Nature of Commercial Banks
Commercial banks are an organisation which normally performs certain financial transactions. It performs the twin task of accepting deposits from members of public and make advances to needy and worthy people form the society. When banks accept deposits its liabilities increase and it becomes a debtor, but when it makes advances its assets increases and it becomes a creditor. Banking transactions are socially and legally approved. It is responsible in maintaining the deposits of its account holders.
Definitions of Commercial Banks
While defining the term banks it is taken into account that what type of task is performed by the banks. Some of the famous definitions are given below:
According to Prof. Sayers, "A bank is an institution whose debts are widely accepted in settlement of other people's debts to each other." In this definition Sayers has emphasized the transactions from debts which are raised by a financial institution.
According to the Indian Banking Company Act 1949, "A banking company means any company which transacts the business of banking . Banking means accepting for the purpose of lending of investment of deposits of money from the public, payable on demand or other wise and withdraw able by cheque, draft or otherwise."
Functions of Commercial Banks
Commercial bank being the financial institution performs diverse types of functions. It satisfies the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, etc. That means they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs. The functions performed by banks are changing according to change in time and recently they are becoming customer centric and widening their functions. Generally the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories viz. primary functions and the secondary functions. The following chart simplifies the functions of banks.
Primary Functions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks performs various primary functions some of them are given below 1. Accepting Deposits : Commercial bank accepts various types of deposits from public especially from its clients. It includes saving account deposits, recurring account deposits, fixed deposits, etc. These deposits are payable after a certain time period. 2. Making Advances : The commercial banks provide loans and advances of various forms. It includes an over draft facility, cash credit, bill discounting, etc. They also give demand and demand and term loans to all types of clients against proper security. 3. Credit creation : It is most significant function of the commercial banks. While sanctioning a loan to a customer, a bank does not provide cash to the borrower Instead it opens a deposit account from where the borrower can withdraw. In other words while sanctioning a loan a bank automatically creates deposits. This is known as a credit creation from commercial bank.
Secondary Functions of Commercial Banks
Along with the primary functions each commercial bank has to perform several secondary functions too. It includes many agency functions or general utility functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions.
A. Agency Functions : Various agency functions of commercial banks are o To collect and clear cheque, dividends and interest warrant. o To make payment of rent, insurance premium, etc. o To deal in foreign exchange transactions. o To purchase and sell securities. o To act as trusty, attorney, correspondent and executor. o To accept tax proceeds and tax returns. B. General Utility Functions : The general utility functions of the commercial banks include o To provide safety locker facility to customers. o To provide money transfer facility. o To issue traveller's cheque. o To act as referees. o To accept various bills for payment e.g phone bills, gas bills, water bills, etc. o To provide merchant banking facility. o To provide various cards such as credit cards, debit cards, Smart cards, etc. After the implementation of the Glass–Steagall Act, the U.S. Congress required that banks engage only in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to capital market activities. As the two no longer have to be under separate ownership under U.S. law, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a pagal primarily dealing with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses. In some other jurisdictions, the strict separation of investment and commercial banking never applied. Commercial banking may also be seen as distinct from retail banking, which involves the provision of financial services direct to consumers. Many banks offer both commercial and retail banking services.
Contents
? ? ?
? ?
1 Origin of the word 2 The role of commercial banks 3 Types of loans granted by commercial banks o 3.1 Secured loan ? 3.1.1 Mortgage loan o 3.2 Unsecured loan 4 References 5 Further reading
[edit] Origin of the word
The name bank derives from the Italian word banco "desk/bench", used during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth.[1] However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times.
In fact, the word traces its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where moneylenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu, from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a moneychanger, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome- that of the Imperial Mint.[2]
[edit] The role of commercial banks
Commercial banks engage in the following activities:
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means issuing bank drafts and bank cheques accepting money on term deposit lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means providing documentary and standby letter of credit, guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of insurance, unit trusts and similar financial products as a “financial supermarket” cash management and treasury merchant banking and private equity financing traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and make markets in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an investment bank arm that is involved in the mentioned activities.
[edit] Types of loans granted by commercial banks
[edit] Secured loan
A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower.
[edit] Mortgage loan
A mortgage loan is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are
given security - a lien on the title to the house - until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed only a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, due to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing. Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before. In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers. In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain car loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area. In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults.
[edit] Unsecured loan
[Unsecured Loans] are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (i.e., no collateral is involved). These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
?
bank overdrafts
An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. In this situation the account is said to be "overdrawn". If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply.
