh
1S Þaradlgm Lo sLreamllne ñsherles resources wlLhouL wasLe, See hup://blueeconomylndonesla.com/.
16 Þerspecuve ºwasLe as a problem" or ºwasLe as a poLenual".
118 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
value added has a promlslng markeL (2) Lhere are consLralnLs and Lhe lack of
Lechnologlcal supporung, lL should be addressed Lhrough cooperauon wlLh
relaLed lndusLrles and Lhe governmenLs (3) Lhe sLraLegy of lncreaslng markeL
access can be carrled ouL by mapplng markeL poLenual, lncreased neLworklng,
parLnershlp developmenL, and sLrengLhenlng lnLer-buslness llnks.
lor Lheory perspecuve, new pauerns of compeuuon beLween Lhe
enLrepreneurs ln Lhe world conLrlbuLe Lo provldlng Lhe enrlched and
phllosophlcal meanlng of enLrepreneurshlp Loday. 1he concepL of Lurnlng
garbage lnLo gold ls a slmple LhoughL, buL lL may mean LhaL llLerally, wasLe
can be Laken for free whlle gold ls hlghly preclous. lL ls a new way of Lhlnklng
enLrepreneurs where opporLunlues can be done by acung creauvely Lo
change from no value Lo hlgh prlce.
Acknowledgment
1he auLhor ls graLeful Lo Lene loss, uavld v. Clbson and Coleue Penry for
consLrucuve commenLs and valuable suggesuons. 1he auLhor also wlshes Lo
Lhank Lhe lndoneslan crab producers and Lhelr managemenL member who
spenL ume and shared lnformauon relaLed Lhls research.
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122 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
Abstrakt (in Polish)
Nlolejszy ottykol omowlo wplyw kteotywooscl l looowocjl oo twotzeole mozllwoscl
Jlo ptzeJslçblotców zojmojqcycb slç ptzetwotzoolem oJpoJków oo wottosclowe zo-
soby. w Jzlslejszycb czosocb, oby stwotzyc oowy blzoes kooleczoo jest zoojomosc pto-
ceso mysloweqo l plooowoolo w ptzeJslçblotczoscl. IeJoo z blyskotllwycb powleJzeo
o ptzeJslçblotcocb mówl, ze sq to osoby, któte pottofq ¸zomleolc smlecl oo zloto´.
koocepcjo to oplsoje wozoq cecbç ptzeJslçblotców, któtzy Josttzeqojq l ptzewlJojq
mozllwoscl blzoesowe, o tokze Jyspooojq lotellqeocjq pozwolojqcq lm oo zomlooç
smlecl oo qotówkç. Ozooczo to, ze posloJojq ool oJpowleJole zJolooscl Jo twotzeolo
looowocjl otoz ptoJoktów o wottoscl JoJooej, któte mozoo oostçpole sptzeJowoc.
Aoollzowooy ptzypoJek Jotyczy looowocyjoeqo wykotzystoolo oJpoJów ptzemyslo
tybolówstwo ze szczeqóloym owzqlçJoleolem polowów ktobo w loJooezjl. Nlolej-
szy ottykol ptzeJstowlo empltyczoe petspektywy obejmojqce (1) poteocjoloy blzoes
opotty oo oJpoJocb z poocetzy ktobów, (2) tecbooloqle looowocyjoeqo wykotzy-
stoolo poocetzy w celo stwotzeolo ptoJoktów o wottoscl JoJooej otoz (J) ooollzç
l kometcjollzocjç. wteszcle, ptzeJstowlomy koocepcjç ooweqo blzoeso lqczqc teotle
ptzeJslçblotczej looowocjl otoz ttoosfeto tecbooloqll w celo ozyskoolo tówoowoql ze
stoJowlsklem oototoloym.
SIowa k|uczowe: oowo ptzeJslçblotczosc, looowocjo l kteotywoosc, loJooezjo, oJpo-
Jy z ptoJokcjl tybolówstwo, ptoszek z poocetzy ktobów.
doc_735669484.pdf
In this such a detailed information regarding innovations under the concept of turning garbage into gold in fisheries waste management.
101
Innovanons Under the Concept of
'1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es
Waste Management
Muhommod Yusuf*
Abstract
1bls popet Jlscosses tbe eocootoqemeot of cteouvlty ooJ looovouoo lo cteouoq
oppottoolues fot eottepteoeotsblp totoloq oseless motetlols loto volooble tesootces.
lt ls oecessoty to koow tbe tbooqbt ptocess ooJ ploooloq lo tbe eottepteoeotsblp
lJeo to cteote o oew bosloess ot tbls ume. Ooe of tbe btlllloot pbllosopbles oboot
eottepteoeots ls tbot tbey ote tbose wbo coo ´toto qotboqe loto qolJ´. 1bls
coocept Jesctlbes tbe lmpottoot cbotoctet of eottepteoeots wbo fotesee bosloess
oppottoolues ooJ bove tbe lotelllqeoce to ttoosfotm ttosb loto cosb. 1bls meoos tbot
tbey bove tbe oecessoty oblllty to cteote looovouoo ooJ voloe-oJJeJ ptoJocts fot
sole. 1be ooolyzeJ cose stoJy lovolves looovouoo lo osloq fsbetles woste speclfcolly
JetlveJ ftom ctob loJosttles lo loJooeslo. 1be stoJy pteseots empltlcol petspecuves
locloJloq (1) poteouol bosloess of ctob sbell woste (2) tecbooloqy lo looovouve ose of
sbell to oJJeJ voloe ptoJoct (J) bosloess ooolysls ooJ commetclollzouoo. ulumotely,
we pteseot tbe coocept of o oew bosloess by llokloq tbeotles of eottepteoeotlol
looovouoo ooJ tecbooloqy ttoosfet lo otJet to qolo eovltoomeotol bolooce.
Keywords: oew eottepteoeotsblp, looovouoo ooJ cteouvlty, loJooeslo, fsbetles
woste, ctob sbell powJet.
Introducnon
lnnovauon ls a Lool or lnsLrumenL used by enLrepreneurs Lo explolL change as
an opporLunlLy (urucker, 198S). lnnovauon may lnßuence capablllues Lowards
Lhe commerclallzauon (loss eL al., 2011). All lnnovauon beglns wlLh creauve
ldeas (Ckpara, 2007). 1oday, Lhe ldea of lnnovauon and enLrepreneurshlp ls
used Lo encourage Lhe emergence of change and ln vlewlng opporLunlues
around us. 1here are many ways Lo pracuce Lhese concepLs ln Lurnlng new
ldeas lnLo a buslness. Cne ls Lhe ldea of uullzlng resources LhaL have become
wasLe, so as Lo become value-added producLs.
* Muhammad ?usuf, norweglan College of llshery Sclence, 1he Arcuc unlverslLy of norway, 8revlka 9037, 1romsø,
norway, muhammad.yusuf[ulL.no.
102 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
lrom ldea Lo buslness, Lhe lmplemenLauon of buslness ldeas, sLarung
wlLh Lhe plannlng maLerlals consldered useless wlLh regard Lo Lhe poLenual
avallablllLy of oLher supporung resources, furLhermore, deLermlnes Lhe
approprlaLe new lnnovauons Lo be lnLegraLed ln Lhe buslness plan. An
especlally lmporLanL aspecL Lo conslder ls wheLher Lhere are useful subsLances
avallable ln Lhe wasLe. 1he maln deLermlnlng facLor ls Lhe markeL: does Lhe
buslness ldea have a poLenual Lo be developed?
