Description
The poverty problem is no longer a problem embodied in only one country, or bounded by a certain
geographic area. It has become a problem with heavily international concerns. Poverty is a multifaceted
phenomenon that outreaches low or no incomes to the so called human poverty. Human poverty is one of the
major obstacles to development particularly in the so called least developing countries (LDCs). In this paper,
efforts were concentrating on defining the problem of human poverty, its measurement methods
2214-4625/$ – see front matter ©2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2012.05.001
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
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* Corresponding author. Tel.: +249912171064.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
Conference Title
??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? :?????? ?????
Human Poverty: a practical and analytical study on Less Developed
Countries
?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? .? *
??????? ??????? ?????
Dr. Badreldin Mohamed Ahmed*
University of Zalengi, Sudan
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 16 February 2011
Received in revised form 3 May 2012
Accepted 11 May 2012
Keywords:
Human Poverty
Less Developed Countries
Gross Domestic Product
A B S T R A C T
The poverty problem is no longer a problem embodied in only one country, or bounded by a certain
geographic area. It has become a problem with heavily international concerns. Poverty is a multifaceted
phenomenon that outreaches low or no incomes to the so called human poverty. Human poverty is one of the
major obstacles to development particularly in the so called least developing countries (LDCs). In this paper,
efforts were concentrating on defining the problem of human poverty, its measurement methods and the
underlying causes of it in these countries. Empirically and by the use of OLS regression method and cross-
sectional data from some poor countries (Human Development Report, 2005), three models tried to tackle the
research problem. The first model was a combination of both low and medium income poor countries, the
second was medium income and the third was low income poor countries. Among the results of this research
is that variables of general expenditure on education and health and the growth rate in total domestic product
are major causes of human poverty. Significantly, the results showed that there were very low growth rates
levels in total domestic product, very low general expenditures on education and health which indicate serious
symptoms of higher human poverty indices. Finally, the study recommends that governments might better
concentrate on more expenditure on education and health as a main priority to eradicate all types of poverty
particularly the human poverty.
© 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
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.???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?
?
?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
?????? ? ?????? ??
?
?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??/? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?
?
?? ??? .????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
) ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? 2004 ( .
?????? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???
?? ?
?
???? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? .?????
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? 2009 ????????? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???????? 105 ?????? 113 ???? 126 ???? ?? ????? ????
??????? ??????? ?? ????? 134 ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????
) ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? 2010 .(
?????? 2011 ? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?
??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?(?????? ???????? ??????) ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? :?????
???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????
?????? ????? .
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 2010 ?? ????? ????? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
?
??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????
??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????
?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????
??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? .?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???????
?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? .
?
???????
?
????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????
.?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? .?????? ??????
?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?
?
?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?
:???
I . ?? ????? ???
?
???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
.???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????
II . ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ) ??????
?
?????
?
?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? 2010 .(
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? 2011 ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???????
:??????? ?????
?
????? ???????? ???????
) ??? ?????? 1 ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 5
???????? ??????? ????? :?????? 2011
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??
?
???? ??????? ?? ????
:?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???
) ??? ?????? 2 ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? GDP
??????? ???? ?? ?????
GDP ???????
??? ????? ??????
?? % ???????
GDP
??? ????? ??????
?? ????? ?????
GDP
??????? ??????? 8256 5 5.3
??????? ???? ???
??????
6227 4.4 4.3
???? ???? 3368 4 4.1
???? ???????
???????
2181 6.4 6.2
??????? ??????? ????? :?????? 2011
3 . :???????
??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? E ????? ??? ????? ??????? H ? ????? ?????? ?? ????
??? ??? ??????? ?????? G .
P = f(E, H, G) (1)
P = b
0
-b
1
E -b
2
E - b
3
0 +u
t
(2)
:???
P ?) ?????? ????? : .(?????? ??????
E .??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? :
H .??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? :
G ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? : GDP .??? ???
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? P ????????? ????????? ? E, H, G ??
.?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????
?????? ?? ??? .??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???
?
?????
?????? ???
?
???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? .?????? ????? ????? ?? ?
