Description
indus valley civilization
Harappa Mohenjo-Daro
?
?
?
?
An itinerant group of people of sumerian origin, wandered into the north-west of india. they discovered the alluvial plains of the fabled´Land Of THE Five rivers´ Sindhu, jhelum, chenab, ravi and sutlej. River assured them a dependable supply of water and the banks were ideal for civilization
?
?
?
Over a thousand years of proliferating clans of these immigrants had spread themselves over an area of about half a millions square miles. The paraphernalia of urban life generated during this period is the earliest known civilization of indus- that of the indus valley The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2,500 B.C.
?
The Indus Valley contained numerous natural resources that were an important part of Harappan civilization. Resources included: ? Fresh water and timber. ? Materials such as gold, silver, semi-precious stones. ? Marine resources.
?
?
?
?
The planning building and civic administration of their principal cities constitute the greatest achieviment of the people of the Indus Valley. Unlike other ancient cities such as sargom of akkad Indus valley cities are outstanding examples of extremely effective town planning.
?
?
? ?
Each city in the Indus Valley was surrounded by massive walls and gateways. The walls were built to control trade and also to stop the city from being flooded. Each part of the city was made up of walled sections. Each section included different buildings such as: Public buildings, houses, markets, and craft workshops.
?
?
Three sequences of rebuilding can be seen with different basal levels of each wall. The additional wall segments were not bonded with the earlier walls to the right. Different techniques of brick bonding are also seen in each wall.
?
?
The Great Bath is situated along a north-south street with a drain covered with limestone blocks. In the background is the so-called Granary, while in the foreground are the walls of several domestic structures.
?
?
The great bath surrounded by a brick colonnade, measures approximately 12 meters north-south and 7 meters wide, with a maximum depth of 2.4 meters. In the background is a massive brick structure with narrow passages that was first identified as a hammam or hot-air bath, and later as the state granary.
?
The Great Bath was entered using two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south. The floor of the tank is watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster.
?
?
Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges, but the western edge (at the left) was missing. Sir John Marshall assumed that they would have been present and subsequent reconstructions have replaced these missing columns.
?
The side walls of the tank were constructed with finely fitted bricks and a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid along the sides of the tank to keep water from seeping through the walls and up into the superstructure.
?
At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire width of the pool. People coming down the stairs could move along this ledge without actually stepping into the pool itself. Small sockets at the edges of the stairs could have held wooden planks or treads.
?
?
?
At the southwestern corner of the sloping floor, a small drain first passes through the massive walls of the tank and connects to a corbelled arch drain that curves along the edge of the northern terrace of the granary to the west.
?
This drain cuts through the edge of the so-called granary. If the entire drain were constructed along with the Great Bath, this feature would indicate that the original "granary" was built before the great bath.
?
The corbelled arch drain from the great bath is large enough to walk into. It has a small ledge on either side of the actual drain channel
?
?
?
The pillared hall was approximately 27.5 meters square (90 feet square) with twenty square brick pillars arranged in four rows, only two of which are still preserved. Strips of paved floors sloped from south to north and each strip of flooring had row of bricks set on edge along both sides. The cross wall in the foreground was built later and divided the hall into smaller rooms
?
Close-up view of the pillared hall, which may have been a hall of assembly with paved walkways and places for people to sit in ordered rows along each aisle between massive brick pillars
?
?
A large open space or courtyard (10 meters square) is surrounded by a wall that had 13 openings, possibly for windows. This unique structure is situated in the northern part of an extremely large building complex containing around 78 rooms and passageways, but no well. The building lies to the east of the Great Bath and was thought to be a "college" or residence of priests.
?
A massive block of brick architecture at the southeast corner of the ÒcitadelÓ mound was thought to represent a gateway with large brick bastions. Later construction of a wall (in the center of the photo) blocked the entryway.
?
Built on top of a tapered brick platform, this building had a solid brick foundation that extended for 50 meters east west and 27 meters north south. The foundation was divided into 27 square and rectangular blocks by narrow passageways, two running east west and eight running north south. A section of the northern foundation had hollow sockets for wooden beams used to support a stairway or wooden structure. Later wells and walls are seen in the foreground
.
?
?
?
Many houses had stairs leading to upper courtyards of the building or to a second floor. This house in HR area had a double staircase that would allow people to enter and exit the upper courtyard in an orderly fashion. Some scholars feel this may have been a palace or a temple.
?
House A1 may have been a temple or palace of an important leader. Two doorways lead to a narrow courtyard at a lower level. A double staircase leads to an upper courtyard surrounded by several rooms. This house had numerous seals and fragments of a stone sculpture depicting a seated man wearing a cloak over the left shoulder.