1he buslness world ls now beglnnlng Lo embrace new Lhlnklng ln
whlch enLrepreneurlal acuvlLy ls referred Lo as one of Lhe facLors requlred
Lo achleve susLalnable buslness growLh and Lo become hlghly compeuuve.
LnLrepreneurshlp ls based on creauvlLy, and conunuous lnnovauon ls
necessary Lo survlve (8aldacchlno, 2009, 8arrlnger and lreland, 2006,
nysLrom, 1993, Ckpara, 2007, Wlu, 2004). 1here ls a need Lo provlde new
lnslghLs lnLo Lhe concepL saylng LhaL ºenLrepreneurs are Lhose who can Lurn
garbage lnLo gold"
1
. Cne of Lhe places where Lhere ls sull unLapped resource
poLenual ls wasLe of ñsherles resource, whlch could provlde an opporLunlLy
for new enLrepreneurs.
1he sLudy on wasLe lnnovauon, Lechnology and commerclallzauon ls an
lmporLanL foundauon for enLrepreneurs and governmenL lnluauve Lo auracL
auenuon Lo envlronmenLal lssues as well as soclal and economlc beneñLs
assoclaLed wlLh wasLe managemenL. 1he sLudy focuses on Lhe followlng:
ldenufylng opporLunlues ln wasLe uullzauon and emerglng -
lnnovauons.
ldenufylng Lhe markeL for Lhe lmplemenLauon of buslness. -
ldenufylng challenges, beneñLs, and lmpllcauons ln global -
perspecuve.
1heory of entrepreneursh|p and |nnovanons
Dr|ve entrepreneurs - create someth|ng out of noth|ng
LnLrepreneurs are Lhose who have Lhe ablllLy Lo see and evaluaLe buslness
opporLunlues, collecL Lhe resources needed Lo Lake advanLage of Lhose
opporLunlues and Lake Lhe approprlaLe measures ln order Lo ensure success
(MeredlLh, nelson and neck, 1996). ln anoLher Lheory, enLrepreneurshlp ls Lhe
resulL of a process LhaL applles creauvlLy and lnnovauon ln a sysLemauc and
dlsclpllned manner ln order Lo meeL Lhe needs and capLure opporLunlues ln
Lhe markeL (Zlmmerer and Scarborough, 1996). 1he role of Lhe enLrepreneur
ls Lo comblne creauve ldeas wlLh concerLed acuon for buslness purposes. 1he
characLerlsucs of a successful enLrepreneur lnclude belng able Lo compleLe
1 ºSeelng a buslness opporLunlLy where oLhers do noL and acung on lL". Clbson, ln a lecLure conversauon on 19Lh March
2013. LnLrepreneurlal opporLunlLy dlscovery and explolLauon were Lwo lnLegral parLs of Lhe enLrepreneurlal process
(Shane, 2003, ludurlc, 2008 ).
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
103 Muhammad Yusuf /
Lhe process of creauvlLy, Lhen generaLe lnnovauon, unul Lhe appllcauon can
be deployed and break lnLo Lhe markeL wlLh a proñLable and susLalnable
buslness.
CreauvlLy ls a necessary feaLure of an enLrepreneur (Penry, 2007).
CreauvlLy ls Lhe ablllLy Lo make or brlng lnLo exlsLence someLhlng new, such as
new soluuons and new meLhods. Wycoñ (1991) deñnes creauvlLy as someLhlng
new whlch has a useful value. CreauvlLy lnvolves seelng Lhlngs LhaL everybody
else has seen buL LhaL no one else has made. CreauvlLy has a broad meanlng,
buL ln Lhls case lL ls Lhe concepL of addlng value Lo lLems LhaL are noL useful ln
order Lo sell Lhem. ln Lhls conLexL, enLrepreneurlal sLraLegy lnvolves focuslng
on new ldeas and new vlews Lo creaLe producLs wlLh envlronmenLal beneñLs
LhaL are also proñLable. ln Lhls modern era enLrepreneurs compeLe Lo masLer
Lhe markeL by provldlng new added value Lo producLs LhaL meeL Lhe needs
of Lhe markeL
2
. Cn Lhe oLher hand, enLrepreneurs also creaLe compeuuon by
seelng more and dlñerenL ways Lo creaLe new producLs or servlces LhaL have
never been Lhere
3
.
A phllosophy whlch ls emphaslzed here lnvolves Lhe foreslghL Lo read
buslness opporLunlues, and Lhe courage and menLallLy, as well as Lhe
capaclLy Lo produce and sell hlgh-value-added performance, descrlbed as
ºLurnlng garbage lnLo gold or money". 1hls ls whaL ls meanL by Lhe essence
of enLrepreneurshlp. lL needs Lo be added Lo Lhe concepL LhaL recognlzlng
Lhe lmporLance of lmplemenung a sLrong work eLhlc and leadershlp are Lhe
hallmarks of Lhe modern buslnessman.
Lvery enLrepreneur should have characLer and compeLence. 1he reason
for Lhe blrLh of every buslness ls Lo solve a problem of markeL needs and
creaLe new added value for consumer sausfacuon. WlLhouL Lhe added value
Lhere ls no cusLomer sausfacuon, and no cusLomers, Lhen a buslness wlll fall.
1he key ldea ls LhaL an enLrepreneur uses creauvlLy and Leamwork supporL.
Cpen |nnovanon and g|v|ng added va|ue
Pumphreys, McAdam and Leckey (200S) asserL LhaL lnnovauons requlre some
supporung elemenLs LhaL are essenual for Lhelr lmplemenLauon and can
lmprove Lhe performance of Lhe new venLure. Some of Lhese elemenLs are:
(1) leadershlp, (2) empowermenL, (3) culLure, (4) Lechnology, (S) learnlng, (6)
sLrucLure, and (7) managemenL. 1he problem LhaL arlses ls how Lo Lransfer Lhe
approprlaLe lnnovauon Lo new buslnesses because Lhey are ofen faced wlLh
Lhe problems of Lhe lnvesLmenL cosL, Lechnology supporL, lack of creauvlLy
and long procedure, Lherefore lmpacL on Lhelr buslnesses decllnes. 1he nexL
problem ls how new buslnesses can lmprove Lhelr lnnovauon capablllues,
2 ConcepL: creaLe someLhlng new from someLhlng LhaL already exlsLs.
3 ConcepL: creaLe someLhlng from noLhlng.
104 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
because compeuuon demands conunuous conslsLency ln lnnovaung
4
.
Moreover, sLarung a buslness by creaung producLs from wasLe ls rlsky. new
buslnesses ofen run ouL of Lhe power Lo be able Lo make lnnovauons and are
unable Lo compeLe.
1echnologlcal lnnovauon opporLunlues can be found by dolng research
on Lhe real posslblllues of uullzlng wasLe producLs. uslng Lhe approprlaLe
Lechnology ln Lhe wasLe processlng buslness ls noL [usL Lhe way Lhe buslness
Leam can beneñL ln Lerms of producuvlLy, buL also requlres supporL Lechnology
LhaL ls able Lo ad[usL Lo Lhe scope of work condluons. An awareness of Lhe
lmporLance of lnnovauon Lo new buslnesses requlres Lhe lnLervenuon
of masLermlnds such as unlverslues, research lnsuLuLes, and companles.