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 1997 ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
:?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????
1 . ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? (?????? ??? ?????? ????) ????? ???
?????? P
1
.
2 . ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? P
2
.
3 . ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? P
3
??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? .
:??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? P
31
.
??????? ?????? ??????? P
32
.
????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? P
33
??? ????? . P
3
???????? ??? ??? ????
:???????
?????? ?? ????? ???? GDP ??????? ?? % ??????? ??? ????? ?????? GDP
??????? ??????? ??????? 57744 2.8
??? 91379 2.5
??????? - 4.5
?????? - 3.3
????? 16502 3.9
????? 13070 8.1
????? 5597 9.3
??????? 8172 5.8
??? 8673 5.0
????? 2470 5.6
??????? 2210 7.3
6 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
P
3
=
P
31
+P
32
+P
33
3
(3)
?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? :????? ?????? ???
(HPI) = _P
1
3
+P
2
3
+P
3
3
)¡S
3
(4)
?? ??? HPI ?????? ????? ???? ?? Human Poverty Index
????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????
??? .????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? Low Income ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??
?? ??? ????? ?? 410
?
????? ???? 1980 ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ? Middle ????? ???
??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 420 ? ???? 4500 ??? ?? ???? 1980 .
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????
??????? ???????? ????? ??????? .???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????
??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? .????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? .??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????
????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???????? 75 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? %
?????? ?? ???? (???????? ????) ?????? 38 ) % ????????? 2002 .(
?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?????
????
?
???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???
?
? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???
.??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????
4 . ????????? ???????
?????? ???????? ????? ???????? OLS ???? ?????? ??????? 2002 ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?(????? ??????? ??????)
??????? ?????? .??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?
?
??? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? .??????? ????? ???
:?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
?????? ) ??? 3
????????? ???????
?????? :??????
??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????
b
1
b
2
b
3
R
2
F Sig
???? 3.14
(3.584)*
(0.001)**
3.573
(2.610)
(0.011)
6.573
(0.011)
(0.936)
0.63 36.67 0.000
?????? 1.297
(1.619)
(0.113)
3.77
(3.313)
(0.002
0.926
(1.433)
(0.159)
0.65 27.58 0.000
?????? 4.995
(3.220)
(0.005)
6.965
(2.369)
(0.030)
-4.593
-(1.746)
(0.099)
0.85 32.54 0.000
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 7
( )* ??? ?? ????? t .
( )** .???????? ????? ?? ?????
b
1
.??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? .
b
2
.????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? .
b
3
?? ????? ???? ????? . GDP .??? ???
t ?????? . t
F ??? . ??? F
R
2
? .??????? ????? Sig .???????? ?????
??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? :???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?(??????? ?????? ??) ????? ??? F ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????
?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???????
(P) ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? (E, H, G) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?
? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????
.????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
?? ????? 63 ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? %
?????? ????? 37 ?????? ??????? ????? % ?? Ut ???? ??? . t ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
.??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????
?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? F
???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????
?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? GDP ??? ??? ????? ??
.???????
?? ????? 65 ? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? % ???????? ????????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? .???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? t .????????
?????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? G ??????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????
? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? .?????? ????? ?????
?? ????? .????? ?????? ??????? ??? 85 ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? %
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????
???? ????? .??? ??? ??????? t ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????
.???????
4 . ???????
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
(E) ????? ??? ????? ??????? (H) ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? (G) ??? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2002 ?? ??? ???
????? ??????? ??????? ????? 2005 ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? .
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???
????? ?????? ??????? ???? .?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
.?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????
8 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
:????????
) ???? 1
.(???????) ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
???????? ???? ?????? :?????? - ??????? ?????????
?????
?
?? ????
??
?????
?? ????
?????
????????
? ?????
?????
??????
????????
??????
?? ????