?
?
?
Toilets would have been an essential feature in Mohenjo-daro, but the early excavators identified most toilets as post-cremation burial urns or sump pots. This brick structure had a hole in the top that was connected to a small drain leading out of the base into a rectangular basin (not reconstructed). Early excavators suggested this might have been a toilet.
?
Many large covered drains were constructed with corbelled arches. These drains ran beneath streets and lanes and were large enough for workmen to enter and clear any obstructions
?
In some neighborhoods, large courtyards were connected to numerous smaller buildings built at different levels. The pilastered wall on the left supported houses at a higher level. A large corbelled arch drain that was later blocked is seen emerging from a wall in the background.
?
?
This large room or courtyard was filled with a solid mud brick platform that was almost entirely excavated to investigate the underlying room. A section of the platform has been preserved beneath the tin roof on the left and part of the platform is still visible in the foreground and in the top right hand section.
?
?
Oxcarts could not reach many of the urban neighborhoods. Pack animals and pedestrians could have used this narrow lane.
?
Looking north along First Street. The area to the left has been fully excavated and the area to the right is unexcavated. Later street levels are seen in the background.
?
Looking north along the street to the east of the Great Bath. The building on the right is a single large structure called the College, and may have been the residence of priests or other elites
?
This large drain was partly covered along its length with large flat blocks made out of limestone from the Rohri hills, which are located to the north and on the other side of the Indus River.
?
Wells were made with wedge shaped bricks to make a strong circular structure. Some bricks were made with special grooves to keep the ropes from sliding sideways when drawing water
?This unique well and associated bathing platform was discovered in the course of building a catchment drain around the site. ? It was reconstructed on the ground floor of Mohenjo-daro site museum
? ? ?
This bathing platform is located next to the street, and is made with bricks laid flat. A small drain running along one side of the bathing floor channels dirty water out to the street. A brick on edge with a notch was placed across the drain hole to keep objects from flowing out with the bath water
?
Close-up view of ground floor drain outlet from the street side, showing a brick on edge with a notch was placed across the drain hole to keep objects from flowing out with the bath water.
?
?
Many drains from upper buildings were directed to the street through enclosed channels or terracotta pipes. The pipes were made using multiple telescoping segments that fit snugly with the next segment.
doc_758883399.pptx
indus valley civilization
Harappa Mohenjo-Daro
?
?
?
?
An itinerant group of people of sumerian origin, wandered into the north-west of india. they discovered the alluvial plains of the fabled´Land Of THE Five rivers´ Sindhu, jhelum, chenab, ravi and sutlej. River assured them a dependable supply of water and the banks were ideal for civilization
?
?
?
Over a thousand years of proliferating clans of these immigrants had spread themselves over an area of about half a millions square miles. The paraphernalia of urban life generated during this period is the earliest known civilization of indus- that of the indus valley The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2,500 B.C.
?
The Indus Valley contained numerous natural resources that were an important part of Harappan civilization. Resources included: ? Fresh water and timber. ? Materials such as gold, silver, semi-precious stones. ? Marine resources.
?
?
?
?
The planning building and civic administration of their principal cities constitute the greatest achieviment of the people of the Indus Valley. Unlike other ancient cities such as sargom of akkad Indus valley cities are outstanding examples of extremely effective town planning.
?
?
? ?
Each city in the Indus Valley was surrounded by massive walls and gateways. The walls were built to control trade and also to stop the city from being flooded. Each part of the city was made up of walled sections. Each section included different buildings such as: Public buildings, houses, markets, and craft workshops.
?
?
Three sequences of rebuilding can be seen with different basal levels of each wall. The additional wall segments were not bonded with the earlier walls to the right. Different techniques of brick bonding are also seen in each wall.
?
?
The Great Bath is situated along a north-south street with a drain covered with limestone blocks. In the background is the so-called Granary, while in the foreground are the walls of several domestic structures.
?
?
The great bath surrounded by a brick colonnade, measures approximately 12 meters north-south and 7 meters wide, with a maximum depth of 2.4 meters. In the background is a massive brick structure with narrow passages that was first identified as a hammam or hot-air bath, and later as the state granary.
?
The Great Bath was entered using two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south. The floor of the tank is watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster.
?
?
Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges, but the western edge (at the left) was missing. Sir John Marshall assumed that they would have been present and subsequent reconstructions have replaced these missing columns.
?
The side walls of the tank were constructed with finely fitted bricks and a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid along the sides of the tank to keep water from seeping through the walls and up into the superstructure.
?