1echnologlcal lnnovauon opporLunlues can sull be creaLed ln order Lo geL
closer Lo Lhe needs and culLure of work. 1echnologlcal lnnovauon-orlenLed
work culLure can be an alLernauve soluuon Lo lncreaslng buslness producuvlLy.
1hls can be done, for example, by maklng slmple Lechnologlcal lnnovauons
ln Lhe operauon of a devlce Lo make lL slmple ln deslgn and malnLenance, as
well as durable. Powever, noL all lnnovauon ls Lechnologlcal as Lhere should
be conslderauon of Lhe communlLy role and households paruclpauon ln
wasLe recovery and reuse models.
Why lnnovaLe? lnnovauon ls Lhe successful explolLauon of new ldeas
5
.
1o be successful, enLrepreneurs musL know where and how Lhelr buslness
wlll achleve lLs goal. 1hls ls why a clear concepL of lnnovauon ls requlred
for buslness needs Lo survlve and Lhrlve. LnLrepreneurs need Lo adopL more
eñecuve operauons and meeL Lhe reallues of Lhelr lnLended markeL. ls
Lhere a hlgh markeL demand for a producL made from raw maLerlal wasLe?
WhaL lnnovauons are needed? 1hls can be answered wlLh Lhe approprlaLe
meLhodologlcal deslgn lnnovauon so Lhey can undersLand Lhe lmporLance of
lnnovauon and how Lhey do Lhe lnnovauon sLages.
Why should we glve added value Lo wasLe? 1he concepL of value added
can be lnLerpreLed as someLhlng LhaL provldes addluonal beneñLs, usefulness
and also good quallLy durlng Lhe process and ln Lhe ñnal producL (lenoalLea,
1976). WasLe generaLed by Lhe lndusLry can be processed lnLo someLhlng
more useful and ls posluve for Lhe envlronmenL. ln general, lndusLry ls less
creauve ln managlng wasLe. WasLe mlnlmlzauon aL source Lhrough Lhe
uullzauon of wasLe ls achleved by looklng aL Lhe beneñLs conLalned ln Lhe
wasLe lLself. LñorLs ln explorlng Lhls wlll reduce Lhe volume of wasLe whlle
also generaung proñLs.
4 lnnovauon-orlenLauon depends on Lhe explorauon of new posslblllues Lhrough search and experlmenLauon (Mollna-
Casullo and Munuera-Aleman, 2009).
S lnnovauon deñned as an ldea, or ob[ecL LhaL ls percelved as new by lndlvldual or oLher unlLs of adopuon llke consumer
and dlsLrlbuLor groups (8ogers, 2003).
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
10S Muhammad Yusuf /
Lntrepreneursh|p and transfer techno|ogy
1he gap beLween producers and users of Lechnology has prompLed varlous
eñorLs Lo acceleraLe Lhe raLe of Lechnology Lransfer from Lhe laboraLory Lo
Lhe markeL level. Collaborauve eñorLs beLween Lhe Lechnology provlders
and users become an lmporLanL facLor. Cne of Lhem ls ln envlronmenLal
Lechnology, especlally Lhe Lechnology of wasLe LreaLmenL. Selecuon of wasLe
LreaLmenL Lechnology ls essenually deLermlned by Lhe characLerlsucs of Lhe
wasLe, whlch may be a resulL of processlng value-added producLs. Selecuon
of Lhe Lechnology Lo be used depends on Lhe needs of Lhe lndusLry and Lhe
LargeL markeL.
1he success of Lechnology Lransfer requlres knowledge from varlous
dlsclpllnes (8elsman, 1989). 1ransfer of Lechnology has falrly broad deñnluons
whlch comprlse eñorLs Lo dlverL Lhe undersLandlng and skllls of Lechnology or
knowledge developed wlLhln an organlzauon Lo Lhe oLher
6
. neverLheless, Lhe
adopuon of a Lechnology does noL necessarlly creaLe or resulL ln growLh and
revenue performance ln a buslness. 8ased on Lhe premlse LhaL lnnovauon
and new Lechnology play a role ln Lhe growLh of a buslness, Lhe enLrepreneur
ls Lrylng Lo puL LogeLher a plan LhaL encourages lnnovauon wlLh Lhe
assumpuon LhaL Lhe Lechnology wlll become an lnLegral parL of lLs buslness
growLh. CovernmenL should Lherefore acceleraLe Lhe Lransfer of Lechnology,
where Lechnology and economlc growLh ls one componenL of developmenL
(Melkers, eL al, 1993).
WlLh Lhe use of modern Lechnology, a producL wlll grow Lo Lhe polnL
where lL becomes more compeuuve. ln order Lo wln Lhe compeuuon, when
markeung producLs, manufacLurers musL conslder noL only Lhe quallLy
of Lhe producL alone, buL also Lhe buslness sLraLegy of markeL orlenLauon
(!aworskl and kohll 1993, narver and SlaLer, 1990), lnnovauon (loss eL al.,
2011, 8ogers, 2003)
7
, and enLrepreneurlal orlenLauon (Lumpkln and uess,
1996, 2001, Weerawardena, 2003)
8
. 1o encourage enLrepreneurlal success
ln applylng Lechnology lL ls necessary Lo auempL Lo address gaps Lhrough
presenLauon and use of research producLs and Lechnologles. Lñecuve
medlauon can connecL Lwo-way collaborauon beLween research lnsuLuuons
and Lhe buslness communlLy as a user.
Why ls Lechnology so lmporLanL? 1echnologlcal orlenLauon ls vlewed as
an lnsLrumenL of sLraLegy, pollcy-orlenLed producL developmenL can be used
wlLh Lechnology for managemenL of Lhe compeuuon, wlLh Lhe assumpuon
6 knowledge and Lechnology Lransfer as an lnLeracuve process wlLh a greaL deal of back-and-forLh exchange among
lndlvlduals over an exLended perlod of ume (Clbson and Smllor, 1991).
7 Adopuon lnnovauon concepLs and Laklng lnnovauon Lo Lhe markeL.
8 LnLrepreneurlal orlenLauon refers Lo Lhe speclñc organlzauonal-level behavlor Lo perform rlsk-Laklng, self-dlrecLed
acuvlues, engaged ln lnnovauon and reacL proacuvely and aggresslvely Lo ouLperform Lhe compeuLors ln Lhe markeLplace
(Lumpkln and uess, 1996).
106 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
LhaL wlLh Lhe more advanced Lechnology used, Lhere wlll be lncreaslngly
lnnovauve producLs produced and a greaLer chance of success. Advances
ln Lechnology have been able Lo opumlze achlevemenL and supporL ln
enLrepreneurshlp.
LnLrepreneurs rely heavlly on Lechnology. 1he appllcauon of new
Lechnology ls a declslve facLor ln Lhe developmenL of new producLs.
1echnologlcal advanLages ln a producL can auracL consumers Lo buy lL.
1echnology may acceleraLe new producL developmenL and creaLe advanLages
(Ll and CalanLone, 1998).