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 9
) ???? 2 ) ?????? ????? P ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?( ) ????? E ????? ??????? (
) ????? ??? H ???? ????? ????? (
) ??????? ?????? ?????? G .????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? (
No P E H G
1 15.3 - 1.6 -
2 - 3.5 - -
3 8.9 3.8 3.3 1.6
4 10.3 8.1 2 3.4
5 11.4 3.8 3.5 -1.5
6 - 4.2 3.6 1.2
7 7.4 3.5 4.2 0.6
8 - 4.7 2.2 4
9 21.4 5.1 4 2.4
10 12.8 6 4.7 0.9
11 - - 4.6 11.9
12 8.8 5.2 2.8 0.4
13 8.3 - 2.4 1.2
14 14.9 4.6 3.1 0.9
15 12 - 4.7 5.1
16 9.6 5.2 2.3 2.8
17 10.6 4.8 3.3 2.1
18 16.3 - 2.2 -1.6
19 10.9 7.7 1.9 0.3
20 - - 3.5 -5
21 9.4 5.9 1.7 -4.9
22 18.3 3 1.3 2.1
23 8.1 3 1.1 0.4
24 16.7 2.7 2 2.9
25 21.3 1 3.6 0.1
26 18 3.2 3.9 2.8
27 9.7 3.1 3.2 1.2
28 11.8 - 2.9 8.5
29 16.6 - 1 0.9
30 10.5 10 0.8 1.8
31 16.4 4.4 - -0.6
32 6.5 6.4 3.2 3.1
33 21.3 - 3.6 -9
34 15.9 5.2 3.8 2.2
35 18.7 5.6 2.3 1.8
36 13.8 - 4.3 3.3
37 14.8 3.7 1.5 1.3
38 21.2 2.3 2.2 4
39 17.8 - 1.2 4.7
40 17.7 - 2.5 -1.3
41 13.9 6.1 3.9 -
42 18.5 4.9 4.2 2.1
43 16.9 2.2 4.6 -2.7
44 22.9 3.2 4.1 -2.6
45 24.7 - 3.2 -6
46 30.9 - 2.3 -6
47 38.1 2.9 2.8 2.1
48 - 7.9 1.8 3.3
49 34.5 - 3.5 1.4
10 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
???????? ??????? ????? :?????? 2005 .
50 33 8.4 1.3 3.8
51 - - 0.9 5.9
52 31.3 3.1 1.8 -2.4
53 - 1.2 1.5 2
54 21.9 - 4.7 -0.5
55 41.3 3.1 9.7 0.9
56 48.4 6.3 1.3 1.3
57 31.2 9 4.5 -2.5
58 38.2 4.9 0.4 -5.7
59 - - 2.1 0.2
60 37.1 11 3.7 1.1
61 38.7 - 1.7 -0.3
62 40.5 5.2 1.6 2.5
63 35.1 0.6 4.1 0.1
64 44.1 2.8 1.1 16.8
65 - 3.9 1.4 -6.5
66 32.4 6.5 3.8 1
67 30.1 7.2 2.3 -
68 39.5 4.1 0.8 0.9
69 36 4.1 -2 0.4
70 45.9 3.4 4 6.2
71 35.3 2.9 1 -0.9
72 52.9 7.1 1.5 0.2
73 36.2 3.8 1.1 0.2
74 47.6 10.4 2.1 2.3
75 29.5 - 4.4 -3.3
76 40.3 9.5 1.2 2.4
77 40.5 - 3.6 1.6
78 38 - 1.2 -2.8
79 35.4 70 5.3 -0.6
80 44.7 2.8 3.3 -0.1
81 44.2 1.8 1 1.6
82 38.8 3.6 2.9 1.3
83 37.7 - 3 -
84 41.5 2.8 2.2 0.7
85 38.7 2.8 3.3 0.4
86 37.7 4.1 0.9 1
87 41.9 3.3 2.3 22
88 35.8 4.6 3.1 -0.4
89 43.4 - 2.1 1
90 46.4 6 3.2 0.9
91 41.4 2 2.1 -0.9
92 49.1 - 1.4 -6.3
93 40.9 - 2.7 4.6
94 55.3 3.9 4 -3.5
95 47.8 4.6 3.1 2
96 48.2 - 1.3 -0.4
97 58.8 - 4.1 -2.4
98 60.3 - 0.6 -
99 64.2 - 2.6 2.4
100 54.9 3.7 1.6 1.7
101 64.4 2.2 3 -5.3
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 11
???????