At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire width of the pool. People coming down the stairs could move along this ledge without actually stepping into the pool itself. Small sockets at the edges of the stairs could have held wooden planks or treads.
?
?
?
At the southwestern corner of the sloping floor, a small drain first passes through the massive walls of the tank and connects to a corbelled arch drain that curves along the edge of the northern terrace of the granary to the west.
?
This drain cuts through the edge of the so-called granary. If the entire drain were constructed along with the Great Bath, this feature would indicate that the original "granary" was built before the great bath.
?
The corbelled arch drain from the great bath is large enough to walk into. It has a small ledge on either side of the actual drain channel
?
?
?
The pillared hall was approximately 27.5 meters square (90 feet square) with twenty square brick pillars arranged in four rows, only two of which are still preserved. Strips of paved floors sloped from south to north and each strip of flooring had row of bricks set on edge along both sides. The cross wall in the foreground was built later and divided the hall into smaller rooms
?
Close-up view of the pillared hall, which may have been a hall of assembly with paved walkways and places for people to sit in ordered rows along each aisle between massive brick pillars
?
?
A large open space or courtyard (10 meters square) is surrounded by a wall that had 13 openings, possibly for windows. This unique structure is situated in the northern part of an extremely large building complex containing around 78 rooms and passageways, but no well. The building lies to the east of the Great Bath and was thought to be a "college" or residence of priests.
?
A massive block of brick architecture at the southeast corner of the ÒcitadelÓ mound was thought to represent a gateway with large brick bastions. Later construction of a wall (in the center of the photo) blocked the entryway.
?
Built on top of a tapered brick platform, this building had a solid brick foundation that extended for 50 meters east west and 27 meters north south. The foundation was divided into 27 square and rectangular blocks by narrow passageways, two running east west and eight running north south. A section of the northern foundation had hollow sockets for wooden beams used to support a stairway or wooden structure. Later wells and walls are seen in the foreground
.
?
?
?
Many houses had stairs leading to upper courtyards of the building or to a second floor. This house in HR area had a double staircase that would allow people to enter and exit the upper courtyard in an orderly fashion. Some scholars feel this may have been a palace or a temple.
?
House A1 may have been a temple or palace of an important leader. Two doorways lead to a narrow courtyard at a lower level. A double staircase leads to an upper courtyard surrounded by several rooms. This house had numerous seals and fragments of a stone sculpture depicting a seated man wearing a cloak over the left shoulder.
?
?
?
Toilets would have been an essential feature in Mohenjo-daro, but the early excavators identified most toilets as post-cremation burial urns or sump pots. This brick structure had a hole in the top that was connected to a small drain leading out of the base into a rectangular basin (not reconstructed). Early excavators suggested this might have been a toilet.
?
Many large covered drains were constructed with corbelled arches. These drains ran beneath streets and lanes and were large enough for workmen to enter and clear any obstructions
?
In some neighborhoods, large courtyards were connected to numerous smaller buildings built at different levels. The pilastered wall on the left supported houses at a higher level. A large corbelled arch drain that was later blocked is seen emerging from a wall in the background.
?
?
This large room or courtyard was filled with a solid mud brick platform that was almost entirely excavated to investigate the underlying room. A section of the platform has been preserved beneath the tin roof on the left and part of the platform is still visible in the foreground and in the top right hand section.
?
?
Oxcarts could not reach many of the urban neighborhoods. Pack animals and pedestrians could have used this narrow lane.
?
Looking north along First Street. The area to the left has been fully excavated and the area to the right is unexcavated. Later street levels are seen in the background.
?
Looking north along the street to the east of the Great Bath. The building on the right is a single large structure called the College, and may have been the residence of priests or other elites
?
This large drain was partly covered along its length with large flat blocks made out of limestone from the Rohri hills, which are located to the north and on the other side of the Indus River.
?
Wells were made with wedge shaped bricks to make a strong circular structure. Some bricks were made with special grooves to keep the ropes from sliding sideways when drawing water
?This unique well and associated bathing platform was discovered in the course of building a catchment drain around the site. ? It was reconstructed on the ground floor of Mohenjo-daro site museum
? ? ?
This bathing platform is located next to the street, and is made with bricks laid flat. A small drain running along one side of the bathing floor channels dirty water out to the street. A brick on edge with a notch was placed across the drain hole to keep objects from flowing out with the bath water
?
Close-up view of ground floor drain outlet from the street side, showing a brick on edge with a notch was placed across the drain hole to keep objects from flowing out with the bath water.
?
?
Many drains from upper buildings were directed to the street through enclosed channels or terracotta pipes. The pipes were made using multiple telescoping segments that fit snugly with the next segment.
doc_758883399.pptx