Methodology
1hls sLudy ls Lo deslgn a buslness framework for Lhe ldenuñcauon of
enLrepreneurlal opporLunlues Lhrough lnnovauon. 1he goal ls Lo analyze
new enLrepreneurshlp whlch creaLes lnnovauon and ls smarL ln addresslng
buslness envlronmenL. 1he prlmary daLa collecung for survey was conducLed
ln lndonesla ln crab lndusLrles, furLhermore lL was supporLed by secondary
daLa for an overvlew of Lhe poLenual markeung. 1he followlng sLeps of
research lncludlng observauons, experlmenLs and descrlpuons were Laken:
Cbservauon sLep ls a serles of surveys conducLed Lo explore Lhe -
poLenual of raw maLerlals, process ßow on crab lndusLry and 8&u
lndusLry acuvlues. lL lnvolved dlrecL lnLervlews wlLh Lhe employees
and managers of crab facLorles ln lndonesla.
LxperlmenL sLep ls a Lechnlcal LesL ln processlng crab wasLe conducLed -
on laboraLory scale ln order Lo ñnd beneñclal subsLances. 1he purpose
of Lhe laboraLory LesL ls Lo observe Lhe sLrucLure of shell powder and
analyze Lhe ñnal producL.
uescrlpuon sLep ls an overvlew of Lhe supporung facLors lncludlng -
buslness plannlng, Leam bulldlng and commerclallzauon sLraLegles.
1he resulLs descrlbed provlde a facLual overvlew of Lhe beneñLs of
crab wasLe and are furLher explalned ln Lhe buslness concepL.
1he markeung daLa for organlc wasLe producLs was collecLed from
reporLs, Lrends and forecasLs LhaL have already been publlshed Lhrough
books, [ournals, news and lnLerneL sources. 1he markeung overvlew provldes
wlder lnformauon Lo help ldenufy buslness prospecLs and assess markeL
poLenual. Markeung analysls can glve a buslness a plcLure of whaL klnds of
new producLs and servlces may brlng a proñL (Þyle, 2010).
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
107 Muhammad Yusuf /
Study |nnovanons |n organ|c waste management for bus|ness
Fisheries waste management
llsherles wasLe, ls lL a problem or does lL have poLenual? llshery developmenL
ls progresslng rapldly now, as well as manufacLurlng a producL LhaL can be used
Lo meeL food needs and creaLe revenue sources, Lhey also produce wasLe ln
Lhe form of wasLe sollds, llqulds and gases. unul now Lhese wasLes have noL
generally been well managed and explolLed, buL have been Lhrown lnLo Lhe
sea, rlvers, lakes, beaches and oLher places. lf lL conunues, Lhls wlll dlsrupL
susLalnable developmenL of Lhe ñshery secLor ln Lhe fuLure. 1hls of course
does noL ñL wlLh Lhe concepL of envlronmenLally susLalnable developmenL.
ln addluon, such wasLe dlsposal pracuces can reduce Lhe uullLy and value of
ñshery producLs, so lL ls very deLrlmenLal Lo Lhe economy. 1he magnlLude of
Lhe problem of wasLe managemenL ln Lhe ñsherles and aquaculLure lndusLry
depends on Lhe wasLe volume, lLs polluung charge, raLe of dlscharge and Lhe
asslmllaLory capaclLy of Lhe recelvlng medlum (lAC, 2013).
llsherles wasLe managemenL has become a complex lssue boLh
Lechnlcally and commerclally. Cf key lmporLance ln ñsherles lndusLrles LhaL
produce organlc wasLe ls Lhe focus on prevenung Lhe producuon of wasLe
Lhrough wasLe mlnlmlzauon and reproducuon of wasLe maLerlals. ln Lhelr
buslness acuvlues, ñshery lndusLrles can be comblned wlLh Lhe uullzauon of
lLs wasLe maLerlals byproducL. 1hls course wlll glve double Lhe value added
Lo socleLy lf Lhey can manage lL. Addlng value Lo Lhe managemenL of wasLe
ln Lhe ñsherles lndusLry could be a pauern LhaL comblnes buslness processes
as well as processlng lndusLry wasLe producLs ln an economlcal way. 1hese
eñorLs can also be made by developlng parLnershlps wlLh new enLrepreneurs
by provldlng an lncenuve Lo LreaL wasLe. ln Lhese eñorLs, lndusLry and new
enLrepreneurs should muLually beneñL.
A bus|ness potenna| by un||zanon of crab waste
Creaung lnnovauon from crab wasLe lnLo value added producL alms Lo
lnLroduce ldeas LhaL can lmprove Lhe envlronmenLal quallLy and open new
buslness opporLunlues. 1here are several beneñLs from addlng value Lo Lhe
crab wasLe, lncludlng: (1) Lhe explorauon of naLural resources Lo producL
lnnovauon (2) Lhe use and Lransfer of Lechnology (3) provlslon of economlc
value Lo Lhe wasLe (4) open neLworklng and markeung.
108 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
Þotenna|s of Indones|an crab |ndustr|es
1he 8lue Swlmmlng Crab (porLunus pelaglcus) or locally known as 'ra[ungan'
ls one of Lhe mosL popular crab specles ln lndonesla
9
. Crab producLs are
lmporLanL ñshery exporL commodlues ln lndonesla and need careful
managemenL auenuon regardlng susLalnablllLy of Lhe producuon chaln and
naLural resource harvesung. Crabs commodlues are abundanL ln lndonesla:
28 processlng facLorles are acuve ln processlng Lhls commodlLy, lncludlng
canned, frozen and fresh crab producLs. Crab ls lmporLanL ln commerclal
ñsherles and caLches have rlsen subsLanually. Landlngs of proLunus pelaglcus
durlng 2001-2012 reached an average of 27.223 Lons per year
10
.
1he exporL of blue swlmmlng crabs began ln Lhe mld-1990s due Lo
lncreased demand from overseas, especlally from lmporLers ln Lhe unlLed
SLaLes of Amerlca. 8efore Lhls, Lhls commodlLy was only consumed locally, and
had a very low prlce. 1oday, an esumaLed 9S,000 ñshermen and 17,000 plckers
are lnvolved ln Lhe crab buslness wlLh elLher small or mlddle enLrepreneurs
(SusLalnableñsh, 2013). 1hey work ln over 400 uny planLs or cooklng sLauons
LhroughouL lndonesla. Some are dlrecLly employed ln Lhe crab ñshery. ln
addluon, several Lhousand oLher people are lnvolved ln Lhe ñsherles, lncludlng
mlddlemen, operaLors of uny planLs where lnlual processlng ls carrled ouL
and Lhe ñnal processors who exporL Lhese producLs.
Supp|y cha|ns |n the crab |ndustry
AlmosL 90° of Lhe crabs processed ln lndonesla are dlrecLed Lo markeLs ln Lhe
unlLed SLaLes (?ullanLo, 2008). MosL of Lhe crab facLorles use pasLeurlzauon
Lechnology ln Lhelr producuon, whlle only a few facLorles use sLerlllzauon
Lechnology. ln general, Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhelr producLs are puL ln cans, buL
some are cup or pouch producLs. 8ecenLly some companles have begun
lnLenslve lnnovauon wlLh value-added producLs such as crab cakes and crab
balls. 8elow ls Lhe supply and producuon chaln ln Lhe crab lndusLry.