1 . ) .? ????? ? .? ?????? 2010 ??????? ?"??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? "
?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 22 - 24 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????
.???????
2 . ) ? .? ??????? 2011 ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? " 2010 - ???????? ??????
??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?"??????? ??????? ??? ??????....??
?
??
?????? 17 / 2 / 2011 .
3 . ) ? .? ???????? 2006 ??? ????? ?(?????? ????? ?????) www.npc-ts.org/article
73.html
4 . ) .? ??????? 2010 ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????"
?"???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
.??????? ?????? ???
5 . ) .? ????????? 2002 ??? ????? ?(?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????...???????? ????? )
www.khrej.com/articles.php?action=show&id=89
6 . ) .? ????????? 2011 ??? ????? "???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? "
www.startimes.com/f.aspx?=28265638 .
7 . ) ? .? ???????? 2007 ?????? ????? ?????) ???????? ??????? ??????? ?(?????? - ?????? - ???????
?????? 2007 .
8 . ) ? .? ????? 2005 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????) - ????? ???? - ????? ?(???? ??????
.?????? ???????? ???? .??????? ??????
9 . ) ? .? ???? 2005 ??? ?(??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????) ????????? ????? ???
.??????? ????????
10 .?????? ?????) ??????? ??????? ?????? www.undp.org
11 . . .????? ???? ??? .(???????? ???? ?????? ) :??????? .? ?????
12 . ?????????? ) ? 2005 ????? ?????) - ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?(?????
.???????
13 . ) .? ?????? 2001 ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????)
?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? 1970 - 2000 ?(?????????? ?????? ????? 2001 ????? ???? ?
???????? ?????? ???????
14 . ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????) :?.? ???? ?(??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????
.??????
15 . ) .?.? ???? 2005 ?"??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???" ????
.?????? ??????? ???????
16 . ) .? .? ?????? 2004 ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????" :?????
? "?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? - 2004 .
17 . ) .? ???????????? 2008 " ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?"????????? ???????? ??? ??????
????????? ISSN 2073-5707 .
18 . ) .? ????? 2005 ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????" .??????? ????? ??? ????? ?"????
19 . ) ???????? ????? ????? 2004 ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? "
?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?"?????? 51 .
20 . Global Economic Prospect, June 2011. World Bank: www.worldbank.org.
doc_106195561.pdf
The poverty problem is no longer a problem embodied in only one country, or bounded by a certain
geographic area. It has become a problem with heavily international concerns. Poverty is a multifaceted
phenomenon that outreaches low or no incomes to the so called human poverty. Human poverty is one of the
major obstacles to development particularly in the so called least developing countries (LDCs). In this paper,
efforts were concentrating on defining the problem of human poverty, its measurement methods
2214-4625/$ – see front matter ©2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2012.05.001
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ aebj
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +249912171064.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Peer review under responsibility of Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
Conference Title
??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? :?????? ?????
Human Poverty: a practical and analytical study on Less Developed
Countries
?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? .? *
??????? ??????? ?????
Dr. Badreldin Mohamed Ahmed*
University of Zalengi, Sudan
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 16 February 2011
Received in revised form 3 May 2012
Accepted 11 May 2012
Keywords:
Human Poverty
Less Developed Countries
Gross Domestic Product
A B S T R A C T
The poverty problem is no longer a problem embodied in only one country, or bounded by a certain
geographic area. It has become a problem with heavily international concerns. Poverty is a multifaceted
phenomenon that outreaches low or no incomes to the so called human poverty. Human poverty is one of the
major obstacles to development particularly in the so called least developing countries (LDCs). In this paper,
efforts were concentrating on defining the problem of human poverty, its measurement methods and the
underlying causes of it in these countries. Empirically and by the use of OLS regression method and cross-
sectional data from some poor countries (Human Development Report, 2005), three models tried to tackle the
research problem. The first model was a combination of both low and medium income poor countries, the
second was medium income and the third was low income poor countries. Among the results of this research
is that variables of general expenditure on education and health and the growth rate in total domestic product
are major causes of human poverty. Significantly, the results showed that there were very low growth rates
levels in total domestic product, very low general expenditures on education and health which indicate serious
symptoms of higher human poverty indices. Finally, the study recommends that governments might better
concentrate on more expenditure on education and health as a main priority to eradicate all types of poverty
particularly the human poverty.