? ? ? ?
corporate bonds credit card debt credit facilities or lines of credit personal loans
What makes a bank limited liability company A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business.[1] The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term "commercial paper" is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity.) Sometimes, the term "corporate bonds" is used to include all bonds except those issued by governments in their own currencies. Strictly speaking, however, it only applies to those issued by corporations. The bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations do not fit in either category.[clarification needed] Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called "listed" bonds) and ECNs like Bonds.com and MarketAxess, and the coupon (i.e. interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be zero with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-thecounter markets. Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate Credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of Credit Default Swaps which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same 'Reference Entities'. However, owing to quite volatile CDS 'basis' the spreads on CDS and the credit spreads on corporate bonds can be significantly different.
? ? ?
Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States Glass-Steagall Act Mortgage constant
[edit] References
Table IV.2 : Growth in Balance Sheet of Scheduled Commercial Banks (Per cent) All scheduled Public commercial sector banks 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 200909 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3.6 0.1 -8.1 7.3 8.2 8.7 -13.1 6.7 14.5 19.8 8.3 12.4 Private Old private New private Foreign sector sector banks sector banks banks 20.5 16.8 10.0 21.0 26.9 18.6 9.9 18.4 9.1 11.7 1.3 33.5 14.6 20.3 1.8 15.6 24.2 15.9 15.4 22.5 26.2 12.0 9.1 5.4 1.1 14.7 3.9 22.0 27.3 12.1 10.4 12.0 11.1 35.9 34.9 2.3 12.1 9.7 26.5 7.0 17.8 22.4 6.9 17.5 27.3 17.5 17.0 20.8 26.9 13.1
Item
1 1. Capital 2. Reserves and Surplus 3. Deposits 3.1. Demand Deposits 3.2. Savings Bank Deposits 3.3. Term
18.4 25.8 14.9 32.8 33.1 16.2 9.2 1.3
-3.1 18.0
Deposits 4. Borrowings 65.3 21.4 56.6 8.1 77.4 5. Other Liabilities and -21.4 4.4 -37.0 9.7 -7.8 Provisions Total 24.6 17.9 9.3 12.0 19.4 Liabilities/Assets 1. Cash and Balances with -2.4 20.8 -19.4 32.0 -14.6 RBI 2. Balances with Banks and 106.5 -5.4 32.7 13.9 46.0 Money at Call and Short Notice 3. Investments 26.6 19.1 10.0 15.5 33.9 3.1 Government 30.6 19.0 12.4 10.6 27.3 Securities (a+b) a) In India 30.8 18.8 12.4 10.6 27.3 b) Outside India 4.0 48.3 -32.0 72.6 3.2 Other Approved -22.8 -36.8 -22.8 43.4 -24.3 Securities 3.3 NonApproved 11.9 22.2 4.7 27.6 58.8 Securities 4. Loans and 25.7 19.6 11.0 9.9 15.1 Advances 4.1 Bills 18.3 10.4 -23.5 30.7 7.0 purchased and Discounted 4.2 Cash Credits, 29.3 20.0 11.5 9.6 15.0 Overdrafts, etc. 4.3 Term Loans 24.0 20.2 13.4 9.0 16.2 5. Fixed Assets 17.2 2.1 2.6 3.6 8.0 6. Other Assets 2.0 -0.2 21.6 -11.6 35.1 Source: Balance sheets of respective banks.
31.8
55.7
6.9 32.9 -19.8 8.5 43.4 -31.6 10.9 22.3 -2.7 33.3 -28.9 22.1
56.5 -13.9 21.1 -8.0
10.8 -4.8 15.0 23.1
15.0 -41.0 15.8 6.7
27.7 -20.7
-43.3 15.3 13.4
27.8 4.3 8.2
38.0 56.8 -34.2 15.6 31.8 22.2 9.7 20.7 17.5 9.7 20.7 17.5 72.6 -
80.1 23.1 25.9 26.0 3.1
-6.6 18.6 17.3 17.2 48.7
13.4 8.3 - -32.0
56.2 -12.0 -31.7 -80.7 -41.7
-23.0 -34.6
20.5 19.9
-4.0 9.9
29.5 89.3 37.7 7.1 2.6 -1.3
14.6 21.1 8.0
25.6 16.6 16.3
19.1 -33.9
37.2 -8.0 46.9
20.8 19.3 8.0 7.8
9.3
2.5
7.0 -7.5
25.1
16.9
12.9 7.0 1.1 -4.5 1.2 2.4 19.4 2.6 19.8 -14.5 68.1 -32.3
20.1 16.4 14.1 2.5 25.1 -15.0
doc_194538363.docx
Commercial banks are an organisation which normally performs certain financial transactions. It performs the twin task of accepting deposits from members of public and make advances to needy and worthy people form the society. When banks accept deposits its liabilities increase and it becomes a debtor, but when it makes advances its assets increases and it becomes a creditor. Banking transactions are socially and legally approved. It is responsible in maintaining the deposits of its account holders.