9 8lue Swlmmlng Crabs (Sp. ÞorLunus Þelaglcus) resources sull rely on caLchlng, whlle Lhe aquaculLure was lnLensely
researched, See hup://www.susLalnableñsh.org
10 8lue Swlmmlng Crabs come from Lhe Lroplcal waLers around lndonesla. Cne-day-ñshlng became Lhelr sysLem of
work and añecLed quallLy of Lhe producL, as ñshermen acLually caLch and reLurn back Lo Lhelr docks Lhe same day,
See hup://www.ñshsource.org.
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
109 Muhammad Yusuf /
I|gure 1. Supply chaln of lndoneslan 8lue Swlmmlng Crab
Deve|opment of by-product from crab waste
1he blue swlmmlng crab ls one Lhe maln commodlLy exporLs of Lhe lndoneslan
ñsherles secLor. 1here ls a greaL deal of wasLe produced by Lhe crab meaL
cannlng lndusLry: shell wasLe makes up approxlmaLely 70 - 90 ° of Lhe LoLal
welghL of Lhe meaL. 1he large amounL of crab shell wasLe ls a serlous problem
LhaL needs a soluuon.
1he poLenual for developmenL producL relaLed Lo subsLance conLenL of
crab shells whlch could be beneñclal for supplemenLal food and feed. Crab
shell wasLe conLalns subsLances LhaL can be reused, lncludlng some hlgh-
value producLs such as (1) naLural supplemenLs and cosmeuc lngredlenLs (2)
anlmal feed addluves (3) maLerlal splces. 1hls wasLe could also be developed
lnLo a blologlcal llquld exLracL as a feed addluve for salmon LhaL can produce
colors whlch are brlghLer and fresher Lhan Lhose normally seen ln aquaculLure.
1here ls Lhus poLenual for developmenL ln collaborauon wlLh Lhe ñsh feed
lndusLry.
AND INNOVATION
Collectors /
Suppliers
Tiny plant
Plant
Producers /
Exporters
Importer /
Wholesalers
Retail
Input raw material:
value of fresh crab
Tiny plant processing:
Controlling rejection
meat and optimization
net proceeds
Plant processing:
Control of raw material
prices, efficiency
process, optimizing
productivity,
effectiveness company
performance and high
value-added product
Fisherman
Raw Crabs
Consumers
Shipping
Distribution and
marketing system:
Control of FOB price
competition, margin,
market share, logistic
management, matching
in consumers’ need
110 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
I|gure 2. ÞroducL developmenL of crab shell wasLe
Cne of popular by-producLs from crusLacean commodlLy ls chlLosan
producL whlch forms a whlLe Lo llghL-red solld powder. lL ls a deaceLylaLed
derlvauve from chlun, whlch ls conLalned ln abundance ln crusLacean shells
l.e. crab, shrlmp, lobsLers and mushrooms. Commerclal chlLosan ls commonly
oñered as powder or ßakes. 1he chlLosan capsule producL ls markeLed as
a dleLary supplemenL for lose welghL LreaLmenL. Crab shell exLracL ls sold
ln sLores ln a plll form and ls usually labeled as a faL auracLor LhaL expels
faL from Lhe body (nuLralegacy, 2009). Some pharmaceuucal sLudy resulLs
suggesL LhaL chlLosan may help lmprove cholesLerol levels when comblned
wlLh a low-calorle dleL (8ay, 2011, Sharecare, 2013).
Irom crab she|| waste to powder - |nfrastructure techno|ogy
Accordlng Lo nurhlda[ah and ?usuf (2009) Lhe process of powderlng crab shell
wasLe requlres several sLeps, lncludlng drylng, mllllng and slevlng. 1he ñrsL
sLage crab shell should be washed and blanched. Aferward, drled crab shell
ls Lhen placed ln a cablneL wlLh a LemperaLure of 70¨ C for 6 hours. 1he drled
shells have Lo be downslzed uslng a blender Lo obLaln a smaller shell slze, Lhls
process alms Lo furLher slmpllfy Lhe mllllng process uslng a sLeamroller, Lhen
Lhe slflng ls done uslng a sleve slze of 60 mesh. lL ls Lhen ln Lhe form of ßour
Tiny plant
Plant
Crab Shell
Waste
Raw Crabs
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
Natural
supplements
Feed
additives
Spice
materials
1. Industry activities
2. Reproduce waste
3. Innovation process
4. Added value products
1 2 3 4
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
111 Muhammad Yusuf /
ready Lo be developed lnLo oLher value-added producLs for supplemenLal
food and feed.
ln a larger scale (commerclallzauon) whaL ls needed ls Lhe Lechnology
Lransfer whlch can be adopLed from Lhe lndusLrlal processlng of wasLe
maLerlals lnLo useful subsLances. key success of commerclallzauon of an
lnnovauon producL cannoL be separaLed from Lhe role of Lechnology (8elsman,
1989, 8ogers, 2003). 1echnology appllcablllLy ls needed Lo noL only lnclude
a grlndlng machlne as maln lnfrasLrucLure buL also Lo lnclude Lhe separauon
and exLracuon Lechnology Lo dlscover subsLances requlred. 1echnology needs
also cover (1) process resldues for valuable maLerlals (2) process chemlsLry
Lo LesL producL developmenL (3) process packaglng for ñnal producL, and
(4) laboraLory equlpmenL for dally checks.
I|gure 3. lrom laboraLory-research Lo commerclallzauon of crab shell wasLe
Iramework - p|ann|ng and mode| of bus|ness
ln order Lo achleve Lhe buslness success, Lhere musL be a good buslness plan
and sLraLegy as a gulde Lo runnlng and conLrolllng Lhe buslness
11
. 1herefore,
we need buslness plans of crab wasLe Lo evaluaLe Lhe buslness pro[ecL. 1he
esLabllshmenL of a crab shell powder facLory ln lndonesla ls approprlaLe due
Lo Lhe avallablllLy of raw maLerlals. ln order Lo develop furLher crab shell
11 8uslness plannlng concepL (lrlnces, 200S, 2007)
1. Drying 2. Weighing 3. Milling 4. Sifting 5. Powder
Commercialization Scale
Laboratory Research Scale
Research application
Technology Infrastucture
112 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
powder lL ls necessary Lo cooperaLe wlLh an lndusLry whlch requlres such raw
maLerlals as powder shell especlally ln feed exporLer counLrles e.g. Luropean
counLrles whlch have good prospecLs. ln addluon Lo Lhe analysls of consumer
needs, a markeung sLraLegy lnvolves Lhe followlng quesuons:
WhaL are Lhe beneñLs of crab shell powder as raw maLerlal for Lhe -
food lndusLrles, Lhe feed lndusLrles and Lhe healLh lndusLrles?
Why would someone wanL crab shell powder, whaL are Lhe beneñLs? -
WhaL ls Lhe unlqueness and speclñclLy of crab shell powder -
producLs?