© 2014 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
1 . ?????
??????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ??? ??? ??????
?
???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????
????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???
?
????? ??
.(??????) ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????
??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??
2000 / 2001 ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
??? ????) ????? ??
?
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???????? ??????? ????? :?????? 2011
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??
?
???? ??????? ?? ????
:?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???
) ??? ?????? 2 ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
GDP??????? ???? ?? ?????
GDP ???????
??? ????? ??????
?? % ???????
GDP
??? ????? ??????
?? ????? ?????
GDP
??????? ??????? 8256 5 5.3
??????? ???? ???
??????
6227 4.4 4.3
???? ???? 3368 4 4.1
???? ???????
???????
2181 6.4 6.2
??????? ??????? ????? :?????? 2011
3 . :???????
??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? E ????? ??? ????? ??????? H ? ????? ?????? ?? ????
??? ??? ??????? ?????? G .
P = f(E, H, G) (1)
P = b
0
-b
1
E -b
2
E - b
3
0 +u
t
(2)
:???
P ?) ?????? ????? : .(?????? ??????
E .??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? :
H .??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? :
G ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? : GDP .??? ???
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? P ????????? ????????? ? E, H, G ??
.?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????
?????? ?? ??? .??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???
?
?????
?????? ???
?
???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? .?????? ????? ????? ?? ?
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 1997 ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
:?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????
1 . ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? (?????? ??? ?????? ????) ????? ???
?????? P
1
.
2 . ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? P
2
.
3 . ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? P
3
??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? .
:??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? P
31
.
??????? ?????? ??????? P
32
.
????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? P
33
??? ????? . P
3
???????? ??? ??? ????
:???????
?????? ?? ????? ???? GDP ??????? ?? % ??????? ??? ????? ?????? GDP
??????? ??????? ??????? 57744 2.8
??? 91379 2.5
??????? - 4.5
?????? - 3.3
????? 16502 3.9
????? 13070 8.1
????? 5597 9.3
??????? 8172 5.8
??? 8673 5.0
????? 2470 5.6
??????? 2210 7.3
6 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
P
3
=
P
31
+P
32
+P
33
3
(3)
?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? :????? ?????? ???
(HPI) = _P
1
3
+P
2
3
+P
3
3
)¡S
3
(4)
?? ??? HPI ?????? ????? ???? ?? Human Poverty Index
????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????
??? .????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? Low Income ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??
?? ??? ????? ?? 410
?
????? ???? 1980 ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ? Middle ????? ???
??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 420 ? ???? 4500 ??? ?? ???? 1980 .
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????
??????? ???????? ????? ??????? .???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????
??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? .????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? .??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????
????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???????? 75 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? %
?????? ?? ???? (???????? ????) ?????? 38 ) % ????????? 2002 .(
?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?????
????
?
???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???
?
? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???
.??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????
4 . ????????? ???????
?????? ???????? ????? ???????? OLS ???? ?????? ??????? 2002 ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?(????? ??????? ??????)
??????? ?????? .??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?
?
??? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? .??????? ????? ???
:?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
?????? ) ??? 3
????????? ???????
?????? :??????
??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????
b
1
b
2
b
3
R
2
F Sig
???? 3.14
(3.584)*
(0.001)**
3.573
(2.610)
(0.011)
6.573
(0.011)
(0.936)
0.63 36.67 0.000
?????? 1.297
(1.619)
(0.113)
3.77
(3.313)
(0.002
0.926
(1.433)
(0.159)
0.65 27.58 0.000
?????? 4.995
(3.220)
(0.005)
6.965
(2.369)
(0.030)
-4.593
-(1.746)
(0.099)
0.85 32.54 0.000
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 7
( )* ??? ?? ????? t .
