Description
assignment ignou mba ms-51 2016
1. Define Operations Research. Also, give a brief historical background of Operations
Research.
ANS Operations research, or operational research in British usage, is a discipline that deals
with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions.
[1]
Further, the
term 'operational analysis' is used in the British and some British !ommonwealth" military, as
an intrinsic part of capability development, management and assurance. #n particular, operational
analysis forms part of the !ombined $perational %ffectiveness and #nvestment &ppraisals
!$%#&", which support British defence capability ac'uisition decision(making.
#t is often considered to be a sub(field of mathematics. )he terms management
science and decision science are sometimes used as synonyms.
%mploying techni'ues from other mathematical sciences, such as mathematical
modeling, statistical analysis, and mathematical optimi*ation, operations research arrives at
optimal or near(optimal solutions to comple+ decision(making problems. Because of its
emphasis on human(technology interaction and because of its focus on practical applications,
operations research has overlap with other disciplines, notably industrial
engineering and operations management, and draws on psychology and organi*ation science.
$perations research is often concerned with determining the ma+imum of profit, performance,
or yield" or minimum of loss, risk, or cost" of some real(world ob,ective. $riginating in military
efforts before -orld -ar ##, its techni'ues have grown to concern problems in a variety of
industries.
Brief Histor of Operations Research
Operations Research !Operational Research, O.R., or "anage#ent science$ includes a great
deal of problem(solving techni'ues like .athematical models, /tatistics and algorithms to aid in
decision(making. $.0. is employed to analy*e comple+ real(world systems, generally with the
ob,ective of improving or optimi*ing performance. #n other words, $perations 0esearch is an
interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science which makes use of methods
like mathematical modeling, algorithms statistics and statistics to reach optimal or near optimal
solutions to comple+ situations. #t is usually worried about optimi*ing the ma+ima for instance,
profit, assembly line performance, bandwidth, etc" or minima for instance, loss, risk, cost, etc."
of some ob,ective function. $perational 0esearch aids the management to accomplish its
ob,ectives utili*ing scientific methods.
Origin and Histor of Operations Research in Brief
-hile researching for operations research !O.R.$ histor, # discovered that history is not clear
cut, different people have diverse views of the same event. Based on the histor of Operations
Research, it is believed that !harles Babbage 1121(1311" is the father of $perational
1
0esearch due to the fact that his research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail
resulted in %ngland4s universal 5enny 5ost in 1367.
)he name operations research evolved in the year 1940. 8uring -orld -ar 9, a team of scientist
Blackett4s !ircus" in :; applied scientific techni'ues to research military operations to win the
war and the techni'ues thus developed was named as operation research.
&s a formal discipline, operations research originated from the efforts of army advisors at the
time of -orld -ar ##. #n the years following the war, the methods started to be employed
e+tensively to problems in business, industry and society. %ver since then, $0 has developed
into a sub,ect fre'uently employed in industries including petrochemicals, logistics, airlines,
finance, government, etc.
)hus, the $perational 0esearch began during -orld -ar ## in great Britain with the
establishment of groups of scientists to analy*e the strategic and tactical problems associated
with military operations. )he aim was to discover the most efficient usage of limited military
resources by the application of 'uantitative techni'ues.
&t the conclusion of war different things happened to $.0. in the control which produced the technological grounds for
automation. #n early 12?7s industry started to take in a few of the $perational 0esearch workers
who left the army. )hus $.0. started to spread and e+pand in the :nited /tates.
Origin of Operations Research
#ndia was among the few nations which began utili*ing $.0. #n 1262, the first $perational
0esearch unit was established at @yderabad which was named 0egional 0esearch Aaboratory
located. &t the same time an additional unit was launched in 8efense /cience Aaboratory to fi+
the /tores, 5urchase and 5lanning 5roblems. #n 12?B at !alcutta, an $.0. unit was established in
#ndian /tatistical #nstitute. )he ob,ective was to use $.0. techni'ues in Cational 5lanning and
/urvey. #n 12??, $perations 0esearch /ociety of #ndia was created, which is among the first
members of #nternational Federation of $perations 0esearch societies. )oday, the utili*ation of
$.0. techni'ues have spread out from army to a wide range of departments at all levels.
%. &hat is goal progra##ing' State clearl its assu#ptions. (dentif the #a)or differences
bet*een linear progra##ing + goal progra##ing.
ANS ,oal progra##ing is a branch of multiob,ective optimi*ation, which in turn is a branch
of multi(criteria decision analysis .!8&". )his is an optimi*ation programme. #t can be
thought of as an e+tension or generalisation of linear progra##ing to handle multiple, normally
conflicting ob,ective measures.
2
,oal progra##ing is a branch of multiob,ective optimi*ation, which in turn is a branch
of multi(criteria decision analysis .!8&". )his is an optimi*ation programme. #t can be
thought of as an e+tension or generalisation of linear programming to handle multiple, normally
conflicting ob,ective measures. %ach of these measures is given a goal or target value to be
achieved. :nwanted deviations from this set of target values are then minimised in an
achievement function. )his can be a vector or a weighted sum dependent on the goal
programming variant used. &s satisfaction of the target is deemed to satisfy the decision
makers", an underlying satisficing philosophy is assumed.
assignment ignou mba ms-51 2016
1. Define Operations Research. Also, give a brief historical background of Operations
Research.