Definitions of Commercial Banks
While defining the term banks it is taken into account that what type of task is performed by the banks. Some of the famous definitions are given below:
According to Prof. Sayers, "A bank is an institution whose debts are widely accepted in settlement of other people's debts to each other." In this definition Sayers has emphasized the transactions from debts which are raised by a financial institution.
According to the Indian Banking Company Act 1949, "A banking company means any company which transacts the business of banking . Banking means accepting for the purpose of lending of investment of deposits of money from the public, payable on demand or other wise and withdraw able by cheque, draft or otherwise."
Functions of Commercial Banks
Commercial bank being the financial institution performs diverse types of functions. It satisfies the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, etc. That means they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs. The functions performed by banks are changing according to change in time and recently they are becoming customer centric and widening their functions. Generally the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories viz. primary functions and the secondary functions. The following chart simplifies the functions of banks.
Primary Functions of Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks performs various primary functions some of them are given below 1. Accepting Deposits : Commercial bank accepts various types of deposits from public especially from its clients. It includes saving account deposits, recurring account deposits, fixed deposits, etc. These deposits are payable after a certain time period. 2. Making Advances : The commercial banks provide loans and advances of various forms. It includes an over draft facility, cash credit, bill discounting, etc. They also give demand and demand and term loans to all types of clients against proper security. 3. Credit creation : It is most significant function of the commercial banks. While sanctioning a loan to a customer, a bank does not provide cash to the borrower Instead it opens a deposit account from where the borrower can withdraw. In other words while sanctioning a loan a bank automatically creates deposits. This is known as a credit creation from commercial bank.
Secondary Functions of Commercial Banks
Along with the primary functions each commercial bank has to perform several secondary functions too. It includes many agency functions or general utility functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions.
A. Agency Functions : Various agency functions of commercial banks are o To collect and clear cheque, dividends and interest warrant. o To make payment of rent, insurance premium, etc. o To deal in foreign exchange transactions. o To purchase and sell securities. o To act as trusty, attorney, correspondent and executor. o To accept tax proceeds and tax returns. B. General Utility Functions : The general utility functions of the commercial banks include o To provide safety locker facility to customers. o To provide money transfer facility. o To issue traveller's cheque. o To act as referees. o To accept various bills for payment e.g phone bills, gas bills, water bills, etc. o To provide merchant banking facility. o To provide various cards such as credit cards, debit cards, Smart cards, etc. After the implementation of the Glass–Steagall Act, the U.S. Congress required that banks engage only in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to capital market activities. As the two no longer have to be under separate ownership under U.S. law, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a pagal primarily dealing with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses. In some other jurisdictions, the strict separation of investment and commercial banking never applied. Commercial banking may also be seen as distinct from retail banking, which involves the provision of financial services direct to consumers. Many banks offer both commercial and retail banking services.
Contents
? ? ?
? ?
1 Origin of the word 2 The role of commercial banks 3 Types of loans granted by commercial banks o 3.1 Secured loan ? 3.1.1 Mortgage loan o 3.2 Unsecured loan 4 References 5 Further reading
[edit] Origin of the word
The name bank derives from the Italian word banco "desk/bench", used during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth.[1] However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times.
In fact, the word traces its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where moneylenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu, from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a moneychanger, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome- that of the Imperial Mint.[2]
[edit] The role of commercial banks
Commercial banks engage in the following activities:
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means issuing bank drafts and bank cheques accepting money on term deposit lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means providing documentary and standby letter of credit, guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of insurance, unit trusts and similar financial products as a “financial supermarket” cash management and treasury merchant banking and private equity financing traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and make markets in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an investment bank arm that is involved in the mentioned activities.
[edit] Types of loans granted by commercial banks
[edit] Secured loan
A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower.
[edit] Mortgage loan
A mortgage loan is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are
given security - a lien on the title to the house - until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed only a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, due to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing. Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before. In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers. In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain car loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area. In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults.
[edit] Unsecured loan
[Unsecured Loans] are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (i.e., no collateral is involved). These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
?
bank overdrafts
An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. In this situation the account is said to be "overdrawn". If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply.