( )** .???????? ????? ?? ?????
b
1
.??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? .
b
2
.????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? .
b
3
?? ????? ???? ????? . GDP .??? ???
t ?????? . t
F ??? . ??? F
R
2
? .??????? ????? Sig .???????? ?????
??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? :???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?(??????? ?????? ??) ????? ??? F ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????
?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???????
(P) ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? (E, H, G) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?
? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????
.????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
?? ????? 63 ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? %
?????? ????? 37 ?????? ??????? ????? % ?? Ut ???? ??? . t ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
.??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????
?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? F
???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????
?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? GDP ??? ??? ????? ??
.???????
?? ????? 65 ? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? % ???????? ????????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? .???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? t .????????
?????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? G ??????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????
? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? .?????? ????? ?????
?? ????? .????? ?????? ??????? ??? 85 ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? %
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????
???? ????? .??? ??? ??????? t ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????
.???????
4 . ???????
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
(E) ????? ??? ????? ??????? (H) ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? (G) ??? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2002 ?? ??? ???
????? ??????? ??????? ????? 2005 ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? .
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???
????? ?????? ??????? ???? .?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
.?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????
8 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
:????????
) ???? 1
.(???????) ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
???????? ???? ?????? :?????? - ??????? ?????????
?????
?
?? ????
??
?????
?? ????
?????
????????
? ?????
?????
??????
????????
??????
?? ????
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 9
) ???? 2 ) ?????? ?????
P ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?( ) ????? E ????? ??????? () ????? ??? H ???? ????? ????? (
) ??????? ?????? ?????? G .????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? (
No P E H G
1 15.3 - 1.6 -
2 - 3.5 - -
3 8.9 3.8 3.3 1.6
4 10.3 8.1 2 3.4
5 11.4 3.8 3.5 -1.5
6 - 4.2 3.6 1.2
7 7.4 3.5 4.2 0.6
8 - 4.7 2.2 4
9 21.4 5.1 4 2.4
10 12.8 6 4.7 0.9
11 - - 4.6 11.9
12 8.8 5.2 2.8 0.4
13 8.3 - 2.4 1.2
14 14.9 4.6 3.1 0.9
15 12 - 4.7 5.1
16 9.6 5.2 2.3 2.8
17 10.6 4.8 3.3 2.1
18 16.3 - 2.2 -1.6
19 10.9 7.7 1.9 0.3
20 - - 3.5 -5
21 9.4 5.9 1.7 -4.9
22 18.3 3 1.3 2.1
23 8.1 3 1.1 0.4
24 16.7 2.7 2 2.9
25 21.3 1 3.6 0.1
26 18 3.2 3.9 2.8
27 9.7 3.1 3.2 1.2
28 11.8 - 2.9 8.5
29 16.6 - 1 0.9
30 10.5 10 0.8 1.8
31 16.4 4.4 - -0.6
32 6.5 6.4 3.2 3.1
33 21.3 - 3.6 -9
34 15.9 5.2 3.8 2.2
35 18.7 5.6 2.3 1.8
36 13.8 - 4.3 3.3
37 14.8 3.7 1.5 1.3
38 21.2 2.3 2.2 4
39 17.8 - 1.2 4.7
40 17.7 - 2.5 -1.3
41 13.9 6.1 3.9 -
42 18.5 4.9 4.2 2.1
43 16.9 2.2 4.6 -2.7
44 22.9 3.2 4.1 -2.6
45 24.7 - 3.2 -6
46 30.9 - 2.3 -6
47 38.1 2.9 2.8 2.1
48 - 7.9 1.8 3.3
49 34.5 - 3.5 1.4
10 ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11
???????? ??????? ????? :?????? 2005 .