ANS Operations research, or operational research in British usage, is a discipline that deals
with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions.
[1]
Further, the
term 'operational analysis' is used in the British and some British !ommonwealth" military, as
an intrinsic part of capability development, management and assurance. #n particular, operational
analysis forms part of the !ombined $perational %ffectiveness and #nvestment &ppraisals
!$%#&", which support British defence capability ac'uisition decision(making.
#t is often considered to be a sub(field of mathematics. )he terms management
science and decision science are sometimes used as synonyms.
%mploying techni'ues from other mathematical sciences, such as mathematical
modeling, statistical analysis, and mathematical optimi*ation, operations research arrives at
optimal or near(optimal solutions to comple+ decision(making problems. Because of its
emphasis on human(technology interaction and because of its focus on practical applications,
operations research has overlap with other disciplines, notably industrial
engineering and operations management, and draws on psychology and organi*ation science.
$perations research is often concerned with determining the ma+imum of profit, performance,
or yield" or minimum of loss, risk, or cost" of some real(world ob,ective. $riginating in military
efforts before -orld -ar ##, its techni'ues have grown to concern problems in a variety of
industries.
Brief Histor of Operations Research
Operations Research !Operational Research, O.R., or "anage#ent science$ includes a great
deal of problem(solving techni'ues like .athematical models, /tatistics and algorithms to aid in
decision(making. $.0. is employed to analy*e comple+ real(world systems, generally with the
ob,ective of improving or optimi*ing performance. #n other words, $perations 0esearch is an
interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science which makes use of methods
like mathematical modeling, algorithms statistics and statistics to reach optimal or near optimal
solutions to comple+ situations. #t is usually worried about optimi*ing the ma+ima for instance,
profit, assembly line performance, bandwidth, etc" or minima for instance, loss, risk, cost, etc."
of some ob,ective function. $perational 0esearch aids the management to accomplish its
ob,ectives utili*ing scientific methods.
Origin and Histor of Operations Research in Brief
-hile researching for operations research !O.R.$ histor, # discovered that history is not clear
cut, different people have diverse views of the same event. Based on the histor of Operations
Research, it is believed that !harles Babbage 1121(1311" is the father of $perational
1
0esearch due to the fact that his research into the cost of transportation and sorting of mail
resulted in %ngland4s universal 5enny 5ost in 1367.
)he name operations research evolved in the year 1940. 8uring -orld -ar 9, a team of scientist
Blackett4s !ircus" in :; applied scientific techni'ues to research military operations to win the
war and the techni'ues thus developed was named as operation research.
&s a formal discipline, operations research originated from the efforts of army advisors at the
time of -orld -ar ##. #n the years following the war, the methods started to be employed
e+tensively to problems in business, industry and society. %ver since then, $0 has developed
into a sub,ect fre'uently employed in industries including petrochemicals, logistics, airlines,
finance, government, etc.
)hus, the $perational 0esearch began during -orld -ar ## in great Britain with the
establishment of groups of scientists to analy*e the strategic and tactical problems associated
with military operations. )he aim was to discover the most efficient usage of limited military
resources by the application of 'uantitative techni'ues.
&t the conclusion of war different things happened to $.0. in the control which produced the technological grounds for
automation. #n early 12?7s industry started to take in a few of the $perational 0esearch workers
who left the army. )hus $.0. started to spread and e+pand in the :nited /tates.
Origin of Operations Research
#ndia was among the few nations which began utili*ing $.0. #n 1262, the first $perational
0esearch unit was established at @yderabad which was named 0egional 0esearch Aaboratory
located. &t the same time an additional unit was launched in 8efense /cience Aaboratory to fi+
the /tores, 5urchase and 5lanning 5roblems. #n 12?B at !alcutta, an $.0. unit was established in
#ndian /tatistical #nstitute. )he ob,ective was to use $.0. techni'ues in Cational 5lanning and
/urvey. #n 12??, $perations 0esearch /ociety of #ndia was created, which is among the first
members of #nternational Federation of $perations 0esearch societies. )oday, the utili*ation of
$.0. techni'ues have spread out from army to a wide range of departments at all levels.
%. &hat is goal progra##ing' State clearl its assu#ptions. (dentif the #a)or differences
bet*een linear progra##ing + goal progra##ing.
ANS ,oal progra##ing is a branch of multiob,ective optimi*ation, which in turn is a branch
of multi(criteria decision analysis .!8&". )his is an optimi*ation programme. #t can be
thought of as an e+tension or generalisation of linear progra##ing to handle multiple, normally
conflicting ob,ective measures.
2
,oal progra##ing is a branch of multiob,ective optimi*ation, which in turn is a branch
of multi(criteria decision analysis .!8&". )his is an optimi*ation programme. #t can be
thought of as an e+tension or generalisation of linear programming to handle multiple, normally
conflicting ob,ective measures. %ach of these measures is given a goal or target value to be
achieved. :nwanted deviations from this set of target values are then minimised in an
achievement function. )his can be a vector or a weighted sum dependent on the goal
programming variant used. &s satisfaction of the target is deemed to satisfy the decision
makers", an underlying satisficing philosophy is assumed.