1he lnLended LargeL markeL lncludes (1) Lhe salmon aquaculLure lndusLry
(2) ñsh farms (3) Lhe anlmal feed lndusLry (4) lndusLry food seasonlngs and
ßavor enhancer lndusLrles, (S) Lhe pharmaceuucal lndusLry LhaL produces
supplemenLs, and (6) Lhe cosmeucs lndusLry. ln order Lo reach Lhls markeL
LargeL, Lhe advanLages and beneñLs of Lhe producL should be presenLed and
promoLed. lurLhermore, lL ls necessary Lo learn Lhe framework of acLors,
barrlers, challenges and faclllLaLors (A/8/C/l) Lo Lhls endeavor. 8elow ls
a deLalled dlagram Lo lllusLraLe Lhe posluon of Lhe buslness:
1ab|e 1. 1he A/8/C/l charL of Lhe crab shell wasLe buslness
Raw material
Making the
powder
Lxpornng to
Abroad
Mak|ng hna|
product
Selling the
product
Actors
llshermen
Mlddlemen
Companles
Workforce
Workforce
SupplemenL
SpeclallsL
Shlpplng
companles
Workforce
lnnovauon
lnsuLuuons
LaboraLory
ulsLrlbuLors,
shopplng cenLre
and oLher sLores
Facilitators
LnLrepreneur
neLwork ln Lhe
crab lndusLrles
Local
CovernmenL
Crab facLory
llshery and
organlc
companles
AgrlculLure
markeung
lnsuLuuon
Trade
ueparLmenL
neLwork
ln exporLer
counLry
LxperLs ln
Lhe requlred
Lechnology
Local neLwork
exporLer
counLry
lndusLrles ln
pharmaceuucal,
splces, composL
and feed
Challenges
lnvesLmenL
Acqulrlng Lhe
maLerlal
Acqulrlng
a small
facLory/planL
SLorage
CuallLy
sLandard
Collaborauve
parLnershlp
agreemenL
Þromouon and
awareness
Barriers
Seasonal eñecLs
Puman
resources
Collecuve
consclousness
Technology
and
lnfrasLrucLure
Anlmal 8y-
producLs
8egulauon
LxporL
procedures
CaplLal and cosL
producuon
1ax
SubsuLuLe
producLs and
compeuLor
8us|ness Ana|ys|s and Commerc|a||zanon Strategy
lmplemenLauon of lnLegraLed buslness, sLarung wlLh Lhe planned locauon
of crab shell powder lndusLry can be esLabllshed ln lndonesla, conslderlng
Lhe avallablllLy of sources of raw maLerlals and oLher supporL resources. lL
ls also necessary Lo deLermlne wheLher speclñc producL lnnovauon can be
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
113 Muhammad Yusuf /
harnessed from Lhe wasLe crab afer lL has been exporLed Lo Lhe counLry of
desunauon. lurLher processlng of shell powder requlres cooperauon wlLh
lnsuLuuons abroad as an lnLegraLed buslness. CLher lmporLanL aspecLs LhaL
need Lo be consldered, parucularly for buslness developmenLs, lnclude: (1)
prlnclpal acuvlues such as loglsucs, operauons, and sales (2) supporL acuvlues
whlch lnclude procuremenL, Lechnology developmenL, and human resource
managemenL and buslness faclllues. 8ouune monLhly cosL componenLs
lnclude (1) Lhe cosL of procuremenL of raw maLerlals, (2) supporung maLerlals,
(3) LransporLauon, (3) labor, (4) processlng operauons, (S) packaglng and (6)
markeung. ln order Lo galn a compeuuve advanLage lL ls necessary Lo prepare
a new way Lo coordlnaLe all acuvlues, new procedures and Lechnologles Lo
empower new or dlñerenL lnpuLs.
8usiness descripnon: 1hls secuon descrlbes Lhe ldea of a buslness plan
relaung Lo producLs based on crab shell wasLe raw maLerlals. 1he maln
producL ls crab shell powder where a markeL share can be expecLed Lo be
galned. 1hls opporLunlLy ls lndlcaLed by a need for anlmal feed producLs,
splce and maLerlal healLh supplemenLs, whlch ls sull qulLe hlgh. 1he markeL
can be galned Lhrough open cooperauon, creaung publlcauons whlch glve
adequaLe lnformauon and conducung an lnLenslve publlclLy campalgn. 1he
reason for selecung Lhls Lype of buslness ls:
ln lndonesla, crab wasLe ls a cheap raw maLerlal and has noL yeL been -
uullzed opumally.
1here ls a poLenual hlgh prlce for Lhe end producLs as supplemenLs -
and ßavor enhancers.
ConLrlbuung Lo Lhe envlronmenLal susLalnablllLy of ñsherles. -
ÞoLenual lnnovauon and Lechnology ls sull open for producL -
dlverslñcauon.
Morket ono/ysis: 1he markeL analysls secuon descrlbes Lhe daLa and
lnformauon needs of Lhe markeL for by-producLs of organlc wasLe, ln parucular
Lhe commerclal producLs relaLed Lo crab shells. uaLa and lnformauon LhaL
can be collecLed wlLh respecL Lo markeL slze, Lhe number of poLenual
consumers for producLs as well as Lhe raLe of growLh and Lhe developmenL
relaLed lndusLrles. Þowders of crab shells are also belng produced and sold
ln Lhe Lu and uS as organlc soll amendmenLs or composL for gardeners
12
.
ln general, Lhe hlgh-end markeung for naLural organlc producLs ls growlng,
and Lhe blo-pesucldes aurlbuLe ls deñnlLely an asseL (SLewarL and noyes-
Pull, 2010). ln Lurope and Scandlnavla ln parucular, Lhe poLenual markeL ls
sull wlde open due Lo Lhe growLh of ñsh farmers, Lhe lncreaslng number of
lndusLry feed and pharmaceuucal lndusLrles. We should remember LhaL Lhe
12 ÞoLenual value of composL markeLs, see Luropean ComposL neLwork - LCn, and 1he uS Composung
Councll - uSSC.
114 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
ALlanuc salmon aquaculLure lndusLry has boomed
13
. Speclñcally, Lo revlew
Lhe markeL poLenual accordlng Lo Lhe organlc wasLe producL lnnovauons LhaL
can be developed (ChapLer: uevelopmenL by-producL from crab wasLe), Lhe
markeung overvlew ls presenLed as below:
naLural supplemenLs: Lurope ls Lhe largesL reglon for herbal -
supplemenLs and remedles, accounung for Lhe largesL share of Lhe
world markeL (ClA, 2013a). Asla-Þaclñc and !apan make up Lhe oLher
lmporLanL markeLs for herbal supplemenLs on a global basls (lbld).
As reporLed by ClA (2012) forecasung LhaL Lhe global markeL for chlun
derlvauves wlll reach $63 bllllon, whlle Lhe global chlLosan markeL wlll
reach more Lhan $21 bllllon by Lhe year 201S
14
. ChlLosan advanLage,
some reporLs sLaLed, ls more useful for blomedlcal appllcauons and
dehydrauons of aqueous soluuons Lhan chlun, slnce lL possesses
boLh hydroxyl and amlno groups, whlch can be easlly lnnovaLed and
modlñed (Cosgrove, 2010).
leed addluves: 8lslng awareness of Lhe beneñLs of anlmal feed -
addluves among veLerlnarlans, feed-mlllers and lnLegraLors ls
expecLed Lo conLrlbuLe Lo markeL expanslon (lrosL and Sulllvan, 2006).