50 33 8.4 1.3 3.8
51 - - 0.9 5.9
52 31.3 3.1 1.8 -2.4
53 - 1.2 1.5 2
54 21.9 - 4.7 -0.5
55 41.3 3.1 9.7 0.9
56 48.4 6.3 1.3 1.3
57 31.2 9 4.5 -2.5
58 38.2 4.9 0.4 -5.7
59 - - 2.1 0.2
60 37.1 11 3.7 1.1
61 38.7 - 1.7 -0.3
62 40.5 5.2 1.6 2.5
63 35.1 0.6 4.1 0.1
64 44.1 2.8 1.1 16.8
65 - 3.9 1.4 -6.5
66 32.4 6.5 3.8 1
67 30.1 7.2 2.3 -
68 39.5 4.1 0.8 0.9
69 36 4.1 -2 0.4
70 45.9 3.4 4 6.2
71 35.3 2.9 1 -0.9
72 52.9 7.1 1.5 0.2
73 36.2 3.8 1.1 0.2
74 47.6 10.4 2.1 2.3
75 29.5 - 4.4 -3.3
76 40.3 9.5 1.2 2.4
77 40.5 - 3.6 1.6
78 38 - 1.2 -2.8
79 35.4 70 5.3 -0.6
80 44.7 2.8 3.3 -0.1
81 44.2 1.8 1 1.6
82 38.8 3.6 2.9 1.3
83 37.7 - 3 -
84 41.5 2.8 2.2 0.7
85 38.7 2.8 3.3 0.4
86 37.7 4.1 0.9 1
87 41.9 3.3 2.3 22
88 35.8 4.6 3.1 -0.4
89 43.4 - 2.1 1
90 46.4 6 3.2 0.9
91 41.4 2 2.1 -0.9
92 49.1 - 1.4 -6.3
93 40.9 - 2.7 4.6
94 55.3 3.9 4 -3.5
95 47.8 4.6 3.1 2
96 48.2 - 1.3 -0.4
97 58.8 - 4.1 -2.4
98 60.3 - 0.6 -
99 64.2 - 2.6 2.4
100 54.9 3.7 1.6 1.7
101 64.4 2.2 3 -5.3
ARAB ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS JOURNAL 9 (2014) 1–11 11
???????
1 . ) .? ????? ? .? ?????? 2010 ??????? ?"??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? "
?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 22 - 24 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????
.???????
2 . ) ? .? ??????? 2011 ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? "
2010 - ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?"??????? ??????? ??? ??????....??
?
??
?????? 17 / 2 / 2011 .
3 . ) ? .? ???????? 2006 ??? ????? ?(?????? ????? ?????)
www.npc-ts.org/article73.html
4 . ) .? ??????? 2010 ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????"
?"???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
.??????? ?????? ???
5 . ) .? ????????? 2002 ??? ????? ?(?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????...???????? ????? )
www.khrej.com/articles.php?action=show&id=89
6 . ) .? ????????? 2011 ??? ????? "???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? "
www.startimes.com/f.aspx?=28265638 .
7 . ) ? .? ???????? 2007 ?????? ????? ?????)
???????? ??????? ??????? ?(?????? - ?????? - ????????????? 2007 .
8 . ) ? .? ????? 2005 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????)
- ????? ???? - ????? ?(???? ??????.?????? ???????? ???? .??????? ??????
9 . ) ? .? ???? 2005 ??? ?(??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????)
????????? ????? ???.??????? ????????
10 .
?????? ?????) ??????? ??????? ?????? www.undp.org11 . . .????? ???? ??? .(???????? ???? ?????? ) :??????? .? ?????
12 . ?????????? ) ? 2005 ????? ?????)
- ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?(?????.???????
13 . ) .? ?????? 2001 ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????)
?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? 1970 - 2000 ?(?????????? ?????? ????? 2001 ????? ???? ?
???????? ?????? ???????
14 . ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????) :?.? ???? ?(??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????
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15 . ) .?.? ???? 2005 ?"??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???"
????.?????? ??????? ???????
16 . ) .? .? ?????? 2004 ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????"
:?????? "?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? - 2004 .
17 . ) .? ???????????? 2008 "
?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?"????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ISSN 2073-5707 .
18 . ) .? ????? 2005 ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????"
.??????? ????? ??? ????? ?"????19 . ) ???????? ????? ????? 2004 ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? "
?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?"?????? 51 .
20 . Global Economic Prospect, June 2011. World Bank: www.worldbank.org.
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