? ? ? ?
corporate bonds credit card debt credit facilities or lines of credit personal loans
What makes a bank limited liability company A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business.[1] The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term "commercial paper" is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity.) Sometimes, the term "corporate bonds" is used to include all bonds except those issued by governments in their own currencies. Strictly speaking, however, it only applies to those issued by corporations. The bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations do not fit in either category.[clarification needed] Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called "listed" bonds) and ECNs like Bonds.com and MarketAxess, and the coupon (i.e. interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be zero with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-thecounter markets. Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate Credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of Credit Default Swaps which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same 'Reference Entities'. However, owing to quite volatile CDS 'basis' the spreads on CDS and the credit spreads on corporate bonds can be significantly different.
? ? ?
Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States Glass-Steagall Act Mortgage constant
[edit] References
Table IV.2 : Growth in Balance Sheet of Scheduled Commercial Banks (Per cent) All scheduled Public commercial sector banks 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 2009- 2008- 200909 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 09 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3.6 0.1 -8.1 7.3 8.2 8.7 -13.1 6.7 14.5 19.8 8.3 12.4 Private Old private New private Foreign sector sector banks sector banks banks 20.5 16.8 10.0 21.0 26.9 18.6 9.9 18.4 9.1 11.7 1.3 33.5 14.6 20.3 1.8 15.6 24.2 15.9 15.4 22.5 26.2 12.0 9.1 5.4 1.1 14.7 3.9 22.0 27.3 12.1 10.4 12.0 11.1 35.9 34.9 2.3 12.1 9.7 26.5 7.0 17.8 22.4 6.9 17.5 27.3 17.5 17.0 20.8 26.9 13.1
Item
1 1. Capital 2. Reserves and Surplus 3. Deposits 3.1. Demand Deposits 3.2. Savings Bank Deposits 3.3. Term
18.4 25.8 14.9 32.8 33.1 16.2 9.2 1.3
-3.1 18.0
Deposits 4. Borrowings 65.3 21.4 56.6 8.1 77.4 5. Other Liabilities and -21.4 4.4 -37.0 9.7 -7.8 Provisions Total 24.6 17.9 9.3 12.0 19.4 Liabilities/Assets 1. Cash and Balances with -2.4 20.8 -19.4 32.0 -14.6 RBI 2. Balances with Banks and 106.5 -5.4 32.7 13.9 46.0 Money at Call and Short Notice 3. Investments 26.6 19.1 10.0 15.5 33.9 3.1 Government 30.6 19.0 12.4 10.6 27.3 Securities (a+b) a) In India 30.8 18.8 12.4 10.6 27.3 b) Outside India 4.0 48.3 -32.0 72.6 3.2 Other Approved -22.8 -36.8 -22.8 43.4 -24.3 Securities 3.3 NonApproved 11.9 22.2 4.7 27.6 58.8 Securities 4. Loans and 25.7 19.6 11.0 9.9 15.1 Advances 4.1 Bills 18.3 10.4 -23.5 30.7 7.0 purchased and Discounted 4.2 Cash Credits, 29.3 20.0 11.5 9.6 15.0 Overdrafts, etc. 4.3 Term Loans 24.0 20.2 13.4 9.0 16.2 5. Fixed Assets 17.2 2.1 2.6 3.6 8.0 6. Other Assets 2.0 -0.2 21.6 -11.6 35.1 Source: Balance sheets of respective banks.
31.8
55.7
6.9 32.9 -19.8 8.5 43.4 -31.6 10.9 22.3 -2.7 33.3 -28.9 22.1
56.5 -13.9 21.1 -8.0
10.8 -4.8 15.0 23.1
15.0 -41.0 15.8 6.7
27.7 -20.7
-43.3 15.3 13.4
27.8 4.3 8.2
38.0 56.8 -34.2 15.6 31.8 22.2 9.7 20.7 17.5 9.7 20.7 17.5 72.6 -
80.1 23.1 25.9 26.0 3.1
-6.6 18.6 17.3 17.2 48.7
13.4 8.3 - -32.0
56.2 -12.0 -31.7 -80.7 -41.7
-23.0 -34.6
20.5 19.9
-4.0 9.9
29.5 89.3 37.7 7.1 2.6 -1.3
14.6 21.1 8.0
25.6 16.6 16.3
19.1 -33.9
37.2 -8.0 46.9
20.8 19.3 8.0 7.8
9.3
2.5
7.0 -7.5
25.1
16.9
12.9 7.0 1.1 -4.5 1.2 2.4 19.4 2.6 19.8 -14.5 68.1 -32.3
20.1 16.4 14.1 2.5 25.1 -15.0
doc_194538363.docx