1he global anlmal feed addluves markeL ls growlng aL a Compounded
Annual CrowLh 8aLe (CAC8) of 3.8° from 2011 Lo 2018 (1M8,
2012). As sLaLed by Lhe new markeL research reporL on Anlmal leed
Addluves, ln Asla Þaclñc reglon led by Chlna ls represenLs Lhe largesL
as well as Lhe fasLesL growlng markeL worldwlde (ClA, 2013b). CrowLh
ln Lhe area ls led by lncreaslng producuon as well as demand for such
commodlLy.
Splces maLerlals: Splces come under commodlLy markeLs whlch are -
hlgh ln value (l.e. prlce) buL low ln volume (l.e. welghL). Splces add
ßavor and a unlque LasLe Lo Lhe food, Lhe food lndusLry ls ever growlng
wlLh Lhe splces (M&M, 2013). Splce markeL key player counLrles ln
norLh Amerlca ls uS, ln Asla are lndla, Chlna, and !apan, and ln Lurope
are uk, Cermany, lrance, Spaln, and lLaly. lndla ls Lhe fasLesL growlng
markeL (lbld). 1he key players for lndusLry splce are e.g. A[lnomoLo
Co. ln !apan, Av1 McCormlck lngredlenLs LLd. ln lndla, and 8&C loods
lnc. ln uS.
compennon ond borriers: 1he buslness world ls assoclaLed wlLh compeuuon
and Lherefore needs Lo have a revoluuonary producL concepL and be adapuve
Lo change. LnLrepreneurs need Lo always be aware LhaL all buslnesses musL
have an ldea or a fresh ldea Lo produce a unlque producL and Lake full
advanLage. Compeuuon wlll be focused on producLs LhaL already exlsL ln Lhe
currenL markeL, for example from kelp supplemenLs and anlmal feed from
13 1he reporL for salmon farmlng lndusLry (MarlneharvesL, 2013). See also, recenL developmenL of aquaculLure ln
norway (nSC, 2013).
14 Clobal SLraLeglc 8uslness 8eporL by Clobal lndusLry AnalysLs, lnc.
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
11S Muhammad Yusuf /
ñsh wlLh low economlc value. ln addluon, subsuLuuon producLs of shrlmp
and lobsLer shells powder wlll puL pressure on Lhls buslness.
ln markeung slde, Lhere ls a hard lnLernauonal markeL compeuuon
beLween producers of splces, feed addluves and naLural supplemenLs.
CounLrles such as lndla, vleLnam, 1halland and Chlna are Lhe maln producers
of splces and exporLers Lo Amerlca, whlch ls Lhe largesL consumer of splces
by volume and value. 1he uS accounLs for 33 ° of Lhe markeL, where wesLern
markeLs have a huge demand for splces producLs (M&M, 2013). ln producuon
slde, lnLense compeuuon also occurs among suppllers of crab powder, due Lo
Lhe facL LhaL well-esLabllshed lndusLrles already have raw maLerlal suppllers
LhaL oñer good quallLy.
ln accordance Lo Lhe uS and Lu ban on Lhe use of anubloucs as growLh
promoLers, organlc producLs, l.e. organlc feed addluves, organlc composL,
herbal supplemenLs are expecLed Lo emerge as sulLable alLernauves, oñerlng
slgnlñcanL growLh poLenual, malnly ln counLrles (e.g. Chlna, lndonesla and
lndla) wlLh large volumes of feed and food exporLs Lo Lhe uS and Lu counLrles.
Powever, Lhe organlc wasLe lndusLry was sub[ecL Lo addluonal regulaLory
burden and poLenual for lmpacL upon Lhe markeL resLrlcuon Lhrough Anlmal
8y-producLs 8egulauon or Cood lndusLry Þracuce requlremenLs.
8usiness stroteqy: 1he rlghL sLraLegy wlll auracL consumers Lo buy producLs
and encourage Lhem Lo open cooperauon. Managers need Lo promoLe Lhelr
buslnesses Lhrough a number of markeung meLhods Lo explaln Lhe quallLy of
Lhe producL. lL ls lmporLanL LhaL healLh beneñLs are lncluded ln dlssemlnaLed
lnformauon, and Lhls can lmprove Lhe markeung concepL. 1he resulLs of
research lnLo Lhe conLenL of calclum and proLeln ln crab shells can also help
promoLe Lhls producL.
1here are a number of unlque markeL-based clrcumsLances LhaL añecL
Lhe organlcs lndusLry, lncludlng regulauons, geography, cllmaLe, sLrucLure
of organlcs markeL and Lhe progresslon of resource recovery lnluauves
(MelnhardL, 1999). ln order Lo develop an lnLernauonal markeL developmenL
sLraLegy for Lhe organlc wasLe lndusLry, lL ls necessary Lo examlne Lhe naLure
markeL ln each of LargeL counLrles. 1he buslness sLraLegy for crab shell
powder may use 1yler's concepL (1996), Lhe maln prlorlLy ls LhaL by-producLs
LhaL are consldered Lo be hlgh value markeLs Lend Lo be developed ñrsL, Lhe
second prlorlLy ls LhaL by-producLs wlLh lower value hlgh volume markeLs can
be developed Lhereafer.
Building team and networks
A Leam ls a group organlzed Lo work LogeLher Lo accompllsh a seL of ob[ecuves
LhaL cannoL be achleved eñecuvely by lndlvlduals (Þarcon, 2007). 8ulldlng
a Leam lnvolves a process of selecung, developlng, and Lralnlng a worklng
116 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
group ln order Lo successfully achleve common goals. lL lncludes mouvaung
members Lo be responslble for carrylng ouL group Lasks. 1eam bulldlng
should meeL Lhe demands of Lhe Lask, quallLy work and umely resulLs.
1hrough cooperauon and sharlng knowledge and skllls, a Leam ls ofen able
Lo compleLe Lasks more eñecuvely Lhan an lndlvldual.
1he Leam bullL for Lhls buslness lnvolves Lhe elemenL of managers,
speclallsLs and Lechnlclans. Managers have a responslblllLy Lo susLalnablllLy
and buslness operauons ranglng from procuremenL of raw shell maLerlal,
markeung and evaluauon performance eñecuveness. Lxperuse for Lhe
developmenL of Lhls Leam ls requlred from varlous dlsclpllnes. Lmployees
needed ln Lhe early sLages lnclude Lechnlclans Lo Lake care of crab wasLe
maLerlal collecuon, lLs processlng lnLo powder and packlng. A chemlcal
englneerlng experL and a healLhcare producL quallLy experL wlll be requlred as
well. Chemlcal Lechnlclans wlll be needed Lo run wasLe LreaLmenL Lechnlques,
and a quallLy experL wlll be requlred Lo guaranLee Lhe quallLy Lhe ñnal producL
when lL ls ready Lo be sold and consumed.
Cha||enges and bus|ness |mp||canon |n g|oba| perspecnve
I|gure 4. uevelopmenL llnk of ñsherles wasLe buslness
Source: AdapLed from Clbson (2008).
National
Individual
Individual
Group/Team
Group/Team
National
Institutional/Organizational
Institutional/Organizational
Support and financial program - from government to government (G to G)
Idea/Concept
Team Development Business, Team Experts
Cooperation and transfer technology for facilitating utilization of fisheries waste (crab shell)
Iourna| of Lntrepreneursh|p Management and Innovanon (ILMI), Vo|ume 9, Issue 4, 2013: 101-122
117 Muhammad Yusuf /
1he global perspecuve of Lhe blue economy concepL
1S
ln ñsherles
secLor becomes a drlvlng force for buslness from wasLe maLerlals. Solvlng
problems ofen depends on how Lo look aL Lhe lssues. 1hls also applles Lo Lhe
problem of wasLe
16
. 1here are many perspecuves on wasLe, wheLher lL ls Lhe
perspecuve of lndusLry, envlronmenLallsLs, communlLy, and governmenL. ln
Lurn, Lhe perspecuve of Lhe wasLe wlll cause a reacuon Lo look as a poLenual.
ManagemenL of zero wasLe ln lndusLry ls a phllosophy raLher Lhan a process
or Lechnology buL lL cerLalnly can be consldered an lnnovauon for buslness
(Capel, 2013). lmplemenung zero wasLe concepLs ln ñsherles lndusLry wlll
ellmlnaLe all dlscharges Lo land, waLer or alr LhaL consuLuLe a LhreaL Lo many
aspecLs prlmarlly for human healLh.
1he advanLages of Lurnlng crab shell wasLe lnLo beneñclal producLs
lnclude, avallablllLy, low cosL and hlgh blocompaublllLy (uorrls, 2000).
8uslness acuvlues LhaL Lake advanLage of Lhe wasLe assoclaLed wlLh ñshery
conservauon eñorLs lnclude Lhe lnLeresLs of socleLy and Lhe prlmary
lndusLrlal ñshery secLor. ln order Lo provlde supporL for Lhls eñorL, Lherefore,
lL conunues Lo be parL of a sysLem ln Lhe long-Lerm problem solvlng for Lhe
sLakeholders Lo be evaluaLed and analyzed. 1hese buslnesses have a posluve
lmpacL on globallzauon, especlally for, (1) producL developmenL lnnovauon
opporLunlues (2) open cooperauon among counLrles and among lnsuLuuons
who are lnLeresLed (3) ln supporung envlronmenLal conservauon programs
and ñsherles developmenL programs.
Conclusion
1hls research produces Lwo lmporLanL conLrlbuuons lncludlng, (1) a Lheoreucal
revlew of creauvlLy ln encouraglng new enLrepreneurshlp, and (2) a buslness
proposal for solvlng envlronmenLal problems Lhrough new ways of seelng Lhe
poLenual maLerlal Lo be a producL worLh selllng. 8uslness developmenL based
on Lhe poLenual of organlc wasLe ln lndonesla provldes new challenges for
buslnessmen where Lhe abundance of raw maLerlals becomes an opporLunlLy,
ln oLher hand lack of muLual awareness on envlronmenLal recovery becomes
a weakness. 1echnology Lransfer and commerclallzauon process of sclenuñc
research needs Lo be done ln accordance wlLh Lhe mouvauon ºfrom sclence
Lo buslness". ln Lhls process, Lhe acuve role of governmenL Lo faclllLaLe lL
and lnsuLuuons of sclenuñc and research Lo Lransfer Lhelr research resulLs ls
needed.
lor buslness perspecuve, 1he resulLs of Lhls research can be summarlzed
as follows: (1) crab shell wasLe buslness developmenL opporLunlues wlLh
1S Þaradlgm Lo sLreamllne ñsherles resources wlLhouL wasLe, See hup://blueeconomylndonesla.com/.
16 Þerspecuve ºwasLe as a problem" or ºwasLe as a poLenual".
118 ] Innovanons Under the Concept of '1urn|ng Garbage |nto Go|d' |n I|sher|es Waste
Management
know|edge, Þarnc|panon and Waste Management - Se|ected Þrob|ems, A. U[wary-G|| (Ld.)
value added has a promlslng markeL (2) Lhere are consLralnLs and Lhe lack of
Lechnologlcal supporung, lL should be addressed Lhrough cooperauon wlLh
relaLed lndusLrles and Lhe governmenLs (3) Lhe sLraLegy of lncreaslng markeL
access can be carrled ouL by mapplng markeL poLenual, lncreased neLworklng,
parLnershlp developmenL, and sLrengLhenlng lnLer-buslness llnks.
lor Lheory perspecuve, new pauerns of compeuuon beLween Lhe
enLrepreneurs ln Lhe world conLrlbuLe Lo provldlng Lhe enrlched and
phllosophlcal meanlng of enLrepreneurshlp Loday. 1he concepL of Lurnlng
garbage lnLo gold ls a slmple LhoughL, buL lL may mean LhaL llLerally, wasLe
can be Laken for free whlle gold ls hlghly preclous. lL ls a new way of Lhlnklng
enLrepreneurs where opporLunlues can be done by acung creauvely Lo
change from no value Lo hlgh prlce.
Acknowledgment
1he auLhor ls graLeful Lo Lene loss, uavld v. Clbson and Coleue Penry for
consLrucuve commenLs and valuable suggesuons. 1he auLhor also wlshes Lo
Lhank Lhe lndoneslan crab producers and Lhelr managemenL member who
spenL ume and shared lnformauon relaLed Lhls research.
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Abstrakt (in Polish)
Nlolejszy ottykol omowlo wplyw kteotywooscl l looowocjl oo twotzeole mozllwoscl
Jlo ptzeJslçblotców zojmojqcycb slç ptzetwotzoolem oJpoJków oo wottosclowe zo-
soby. w Jzlslejszycb czosocb, oby stwotzyc oowy blzoes kooleczoo jest zoojomosc pto-
ceso mysloweqo l plooowoolo w ptzeJslçblotczoscl. IeJoo z blyskotllwycb powleJzeo
o ptzeJslçblotcocb mówl, ze sq to osoby, któte pottofq ¸zomleolc smlecl oo zloto´.
koocepcjo to oplsoje wozoq cecbç ptzeJslçblotców, któtzy Josttzeqojq l ptzewlJojq
mozllwoscl blzoesowe, o tokze Jyspooojq lotellqeocjq pozwolojqcq lm oo zomlooç
smlecl oo qotówkç. Ozooczo to, ze posloJojq ool oJpowleJole zJolooscl Jo twotzeolo
looowocjl otoz ptoJoktów o wottoscl JoJooej, któte mozoo oostçpole sptzeJowoc.
Aoollzowooy ptzypoJek Jotyczy looowocyjoeqo wykotzystoolo oJpoJów ptzemyslo
tybolówstwo ze szczeqóloym owzqlçJoleolem polowów ktobo w loJooezjl. Nlolej-
szy ottykol ptzeJstowlo empltyczoe petspektywy obejmojqce (1) poteocjoloy blzoes
opotty oo oJpoJocb z poocetzy ktobów, (2) tecbooloqle looowocyjoeqo wykotzy-
stoolo poocetzy w celo stwotzeolo ptoJoktów o wottoscl JoJooej otoz (J) ooollzç
l kometcjollzocjç. wteszcle, ptzeJstowlomy koocepcjç ooweqo blzoeso lqczqc teotle
ptzeJslçblotczej looowocjl otoz ttoosfeto tecbooloqll w celo ozyskoolo tówoowoql ze
stoJowlsklem oototoloym.
SIowa k|uczowe: oowo ptzeJslçblotczosc, looowocjo l kteotywoosc, loJooezjo, oJpo-
Jy z ptoJokcjl tybolówstwo, ptoszek z poocetzy ktobów.
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